Nanotechnology for cancer diagnostics and therapy - an update on novel molecular players

Current Cancer Therapy Reviews

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 164-172

  Fernandes, Alexandra R ^a   Baptista, Pedro Viana ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDADE NOVA DE LISBOA   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Cancer; Cancer therapy; Imaging; Molecular diagnostics; Nanoimmunochemotherapy; Nanoparticles; Nanosensors; Nanotechnology; SERS

Indexed keywords

ALPHA FETOPROTEIN; BRCA1 PROTEIN; BRCA2 PROTEIN; CA 125 ANTIGEN; CA 15-3 ANTIGEN; CA 19-9 ANTIGEN; CA 27-29 ANTIGEN; CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN; CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR; ING 1 PROTEIN; MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLE; MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE; NANOPARTICLE; NY BR 1 PROTEIN; NY ESO 1 ANTIGEN; PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; PROTEIN P53; TUMOR MARKER; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER THERAPY; COLON CANCER; EARLY CANCER; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS; LIVER CANCER; LUNG CANCER; MELANOMA; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OVARY CANCER; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; ULTRASOUND;

EID: 84895439537     PISSN: 15733947     EISSN: 18756301     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157339470903140220144703     Document Type: Article

References (159)

1. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/, accessed Dec 6 2013.
2. Misra R, Acharya S, Sahoo SK. Cancer nanotechnology: application of nanotechnology in cancer therapy. Drug Discov Today 2010; 15: 842-50.
3. Abbott A. Cancer: the root of the problem. Nature 2006; 442: 742-43.
4. Reya T, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF, Weissman IL. Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature 2001; 414: 105-11.
5. Gangemi R, Paleari L, Orengo AM, et al. Cancer stem cells: a new paradigm for understanding tumor growth and progression and drug resistance. Curr Med Chem 2009; 16: 1688-703.
6. Singhal S, Nie S, Wang MD. Nanotechnology applications in surgical oncology. Annu Rev Med 2010; 61: 359-73.
7. McCubrey JA, Abrams SL, Stadelman K, et al. Targeting signal transduction pathways to eliminate chemotherapeutic drug resistance and cancer stem cells. Adv Enzyme Regul 2010; 50: 285-307.
8. Wang K, Wu X, Wang J, Huang J. Cancer stem cell theory: therapeutic implications for nanomedicine. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8: 899-908.
9. Rich JN, Bao S. Chemotherapy and cancer stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2007; 1: 353-5.
10. Das M, Mohanty C, Sahoo SK. Ligand-based targeted therapy for cancer tissue. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 6: 285-304.
11. Bharali DJ, Mousa SA. Emerging nanomedicines for early cancer detection and improved treatment: Current perspective and future promise. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 128: 324-35.
12. Shapira A, Livney YD, Broxterman HJ, Assaraf YG. Nanomedicine for targeted cancer therapy: Towards the overcoming of drug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2011; 14: 150-63.
13. Ait OD, Lockett T, Boussioutas A, et al. Screening participation predictors for people at familial risk of colorectal cancer: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med 2013; 44: 496-506.
14. Wang JH, Wang B, Liu Q, et al. Bimodal optical diagnostics of oral cancer based on Rose Bengal conjugated gold nanorod platform. Biomaterials 2013; 34: 4274-83.
15. Conde J, Doria G, Baptista P. Noble metal nanoparticles applications in cancer. J Drug Deliv 2012; 2012: 751075.
16. Sanvicens N, Marco MP. Multifunctional nanoparticles-properties and prospects for their use in human medicine. Trends Biotechnol 2008; 26: 425-33.
17. Qian XM, Peng XH, Ansari DO, et al. In vivo tumor targeting and spectroscopic detection with surface-enhanced raman nanoparticle tags. Nat Biotechnol 2008; 26: 83-90.
18. Ren Y, Cheung HW, von Maltzhan G, et al. Targeted tumor-Penetrating siRNA Nanocomplexes for Credentialing the Ovarian Cancer Oncogene ID4. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4: 147ra112.
19. Conde J, Tian F, Hernandez Y, et al. In vivo tumor targeting via nanoparticle-mediated therapeutic siRNA coupled to inflammatory response in lung cancer mouse models. Biomaterials 2013; 34: 7744-53.
20. Kievit FM, Zhang M. Cancer Nanotheranostics: Improving Imaging and Therapy by Targeted Delivery across Biological Barriers. Adv Mater 2011; 23: H217-47.
21. NCI. Biomarker. 2013. Available from: http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary?CdrID=45618, accessed Dec 6 2013.
22. Bohunicky B, Mousa SA. Biosensors: the new wave in cancer diagnosis. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2011; 4: 1-10.
23. Basil CF, Zhao Y, Zavaglia K, et al. Common cancer biomarkers. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 2953-61.
24. Rusling JF, Kumar CV, GutKind JS, Patel V. Measurement of biomarker proteins for point-of-care early detection and monitoring of cancer. Analyst 2010; 135: 2496-511.
25. Kulasingam V, Diamandis EP. Strategies for discovering novel cancer biomarkers through utilization of emerging technologies. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2008; 5: 588-99.
26. Hawkridge AM, Muddiman DC. Mass spectrometry-based biomarker discovery: toward a global proteome index of individuality. Annu Rev Anal Chem 2009; 2: 265-77.
27. Mimeault M, Batra SK. Molecular Biomarkers of Cancer Stem/Progenitor Cells Associated with Progression, Metastases and Treatment Resistance of Aggressive Cancers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014 Jan 27. [Epub ahead of print]
28. Hanash SM, Pitteri SJ, Faca VM. Mining the plasma proteome for cancer biomarkers. Nature 2008; 452: 571-9.
29. Tothill IE. Biosensors for cancer markers diagnosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20: 55-62.
30. Sethi S, Ali S, Kong D, Philip PA, Sarkar FH. Clinical Implication of MicroRNAs in Molecular Pathology. Clin Lab Med 2013; 33: 773-86.
31. Li J, Tan S, Kooger R, Zhang C, Zhang Y. MicroRNAs as novel biological targets for detection and regulation. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43(2): 506-17.
32. Zheng T, Wang J, Chen X, Liu L. Role of microRNA in anticancer drug resistance. Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 2-10.
33. Wang ZX, Lu BB, Wang H, Cheng ZX, Yin YM. MicroRNA-21 modulates chemosensitivity of breast cancer cells to doxorubicin by targeting PTEN. Arch Med Res 2011; 42: 281-90.
34. Gong C, Yao Y, Wang Y, et al. Up-regulation of miR-21 mediates resistance to trastuzumab therapy for breast cancer. J Biol Chem 2011; 286: 19127-37.
35. Mei M, Ren Y, Zhou X, et al. Down regulation of miR-21 enhances chemotherapeutic effect of taxol in breast carcinoma cells. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2010; 9: 77-86.
36. Cho WC. Molecular diagnostics for monitoring and predicting therapeutic effect in cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2011; 11: 9-12.
37. Yu DC, Li QG, Ding XW, Ding YT. Circulating MicroRNAs: Potential Biomarkers for Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12: 2055-63.
38. Zen K, