Novel mechanisms of anticancer activities of green tea component epigallocatechin-3-gallate

Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 14, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 779-786

  Zhang, Le ^a   Wei, Yaqing ^a   Zhang, Jinsong ^a  

^a ANHUI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

67 kDa laminin receptor; Cancer prevention; Cancer therapy; Epigallocatechin 3 gallate; Tea; Thioredoxin system

Indexed keywords

APOPTOSIS SIGNAL REGULATING KINASE 1; CYCLIC GMP; CYSTEINE; ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE; GOLD NANOPARTICLE; GUANYLATE CYCLASE; LAMININ RECEPTOR; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 7; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASE 4; PHOSPHODIESTERASE V; PROTEIN KINASE C; SELENOCYSTEINE; SILDENAFIL; SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE; STRESS ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; THIOREDOXIN; THIOREDOXIN REDUCTASE; VARDENAFIL; ZAPRINAST; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CATECHIN; PHOSPHODIESTERASE V INHIBITOR; PLANT EXTRACT; TEA;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RISK; CANCER SPECIFIC SURVIVAL; CANCER THERAPY; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HUMAN; IC 50; NEOPLASM; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TEA; ANALOGS AND DERIVATIVES; ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; DRUG EFFECTS; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; METABOLISM; NEOPLASMS; PATHOLOGY;

ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, PHYTOGENIC; APOPTOSIS; CATECHIN; CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASES, TYPE 5; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; PHOSPHODIESTERASE 5 INHIBITORS; PLANT EXTRACTS; TEA;

EID: 84904128506     PISSN: 18715206     EISSN: 18755992     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1871520614666140521114327     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Graham, H.N. Green tea composition, consumption, and polyphenol chemistry. Prev. Med., 1992, 21(3), 334-350.
2. Zaveri, N.T. Green tea and its polyphenolic catechins: Medicinal uses in cancer and noncancer applications. Life Sci., 2006, 78(18), 2073-2080.
3. Yang, C.S.; Landau, J.M.; Huang, M.T.; Newmark, H.L. Inhibition of carcinogenesis by dietary polyphenolic compounds. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 2001, 21, 381-406.
4. Yang, C.S.; Ju, J.; Lu, G.; Xiao, H.; Hao, X.; Sang, S.; Lambert, J.D. Cancer prevention by tea and tea polyphenols. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr., 2008, 1, 245-248.
5. Yang, C.S.; Wang, H.; Li, G.X.; Yang, Z.; Guan, F.; Jin, H. Cancer prevention by tea: Evidence from laboratory studies. Pharmacol. Res., 2011, 64(2), 113-122.
6. Yang, C.S.; Lambert, J.D.; Sang, S. Antioxidative and anticarcinogenic activities of tea polyphenols. Arch. Toxicol., 2009, 83(1), 11-21.
7. Boehm, K.; Borrelli, F.; Ernst, E.; Habacher, G.; Hung, S.K.; Milazzo, S.; Horneber, M. Green tea (Camellia sinensis) for the prevention of cancer. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2009, (3), CD005004.
8. Sturgeon, J.L.; Williams, M.; Servellen, G. Efficacy of green tea in the prevention of cancers. Nurs. Health Sci., 2009, 11(4), 436-446.
9. Yuan, J.M.; Sun, C.; Butler, L.M. Tea and cancer prevention: Epidemiological studies. Pharmacol. Res., 2011, 64(2), 123-135.
10. Park, E.J.; Pezzuto, J.M. Botanicals in cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Metastasis Rev., 2002, 21(3-4), 231-255.
11. Tsuda, H.; Ohshima, Y.; Nomoto, H.; Fujita, K.; Matsuda, E.; Iigo, M.; Takasuka, N.; Moore, M.A. Cancer prevention by natural compounds. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet, 2004, 19(4), 245-263.
12. Gupta, S.; Hastak, K.; Ahmad, N.; Lewin, J.S.; Mukhtar, H. Inhibition of prostate carcinogenesis in TRAMP mice by oral infusion of green tea polyphenols. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2001, 98(18), 10350-10355.
