Assessment of nutrient supplement to reduce gentamicin-induced ototoxicity

JARO - Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 375-393

  Le Prell, C G ^a   Ojano Dirain, C ^a   Rudnick, E W ^a,c   Nelson, M A ^a   DeRemer, S J ^b   Prieskorn, D M ^b   Miller, J M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

Gentamicin; Hair cell death; Hearing loss; Magnesium; Otoprotection; Ototoxicity; Vitamin C; Vitamin E; carotene

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ASCORBIC ACID; BETA CAROTENE; GENTAMICIN; MAGNESIUM; RETINOL; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; CELL COUNT; CELL POPULATION; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG INDUCED OTOTOXICITY; EVOKED BRAIN STEM AUDITORY RESPONSE; EXPERIMENTAL GUINEA PIG; HAIR CELL; HEARING IMPAIRMENT; IN VITRO STUDY; MALE; NONHUMAN; OTOTOXICITY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; VITAMIN BLOOD LEVEL; ANIMAL; BACTERIA; BLOOD; DRUG EFFECTS; GUINEA PIG; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; TOXICITY;

ANIMALS; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; ASCORBIC ACID; BACTERIA; BETA CAROTENE; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY, BRAIN STEM; GENTAMICINS; GUINEA PIGS; HAIR CELLS, AUDITORY; MAGNESIUM; MALE; VITAMIN E;

EID: 84904631839     PISSN: 15253961     EISSN: 14387573     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10162-014-0448-x     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. ABI-HACHEM RN, ZINE A, VAN DE WATER TR (2010) The injured cochlea as a target for inflammatory processes, initiation of cell death pathways and application of related otoprotectives strategies. Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery 5:147-163
2. AHMED RM, HANNIGAN IP, MACDOUGALL HG, CHAN RC, HALMAGYI GM(2012) Gentamicin ototoxicity: a 23-year selected case series of 103 patients. Med J Aust 196:701-704
3. AMERICAN ACADEMY OF AUDIOLOGY (2009) Position statement and clinical practice guidelines: ototoxicity monitoring. http://www.audiology.org/resources/ documentlibrary/Pages/OtotoxicityMonitoring.aspx. Accessed 30 Oct 2012
4. ATSMON J, DOLEV E (2005) Drug-induced hypomagnesaemia: scope and management. Drug Saf 28:763-788
5. BACKUS RM, DE GROOT JC, TANGE RA, HUIZING EH (1987)Pathological findings in the human auditory system following long-standing gentamicin ototoxicity. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 244:69-73
6. BAS E, VAN DE WATER TR, GUPTA C ET AL (2012) Efficacy of threedrugs for protecting against gentamicin-induced hair cell and hearing losses. Br J Pharmacol 166(6):1888-1904
7. BASAPPA J, TURCAN S, VETTER DE (2010) Corticotropin-releasingfactor-2 activation prevents gentamicin-induced oxidative stressin cells derived from the inner ear. J Neurosci Res 88:2976-2990
8. BAUER L (2008) Applied clinical pharmacokinetics. McGraw-Hill Medical, New York
9. BEHNOUD F, DAVOUDPUR K, GOODARZI MT (2009) Can aspirin protect or at least attenuate gentamicin ototoxicity in humans? Saudi Med J 30:1165-1169
10. BEST EJ, GAZARIAN M, COHN R, WILKINSON M, PALASANTHIRAN P (2011)Once-daily gentamicin in infants and children: a prospective cohort study evaluating safety and the role of therapeutic drug monitoring in minimizing toxicity. Ped Inf Dis J 30(10):827-832
11. BINDU LH, REDDY PP (2008) Genetics of aminoglycoside-induced and prelingual non-syndromic mitochondrial hearing impairment: a review. Int J Audiol 47:702-707
12. CAMPBELL KCM, LE PRELL CG (2012) Potential therapeutic agents. Semin Hear 33:97-113
13. CHEN KS, BACH A, SHOUP A, WINICK NJ (2013) Hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction among children with cancer after receiving aminoglycosides. Ped Blood Cancer 60(11):1772-1777
