Multi-target screening of biological samples using LC-MS/MS: Focus on chromatographic innovations

Bioanalysis

Volumn 6, Issue 9, 2014, Pages 1255-1273

  Kohler, Isabelle ^a   Guillarme, Davy ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BLOOD; BODY FLUID; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN; HYDROPHILIC INTERACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; LIQUID PHASE MICROEXTRACTION; MASS FRAGMENTOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; PARTICLE SIZE; PLASMA; REVIEW; SCREENING; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SERUM; SUPERCRITICAL FLUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; ULTRA PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; URINE; CHEMISTRY; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; PROCEDURES; TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY;

BODY FLUIDS; CHROMATOGRAPHY, HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID; HUMANS; PARTICLE SIZE; TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY;

EID: 84903192090     PISSN: 17576180     EISSN: 17576199     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.80     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. Hodgson E. A Textbook of Modern Toxicology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ, USA (2011).
2. Langman LJ, Kapur BM. Toxicology: then and now. Clin. Biochem. 39(5), 498-510 (2006).
3. Gerostamoulos D, Beyer J. Drug screening in clinical or forensic toxicology: are there differences? J. Law Med. 18(1), 25-28 (2010).
4. Wyman JF. Principles and procedures in forensic toxicology. Clin. Lab. Med. 32(3), 493-507 (2012).
5. Penders J, Verstraete A. Laboratory guidelines and standards in clinical and forensic toxciology. Accredit. Qual. Assur. 11, 284-290 (2006).
6. Maurer HH. Demands on scientific studies in clinical toxicology. Forensic Sci. Int. 165(2-3), 194-198 (2007).
7. Maurer HH. What is the future of (ultra) high performance liquid chromatography coupled to low and high resolution mass spectrometry for toxicological drug screening? J. Chromatogr. A 1292, 19-24 (2013).
8. Maurer HH. How can analytical diagnostics in clinical toxicology be successfully performed today? Ther. Drug Monit. 34(5), 561-564 (2012).
9. Couchman L, Morgan PE. LC-MS in analytical toxicology: some practical considerations. Biomed. Chromatogr. 25(1-2), 100-123 (2011).
10. Peters FT. Recent advances of liquid chromatography- (tandem) mass spectrometry in clinical and forensic toxicology. Clin. Biochem. 44(1), 54-65 (2011).
11. Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Carvalho F, Duarte JA et al. Collection of biological samples in forensic toxicology. Toxicol. Mech. Methods 20(7), 363-414 (2010).
12. Drummer OH. Review: pharmacokinetics of illicit drugs in oral fluid. Forensic Sci. Int. 150(2-3), 133-142 (2005).
13. Drummer OH. Drug testing in oral fluid. Clin. Biochem. Rev. 27(3), 147-159 (2006).
14. Drummer OH. Introduction and review of collection techniques and applications of drug testing of oral fluid. Ther. Drug Monit. 30(2), 203-206 (2008).
15. Cooper GA, Kronstrand R, Kintz P. Society of hair testing guidelines for drug testing in hair. Forensic Sci. Int. 218(1-3), 20-24 (2012).
16. Pragst F, Balikova MA. State of the art in hair analysis for detection of drug and alcohol abuse. Clin. Chim. Acta 370(1-2), 17-49 (2006).
17. Esteban M, Castano A. Non-invasive matrices in human biomonitoring: a review. Environ. Int. 35(2), 438-449 (2009).
18. Novakova L, Vlckova H. A review of current trends and advances in modern bio-analytical methods: chromatography and sample preparation. Anal. Chim. Acta 656(1-2), 8-35 (2009).
19. Kole PL, Venkatesh G, Kotecha J, Sheshala R. Recent advances in sample preparation techniques for effective bioanalytical methods. Biomed. Chromatogr. 25(1-2), 199-217 (2011).
20. Jabeen R, Payne D, Wiktorowicz J, Mohammad A, Petersen J. Capillary electrophoresis and the clinical laboratory. Electrophoresis 27(12), 2413-2438 (2006).
21. Novakova L. Challenges in the development of bioanalytical liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method with emphasis on fast analysis. J. Chromatogr. A 1292, 25-37 (2013).
22. Ashri NY, Abdel-Rehim M. Sample treatment based on extraction techniques in biological matrices. Bioanalysis 3(17), 2003-2018 (2011).