13. Adhami, V.M.; Siddiqui, I.A.; Ahmad, N.; Gupta, S.; Mukhtar, H. Oral consumption of green tea polyphenols inhibits insulinlike growth factor-1-induced signaling in an autochthonous mouse model of prostate cancer. Cancer Res., 2004, 64(23), 8715-8722.
14. Lu, G.; Liao, J.; Yang, G.; Reuhl, K.R.; Hao, X.; Yang, C.S. Inhibition of adenoma progression to adenocarcinoma in a 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced lung tumorigenesis model in A/J mice by tea polyphenols and caffeine. Cancer Res., 2006, 66(23), 11494-114501.
15. Mittal, A.; Piyathilake, C.; Hara, Y.; Katiyar, S.K. Exceptionally high protection of photocarcinogenesis by topical application of (-)- epigallocatechin-3-gallate in hydrophilic cream in SKH-1 hairless mouse model: Relationship to inhibition of UVB-induced global DNA hypomethylation. Neoplasia, 2003, 5(6), 555-565.
16. Ju, J.; Hong, J.; Zhou, J.N.; Pan, Z.; Bose, M.; Liao, J.; Yang, G.Y.; Liu, Y.Y.; Hou, Z.; Lin, Y.; Ma, J.; Shih, W.J.; Carothers, A.M.; Yang, C.S. Inhibition of intestinal tumorigenesis in Apcmin/+ mice by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, the major catechin in green tea. Cancer Res., 2005, 65(22), 10623-10631.
17. Wang, Z.Y.; Wang, L.D.; Lee, M.J.; Ho, C.T.; Huang, M.T.; Conney, A.H.; Yang, C.S. Inhibition of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamineinduced esophageal tumorigenesis in rats by green and black tea. Carcinogenesis, 1995, 16(9), 2143-2148.
18. Adhami, V.M.; Siddiqui, I.A.; Sarfaraz, S.; Khwaja, S.I.; Hafeez, B.B.; Ahmad, N.; Mukhtar, H. Effective prostate cancer chemopreventive intervention with green tea polyphenols in the TRAMP model depends on the stage of the disease. Clin. Cancer Res., 2009, 15(6), 1947-1953.
19. Setiawan, V.W.; Zhang, Z.F.; Yu, G.P.; Lu, Q.Y.; Li, Y.L.; Lu, M.L.; Wang, M.R.; Guo, C.H.; Yu, S.Z.; Kurtz, R.C.; Hsieh, C.C. Protective effect of green tea on the risks of chronic gastritis and stomach cancer. Int. J. Cancer., 2001, 92(4), 600-604.
20. Mu, L.N.; Lu, Q.Y.; Yu, S.Z.; Jiang, Q.W.; Cao, W.; You, N.C.; Setiawan, V.W.; Zhou, X.F.; Ding, B.G.; Wang, R.H.; Zhao, J.; Cai, L.; Rao, J.Y.; Heber, D.; Zhang, Z.F. Green tea drinking and multigenetic index on the risk of stomach cancer in a Chinese population. Int. J. Cancer., 2005, 116(6), 972-983.
21. Sasazuki, S.; Inoue, M.; Hanaoka, T.; Yamamoto, S.; Sobue, T.; Tsugane, S. Green tea consumption and subsequent risk of gastric cancer by subsite: the JPHC Study. Cancer Causes Control, 2004, 15(5), 483-491.
22. Jian, L.; Xie, L.P.; Lee, A.H.; Binns, C.W. Protective effect of green tea against prostate cancer: A case-control study in southeast China. Int. J. Cancer, 2004, 108(1), 130-135.
23. Kurahashi, N.; Sasazuki, S.; Iwasaki, M.; Inoue, M.; Tsugane, S. Green tea consumption and prostate cancer risk in Japanese men: A prospective study. Am. J. Epidemiol., 2008, 167(1), 71-77.
