Understanding androgen action in adipose tissue

Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Volumn 143, Issue , 2014, Pages 277-284

  O'Reilly, Michael W ^a   House, Philip J ^a   Tomlinson , Jeremy W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Adipose tissue; Androgens; Pre receptor metabolism

Indexed keywords

3ALPHA HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE; 3BETA HYDROXY DELTA5 STEROID DEHYDROGENASE; ADIPOCYTOKINE; ADIPONECTIN; ALDO KETO REDUCTASE 1C; ANDROGEN; ANDROSTANOLONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; AROMATASE; CHEMERIN; CREATINE KINASE; GLYCEROL; HORMONE SENSITIVE LIPASE; HYDROCORTISONE; INSULIN; MESSENGER RNA; NEUTROPHIL GELATINASE ASSOCIATED LIPOCALIN; PEROXIREDOXIN 6; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYKINASE (GTP); PRASTERONE; PRASTERONE SULFATE; PROTEIN KINASE C; SEX HORMONE BINDING GLOBULIN; STEROID 5ALPHA REDUCTASE 1; STERYL SULFATASE; TESTOSTERONE; TESTOSTERONE 17BETA DEHYDROGENASE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL LIPASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ABDOMINAL OBESITY; ABDOMINAL SUBCUTANEOUS FAT; ADIPOCYTE; ADIPOGENESIS; ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANDROGEN METABOLISM; BIOAVAILABILITY; BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL SIZE; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME INACTIVATION; FAT MASS; FATTY ACID TRANSPORT; FEMALE TO MALE TRANSSEXUAL; HUMAN; HYPERANDROGENISM; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPID STORAGE; LIPOGENESIS; LIPOLYSIS; NONHUMAN; OVARY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE; ANIMAL; CYTOLOGY; DRUG EFFECTS; FEMALE; MALE;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANDROGENS; ANIMALS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE;

EID: 84901269324     PISSN: 09600760     EISSN: 18791220     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.04.008     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. O. Varlamov, A.E. White, J.M. Carroll, C.L. Bethea, A. Reddy, O. Slayden, R.W. O'Rourke, and C.T. Roberts Jr. Androgen effects on adipose tissue architecture and function in nonhuman primates Endocrinology 153 2012 3100 3110
2. J.P. Deslypere, L. Verdonck, and A. Vermeulen Fat tissue: a steroid reservoir and site of steroid metabolism J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 61 1985 564 570 (Pubitemid 15243974)
3. T. Feher, L. Halmy, L. Bodrogi, and M.H. Kazik Dehydroepiandrosterone concentration in adipose tissue of normal and overweight subjects Horm. Metab. Res. 8 1976 372 374
4. T.P. Nedungadi, and D.J. Clegg Sexual dimorphism in body fat distribution and risk for cardiovascular diseases J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res. 2 2009 321 327
5. C.M. Pond An evolutionary and functional view of mammalian adipose tissue Proc. Nutr. Soc. 51 1992 367 377
6. S. Lemieux, D. Prud'homme, C. Bouchard, A. Tremblay, and J.P. Despres Sex differences in the relation of visceral adipose tissue accumulation to total body fatness Am. J Clin. Nutr. 58 1993 463 467 (Pubitemid 23307401)
7. J.C. Wells Sexual dimorphism of body composition Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 21 2007 415 430 (Pubitemid 47387103)
8. J.P. Despres, and I. Lemieux Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome Nature 444 2006 881 887 (Pubitemid 46024995)
9. J.P. Despres Intra-abdominal obesity: an untreated risk factor for Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease J. Endocrinol. Invest. 29 2006 77 82
10. S.R. Smith, J.C. Lovejoy, F. Greenway, D. Ryan, L. deJonge, J. de la Bretonne, J. Volafova, and G.A. Bray Contributions of total body fat, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments, and visceral adipose tissue to the metabolic complications of obesity Metabolism 50 2001 425 435 (Pubitemid 32321951)
