메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 34, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 561-564

How can analytical diagnostics in clinical toxicology be successfully performed today?

Author keywords

emergency toxicology; GC MS; LC MS; quantification; screening

Indexed keywords

4 HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; DESIGNER DRUG; DIETHYLENE GLYCOL; ETHYLENE GLYCOL; GLYCOLIC ACID; LACTIC ACID; PARACETAMOL; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYLENEDIAMINE; PHENYTOIN; PRIMIDONE; PROPYLENE GLYCOL; SALICYLIC ACID; TETRAETHYLENE GLYCOL; TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VALPROIC ACID;

EID: 84866541168     PISSN: 01634356     EISSN: 15363694     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/FTD.0b013e31826a622d.     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (11)

References (51)
  • 1
    • 33846044200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demands on scientific studies in clinical toxicology
    • Maurer HH. Demands on scientific studies in clinical toxicology. Forensic Sci Int. 2007;165:194-198.
    • (2007) Forensic Sci Int. , vol.165 , pp. 194-198
    • Maurer, H.H.1
  • 2
    • 77950891231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analytical toxicology
    • Maurer HH. Analytical toxicology. Experientia. 2010;100:317-337.
    • (2010) Experientia. , vol.100 , pp. 317-337
    • Maurer, H.H.1
  • 3
    • 10044267443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Position of chromatographic techniques in screening for detection of drugs or poisons in clinical and forensic toxicology and/or doping control
    • Maurer HH. Position of chromatographic techniques in screening for detection of drugs or poisons in clinical and forensic toxicology and/or doping control. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2004;42:1310-1324.
    • (2004) Clin Chem Lab Med. , vol.42 , pp. 1310-1324
    • Maurer, H.H.1
  • 4
    • 33845340097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyphenated mass spectrometric techniques-indispensable tools in clinical and forensic toxicology and in doping control
    • Maurer HH. Hyphenated mass spectrometric techniques-indispensable tools in clinical and forensic toxicology and in doping control. J Mass Spectrom. 2006;41:1399-1413.
    • (2006) J Mass Spectrom. , vol.41 , pp. 1399-1413
    • Maurer, H.H.1
  • 5
    • 22544445299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developing an analytical toxicology service: Principles and guidance
    • Flanagan RJ. Developing an analytical toxicology service: principles and guidance. Toxicol Rev. 2004;23:251-263.
    • (2004) Toxicol Rev. , vol.23 , pp. 251-263
    • Flanagan, R.J.1
  • 6
    • 24044469019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analytical toxicology: Guidelines for sample collection postmortem
    • Flanagan RJ, Connally G, Evans JM. Analytical toxicology: guidelines for sample collection postmortem. Toxicol Rev. 2005;24:63-71.
    • (2005) Toxicol Rev. , vol.24 , pp. 63-71
    • Flanagan, R.J.1    Connally, G.2    Evans, J.M.3
  • 7
    • 0037372778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National academy of clinical biochemistry laboratory medicine practice guidelines: Recommendations for the use of laboratory tests to support poisoned patients who present to the emergency department
    • Wu AH, McKay C, Broussard LA, et al. National academy of clinical biochemistry laboratory medicine practice guidelines: recommendations for the use of laboratory tests to support poisoned patients who present to the emergency department. Clin Chem. 2003;49:357-379.
    • (2003) Clin Chem. , vol.49 , pp. 357-379
    • Wu, A.H.1    McKay, C.2    Broussard, L.A.3
  • 8
    • 0037369765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Which drug tests in medical emergencies?
    • Boyer EW, Shannon MW. Which drug tests in medical emergencies? Clin Chem. 2003;49:353-354.
    • (2003) Clin Chem. , vol.49 , pp. 353-354
    • Boyer, E.W.1    Shannon, M.W.2
  • 9
    • 18844454007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A toxicologist's guide to studying diagnostic tests
    • Bailey B, Amre DK. A toxicologist's guide to studying diagnostic tests. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2005;43:171-179.
    • (2005) Clin Toxicol (Phila). , vol.43 , pp. 171-179
    • Bailey, B.1    Amre, D.K.2
  • 10
    • 67649226120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do you really need that emergency drug screen?
    • Tenenbein M. Do you really need that emergency drug screen? Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2009;47:286-291.