24. Yang, G.; Shu, X.O.; Li, H.; Chow, W.H.; Ji, B.T.; Zhang, X.; Gao, Y.T.; Zheng, W. Prospective cohort study of green tea consumption and colorectal cancer risk in women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 2007, 16(6), 1219-1223.
25. Zhang, M.; Holman, C.D.; Huang, J.P.; Xie, X. Green tea and the prevention of breast cancer: A case-control study in Southeast China. Carcinogenesis, 2007, 28(5), 1074-1078.
26. Zhong, L.; Goldberg, M.S.; Gao, Y.T.; Hanley, J.A.; Parent, M.E.; Jin, F. A population-based case-control study of lung cancer and green tea consumption among women living in Shanghai, China. Epidemiology, 2001, 12(6), 695-700.
27. Wang, D.; Taylor, E.W.; Wang, Y.; Wan, X.; Zhang, J. Encapsulated nanoepigallocatechin-3-gallate and elemental selenium nanoparticles as paradigms for nanochemoprevention. Int. J. Nanomedicine, 2012, 7, 1711-1721.
28. Zhang, Q.; Fu, H.; Pan, J.; He, J.; Ryota, S.; Hara, Y.; Wang, Y.; Lubet, R.A.; You, M. Effect of dietary Polyphenon E and EGCG on lung tumorigenesis in A/J Mice. Pharm. Res., 2010, 27(6), 1066-1071.
29. Klaus, S.; Pültz, S.; Thone-Reineke, C.; Wolfram, S. Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates diet-induced obesity in mice by decreasing energy absorption and increasing fat oxidation. Int. J. Obes., 2005, 29(6), 615-623.
30. Bose, M.; Lambert, J.D.; Ju, J.; Reuhl, K.R.; Shapses, S.A.; Yang, C.S. The major green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigallocatechin-3- gallate, inhibits obesity, metabolic syndrome, and fatty liver disease in high-fat-fed mice. J. Nutr., 2008, 138(9), 1677-1683.
31. Pae, M.; Ren, Z.; Meydani, M.; Shang, F.; Smith, D.; Meydani, S.N.; Wu, D. Dietary supplementation with high dose of epigallocatechin-3-gallate promotes inflammatory response in mice. J. Nutr. Biochem., 2012, 23(6), 526-531.
32. Xu, H.; Lui, W.T.; Chu, C.Y.; Ng, P.S.; Wang, C.C.; Rogers, M.S. Anti-angiogenic effects of green tea catechin on an experimental endometriosis mouse model. Hum. Reprod., 2009, 24(3), 608-618.
33. Yin, P.; Zhao, J.; Cheng, S.; Zhu, Q.; Liu, Z.; Zhengguo, L. Experimental studies of the inhibitory effects of green tea catechin on mice large intestinal cancers induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Cancer Lett., 1994, 79(1), 33-38.
34. Park, J.W.; Hong, J.S.; Lee, K.S.; Kim, H.Y.; Lee, J.J.; Lee, S.R. Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate reduces matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity following transient focal cerebral ischemia. J. Nutr. Biochem., 2010, 21(11), 1038-1044.
35. Tipoe, G.L.; Leung, T.M.; Liong, E.C.; Lau, T.Y.; Fung, M.L.; Nanji, A.A. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) reduces liver inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in mice. Toxicology, 2010, 273(1-3), 45-52.
36. Galati, G.; Lin, A.; Sultan, A.M.; O'Brien, P.J. Cellular and in vivo hepatotoxicity caused by green tea phenolic acids and catechins. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2006, 40(4), 570-580.
37. Mazzanti, G.; Menniti-Ippolito, F.; Moro, P.A.; Cassetti, F.; Raschetti, R.; Santuccio, C.; Mastrangelo, S. Hepatotoxicity from green tea: A review of the literature and two unpublished cases. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2009, 65(4), 331-341.