11. J.P. Frias, G.B. Macaraeg, J. Ofrecio, J.G. Yu, J.M. Olefsky, and Y.T. Kruszynska Decreased susceptibility to fatty acid-induced peripheral tissue insulin resistance in women Diabetes 50 2001 1344 1350 (Pubitemid 32500167)
12. H. Yki-Jarvinen Sex and insulin sensitivity Metabolism 33 1984 1011 1015 (Pubitemid 15210835)
13. M.R. Soeters, H.P. Sauerwein, J.E. Groener, J.M. Aerts, M.T. Ackermans, J.F. Glatz, E. Fliers, and M.J. Serlie Gender-related differences in the metabolic response to fasting J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92 2007 3646 3652 (Pubitemid 47435351)
14. M. Quinkler, B. Sinha, J.W. Tomlinson, I.J. Bujalska, P.M. Stewart, and W. Arlt Androgen generation in adipose tissue in women with simple obesity - a site-specific role for 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 J. Endocrinol. 183 2004 331 342 (Pubitemid 39562714)
15. K. Blouin, C. Richard, C. Belanger, P. Dupont, M. Daris, P. Laberge, V. Luu-The, and A. Tchernof Local androgen inactivation in abdominal visceral adipose tissue J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88 2003 5944 5950 (Pubitemid 38033076)
16. F. Labrie Intracrinology Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 78 1991 C113 C118
17. K. Blouin, S. Blanchette, C. Richard, P. Dupont, V. Luu-The, and A. Tchernof Expression and activity of steroid aldoketoreductases 1C in omental adipose tissue are positive correlates of adiposity in women Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 288 2005 E398 E404
18. S. Blanchette, K. Blouin, C. Richard, P. Dupont, V. Luu-The, and A. Tchernof Expression and activity of 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C1) in abdominal subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue in women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90 2005 264 270 (Pubitemid 40116667)
19. I.J. Bujalska, E.A. Walker, M. Hewison, and P.M. Stewart A switch in dehydrogenase to reductase activity of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 upon differentiation of human omental adipose stromal cells J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87 2002 1205 1210 (Pubitemid 36121089)
20. A.M. Corbould, S.J. Judd, and R.J. Rodgers Expression of types 1, 2, and 3 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in subcutaneous abdominal and intra-abdominal adipose tissue of women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83 1998 187 194 (Pubitemid 28498333)
21. H.M. Bolt, and P. Gobel Formation of estrogens from androgens by human subcutaneous adipose tissue in vitro Horm. Metab. Res. 4 1972 312 313
22. F.M. Hansen, N. Fahmy, and J.H. Nielsen The influence of sexual hormones on lipogenesis and lipolysis in rat fat cells Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh.) 95 1980 566 570 (Pubitemid 11162464)
23. R. Pasquali, F. Casimirri, S. Cantobelli, N. Melchionda, A.M. Morselli Labate, R. Fabbri, M. Capelli, and L. Bortoluzzi Effect of obesity and body fat distribution on sex hormones and insulin in men Metabolism 40 1991 101 104
24. S.M. Gapstur, P.H. Gann, P. Kopp, L. Colangelo, C. Longcope, and K. Liu Serum androgen concentrations in young men: a longitudinal analysis of associations with age, obesity, and race. The CARDIA male hormone study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 11 2002 1041 1047 (Pubitemid 35192655)
25. C. Couillard, J. Gagnon, J. Bergeron, A.S. Leon, D.C. Rao, J.S. Skinner, J.H. Wilmore, J.P. Despres, and C. Bouchard Contribution of body fatness and adipose tissue distribution to the age variation in plasma steroid hormone concentrations in men: the HERITAGE Family Study J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85 2000 1026 1031 (Pubitemid 32269344)