23. Maurer HH. Multi-analyte procedures for screening and quantification of drugs in blood, plasma, or serum by liquid chromatography-single stage or tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS or LC-MS/MS) relevant to clinical and forensic toxicology. Clin. Biochem. 38(4), 310-318 (2005).
24. Peters FT, Remane D. Aspects of matrix effects in applications of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to forensic and clinical toxicology-a review. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 403(8), 2155-2172 (2012).
25. Kohler I, Schappler J, Rudaz S. Microextraction techniques combined with capillary electrophoresis in bioanalysis. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 405(1), 125-141 (2013).
26. Samanidou V, Kovatsi L, Fragou D, Rentifis K. Novel strategies for sample preparation in forensic toxicology. Bioanalysis 3(17), 2019-2046 (2011).
27. Badoud F, Guillarme D, Boccard J et al.. Analytical aspects in doping control: challenges and perspectives. Forensic Sci. Int. 213(1-3), 49-61 (2011).
28. Kataoka H. Recent developments and applications of microextraction techniques in drug analysis. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 396(1), 339-364 (2010).
29. Rezaee M, Assadi Y, Milani Hosseini MR, Aghaee E, Ahmadi F, Berijani S. Determination of organic compounds in water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. J. Chromatogr. A 1116(1-2), 1-9 (2006).
30. Rezaee M, Yamini Y, Faraji M. Evolution of dispersive liquidliquid microextraction method. J. Chromatogr. A 1217(16), 2342-2357 (2010).
31. Kohler I, Schappler J, Sierro T, Rudaz S. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with capillary electrophoresis and time-of-flight mass spectrometry for urine analysis. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 73, 82-89 (2013).
32. Kokosa JM. Advance in solvent micro-extraction techniques. Trends Analyt. Chem. 43, 2-13 (2013).
33. Ellison ST, Brewer WE, Morgan SL. Comprehensive analysis of drugs of abuse in urine using disposable pipette extraction. J. Anal. Toxicol. 33(7), 356-365 (2009).
34. Kovatsi L, Rentifis K, Giannakis D, Njau S, Samanidou V. Disposable pipette extraction for gas chromatographic determination of codeine, morphine, and 6-monoacetylmorphine in vitreous humor. J. Sep. Sci. 34(14), 1716-1721 (2011).
35. Samanidou V, Stathatos C, Njau S, Kovatsi L. Disposable pipette extraction for the simultaneous determination of biperiden and three antipsychotic drugs in human urine by GCnitrogen phosphorus detection. Bioanalysis 5(1), 21-29 (2013).
36. Abdel-Rehim M. Recent advances in microextraction by packed sorbent for bioanalysis. J. Chromatogr. A 1217(16), 2569-2580 (2010).
37. Deglon J, Thomas A, Cataldo A, Mangin P, Staub C. On-line desorption of dried blood spot: a novel approach for the direct LC-MS analysis of micro-whole blood samples. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 49(4), 1034-1039 (2009).
38. Deglon J, Thomas A, Mangin P, Staub C. Direct analysis of dried blood spots coupled with mass spectrometry: concepts and biomedical applications. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 402(8), 2485-2498 (2012).
39. Vuckovic D. Current trends and challenges in sample preparation for global metabolomics using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 403(6), 1523-1548 (2012).
40. Thomas A, Deglon J, Steimer T, Mangin P, Daali Y, Staub C. On-line desorption of dried blood spots coupled to hydrophilic interaction/reversed- phase LC-MS/MS system for the simultaneous analysis of drugs and their polar metabolites. J. Sep. Sci. 33(6-7), 873-879 (2010).
41. Deglon J, Thomas A, Daali Y et al.. Automated system for on-line desorption of dried blood spots applied to LC-MS/MS pharmacokinetic study of flurbiprofen and its metabolite. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 54(2), 359-367 (2011).
42. Ruta J, Boccard J, Cabooter D et al.. Method development for pharmaceutics: some solutions for tuning selectivity in reversed phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 63, 95-105 (2012).
43. Varesio E, Le Blanc JC, Hopfgartner G. Real-time 2D separation by LC x differential ion mobility hyphenated to mass spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 402(8), 2555-2564 (2012).
44. Periat A, Grand-Guillaume Perrenoud A, Guillarme D. Evaluation of various chromatographic approaches for the retention of hydrophilic compounds and MS compatibility. J. Sep. Sci. 36(19), 3141-3151 (2013).