14. CHENG AG, CUNNINGHAM LL, RUBEL EW (2005) Mechanisms of hair cell death and protection. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 13:343-348
15. CHOUNG YH, TAURA A, PAK K, CHOI SJ, MASUDA M, RYAN AF (2009)Generation of highly-reactive oxygen species is closely related to hair cell damage in rat organ of corti treated with gentamicin. Neuroscience 161:214-226
16. CHOUNG YH, KIM SW, TIAN C ET AL (2011) Korean red ginseng prevents gentamicin-induced hearing loss in rats. Laryngoscope 121:1294-1302
17. CLARK CH (1977) Toxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Mod Vet Pract 58:594-598
18. CLERICI WJ, YANG L (1996) Direct effects of intraperilymphatic reactive oxygen species generation on cochlear function. Hear Res 101:14-22
19. CLERICI WJ, HENSLEY K, DIMARTINO DL, BUTTERFIELD DA (1996) Direct detection of ototoxicant-induced reactive oxygen species generation in cochlear explants. Hear Res 98:116-124
20. COFFIN AB, REINHART KE, OWENS KN, RAIBLE DW, RUBEL EW (2009)Extracellular divalent cations modulate aminoglycoside-induced hair cell death in the zebrafish lateral line. Hear Res 253:42-51
21. COLDING H, ANDERSEN EA, PRYTZ S, WULFFSBERG H, ANDERSEN GE (1989) Auditory function after continuous infusion of gentamicin to high-risk newborns. Acta Paediatr Scand 78:840-843
22. CONLEE JW, GILL SS, MCCANDLESS PT, CREEL DJ (1989) Differentialsusceptibility to gentamicin ototoxicity between albino andpigmented guinea pigs. Hear Res 41:43-51
23. CONLEE JW, JENSEN RP, PARKS TN, CREEL DJ (1991) Turn-specific andpigment-dependent differences in the stria vascularis of normaland gentamicin-treated albino and pigmented guinea pigs. Hear Res 55:57-69
24. CONLEE JW, BENNETT ML, CREEL DJ (1995) Differential effects ofgentamicin on the distribution of cochlear function in albinoand pigmented guinea pigs. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 115:367-374
25. CONSTANTINESCU RM, GEORGESCU M, PASCU A ET AL (2009) Otoacoustic emissions analysers for monitoring aminoglycosides ototoxicity. Rom J Intern Med 47:273-278
26. DAS-PURKAYASTHA PK, RUTKA JA (2011) How should awareness of ototoxicity change the way medicine is practiced? Semin Hear 32:236-247
27. DEHNE N, LAUTERMANN J, PETRAT F, RAUEN U, DE GROOT H (2001) Cisplatin ototoxicity: involvement of iron and enhanced formation of superoxide anion radicals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 174:27-34
28. DEVARAJAN P, SAVOCA M, CASTANEDA MP ET AL (2002) Cisplatininduced apoptosis in auditory cells: role of death receptor and mitochondrial pathways. Hear Res 174:45-54
29. DEVBHUTI P, SAHA A, SENGUPTA C (2009) Gentamicin induced lipid peroxidation and its control with ascorbic acid. Acta Pol Pharm 66:363-369
30. DEVBHUTI P, SIKDAR D, SAHA A, SENGUPTA C (2011) Protective effect of ascorbic acid on netilmicin-induced lipid profile and peroxidation parameters in rabbit blood plasma. Acta Pol Pharm 68:15-22
31. ECHEVERRIA P, FINA D, NORTON S, SMITH AL (1978) Ototoxicity of gentamicin: clinical experience in a children's hospital. Chemotherapy 24:267-271
32. EDSON RS, TERRELL CL (1999) The aminoglycosides. Mayo Clin Proc 74:519-528
33. EVANS P, HALLIWELL B (1999) Free radicals and hearing. Cause, consequence, and criteria. Ann N Y Acad Sci 884:19-40
34. FAUSTI SA, HENRY JA, SCHAFFER HI, OLSON DJ, FREY RH, MCDONALD WJ (1992) High-frequency audiometric monitoring for early detection of aminoglycoside ototoxicity. J Infect Dis 165:1026-1032
35. FETONI AR, SERGI B, SCARANO E, PALUDETTI G, FERRARESI A, TROIANI D(2003) Protective effects of alpha-tocopherol against gentamicin-induced oto-vestibulo toxicity: an experimental study. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 123:192-197
36. FETONI AR, SERGI B, FERRARESI A, PALUDETTI G, TROIANI D (2004)Alpha-tocopherol protective effects on gentamicin ototoxicity: an experimental study. Int J Audiol 43:166-171