26. M. Garaulet, F. Perex-Llamas, T. Fuente, S. Zamora, and F.J. Tebar Anthropometric, computed tomography and fat cell data in an obese population: relationship with insulin, leptin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, sex hormone-binding globulin and sex hormones Eur. J. Endocrinol. 143 2000 657 666
27. A. Dunaif Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome: mechanism and implications for pathogenesis Endocr. Rev. 18 1997 774 800 (Pubitemid 28009567)
28. J.M. Elbers, H. Asscheman, J.C. Seidell, J.A. Megens, and L.J. Gooren Long-term testosterone administration increases visceral fat in female to male transsexuals J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82 1997 2044 2047 (Pubitemid 27287559)
29. S.A. Kaye, A.R. Folsom, J.T. Soler, R.J. Prineas, and J.D. Potter Associations of body mass and fat distribution with sex hormone concentrations in postmenopausal women Int. J. Epidemiol. 20 1991 151 156
30. G. De Pergola, V. Triggiani, F. Giorgino, M.R. Cospite, G. Garruti, M. Cignarelli, E. Guastamacchia, and R. Giorgino The free testosterone to dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate molar ratio as a marker of visceral fat accumulation in premenopausal obese women Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 18 1994 659 664 (Pubitemid 24307607)
31. T.M. Barber, S.J. Golding, C. Alvey, J.A. Wass, F. Karpe, S. Franks, and M.I. McCarthy Global adiposity rather than abnormal regional fat distribution characterizes women with polycystic ovary syndrome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93 2008 999 1004 (Pubitemid 351398585)
32. J.C. Seidell, P. Bjorntorp, L. Sjostrom, H. Kvist, and R. Sannerstedt Visceral fat accumulation in men is positively associated with insulin, glucose, and C-peptide levels, but negatively with testosterone levels Metabolism 39 1990 897 901 (Pubitemid 20293933)
33. D. Lacasa, B. Agli, D. Moynard, and Y. Giudicelli Evidence for a regional-specific control of rat preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation by the androgenic status Endocrine 3 1995 789 793
34. M.N. Dieudonne, R. Pecquery, M.C. Leneveu, and Y. Giudicelli Opposite effects of androgens and estrogens on adipogenesis in rat preadipocytes: evidence for sex and site-related specificities and possible involvement of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 Endocrinology 141 2000 649 656 (Pubitemid 32250489)
35. R. Singh, J.N. Artaza, W.E. Taylor, N.F. Gonzalez-Cadavid, and S. Bhasin Androgens stimulate myogenic differentiation and inhibit adipogenesis in C3H 10T1/2 pluripotent cells through an androgen receptor-mediated pathway Endocrinology 144 2003 5081 5088 (Pubitemid 37378423)
36. R. Singh, J.N. Artaza, W.E. Taylor, M. Braga, X. Yuan, N.F. Gonzalez-Cadavid, and S. Bhasin Testosterone inhibits adipogenic differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells: nuclear translocation of androgen receptor complex with beta-catenin and T-cell factor 4 may bypass canonical Wnt signaling to down-regulate adipogenic transcription factors Endocrinology 147 2006 141 154 (Pubitemid 43004269)
37. K. Fujioka, K. Kajita, Z. Wu, T. Hanamoto, T. Ikeda, I. Mori, H. Okada, M. Yamauchi, Y. Uno, H. Morita, I. Nagano, Y. Takahashi, and T. Ishizuka Dehydroepiandrosterone reduces preadipocyte proliferation via androgen receptor Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 302 2012 E694 E704
38. Y.R. Lea-Currie, P. Wen, and M.K. McIntosh Dehydroepiandrosterone reduces proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 248 1998 497 504 (Pubitemid 28404449)