45. Schappler J, Nicoli R, Nguyen D, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Coupling ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography with single quadrupole mass spectrometry for the analysis of a complex drug mixture. Talanta 78(2), 377-387 (2009).
46. Peng L, Farkas T. Analysis of basic compounds by reversedphase liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry in high-pH mobile phases. J. Chromatogr. A 1179(2), 131-144 (2008).
47. Silvester S. Mobile phase pH and organic modifier in reversed-phase LC-ESI-MS bioanalytical methods: assessment of sensitivity, chromatography and correlation of retention time with in silico logD predictions. Bioanalysis 5(22), 2753-2770 (2013).
48. Miller TH, Musenga A, Cowan DA, Barron LP. Prediction of chromatographic retention time in high-resolution antidoping screening data using artificial neural networks. Anal. Chem. 85(21), 10330-10337 (2013).
49. Guillarme D, Veuthey JL. UHPLC in Life Sciences. Royal Society of Chemistry, London, UK (2012).
50. Fekete S, Grand-Guillaume Perrenoud A, Guillarme D. Evolution and current trends in liquid and supercritical fluid chromatography. Curr. Chromatogr. 26, 15-40 (2014).
51. Rodriguez-Aller M, Gurny R, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Coupling ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry: constraints and possible applications. J. Chromatogr. A 1292, 2-18 (2013).
52. Thevis M, Thomas A, Pop V, Schanzer W. Ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry in human sports drug testing: possibilities and limitations. J. Chromatogr. A 1292, 38-50 (2013).
53. Badoud F, Grata E, Perrenoud L et al. Fast analysis of doping agents in urine by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry I. Screening analysis. J. Chromatogr. A 1216(20), 4423-4433 (2009).
54. Viette V, Guillarme D, Mylonas R et al.. A multi-target screening analysis in human plasma using fast liquid chromatography-hybrid tandem mass spectrometry (Part I). Clin. Biochem. 44(1), 32-44 (2011).
55. Viette V, Guillarme D, Mylonas R et al.. A multi-target screening analysis in human plasma using fast liquid chromatography-hybrid tandem mass spectrometry (Part II). Clin. Biochem. 44(1), 45-53 (2011).
56. Lee HK, Ho CS, Iu YP et al.. Development of a broad toxicological screening technique for urine using ultraperformance liquid chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 649(1), 80-90 (2009).
57. Eugster PJ, Guillarme D, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL, Carrupt PA, Wolfender JL. Ultra high pressure liquid chromatography for crude plant extract profiling. J. AOAC Int. 94(1), 51-70 (2011).
58. Chambers E, Wagrowski-Diehl DM, Lu Z, Mazzeo JR. Systematic and comprehensive strategy for reducing matrix effects in LC-MS/MS analyses. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 852(1-2), 22-34 (2007).
59. Spaggiari D, Fekete S, Eugster PJ et al.. Contribution of various types of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry instruments to band broadening in fast analysis. J. Chromatogr. A 1310, 45-55 (2013).
60. Li X, Shen B, Jiang Z, Huang Y, Zhuo X. Rapid screening of drugs of abuse in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution and high mass accuracy hybrid linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1302, 95-104 (2013).
61. Guiochon G, Gritti F. Shell particles, trials, tribulations and triumphs. J. Chromatogr. A 1218(15), 1915-1938 (2011).
62. Fekete S, Olah E, Fekete J. Fast liquid chromatography: the domination of core-shell and very fine particles. J. Chromatogr. A 1228, 57-71 (2012).
63. Ruta J, Zurlino D, Grivel C, Heinisch S, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Evaluation of columns packed with shell particles with compounds of pharmaceutical interest. J. Chromatogr. A 1228, 221-231 (2012).
64. Olah E, Fekete S, Fekete J, Ganzler K. Comparative study of new shell-type, sub-2 micron fully porous and monolith stationary phases, focusing on mass-transfer resistance. J. Chromatogr. A 1217(23), 3642-3653 (2010).
65. Cabooter D, Fanigliulo A, Bellazzi G, Allieri B, Rottigni A, Desmet G. Relationship between the particle size distribution of commercial fully porous and superficially porous high-performance liquid chromatography column packings and their chromatographic performance. J. Chromatogr. A 1217(45), 7074-7081 (2010).
66. Daneyko A, Holtzel A, Khirevich S, Tallarek U. Influence of the particle size distribution on hydraulic permeability and eddy dispersion in bulk packings. Anal. Chem. 83(10), 3903-3910 (2011).