37. FETONI AR, ERAMO SL, ROLESI R, TROIANI D, PALUDETTI G (2012)Antioxidant treatment with coenzyme q-ter in prevention of gentamycin ototoxicity in an animal model. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 32:103-110
38. FRYMARK T, LEECH H, MULLEN R, SCHOOLING T, VENEDIKTOV R, WANG B. (2010) Evidence-based systematic review: drug-induced hearing loss - gentamicin. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), National Center for Evidence-Based Practice in Communication Disorders 1-20
39. FUKUI H, RAPHAEL Y (2013) Gene therapy for the inner ear. Hear Res 297:99-105
40. GAO J, ZHENG P, FU H (2013) Prevalence of TB/HIV co-infection incountries except china: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 8:e64915
41. GARETZ SL, ALTSCHULER RA, SCHACHT J (1994) Attenuation of gentamicin ototoxicity by glutathione in the guinea pig in vivo. Hear Res 77:81-87
42. GREENWOOD DD (1990) A cochlear frequency-position function for several species - 29 years later. J Acoust Soc Am 87:2592-2605
43. HANBERGER H, EDLUND C, FUREBRING M ET AL (2013) Rational use of aminoglycosides - review and recommendations by the Swedish Reference Group for Antibiotics (SRGA). Scand J Infect Dis45:161-175
44. HARRIS T, BARDIEN S, SCHAAF HS, PETERSEN L, DE JONG G, FAGAN JJ(2012) Aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss in HIV-positive and HIV-negative multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients. S Afr Med J 102:363-366
45. HEINRICH UR, HELLING K, SIFFERATH M ET AL (2008) Gentamicin increases nitric oxide production and induces hearing loss in guinea pigs. Laryngoscope 118:1438-1442
46. HENDERSON D, BIELEFELD EC, HARRIS KC, HU BH (2006) The role of oxidative stress in noise-induced hearing loss. Ear Hear 27:1-19
47. JANKAUSKAS SS, PLOTNIKOV EY, MOROSANOVA MA ET AL (2012)Mitochondria- targeted antioxidant SkQR1 ameliorates gentamycin-induced renal failure and hearing loss. Biochemistry 77:666-670
48. JIANG H, SHA SH, SCHACHT J (2005) NF-kappaB pathway protects cochlear hair cells from aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity. J Neurosci Res 79:644-651
49. JIANG H, SHA SH, FORGE A, SCHACHT J (2006A) Caspase-independent pathways of hair cell death induced by kanamycin in vivo. Cell Death Differ 13:20-30
50. JIANG H, SHA SH, SCHACHT J (2006B) RAC/rho pathway regulates actin depolymerization induced by aminoglycoside antibiotics. JNeurosci Res 83:1544-1551
51. JIANG H, TALASKA AE, SCHACHT J, SHA SH (2007) Oxidative imbalance in the aging inner ear. Neurobiol Aging 28:1605-1612
52. JOHNSSON LG, HAWKINS JE JR, KINGSLEY TC, BLACK FO, MATZ GJ (1981)Aminoglycoside-induced cochlear pathology in man. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 383:1-19
53. KADKHODAEE M, KHASTAR H, FAGHIHI M, GHAZNAVI R, ZAHMATKESH M(2005) Effects of co-supplementation of vitamins E and C on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rat. Exp Physiol 90:571-576
54. KADKHODAEE M, KHASTAR H, ARAB HA, GHAZNAVI R, ZAHMATKESH M, MAHDAVI-MAZDEH M (2007) Antioxidant vitamins preserve superoxide dismutase activities in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Transplant Proc 39:864-865
55. KAVUTCU M, CANBOLAT O, OZTURK S ET AL (1996) Reduced enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanism in kidney tissues from gentamicin-treated guinea pigs: effects of vitamins E and C. Nephron72:269-274
56. KEENE M, HAWKE M, BARBER HO, FARKASHIDY J (1982)Histopathological findings in clinical gentamicin ototoxicity. Arch Otolaryngol 108:65-70
57. KHARKHELI E, KEVANISHVILI Z, MAGLAKELIDZE T, DAVITASHVILI O, SCHACHT J (2007) Does vitamin E prevent gentamicin-inducedototoxicity? Georgian Med News 146:14-7
58. KIM J, KIM Y (2011) Animal models in carotenoids research and lungcancer prevention. Transl Oncol 4:271-281