39. J.C. McNelis, K.N. Manolopoulos, L.L. Gathercole, I.J. Bujalska, P.M. Stewart, J.W. Tomlinson, and W. Arlt Dehydroepiandrosterone exerts anti-glucocorticoid action on human preadipocyte proliferation, differentiation and glucose uptake Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 305 2013 E1134 E1144
40. V. Gupta, S. Bhasin, W. Guo, R. Singh, R. Miki, P. Chauhan, K. Choong, T. Tchkonia, N.K. Lebrasseur, J.N. Flanagan, J.A. Hamilton, J.C. Viereck, N.S. Narula, J.L. Kirkland, and R. Jasuja Effects of dihydrotestosterone on differentiation and proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells and preadipocytes Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 296 2008 32 40
41. G. Chazenbalk, P. Singh, D. Irge, A. Shah, D.H. Abbott, and D.A. Dumesic Androgens inhibit adipogenesis during human adipose stem cell commitment to preadipocyte formation Steroids 78 2013 920 926
42. K. Blouin, M. Nadeau, M. Perreault, A. Veilleux, R. Drolet, P. Marceau, J. Mailloux, V. Luu-The, and A. Tchernof Effects of androgens on adipocyte differentiation and adipose tissue explant metabolism in men and women Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 72 2010 176 188
43. P. Marin, L. Lonn, B. Andersson, B. Oden, L. Olbe, B.A. Bengtsson, and P. Bjorntorp Assimilation of triglycerides in subcutaneous and intraabdominal adipose tissues in vivo in men: effects of testosterone J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81 1996 1018 1022 (Pubitemid 26083964)
44. J. Joyner, L. Hutley, and D. Cameron Intrinsic regional differences in androgen receptors and dihydrotestosterone metabolism in human preadipocytes Horm. Metab. Res. 34 2002 223 228 (Pubitemid 34666583)
45. M.N. Dieudonne, R. Pecquery, A. Boumediene, M.C. Leneveu, and Y. Giudicelli Androgen receptors in human preadipocytes and adipocytes: regional specificities and regulation by sex steroids Am. J. Physiol. 274 1998 C1645 C1652
46. S. Rodriguez-Cuenca, M. Monjo, A.M. Proenza, and P. Roca Depot differences in steroid receptor expression in adipose tissue: possible role of the local steroid milieu Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 288 2005 E200 E207
47. X. Xu, G. De Pergola, and P. Bjorntorp The effects of androgens on the regulation of lipolysis in adipose precursor cells Endocrinology 126 1990 1229 1234 (Pubitemid 20079545)
48. X.F. Xu, G. De Pergola, and P. Bjorntorp Testosterone increases lipolysis and the number of beta-adrenoceptors in male rat adipocytes Endocrinology 128 1991 379 382
49. R. Pecquery, M.C. Leneveu, and Y. Giudicelli Influence of androgenic status on the alpha 2/beta-adrenergic control of lipolysis in white fat cells: predominant alpha 2-antilipolytic response in testosterone-treated-castrated hamsters Endocrinology 122 1988 2590 2596
50. J. Karbowska, and Z. Kochan Fat-reducing effects of dehydroepiandrosterone involve upregulation of ATGL and HSL expression, and stimulation of lipolysis in adipose tissue Steroids 77 2012 1359 1365
51. J.M. Elbers, S. de Jong, T. Teerlink, H. Asscheman, J.C. Seidell, and L.J. Gooren Changes in fat cell size and in vitro lipolytic activity of abdominal and gluteal adipocytes after a one-year cross-sex hormone administration in transsexuals Metabolism 48 1999 1371 1377 (Pubitemid 29536435)
52. M. Rebuffe-Scrive, P. Marin, and P. Bjorntorp Effect of testosterone on abdominal adipose tissue in men Int. J. Obes. 15 1991 791 795
53. A. Dicker, M. Ryden, E. Naslund, I.E. Muehlen, M. Wiren, M. Lafontan, and P. Arner Effect of testosterone on lipolysis in human pre-adipocytes from different fat depots Diabetologia 47 2004 420 428 (Pubitemid 38491238)