67. Deridder S, Desmet G. Effective medium theory expressions for the effective diffusion in chromatographic beds filled with porous, non-porous and porous-shell particles and cylinders. Part II: numerical verification and quantitative effect of solid core on expected B-term band broadening. J. Chromatogr. A 1218(1), 46-56 (2011).
68. Zhu X, Kalyanaraman N, Subramanian R. Enhanced screening of glutathione-trapped reactive metabolites by in-source collision-induced dissociation and extraction of product ion using UHPLC-high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 83(24), 9516-9523 (2011).
69. Tan G, Lou Z, Dong X et al.. Urinary metabolites of isoliquiritigenin in Wistar rats using UHPLC-TOF-MSbased xenometabolomics. Chromatographia 74(3-4), 341-348 (2011).
70. Strano-Rossi S, Anzillotti L, Castrignano E et al.. UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for direct analysis of drugs of abuse in oral fluid for DUID assessment. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 401(2), 609-624 (2011).
71. Buszewski B, Noga S. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)-a powerful separation technique. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 402(1), 231-247 (2012).
72. Periat A, Kohler I, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Advances in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography for pharmaceutical analysis. LC GC Eur. 26, 17-23 (2013).
73. Hemstrom P, Irgum K. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J. Sep. Sci. 29(12), 1784-1821 (2006).
74. Mazzarino M, Fiacco I, De La Torre X, Botre F. Screening and confirmation analysis of stimulants, narcotics and betaadrenergic agents in human urine by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1218(45), 8156-8167 (2011).
75. Mccalley DV. Is hydrophilic interaction chromatography with silica columns a viable alternative to reversed-phase liquid chromatography for the analysis of ionisable compounds? J. Chromatogr. A 1171(1-2), 46-55 (2007).
76. Periat A, Debrus B, Rudaz S, Guillarme D. Screening of the most relevant parameters for method development in ultrahigh performance hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 1282, 72-83 (2013).
77. Havlikova L, Vlckova H, Solich P, Novakova L. HILIC UHPLC-MS/MS for fast and sensitive bioanalysis: accounting for matrix effects in method development. Bioanalysis 5(19), 2345-2357 (2013).
78. Ruta J, Rudaz S, Mccalley DV, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. A systematic investigation of the effect of sample diluent on peak shape in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 1217(52), 8230-8240 (2010).
79. Periat A, Boccard J, Veuthey JL, Rudaz S, Guillarme D. Systematic comparison of sensitivity between hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and reversed phase liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1312, 49-57 (2013).
80. Chauve B, Guillarme D, Cleon P, Veuthey JL. Evaluation of various HILIC materials for the fast separation of polar compounds. J. Sep. Sci. 33(6-7), 752-764 (2010).
81. Grand-Guillaume Perrenoud A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Comparison of ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of pharmaceutical compounds. J. Chromatogr. A 1266, 158-167 (2012).
82. Grand-Guillaume Perrenoud A, Hamman C, Goel M, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D, Fekete S. Maximizing kinetic performance in supercritical fluid chromatography using state-of-the-art instruments. J. Chromatogr. A 1314, 288-297 (2013).
83. Lesellier E. Efficiency in supercritical fluid chromatography with different superficially porous and fully porous particles ODS bonded phases. J. Chromatogr. A 1228, 89-98 (2012).
84. Sandra P, Pereira A, Dunkle M, Brunelli C, David F. Green chromatography (part 2): the role of GC and SFC. LC GC Eur. 23, 396-405 (2010).
85. Pinkston JD, Wen D, Morand KL, Tirey DA, Stanton DT. Comparison of LC/MS and SFC/MS for screening of a large and diverse library of pharmaceutically relevant compounds. Anal. Chem. 78(21), 7467-7472 (2006).
86. Grand-Guillaume Perrenoud A, Boccard J, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Analysis of basic compounds by supercritical fluid chromatography: attempts to improve peak shape and maintain mass spectrometry compatibility. J. Chromatogr. A 1262, 205-213 (2012).
87. Abbott E, Veenstra TD, Issaq HJ. Clinical and pharmaceutical applications of packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography. J. Sep. Sci. 31(8), 1223-1230 (2008).
88. Rios A, Zougagh M, De Andres F. Bioanalytical applications using supercritical fluid techniques. Bioanalysis 2(1), 9-25 (2010).