38. Shanafelt, T.D.; Call, T.G.; Zent, C.S.; LaPlant, B.; Bowen, D.A.; Roos, M.; Secreto, C.R.; Ghosh, A.K.; Kabat, B.F.; Lee, M.J.; Yang, C.S.; Jelinek, D.F.; Erlichman, C.; Kay, N.E. Phase I trial of daily oral Polyphenon E in patients with asymptomatic Rai stage 0 to II chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J. Clin. Oncol., 2009, 27(23), 3808-3014.
39. Shanafelt, T.D.; Call, T.G.; Zent, C.S.; Leis, J.F.; LaPlant, B.; Bowen, D.A.; Roos, M.; Laumann, K.; Ghosh, A.K.; Lesnick, C.; Lee, M.J.; Yang, C.S.; Jelinek, D.F.; Erlichman, C.; Kay, N.E. Phase 2 trial of daily, oral Polyphenon E in patients with asymptomatic, Rai stage 0 to II chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer, 2013, 119(2), 363-370.
40. Crew, K.D.; Brown, P.; Greenlee, H.; Bevers, T.B.; Arun, B.; Hudis, C.; McArthur, H.L.; Chang, J.; Rimawi, M.; Vornik, L.; Cornelison, T.L.; Wang, A.; Hibshoosh, H.; Ahmed, A.; Terry, M.B.; Santella, R.M.; Lippman, S.M.; Hershman, D.L. Phase IB randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, dose escalation study of polyphenon E in women with hormone receptor-negative breast cancer. Cancer Prev. Res., 2012, 5(9), 1144-1154.
41. Lambert, J.D.; Elias, R.J. The antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities of green tea polyphenols: A role in cancer prevention. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 2010, 501(1), 65-72.
42. Hou, Z.; Sang, S.; You, H.; Lee, M.J.; Hong, J.; Chin, K.V.; Yang, C.S. Mechanism of action of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate: Autooxidation-dependent inactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor and direct effects on growth inhibition in human esophageal cancer KYSE 150 cells. Cancer Res., 2005, 65(17), 8049-8056.
43. Nakagawa, H.; Hasumi, K.; Woo, J.T.; Nagai, K.; Wachi, M. Generation of hydrogen peroxide primarily contributes to the induction of Fe(II)-dependent apoptosis in Jurkat cells by (-)- epigallocatechin gallate. Carcinogenesis, 2004, 25(9), 1567-1574.
44. Szatrowski, T.P.; Nathan, C.F. Production of large amounts of hydrogen peroxide by human tumor cells. Cancer Res., 1991, 51(3), 794-798.
45. O'Leary, D.P.; Wang, J.H.; Cotter, T.G.; Redmond, H.P. Less stress, more success? Oncological implications of surgery-induced oxidative stress. Gut, 2013, 62(3), 461-470.
46. Trachootham, D.; Zhou, Y.; Zhang, H.; Demizu, Y.; Chen, Z.; Pelicano, H.; Chiao, P.J.; Achanta, G.; Arlinghaus, R.B.; Liu, J.; Huang, P. Selective killing of oncogenically transformed cells through a ROS-mediated mechanism by beta-phenylethyl isothiocyanate. Cancer Cell, 2006, 10(3), 241-252.
47. Kensler, T.W.; Wakabayashi, N.; Biswal, S. Cell survival responses to environmental stresses via the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 2007, 47, 89-116.
48. Na, H.K.; Surh, Y.J. Modulation of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant and detoxifying enzyme induction by the green tea polyphenol EGCG. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2008, 46(4), 1271-1278.
49. Chou, F.P.; Chu, Y.C.; Hsu, J.D.; Chiang, H.C.; Wang, C.J. Specific induction of glutathione S-transferase GSTM2 subunit expression by epigallocatechin gallate in rat liver. Biochem. Pharmacol., 2000, 60(5), 643-650.
50. Lee, W.J.; Shim, J.Y.; Zhu, B.T. Mechanisms for the inhibition of DNA methyltransferases by tea catechins and bioflavonoids. Mol. Pharmacol., 2005, 68(4), 1018-1030.