54. C. Belanger, F.S. Hould, S. Lebel, S. Biron, G. Brochu, and A. Tchernof Omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue steroid levels in obese men Steroids 71 2006 674 682 (Pubitemid 43994015)
55. J.J. Hernandez-Morante, F. Perez-de-Heredia, J.A. Lujan, S. Zamora, and M. Garaulet Role of DHEA-S on body fat distribution: gender- and depot-specific stimulation of adipose tissue lipolysis Steroids 73 2008 209 215
56. L.D. Valle, V. Toffolo, A. Nardi, C. Fiore, P. Bernante, R. Di Liddo, P.P. Parnigotto, and L. Colombo Tissue-specific transcriptional initiation and activity of steroid sulfatase complementing dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate uptake and intracrine steroid activations in human adipose tissue J. Endocrinol. 190 2006 129 139 (Pubitemid 44161068)
57. P. Hansson, D. Saggerson, and P. Nilsson-Ehle Sex difference in triglyceride/fatty acid substrate cycling of rat adipose tissue: indirect regulation by androgens Horm. Metab. Res. 23 1991 465 468
58. J. Duan, F. Shao, Y. Shao, J. Li, Y. Ling, K. Teng, H. Li, and C. Wu Androgen inhibits abdominal fat accumulation and negatively regulates the PCK1 gene in male chickens PLoS ONE 8 2013 e59636
59. Y. Minokoshi, C.R. Kahn, and B.B. Kahn Tissue-specific ablation of the GLUT4 glucose transporter or the insulin receptor challenges assumptions about insulin action and glucose homeostasis J. Biol. Chem. 278 2003 33609 33612 (Pubitemid 37553190)
60. P. Moghetti, F. Tosi, R. Castello, C.M. Magnani, C. Negri, E. Brun, L. Furlani, M. Caputo, and M. Muggeo The insulin resistance in women with hyperandrogenism is partially reversed by antiandrogen treatment: evidence that androgens impair insulin action in women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81 1996 952 960 (Pubitemid 26083953)
61. H.S. Randeva, B.K. Tan, M.O. Weickert, K. Lois, J.E. Nestler, N. Sattar, and H. Lehnert Cardiometabolic aspects of the polycystic ovary syndrome Endocr. Rev. 33 2012 812 841
62. J.Y. Oh, E. Barrett-Connor, N.M. Wedick, and D.L. Wingard Endogenous sex hormones and the development of type 2 diabetes in older men and women: the Rancho Bernardo study Diabetes Care 25 2002 55 60 (Pubitemid 41070783)
63. U. Ezeh, M. Pall, R. Mathur, D. Dey, D. Berman, I.Y. Chen, D.A. Dumesic, and R. Azziz Effects of endogenous androgens and abdominal fat distribution on the interrelationship between insulin and non-insulin-mediated glucose uptake in females J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98 2013 1541 1548
64. A. Corbould Chronic testosterone treatment induces selective insulin resistance in subcutaneous adipocytes of women J. Endocrinol. 192 2007 585 594 (Pubitemid 46455961)
65. C.M. Halleux, M. Takahashi, M.L. Delporte, R. Detry, T. Funahashi, Y. Matsuzawa, and S.M. Brichard Secretion of adiponectin and regulation of apM1 gene expression in human visceral adipose tissue Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 288 2001 1102 1107 (Pubitemid 33131713)
66. A. Xu, K.W. Chan, R.L. Hoo, Y. Wang, K.C. Tan, J. Zhang, B. Chen, M.C. Lam, C. Tse, G.J. Cooper, and K.S. Lam Testosterone selectively reduces the high molecular weight form of adiponectin by inhibiting its secretion from adipocytes J. Biol. Chem. 280 2005 18073 18080 (Pubitemid 41389052)
67. M. Matsubara, S. Maruoka, and S. Katayose Decreased plasma adiponectin concentrations in women with dyslipidemia J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87 2002 2764 2769 (Pubitemid 34655342)
68. W.S. Yang, W.J. Lee, T. Funahashi, S. Tanaka, Y. Matsuzawa, C.L. Chao, C.L. Chen, T.Y. Tai, and L.M. Chuang Weight reduction increases plasma levels of an adipose-derived anti-inflammatory protein, adiponectin J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 2001 3815 3819 (Pubitemid 32755982)