89. Lesellier E. Supercritical fluid chromatography for bioanalysis: practical and theoretical considerations. Bioanalysis 3(2), 125-131 (2011).
90. Yamada T, Uchikata T, Sakamoto S et al.. Supercritical fluid chromatography/Orbitrap mass spectrometry based lipidomics platform coupled with automated lipid identification software for accurate lipid profiling. J. Chromatogr. A 1301, 237-242 (2013).
91. Marquet P. Progress of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in clinical and forensic toxicology. Ther. Drug Monit. 24(2), 255-276 (2002).
92. Marquet P. Is LC-MS suitable for a comprehensive screening of drugs and poisons in clinical toxicology? Ther. Drug Monit. 24(1), 125-133 (2002).
93. Oberacher H, Schubert B, Libiseller K, Schweissgut A. Detection and identification of drugs and toxicants in human body fluids by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry under data-dependent acquisition control and automated database search. Anal. Chim. Acta 770, 121-131 (2013).
94. Mueller CA, Weinmann W, Dresen S, Schreiber A, Gergov M. Development of a multi-target screening analysis for 301 drugs using a QTrap liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry system and automated library searching. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 19(10), 1332-1338 (2005).
95. Maurer HH, Peters FT. Toward high-throughput drug screening using mass spectrometry. Ther. Drug Monit. 27(6), 686-688 (2005).
96. Gergov M, Weinmann W, Meriluoto J, Uusitalo J, Ojanpera I. Comparison of product ion spectra obtained by liquid chromatography/triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry for library search. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 18(10), 1039-1046 (2004).
97. Wissenbach DK, Meyer MR, Weber AA et al.. Towards a universal LC-MS screening procedure-can an LIT LC-MS(n) screening approach and reference library be used on a quadrupole-LIT hybrid instrument? J. Mass Spectrom. 47(1), 66-71 (2012).
98. Mylonas R, Mauron Y, Masselot A et al.. X-Rank: a robust algorithm for small molecule identification using tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 81(18), 7604-7610 (2009).
99. Ojanpera I, Kolmonen M, Pelander A. Current use of highresolution mass spectrometry in drug screening relevant to clinical and forensic toxicology and doping control. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 403(5), 1203-1220 (2012).
100. Wu AH, Gerona R, Armenian P, French D, Petrie M, Lynch KL. Role of liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HR/MS) in clinical toxicology. Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.) 50(8), 733-742 (2012).
101. Pelander A, Decker P, Baessmann C, Ojanpera I. Evaluation of a high resolving power time-of-flight mass spectrometer for drug analysis in terms of resolving power and acquisition rate. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 22(2), 379-385 (2011).
102. Guale F, Shahreza S, Walterscheid JP et al.. Validation of LC-TOF-MS screening for drugs, metabolites, and collateral compounds in forensic toxicology specimens. J. Anal. Toxicol. 37(1), 17-24 (2013).
103. Kolmonen M, Leinonen A, Pelander A, Ojanpera I. A general screening method for doping agents in human urine by solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 585(1), 94-102 (2007).
104. Kaufmann A, Butcher P, Maden K, Widmer M. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-TOF): a novel tool for multiresidue screening of veterinary drugs in urine. Anal. Chim. Acta 586(1-2), 13-21 (2007).
105. Roman M, Strom L, Tell H, Josefsson M. Liquid chromatography/time-of- flight mass spectrometry analysis of postmortem blood samples for targeted toxicological screening. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 405(12), 4107-4125 (2013).
106. Badoud F, Boccard J, Schweizer C, Pralong F, Saugy M, Baume N. Profiling of steroid metabolites after transdermal and oral administration of testosterone by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 138, 222-235 (2013).
107. Thomas A, Guddat S, Kohler M et al.. Comprehensive plasma-screening for known and unknown substances in doping controls. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 24(8), 1124-1132 (2010).
108. Virus ED, Sobolevsky TG, Rodchenkov GM. Introduction of HPLC/orbitrap mass spectrometry as screening method for doping control. J. Mass Spectrom. 43(7), 949-957 (2008).
109. Stevenson PG. Data processing for 2D-LC: where are we heading? Bioanalysis 5(23), 2867-2869 (2013).
110. D'attoma A, Grivel C, Heinisch S. On-line comprehensive two-dimensional separations of charged compounds using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and hydrophilic interaction chromatography. Part I: orthogonality and practical peak capacity considerations. J. Chromatogr. A 1262, 148-159 (2012).