51. Leone, M.; Zhai, D.; Sareth, S.; Kitada, S.; Reed, J.C.; Pellecchia, M. Cancer prevention by tea polyphenols is linked to their direct inhibition of antiapoptotic Bcl-2-family proteins. Cancer Res., 2003, 63, 8118-8121.
52. Liang, Y.C.; Lin-shiau, S.Y.; Chen, C.F.; Lin, J.K. Suppression of extracellular signals and cell proliferation through EGF receptor binding by (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in human A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells. J. Cell Biochem., 1997, 67(1), 55-65.
53. Urusova, D.V.; Shim, J.H.; Kim, D.J.; Jung, S.K.; Zykova, T.A.; Carper, A.; Bode, A.M.; Dong, Z. Epigallocatechin-gallate suppresses tumorigenesis by directly targeting Pin1. Cancer Prev. Res., 2011, 4(9),1366-1377.
54. Masuda, M.; Suzui, M.; Weinstein, I.B. Effects of epigallocatechin- 3-gallate on growth epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathways, gene expression, and chemosensitivity in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Clin. Cancer Res., 2001, 7(12), 4220-4229.
55. Ermakova, S.P.; Kang, B.S.; Choi, B.Y.; Choi, H.S.; Schuster, T.F.; Ma, W.Y.; Bode, A.M.; Dong, Z. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate overcomes resistance to etoposide-induced cell death by targeting the molecular chaperone glucose-regulated protein 78. Cancer Res., 2006, 66(18), 9260-9269.
56. Gao, Y.; Li, W.; Jia, L.; Li, B.; Chen, Y. C.; Tu, Y. Enhancement of (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate and theaflavin-3-3'-digallate induced apoptosis by ascorbic acid in human lung adenocarcinoma SPC-A-1 cells and esophageal carcinoma Eca-109 cells via MAPK pathways. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2013, 438(2), 370-374.
57. Jin, H.; Gong, W.; Zhang, C.; Wang, S. Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells by regulating Notch signaling. Onco. Targets. Ther., 2013, 6, 145-153.
58. Chiou, Y. S; Sang, S.; Cheng, K. H.; Ho, C.T.; Wang, Y. J.; Pan, M. H. Peracetylated (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (AcEGCG) potently prevents skin carcinogenesis by suppressing the PKD1- dependent signaling pathway in CD34+ skin stem cells and skin tumors. Carcinogenesis, 2013, 34(6), 1315-1322.
59. Liu, S.; Li, H.; Chen, L.; Yang, L.; Li, L.; Tao, Y.; Li, W.; Li, Z.; Liu, H.; Tang, M.; Bode, A. M.; Dong, Z.; Cao, Y. (-)- Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus spontaneous lytic infection involves ERK1/2 and PI3-K/Akt signaling in EBV-positive cells. Carcinogenesis. 2013, 34(3), 627-637.
60. Chen, J. Prevention of obesity-associated colon cancer by (-)- Epigallocatechin-3-gallate and curcumin. Transl. Gastrointest. Cancer, 2012, 1(3), 243-249.
61. Garbisa, S.; Sartor, L.; Biggin, S.; Salvato, B.; Benelli, R.; Albini, A. Tumor gelatinases and invasion inhibited by the green tea flavanol epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Cancer, 2001, 91(4), 822-832.
62. Sánchez-del-Campo, L.; Sáez-Ayala, M.; Chazarra, S.; Cabezas- Herrera, J.; Rodríguez-López, J. N. Binding of natural and synthetic polyphenols to human dihydrofolate reductase. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2009, 10(12). 5398-5410.
63. Rouzer, C.A.; Marnett, L.J. Green tea gets molecular. Cancer Prev. Res., 2011, 4(9). 1343-1345.
64. Khan, N.; Mukhtar, H. Modulation of signaling pathways in prostate cancer by green tea polyphenols. Biochem. Pharmacol., 2013, 85(5), 667-672.
65. Shirakami, Y.; Shimizu, M.; Moriwaki, H. Cancer chemoprevention with green tea catechins: From bench to bed. Curr. Drug Targets, 2012, 13(14), 1842-1857.