69. H. Nishizawa, I. Shimomura, K. Kishida, N. Maeda, H. Kuriyama, H. Nagaretani, M. Matsuda, H. Kondo, N. Furuyama, S. Kihara, T. Nakamura, Y. Tochino, T. Funahashi, and Y. Matsuzawa Androgens decrease plasma adiponectin, an insulin-sensitizing adipocyte-derived protein Diabetes 51 2002 2734 2741 (Pubitemid 34970926)
70. T. Yanase, W. Fan, K. Kyoya, L. Min, R. Takayanagi, S. Kato, and H. Nawata Androgens and metabolic syndrome: lessons from androgen receptor knock out (ARKO) mice J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 109 2008 254 257
71. T.P. Combs, A.H. Berg, M.W. Rajala, S. Klebanov, P. Iyengar, J.C. Jimenez-Chillaron, M.E. Patti, S.L. Klein, R.S. Weinstein, and P.E. Scherer Sexual differentiation, pregnancy, calorie restriction, and aging affect the adipocyte-specific secretory protein adiponectin Diabetes 52 2003 268 276 (Pubitemid 36173178)
72. J.F. Yarrow, L.A. Beggs, C.F. Conover, S.C. McCoy, D.T. Beck, and S.E. Borst Influence of androgens on circulating adiponectin in male and female rodents PLoS ONE 7 2012 e47315
73. F. Lanfranco, M. Zitzmann, M. Simoni, and E. Nieschlag Serum adiponectin levels in hypogonadal males: influence of testosterone replacement therapy Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 60 2004 500 507 (Pubitemid 38482514)
74. M.A. Martinez-Garcia, R. Montes-Nieto, E. Fernandez-Duran, M. Insenser, M. Luque-Ramirez, and H.F. Escobar-Morreale Evidence for masculinization of adipokine gene expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98 2013 E388 E396
75. E. Esteve, W. Ricart, and J.M. Fernandez-Real Adipocytokines and insulin resistance: the possible role of lipocalin-2, retinol binding protein-4, and adiponectin Diabetes Care 32 Suppl. 2 2009 S362 S367
76. R. Montes-Nieto, M. Insenser, M.A. Martinez-Garcia, and H.F. Escobar-Morreale A nontargeted proteomic study of the influence of androgen excess on human visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue proteomes J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98 2013 E576 E585
77. S. Taponen, H. Martikainen, M.R. Jarvelin, J. Laitinen, A. Pouta, A.L. Hartikainen, U. Sovio, M.I. McCarthy, S. Franks, and A. Ruokonen Hormonal profile of women with self-reported symptoms of oligomenorrhea and/or hirsutism: Northern Finland birth cohort 1966 study J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88 2003 141 147 (Pubitemid 36115156)
78. S. Franks Polycystic ovary syndrome N. Engl. J. Med. 333 1995 853 861
79. P.M. Stewart, C.H. Shackleton, G.H. Beastall, and C.R. Edwards 5 alpha-reductase activity in polycystic ovary syndrome Lancet 335 1990 431 433 (Pubitemid 20054649)
80. M. Fassnacht, N. Schlenz, S.B. Schneider, S.A. Wudy, B. Allolio, and W. Arlt Beyond adrenal and ovarian androgen generation: increased peripheral 5 alpha-reductase activity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88 2003 2760 2766 (Pubitemid 36724453)
81. D.W. Russell, and J.D. Wilson Steroid 5 alpha-reductase: two genes/two enzymes Annu. Rev. Biochem. 63 1994 25 61
82. D.J. Wake, M. Strand, E. Rask, J. Westerbacka, D.E. Livingstone, S. Soderberg, R. Andrew, H. Yki-Jarvinen, T. Olsson, and B.R. Walker Intra-adipose sex steroid metabolism and body fat distribution in idiopathic human obesity Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 66 2007 440 446 (Pubitemid 46239306)
83. S.E. Bulun, and E.R. Simpson Regulation of aromatase expression in human tissues Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 30 1994 19 29 (Pubitemid 24250756)
84. K. Blouin, A. Veilleux, V. Luu-The, and A. Tchernof Androgen metabolism in adipose tissue: recent advances Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 301 2009 97 103