    • (2009) Clin Toxicol (Phila). , vol.47 , pp. 286-291
    • Tenenbein, M.1
  • 11
    • 77950570852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Automated mass spectral deconvo-lution and identification system for GC-MS screening for drugs, poisons, and metabolites in urine
    • Meyer MR, Peters FT, Maurer HH. Automated mass spectral deconvo-lution and identification system for GC-MS screening for drugs, poisons, and metabolites in urine. Clin Chem. 2010;56:575-584.
    • (2010) Clin Chem. , vol.56 , pp. 575-584
    • Meyer, M.R.1    Peters, F.T.2    Maurer, H.H.3
  • 13
    • 79954443457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of the first metabolite-based LC-MSn urine drug screening procedure-exemplified for antidepressants
    • Wissenbach DK, Meyer MR, Remane D, et al. Development of the first metabolite-based LC-MSn urine drug screening procedure-exemplified for antidepressants. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011;400:79-88.
    • (2011) Anal Bioanal Chem. , vol.400 , pp. 79-88
    • Wissenbach, D.K.1    Meyer, M.R.2    Remane, D.3
  • 14
    • 84861230527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current use of high-resolution mass spectrometry in drug screening relevant to clinical and forensic toxicology and doping control
    • Ojanpera I, Kolmonen M, Pelander A. Current use of high-resolution mass spectrometry in drug screening relevant to clinical and forensic toxicology and doping control. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2012;403:1203-1220.
    • (2012) Anal Bioanal Chem. , vol.403 , pp. 1203-1220
    • Ojanpera, I.1    Kolmonen, M.2    Pelander, A.3
  • 15
    • 77951296143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Screening of pesticides in blood with liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry
    • Dulaurent S, Moesch C, Marquet P, et al. Screening of pesticides in blood with liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2010;396:2235-2249.
    • (2010) Anal Bioanal Chem. , vol.396 , pp. 2235-2249
    • Dulaurent, S.1    Moesch, C.2    Marquet, P.3
  • 16
    • 77957303073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An automated screening method for drugs and toxic compounds in human serum and urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
    • Sturm S, Hammann F, Drewe J, et al. An automated screening method for drugs and toxic compounds in human serum and urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B. 2010;878:2726-2732.
    • (2010) J Chromatogr B. , vol.878 , pp. 2726-2732
    • Sturm, S.1    Hammann, F.2    Drewe, J.3
  • 17
    • 77955050026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance evaluation of three liquid chromatography mass spectrometry methods for broad spectrum drug screening
    • Lynch KL, Breaud AR, Vandenberghe H, et al. Performance evaluation of three liquid chromatography mass spectrometry methods for broad spectrum drug screening. Clin Chim Acta. 2010;411:1474-1481.
    • (2010) Clin Chim Acta. , vol.411 , pp. 1474-1481
    • Lynch, K.L.1    Breaud, A.R.2    Vandenberghe, H.3
  • 18
    • 79954438988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a fully automated toxicological LC-MS(n) screening system in urine using online extraction with turbulent flow chromatography
    • Mueller DM, Duretz B, Espourteille FA, et al. Development of a fully automated toxicological LC-MS(n) screening system in urine using online extraction with turbulent flow chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011;400:89-100.
    • (2011) Anal Bioanal Chem , vol.400 , pp. 89-100
    • Mueller, D.M.1    Duretz, B.2    Espourteille, F.A.3
  • 19
    • 79960628455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drugs of abuse screening in urine as part of a metabolite-based LC-MS(n) screening concept
    • Wissenbach DK, Meyer MR, Remane D, et al. Drugs of abuse screening in urine as part of a metabolite-based LC-MS(n) screening concept. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011;400:3481-3489.
    • (2011) Anal Bioanal Chem. , vol.400 , pp. 3481-3489
    • Wissenbach, D.K.1    Meyer, M.R.2    Remane, D.3
  • 20
    • 33748316481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Screening of drugs and toxic compounds with liquid chromatography-linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry
    • Sauvage FL, Saint-Marcous F, Duretz B, et al. Screening of drugs and toxic compounds with liquid chromatography-linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem. 2006;52:1735-1742.
    • (2006) Clin Chem. , vol.52 , pp. 1735-1742
    • Sauvage, F.L.1    Saint-Marcous, F.2    Duretz, B.3
  • 21
    • 70450176003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General unknown screening procedure for the characterization of human drug metabolites in forensic toxicology: Applications and constraints
    • Sauvage FL, Picard N, Saint-Marcoux F, et al. General unknown screening procedure for the characterization of human drug metabolites in forensic toxicology: applications and constraints. J Sep Sci. 2009;32:3074-3083.
    • (2009) J Sep Sci. , vol.32 , pp. 3074-3083
    • Sauvage, F.L.1    Picard, N.2    Saint-Marcoux, F.3
  • 22
    • 71449093416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ESI-MS/MS library of 1, 253 compounds for application in forensic and clinical toxicology
    • Dresen S, Gergov M, Politi L, et al. ESI-MS/MS library of 1, 253 compounds for application in forensic and clinical toxicology. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2009;395:2521-2526.
    • (2009) Anal Bioanal Chem. , vol.395 , pp. 2521-2526
    • Dresen, S.1    Gergov, M.2    Politi, L.3
  • 23
    • 70149121369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General unknown screening procedure for the characterization of human drug metabolites: Application to loratadine phase i metabolism
    • Picard N, Dridi D, Sauvage FL, et al. General unknown screening procedure for the characterization of human drug metabolites: application to loratadine phase I metabolism. J Sep Sci. 2009;32:2209-2217.
    • (2009) J Sep Sci. , vol.32 , pp. 2209-2217
    • Picard, N.1    Dridi, D.2    Sauvage, F.L.3
  • 24
    • 77951258597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection and identification of 700 drugs by multi-target screening with a 3200 Q TRAP LC-MS/MS system and library searching
    • Dresen S, Ferreiros N, Gnann H, et al. Detection and identification of 700 drugs by multi-target screening with a 3200 Q TRAP LC-MS/MS system and library searching. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2010;396:2425-2434.
    • (2010) Anal Bioanal Chem. , vol.396 , pp. 2425-2434
    • Dresen, S.1    Ferreiros, N.2    Gnann, H.3
  • 25
    • 78650859174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multi-target screening analysis in human plasma using fast liquid chromatography-hybrid tandem mass spectrometry (Part I)
    • Viette V, Guillarme D, Mylonas R, et al. A multi-target screening analysis in human plasma using fast liquid chromatography-hybrid tandem mass spectrometry (Part I). Clin Biochem. 2011;44:32-44.
    • (2011) Clin Biochem. , vol.44 , pp. 32-44
    • Viette, V.1    Guillarme, D.2    Mylonas, R.3
  • 26
    • 78650880759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multi-target screening analysis in human plasma using fast liquid chromatography-hybrid tandem mass spectrometry (part II)
    • Viette V, Guillarme D, Mylonas R, et al. A multi-target screening analysis in human plasma using fast liquid chromatography-hybrid tandem mass spectrometry (part II). Clin Biochem. 2011;44:45-53.
    • (2011) Clin Biochem. , vol.44 , pp. 45-53
    • Viette, V.1    Guillarme, D.2    Mylonas, R.3
  • 27
    • 78751706093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of 55 compounds prescribed in combined cardiovascular therapy
    • Gonzalez O, Alonso RM, Ferreiros N, et al. Development of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of 55 compounds prescribed in combined cardiovascular therapy. J Chromatogr B. 2011;879:243-252.
    • (2011) J Chromatogr B. , vol.879 , pp. 243-252
    • Gonzalez, O.1    Alonso, R.M.2    Ferreiros, N.3
  • 28
    • 33747600384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined use of ESI-QqTOF-MS and ESI-QqTOF-MS/MS with mass-spectral library search for qualitative analysis of drugs
    • Pavlic M, Libiseller K, Oberacher H. Combined use of ESI-QqTOF-MS and ESI-QqTOF-MS/MS with mass-spectral library search for qualitative analysis of drugs. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2006;386:69-82.
    • (2006) Anal Bioanal Chem. , vol.386 , pp. 69-82
    • Pavlic, M.1    Libiseller, K.2    Oberacher, H.3
  • 29
    • 68049135677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a broad toxicological screening technique for urine using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry
    • Lee HK, Ho CS, Iu YP, et al. Development of a broad toxicological screening technique for urine using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta. 2009;649:80-90.