66. Connors, S.K.; Chornokur, G.; Kumar, N.B. New insights into the mechanisms of green tea catechins in the chemoprevention of prostate cancer. Nutr. Cancer, 2012, 64(1), 4-22.
67. Singh, B.N.; Shankar, S.; Srivastava, R.K. Green tea catechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): Mechanisms, perspectives and clinical applications. Biochem. Pharmacol., 2011, 82(12), 1807-1821.
68. Akagawa, M.; Ishii, Y.; Ishii, T.; Shibata, T.; Yotsu-Yamashita, M.; Suyama, K.; Uchida, K. Metal-catalyzed oxidation of proteinbound dopamine. Biochemistry, 2006, 45(50), 15120-15128.
69. LaVoie, M.J.; Ostaszewski, B.L.; Weihofen, A.; Schlossmacher, M.G.; Selkoe, D.J. Dopamine covalently modifies and functionally inactivates parkin. Nat. Med., 2005, 11(11), 1214-1221.
70. Ishii, T.; Mori, T.; Tanaka, T.; Mizuno, D.; Yamaji, R.; Kumazawa, S.; Nakayama, T.; Akagawa, M. Covalent modification of proteins by green tea polyphenol (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate through autoxidation. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2008, 45(10), 1384-1394.
71. Kallis, G.B.; Holmgren, A. Differential reactivity of the functional sulfhydryl groups of cysteine-32 and cysteine-35 present in the reduced form of thioredoxin from Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem., 1980, 255(21), 10261-10265.
72. Zhang, H.; Cao, D.; Cui, W.; Ji, M.; Qian, X.; Zhong, L. Molecular bases of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase-mediated prooxidant actions of (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2010, 49(12), 2010-2018.
73. Arnér, E.S. Selenoproteins-What unique properties can arise with selenocysteine in place of cysteine? Exp. Cell Res., 2010, 316(8), 1296-1303.
74. Zhong, L.; Holmgren, A. Essential role of selenium in the catalytic activities of mammalian thioredoxin reductase revealed by characterization of recombinant enzymes with selenocysteine mutations. J. Biol. Chem., 2000, 275(24), 18121-18128.
75. Holmgren, A.; Lu, J. Thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase: Current research with special reference to human disease. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2010, 396(1), 120-124.
76. Nordberg, J.; Arnér, E.S. Reactive oxygen species, antioxidants, and the mammalian thioredoxin system. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2001, 31(11), 1287-1312.
77. Fang, J.; Lu, J.; Holmgren, A. Thioredoxin reductase is irreversibly modified by curcumin: A novel molecular mechanism for its anticancer activity. J. Biol. Chem., 2006, 280(26), 25284-25290.
78. Lillig, C.H.; Holmgren, A. Thioredoxin and related molecules-- from biology to health and disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal, 2007, 9(1), 25-47.
79. Gromer, S.; Johansson, L.; Bauer, H.; Arscott, L.D.; Rauch, S.; Ballou, D.P.; Williams, C.H. Jr.; Schirmer, R.H.; Arnér, E.S. Active sites of thioredoxin reductases: Why selenoproteins? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2003, 100(22), 12618-12623.
80. Nguyen, P.; Awwad, R.T.; Smart, D.D.; Spitz, D.R.; Gius, D. Thioredoxin reductase as a novel molecular target for cancer therapy. Cancer Lett., 2006, 236, 164-174.
81. Yoo, M.H.; Xu, X.M.; Carlson, B.A.; Gladyshev, V.N.; Hatfield, D.L. Thioredoxin reductase1 deficiency reverses tumor phenotype and tumorigenicity of lung carcinoma cells. J. Biol. Chem., 281, 13005-13008.
82. Wang, X.; Zhang, J.; Xu, T. Cyclophosphamide as a potent inhibitor of tumor thioredoxin reductase in vivo. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 2007, 218(1), 88-95.
83. Wang, X.; Zhang, J.; Xu, T. Thioredoxin reductase inactivation as a pivotal mechanism of ifosfamide in cancer therapy. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2008, 579(1-3), 66-73.