85. K. Blouin, C. Richard, G. Brochu, F.S. Hould, S. Lebel, S. Marceau, S. Biron, V. Luu-The, and A. Tchernof Androgen inactivation and steroid-converting enzyme expression in abdominal adipose tissue in men J. Endocrinol. 191 2006 637 649 (Pubitemid 46210289)
86. Y. Zhang, I. Dufort, P. Rheault, and V. Luu-The Characterization of a human 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase J. Mol. Endocrinol. 25 2000 221 228
87. T.M. Penning, M.E. Burczynski, J.M. Jez, C.F. Hung, H.K. Lin, H. Ma, M. Moore, N. Palackal, and K. Ratnam Human 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoforms (AKR1C1-AKR1C4) of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily: functional plasticity and tissue distribution reveals roles in the inactivation and formation of male and female sex hormones Biochem. J. 351 2000 67 77
88. I. Dufort, P. Rheault, X.F. Huang, P. Soucy, and V. Luu-The Characteristics of a highly labile human type 5 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Endocrinology 140 1999 568 574 (Pubitemid 29058186)
89. A.M. Corbould, M.J. Bawden, T.C. Lavranos, R.J. Rodgers, and S.J. Judd The effect of obesity on the ratio of type 3 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase mRNA to cytochrome P450 aromatase mRNA in subcutaneous abdominal and intra-abdominal adipose tissue of women Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 26 2002 165 175 (Pubitemid 34154884)
90. J.K. Dowman, L.J. Hopkins, G.M. Reynolds, M.J. Armstrong, M. Nasiri, N. Nikolaou, E.L. van Houten, J.A. Visser, S.A. Morgan, G.G. Lavery, A. Oprescu, S.G. Hubscher, P.N. Newsome, and J.W. Tomlinson Loss of 5alpha-reductase type 1 accelerates the development of hepatic steatosis but protects against hepatocellular carcinoma in male mice Endocrinology 154 2013 4536 4547
91. R. Andrew, D.I. Phillips, and B.R. Walker Obesity and gender influence cortisol secretion and metabolism in man J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83 1998 1806 1809 (Pubitemid 28501063)
92. R.H. Stimson, A.M. Johnstone, N.Z. Homer, D.J. Wake, N.M. Morton, R. Andrew, G.E. Lobley, and B.R. Walker Dietary macronutrient content alters cortisol metabolism independently of body weight changes in obese men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92 2007 4480 4484 (Pubitemid 350074774)
93. J.W. Tomlinson, J. Finney, B.A. Hughes, S.V. Hughes, and P.M. Stewart Reduced glucocorticoid production rate, decreased 5alpha-reductase activity, and adipose tissue insulin sensitization after weight loss Diabetes 57 2008 1536 1543
94. M.J. Finken, R.C. Andrews, R. Andrew, and B.R. Walker Cortisol metabolism in healthy young adults: sexual dimorphism in activities of A-ring reductases, but not 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84 1999 3316 3321 (Pubitemid 30646962)
95. J.W. Tomlinson, J. Finney, C. Gay, B.A. Hughes, S.V. Hughes, and P.M. Stewart Impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance are associated with increased adipose 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 expression and elevated hepatic 5alpha-reductase activity Diabetes 57 2008 2652 2660
96. W.C. Boon, J.D. Chow, and E.R. Simpson The multiple roles of estrogens and the enzyme aromatase Prog. Brain Res. 181 2010 209 232
97. D.W. Killinger, E. Perel, D. Danilescu, L. Kharlip, and W.R. Lindsay Influence of adipose tissue distribution on the biological activity of androgens Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 595 1990 199 211 (Pubitemid 20282950)
98. S.E. Bulun, and E.R. Simpson Competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis indicates that levels of aromatase cytochrome P450 transcripts in adipose tissue of buttocks, thighs, and abdomen of women increase with advancing age J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 78 1994 428 432