    • (2009) Anal Chim Acta. , vol.649 , pp. 80-90
    • Lee, H.K.1    Ho, C.S.2    Iu, Y.P.3
  • 30
    • 79954441243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and practical application of a library of CID accurate mass spectra of more than 2, 500 toxic compounds for systematic toxicological analysis by LC-QTOF-MS with data-dependent acquisition
    • Broecker S, Herre S, Wust B, et al. Development and practical application of a library of CID accurate mass spectra of more than 2, 500 toxic compounds for systematic toxicological analysis by LC-QTOF-MS with data-dependent acquisition. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011;400:101-117.
    • (2011) Anal Bioanal Chem. , vol.400 , pp. 101-117
    • Broecker, S.1    Herre, S.2    Wust, B.3
  • 31
    • 33749431256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative determination of forty-eight antidepressants and antipsychotics in human serum by HPLC tandem mass spectrometry: A multi-level, single-sample approach
    • Kirchherr H, Kuhn-Velten WN. Quantitative determination of forty-eight antidepressants and antipsychotics in human serum by HPLC tandem mass spectrometry: a multi-level, single-sample approach. J Chromatogr B. 2006;843:100-113.
    • (2006) J Chromatogr B. , vol.843 , pp. 100-113
    • Kirchherr, H.1    Kuhn-Velten, W.N.2
  • 32
    • 33646940260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A fully automated turbulent-flow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technique for monitoring antidepressants in human serum
    • Sauvage FL, Gaulier JM, Lachatre G, et al. A fully automated turbulent-flow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technique for monitoring antidepressants in human serum. Ther Drug Monit. 2006; 28:123-130.
    • (2006) Ther Drug Monit. , vol.28 , pp. 123-130
    • Sauvage, F.L.1    Gaulier, J.M.2    Lachatre, G.3
  • 33
    • 79954630845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A validated GC-MS procedure for fast, simple, and cost-effective quantification of glycols and GHB in human plasma and their identification in urine and plasma developed for emergency toxicology
    • Meyer MR, Weber AA, Maurer HH. A validated GC-MS procedure for fast, simple, and cost-effective quantification of glycols and GHB in human plasma and their identification in urine and plasma developed for emergency toxicology. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011;400:411-414.
    • (2011) Anal Bioanal Chem. , vol.400 , pp. 411-414
    • Meyer, M.R.1    Weber, A.A.2    Maurer, H.H.3
  • 34
    • 80053562469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development, validation, and application of a fast and simple GC-MS method for determination of some therapeutic drugs relevant in emergency toxicology
    • Meyer MR, Welter J, Weber AA, et al. Development, validation, and application of a fast and simple GC-MS method for determination of some therapeutic drugs relevant in emergency toxicology. Ther Drug Monit. 2011;33:649-653.
    • (2011) Ther Drug Monit. , vol.33 , pp. 649-653
    • Meyer, M.R.1    Welter, J.2    Weber, A.A.3
  • 35
    • 79956272805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Full validation and application of an ultra high performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric procedure for target screening and quantification of 34 antidepressants in human blood plasma as part of a comprehensive multi-analyte approach
    • Remane D, Meyer MR, Wissenbach DK, et al. Full validation and application of an ultra high performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric procedure for target screening and quantification of 34 antidepressants in human blood plasma as part of a comprehensive multi-analyte approach. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011;400:2093-2107.
    • (2011) Anal Bioanal Chem. , vol.400 , pp. 2093-2107
    • Remane, D.1    Meyer, M.R.2    Wissenbach, D.K.3
  • 36
    • 80052560790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultra high performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric multi-analyte procedure for target screening and quantification in human blood plasma: Validation and application for 31 neuroleptics, 28 benzodiazepines, and Z-drugs
    • Remane D, Meyer MR, Wissenbach DK, et al. Ultra high performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric multi-analyte procedure for target screening and quantification in human blood plasma: validation and application for 31 neuroleptics, 28 benzodiazepines, and Z-drugs. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011;401:1341-1352.
    • (2011) Anal Bioanal Chem. , vol.401 , pp. 1341-1352
    • Remane, D.1    Meyer, M.R.2    Wissenbach, D.K.3
  • 37
    • 84856095736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative method validation for the analysis of 27 antidepressants and metabolites in plasma with ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
    • del Mar Ramírez Fernández M, Wille SM, Samyn N. Quantitative method validation for the analysis of 27 antidepressants and metabolites in plasma with ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Ther Drug Monit. 2012;34:11-24.