59. KLEMENS JJ, MEECH RP, HUGHES LF, SOMANI S, CAMPBELL KC (2003)Antioxidant enzyme levels inversely covary with hearing lossafter amikacin treatment. J Am Acad Audiol 14:134-143
60. KOHANSKI MA, DWYER DJ, HAYETE B, LAWRENCE CA, COLLINS JJ (2007) Acommon mechanism of cellular death induced by bactericidalantibiotics. Cell 130:797-810
61. KUSUNOKI T, CUREOGLU S, SCHACHERN PA ET AL (2004) Effects ofgentamicin on sensorineural elements of the cochlea in humantemporal bones. Am J Otolaryngol 25:313-317
62. LAUTERMANN J, MCL AREN J, SCHACHT J (1995) Glutathione protectionagainst gentamicin ototoxicity depends on nutritional status. Hear Res 86:15-24
63. LE PRELL CG, BAO J (2011) Prevention of noise-induced hearing loss: potential therapeutic agents, in noise-induced hearing loss: scientific advances. In: Le Prell CG, Henderson D, Fay RR, Popper AN (eds) Springer Handbook of Auditory Research. Springer, New York, pp 285-338
64. LE PRELL CG, HUGHES LF, MILLER JM (2007A) Free radical scavengersvitamins A, C, and E plus magnesium reduce noise trauma. Free Radic Biol Med 42:1454-1463
65. LE PRELL CG, YAMASHITA D, MINAMI S, YAMASOBA T, MILLER JM (2007B)Mechanisms of noise-induced hearing loss indicate multiplemethods of prevention. Hear Res 226:22-43
66. LE PRELL CG, DOLAN DF, BENNETT DC, BOXER PA (2011A) Nutrient treatment and achieved plasma levels: reduction of noise-induced hearing loss at multiple post-noise test times. Transl Res 158:54-70
67. LE PRELL CG, GAGNON PM, BENNETT DC, OHLEMILLER KK (2011B)Nutrient- enhanced diet reduces noise-induced damage to theinner ear and hearing loss. Transl Res 158:38-53
68. LE PRELL CG, RUDNICK EW, NELSON MA, PRIESKORN DM, DEREMER S, MILLER JM (2012) Dietary nutrients attenuate gentamicinototoxicity: reduced hearing loss and increased hair cell survivalin guinea pigs maintained on supplemented diet. Abstr Assoc Res Otolaryngol 35:58
69. LE T, KEITHLEY EM (2007) Effects of antioxidants on the aging innerear. Hear Res 226:194-202
70. LOPEZ-GONZALEZ MA, GUERRERO JM, TORRONTERAS R, OSUNA C, DELGADO F (2000) Ototoxicity caused by aminoglycosides isameliorated by melatonin without interfering with the antibioticcapacity of the drugs. J Pineal Res 28:26-33
71. MAIANI G, CASTON MJ, CATASTA G ET AL (2009) Carotenoids: actual knowledge on food sources, intakes, stability and bioavailability and their protective role in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res53(Suppl 2):S194-S218
72. MAL P, DUTTA S, BANDYOPADHYAY D, DUTTA K, BASU A, BISHAYI B (2012)Gentamicin in combination with ascorbic acid regulates theseverity of Staphylococcus aureus infection-induced septic arthritisin mice. Scand J Immunol 76:528-540
73. MATT T, NG CL, LANG K ET AL (2012) Dissociation of antibacterial activity and aminoglycoside ototoxicity in the 4-monosubstituted2-deoxystreptamine apramycin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:10984-10989
74. METCALFE JZ, PORCO TC, WESTENHOUSE J ET AL (2013) Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection, California, USA, 1993-2008. Emerg Infect Dis 19:400-406
75. MOFFAT DA, RAMSDEN RT (1977) Profound bilateral sensorineuralhearing loss during gentamicin therapy. J Laryngol Otol 91:511- 516
76. MULHERAN M, DEGG C, BURR S, MORGAN DW, STABLEFORTH DE (2001)Occurrence and risk of cochleotoxicity in cystic fibrosis patients receiving repeated high-dose aminoglycoside therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45:2502-2509
77. MULHERIN D, FAHY J, GRANT W, KEOGAN M, KAVANAGH B, FITZGERALD M(1991) Aminoglycoside induced ototoxicity in patients with cysticfibrosis. Ir J Med Sci 160:173-175
78. NORDANG L, ANNIKO M (2005) Nitro- L-arginine methyl ester: apotential protector against gentamicin ototoxicity. Acta Otolaryngol 125:1033-1038
79. NUDELMAN I, REBIBO-SABBAH A, CHERNIAVSKY M ET AL (2009)Development of novel aminoglycoside (NB54) with reducedtoxicity and enhanced suppression of disease-causing prematurestop mutations. J Med Chem 52:2836-2845
80. OJANO-DIRAIN CP, ANTONELLI PJ, LE PRELL CG (2014) Mitochondriatargetedantioxidant mitoq reduces gentamicin-induced ototoxicity. Otol Neurotol 35(3):533-539. doi:10.1097/MAO.0000000000000192
81. OKUDA T, SUGAHARA K, TAKEMOTO T, SHIMOGORI H, YAMASHITA H(2005) Inhibition of caspases alleviates gentamicin-inducedcochlear damage in guinea pigs. Auris Nasus Larynx 32:33-37
82. PATEL MANALI B, DESHPANDE S, SHAH G (2011) Evaluation of efficacyof vitamin E and n-acetyl cysteine in gentamicin-inducednephrotoxicity in rats. Ren Fail 33:341-347
83. PFANNENSTIEL SC, PRAETORIUS M, PLINKERT PK, BROUGH DE, STAECKER H(2009) Bcl-2 gene therapy prevents aminoglycoside-induced degeneration of auditory and vestibular hair cells. Audiol Neuro Otol 14:254-266
84. POIRRIER AL, PINCEMAIL J, VAN DEN ACKERVEKEN P, LEFEBVRE PP, MALGRANGE B (2010) Oxidative stress in the cochlea: an update. Curr Med Chem 17:3591-3604
85. PRINS JM, BULLER HR, KUIJPER EJ, TANGE RA, SPEELMAN P (1993) Onceversus thrice daily gentamicin in patients with serious infections. Lancet 341:335-339
86. PRIUSKA EM, SCHACHT J (1995) Formation of free radicals bygentamicin and iron and evidence for an iron/gentamicincomplex. Biochem Pharmacol 50:1749-1752
87. RAPHAEL Y, ALTSCHULER RA (1991) Reorganization of cytoskeletal andjunctional proteins during cochlear hair cell degeneration. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 18:215-227
88. RIVOLTA MN (2013) New strategies for the restoration of hearingloss: challenges and opportunities. Br Med Bull 105:69-84
89. RYBAK LP, KELLY T (2003) Ototoxicity: bioprotective mechanisms. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 11:328-333RY
90. BAK LP, WHITWORTH CA (2005) Ototoxicity: therapeutic opportunities. Drug Discov Today 10:1313-1321
91. SALEEM U, AHMAD B, REHMAN K, MAHMOOD S, ALAM M, ERUM A (2012)Nephro-protective effect of vitamin C and Nigella sativa oil ongentamicin associated nephrotoxicity in rabbits. Pak J Pharm Sci25:727-730
92. SASSEN MC, KIM SW, KWON TH ET AL (2006) Dysregulation of renalsodium transporters in gentamicin-treated rats. Kidney Int70:1026-1037
93. SCHACHT J (1986) Molecular mechanisms of drug-induced hearingloss. Hear Res 22:297-304
94. SCHACHT J, TALASKA AE, RYBAK LP (2012) Cisplatin and aminoglycoside antibiotics: hearing loss and its prevention. Anat Rec295(11):1837-1850
95. SCHEIBE F, HAUPT H, ISING H (1999) Total magnesium concentrationsof perilymph, cerebrospinal fluid and blood in guinea pigs fedd i f ferent magnesium-cont a ining di e t s . Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 256:215-219
96. SCHEIBE F, HAUPT H, ISING H, CHERNY L (2002) Therapeutic effect ofparenteral magnesium on noise-induced hearing loss in theguinea pig. Magnes Res 15:27-36
97. SEIDMAN MD (2000) Effects of dietary restriction and antioxidants onpresbyacusis. Laryngoscope 110:727-738
98. SHA SH, SCHACHT J (1999A) Stimulation of free radical formation byaminoglycoside antibiotics. Hear Res 128:112-118
99. SHA SH, SCHACHT J (1999B) Salicylate attenuates gentamicin- inducedototoxicity. Lab Investig 79:807-813
100. SHA SH, SCHACHT J (2000) Antioxidants attenuate gentamicininducedfree radical formation in vitro and ototoxicity in vivo:D-methionine is a potential protectant. Hear Res 142:34-40
101. SHA SH, TAYLOR R, FORGE A, SCHACHT J (2001A) Differential vulnerability of basal and apical hair cells is based on intrinsic susceptibility to free radicals. Hear Res 155:1-8
102. SHA SH, ZAJIC G, EPSTEIN CJ, SCHACHT J (2001B) Overexpression ofcopper/zinc-superoxide dismutase protects from kanamycininducedhearing loss. Audiol Neuro Otol 6:117-123
103. SHA SH, QIU J-H, SCHACHT J (2006) Aspirin to prevent gentamicininducedhearing loss. N Engl J Med 354:1856-1857
104. SINGH CHAUHAN R, SAXENA RK, VARSHEY S (2011) The role ofultrahigh-frequency audiometry in the early detection ofsystemic drug-induced hearing loss. Ear Nose Throat J 90:218- 222
105. SOLOMONS NW, OROZCO M (2003) Alleviation of vitamin Adeficiency with palm fruit and its products. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 12:373-384
106. STAVROULAKI P, APOSTOLOPOULOS N, DINOPOULOU D, VOSSINAKIS I, TSAKANIKOS M, DOUNIADAKIS D (1999) Otoacoustic emissions-anapproach for monitoring aminoglycoside induced ototoxicity inchildren. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 50:177-184
107. STEBBINS WC, HAWKINS JE JR, JOHNSON LG, MOODY DB (1979) Hearing thresholds with outer and inner hair cell loss. Am J Otolaryngol1:15-27
108. STEYGER PS (2011) Mechanisms involved in ototoxicity. Semin Hear32:217-228
109. STOJILJKOVIC N, STOILJKOVIC M, RANDJELOVIC P, VELJKOVIC S, MIHAILOVIC D (2012) Cytoprotective effect of vitamin C against gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury in rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol 64:69-74
110. TAMIR S, ADELMAN C, WEINBERGER JM, SOHMER H (2010) Uniformcomparison of several drugs which provide protection fromnoise induced hearing loss. J Occup Med Toxicol 5:26-32
111. TAN CT, LEE SY, YAO CJ, LIU SH, LIN-SHIAU SY (2001) Effects of gentamicin and ph on [ca2+]i in apical and basal outer hair cellsfrom guinea pigs. Hear Res 154:81-87
112. TIAN CJ, KIM SW, KIM YJ ET AL (2013) Red ginseng protects against gentamicin-induced balance dysfunction and hearing loss in rats through antiapoptotic functions of ginsenoside rb1. Food Chem Toxicol 60:369-376
113. USAMI S, ABE S, SHINKAWA H, KIMBERLING WJ (1998) Sensorineuralhearing loss caused by mitochondrial DNA mutations: specialreference to the a1555g mutation. J Commun Disord 31:423- 434, quiz 34-5
114. UZUN L, BALBALOGLU E, AKINCI H (2012) Garlic-supplemented dietattenuates gentamicin-induced ototoxicity: an experimentalstudy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 121:139-143
115. VARGHESE GM, JANARDHANAN J, RALPH R, ABRAHAM OC (2013) The twinepidemics of tuberculosis and HIV. Curr Infect Dis Rep 15:77-84
116. VARZI HN, ESMAILZADEH S, MOROVVATI H, AVIZEH R, SHAHRIARI A, GIVI ME (2007) Effect of silymarin and vitamin e on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 30:477- 481
117. WAHED MA, ISLAM MA, KHONDAKAR P, HAQUE MA (2008) Effect ofmicronutrients on morbidity and duration of hospital stay inchildhood pneumonia. Mymensingh Med J 17:S77-S83
118. XIA L, YIN S (2013) Local gene transfection in the cochlea (review). Mol Med Rep 8:3-10
119. XIE J, TALASKA AE, SCHACHT J (2011) New developments inaminoglycoside therapy and ototoxicity. Hear Res 281:28-37
120. XIONG M, WANG J, YANG C, LAI H (2013) The cochlea magnesiumcontent is negatively correlated with hearing loss induced byimpulse noise. Am J Otolaryngol 34(3):209-215
121. YAMASHITA D, JIANG H, SCHACHT J, MILLER JM (2004) Delayedproduction of free radicals following noise exposure. Brain Res1019:201-209
122. YE LF, TAO ZZ, HUA QQ ET AL (2009) Protective effect of melatoninagainst gentamicin ototoxicity. J Laryngol Otol 123:598-602
123. YLIKOSKI J, XING-QUN L, VIRKKALA J, PIRVOLA U (2002) Blockade of cjunn-terminal kinase pathway attenuates gentamicin-inducedcochlear and vestibular hair cell death. Hear Res 163:71-81
124. ZHAO H, LI R, WANG Q ET AL (2004) Maternally inherited aminoglycoside-induced and nonsyndromic deafness is associated with the novel c1494t mutation in the mitochondrial 12s rRNA gene in a large Chinese family. Am J Hum Genet74:139-152 Disorders