84. Prast-Nielsen, S.; Cebula, M.; Pader, I.; Arnér, E.S. Noble metal targeting of thioredoxin reductase--covalent complexes with thioredoxin and thioredoxin-related protein of 14 kDa triggered by cisplatin. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2010, 49(11), 1765-1778.
85. Paz, M.M.; Zhang, X.; Lu, J.; Holmgren, A. A new mechanism of action for the anticancer drug mitomycin C: Mechanism-based inhibition of thioredoxin reductase. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2012, 25(7), 1502-1511.
86. Lu, J.; Chew, E.H.; Holmgren, A. Targeting thioredoxin reductase is a basis for cancer therapy by arsenic trioxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2007, 104(30), 12288-12293.
87. Li, S.; Zhang, J.; Li, J.; Chen, D.; Matteucci, M.; Curd, J.; Duan, J.X. Inhibition of both thioredoxin reductase and glutathione reductase may contribute to the anticancer mechanism of TH-302. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res., 2010, 136(3), 294-301.
88. Wang, Y.; Lu, H.; Wang, D.; Li, S.; Sun, K.; Wan, X.; Taylor, E.W.; Zhang, J. Inhibition of glutathione synthesis eliminates the adaptive response of ascitic hepatoma 22 cells to nedaplatin that targets thioredoxin reductase. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 2012, 265(3), 342-350.
89. Fang, J.; Lu, J.; Holmgren, A. Thioredoxin reductase is irreversibly modified by curcumin: A novel molecular mechanism for its anticancer activity. J. Biol. Chem., 2005, 280(26), 25284-25290.
90. Wang, Y.; Zhang, H.; Holmgren, A.; Tian, W.; Zhong, L. Inhibitory effect of green tea extract and (-)-Epigallocatechin-3- gallate on mammalian thioredoxin reductase and HeLa cell viability. Oncol. Rep., 2008, 20(6), 1479-1487.
91. Lesot, H.; Kühl, U.; Mark, K. Isolation of a laminin-binding protein from muscle cell membranes. EMBO. J., 1983, 2(6), 861-865.
92. Malinoff, H.L.; Wicha, M.S. Isolation of a cell surface receptor protein for laminin from murine fibrosarcoma cells. J. Cell Biol., 1983, 96(5), 1475-1479.
93. Tanaka, M.; Narumi, K.; Isemura, M.; Abe, M.; Sato, Y.; Abe, T.; Saijo, Y.; Nukiwa, T.; Satoh, K. Expression of the 37-kDa laminin binding protein in murine lung tumor cell correlates with tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Lett., 2000, 153(1-2), 161-168.
94. Ménard, S.; Castronovo, V.; Tagliabue, E.; Sobel, M.E. New insights into the metastasis-associated 67 kD laminin receptor. J. Cell. Biochem., 1997, 67(2), 155-165.
95. Tachibana, H.; Koga, K.; Fujimura, Y.; Yamada, K. A receptor for green tea polyphenol EGCG. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 2004, 11(4),380-381.
96. Lee, J.H.; Kishikawa, M.; Kumazoe, M.; Yamada, K.; Tachibana, H. Vitamin A enhances antitumor effect of a green tea polyphenol on melanoma by upregulating the polyphenol sensing molecule 67- kDa laminin receptor. PLoS One, 2010, 5(6), e11051.
97. Shammas, M.A.; Neri, P.; Koley, H.; Batchu, R.B.; Bertheau, R.C.; Munshi, V.; Prabhala, R.; Fulciniti, M.; Tai, Y.T.; Treon, S.P.; Goyal, R.K.; Anderson, K.C.; Munshi, N.C. Specific killing of multiple myeloma cells by (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate extracted from green tea: Biologic activity and therapeutic implications. Blood, 2006, 108(8), 2804-2810.