    • (2012) Ther Drug Monit. , vol.34 , pp. 11-24
    • Del Mar Ramírez Fernández, M.1    Wille, S.M.2    Samyn, N.3
  • 38
    • 33847091119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of urinary on-site immunoassay screening and gas chromatography-mass spectrom-etry results of 111 patients with suspected poisoning presenting at an emergency department
    • von Mach M-A, Weber C, Meyer MR, et al. Comparison of urinary on-site immunoassay screening and gas chromatography-mass spectrom-etry results of 111 patients with suspected poisoning presenting at an emergency department. Ther Drug Monit. 2007;29:27-39.
    • (2007) Ther Drug Monit. , vol.29 , pp. 27-39
    • Von MacH, M.-A.1    Weber, C.2    Meyer, M.R.3
  • 39
    • 34547294263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current role of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in clinical and forensic toxicology
    • Maurer HH. Current role of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in clinical and forensic toxicology. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2007;388:1315-1325.
    • (2007) Anal Bioanal Chem. , vol.388 , pp. 1315-1325
    • Maurer, H.H.1
  • 40
    • 57849136862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mass spectrometric approaches in impaired driving toxicology
    • Maurer HH. Mass spectrometric approaches in impaired driving toxicology. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2009;393:97-107.
    • (2009) Anal Bioanal Chem , vol.393 , pp. 97-107
    • Maurer, H.H.1
  • 41
    • 78650864016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent advances of liquid chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry in clinical and forensic toxicology
    • Peters FT. Recent advances of liquid chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry in clinical and forensic toxicology. Clin Biochem. 2010; 44:54-65.
    • (2010) Clin Biochem. , vol.44 , pp. 54-65
    • Peters, F.T.1
  • 44
    • 0003738436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 9th ed. With NIST 2011 Spectral Data. New York: John Wiley & Sons
    • McLafferty FW, ed. Wiley Registry of Mass Spectral Data. 9th ed. With NIST 2011 Spectral Data. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2011.
    • (2011) Wiley Registry of Mass Spectral Data
    • McLafferty, F.W.1
  • 45
    • 1842428022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Creation and comparison of MS/MS spectral libraries using quadrupole ion trap and triple-quadrupole mass spectrometers
    • Josephs JL, Sanders M. Creation and comparison of MS/MS spectral libraries using quadrupole ion trap and triple-quadrupole mass spectrometers. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2004;18:743-759.
    • (2004) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. , vol.18 , pp. 743-759
    • Josephs, J.L.1    Sanders, M.2
  • 46
    • 46749093781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards a universal product ion mass spectral library-reproducibility of product ion spectra across eleven different mass spectrometers
    • Hopley C, Bristow T, Lubben A, et al. Towards a universal product ion mass spectral library-reproducibility of product ion spectra across eleven different mass spectrometers. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2008;22:1779-1786.
    • (2008) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. , vol.22 , pp. 1779-1786
    • Hopley, C.1    Bristow, T.2    Lubben, A.3
  • 48
    • 7044275006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New Bühlmann ELISA for determination of amanitins in urine-are there false positive results due to interferences with urine matrix, drugs or their metabolites?
    • Staack RF, Maurer HH. New Bühlmann ELISA for determination of amanitins in urine-are there false positive results due to interferences with urine matrix, drugs or their metabolites? Toxichem Krimtech. 2001; 68:68-71.
    • (2001) Toxichem Krimtech. , vol.68 , pp. 68-71
    • Staack, R.F.1    Maurer, H.H.2
  • 49
    • 0036827348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioanalytical method validation and its implications for forensic and clinical toxicology-a review
    • Peters FT, Maurer HH. Bioanalytical method validation and its implications for forensic and clinical toxicology-a review. Accred Qual Assur. 2002;7:441-449.
    • (2002) Accred Qual Assur. , vol.7 , pp. 441-449
    • Peters, F.T.1    Maurer, H.H.2
  • 51
    • 77949642365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for quality assurance in forensic-toxicological analyses
    • Peters FT, Paul LD, Musshoff F, et al. Guidelines for quality assurance in forensic-toxicological analyses. Toxichem Krimtech. 2009;76:185-208.
    • (2009) Toxichem Krimtech. , vol.76 , pp. 185-208
    • Peters, F.T.1    Paul, L.D.2    Musshoff, F.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.