99. P.G. McTernan, L.A. Anderson, A.J. Anwar, M.C. Eggo, J. Crocker, A.H. Barnett, P.M. Stewart, and S. Kumar Glucocorticoid regulation of p450 aromatase activity in human adipose tissue: gender and site differences J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87 2002 1327 1336 (Pubitemid 36121105)
100. E.E. Kershaw, and J.S. Flier Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 2004 2548 2556 (Pubitemid 38766330)
101. C. Puche, M. Jose, A. Cabero, and A. Meseguer Expression and enzymatic activity of the P450c17 gene in human adipose tissue Eur. J. Endocrinol. 146 2002 223 229 (Pubitemid 34162915)
102. V. Bellemare, P. Laberge, S. Noel, A. Tchernof, and V. Luu-The Differential estrogenic 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and type 12 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase expression levels in preadipocytes and differentiated adipocytes J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 114 2009 129 134
103. T. Kinoshita, S. Honma, Y. Shibata, K. Yamashita, Y. Watanabe, H. Maekubo, M. Okuyama, A. Takashima, and N. Takeshita An innovative LC-MS/MS-based method for determining CYP 17 and CYP 19 activity in the adipose tissue of pre- and postmenopausal and ovariectomized women using C-labeled steroid substrates J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 99 4 2014 1339 1347 jc20133715
104. K. Blouin, M. Nadeau, J. Mailloux, M. Daris, S. Lebel, V. Luu-The, and A. Tchernof Pathways of adipose tissue androgen metabolism in women: depot differences and modulation by adipogenesis Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 296 2009 E244 E255
105. H. Hauner, G. Entenmann, M. Wabitsch, D. Gaillard, G. Ailhaud, R. Negrel, and E.F. Pfeiffer Promoting effect of glucocorticoids on the differentiation of human adipocyte precursor cells cultured in a chemically defined medium J. Clin. Invest. 84 1989 1663 1670 (Pubitemid 19272257)
106. I.J. Bujalska, S. Kumar, M. Hewison, and P.M. Stewart Differentiation of adipose stromal cells: the roles of glucocorticoids and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Endocrinology 140 1999 3188 3196 (Pubitemid 30650636)
107. A. Veilleux, P.Y. Laberge, J. Morency, S. Noel, V. Luu-The, and A. Tchernof Expression of genes related to glucocorticoid action in human subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 122 2010 28 34
108. I.J. Bujalska, S. Kumar, and P.M. Stewart Does central obesity reflect Cushing's disease of the omentum? Lancet 349 1997 1210 1213 (Pubitemid 27190044)
109. J.W. Tomlinson, B. Sinha, I. Bujalska, M. Hewison, and P.M. Stewart Expression of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in adipose tissue is not increased in human obesity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87 2002 5630 5635 (Pubitemid 36034370)
110. A. Veilleux, J.A. Cote, K. Blouin, M. Nadeau, M. Pelletier, P. Marceau, P.Y. Laberge, V. Luu-The, and A. Tchernof Glucocorticoid-induced androgen inactivation by aldo-keto reductase 1C2 promotes adipogenesis in human preadipocytes Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 302 2012 E941 E949
111. E.N. Kassi, E. Diamanti-Kandarakis, and A.G. Papavassiliou Correlates between hyperinsulinism and hyperandrogenemia? Fertil. Steril. 89 2008 1033 1034 author reply 1034
112. M.W. O'Reilly, A.E. Taylor, N.J. Crabtree, B.A. Hughes, F. Capper, R.K. Crowley, P.M. Stewart, J.W. Tomlinson, and W. Arlt Hyperandrogenemia predicts metabolic phenotype in polycystic ovary syndrome: the utility of serum androstenedione J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 99 3 2014 1027 1036 jc20133399