98. Kumazoe, M.; Sugihara, K.; Tsukamoto, S.; Huang, Y.; Tsurudome, Y.; Suzuki, T.; Suemasu, Y.; Ueda, N.; Yamashita, S.; Kim, Y.; Yamada, K.; Tachibana, H. 67-kDa laminin receptor increases cGMP to induce cancer-selective apoptosis. J. Clin. Invest., 2013, 123(2), 787-799.
99. Gloe, T.; Riedmayr, S.; Sohn, H.Y.; Pohl, U. The 67-kDa lamininbinding protein is involved in shear stress-dependent endothelial NO synthase expression. J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274(23), 15996-16002.
100. Arnold, W.P.; Mittal, C.K.; Katsuki, S.; Murad, F. Nitric oxide activates guanylate cyclase and increases guanosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate levels in various tissue preparations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 1977, 74(8), 3203-3207.
101. Tsukamoto, S.; Hirotsu, K.; Kumazoe, M.; Goto, Y.; Sugihara, K.; Suda, T.; Tsurudome, Y.; Suzuki, T.; Yamashita, S.; Kim, Y.; Huang, Y.; Yamada, K.; Tachibana, H. Green tea polyphenol EGCG induces lipid-raft clustering and apoptotic cell death by activating protein kinase Cδ and acid sphingomyelinase through a 67 kDa laminin receptor in multiple myeloma cells. Biochem. J., 2012, 443(2), 525-534.
102. Tachibana, H. Molecular basis for cancer chemoprevention by green tea polyphenol EGCG. Forum. Nutr., 2009, 61, 156-169.
103. Lugnier, C. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) superfamily: A new target for the development of specific therapeutic agents. Pharmacol. Ther., 2006, 109(3), 366-398.
104. Yang, C.S.; Hong, J. Prevention of Chronic Diseases by Tea: Possible Mechanisms and Human Relevance. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 2013, 33,161-181.
105. Lambert, J.D.; Kennett, M.J.; Sang, S.; Reuhl, K.R.; Ju, J.; Yang, C.S. Hepatotoxicity of high oral dose (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate in mice. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2010, 48(1), 409-416.
106. Lowe, G.; Costabile, R.A. 10-Year analysis of adverse event reports to the Food and Drug Administration for phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors. J. Sex. Med., 2012, 9(1), 265-270.
107. Yang, C.S.; Wang, H. Cancer therapy combination: Green tea and a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor? J. Clin. Invest., 2013, 123(2), 556-558.
108. Rosevear, H.M.; Lightfoot, A.J.; O'Donnell, M.A.; Platz, C.E.; Loening, S.A.; Hawtrey, C.E.; Rubin, H. Flocks and colloidal gold treatments for prostate cancer. Scientific World J., 2011, 11, 1560-1567.
109. Deeths, T.M.; Stanley, R.J. Parametrial calcification in cervical carcinoma patients treated with radioactive gold. Am. J. Roentgenol., 1976, 127(3), 511-513.
110. Upton, A.C.; Furth, J.; Burnett, W.T. Jr. Liver damage and hepatomas in mice produced by radioactive colloidal gold. Cancer Res., 1956, 16(3), 211-215.
111. Shukla, R.; Chanda, N.; Zambre, A.; Upendran, A.; Katti, K.; Kulkarni, R.R.; Nune, S.K.; Casteel, S.W.; Smith, C.J.; Vimal, J.; Boote, E.; Robertson, J.D.; Kan, P.; Engelbrecht, H.; Watkinson, L.D.; Carmack, T.L.; Lever, J.R.; Cutler, C.S.; Caldwell, C.; Kannan, R.; Katti, K.V. Laminin receptor specific therapeutic gold nanoparticles (198AuNP-EGCg) show efficacy in treating prostate cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2012, 109(31), 12426-12431.
112. Nune, S.K.; Chanda, N.; Shukla, R.; Katti, K.; Kulkarni, R.R.; Thilakavathi, S.; Mekapothula, S.; Kannan, R.; Katti, K.V. Green Nanotechnology from tea: Phytochemicals in tea as building blocks for production of biocompatible gold nanoparticles. J. Mater. Chem., 2009, 19(19), 2912-2920.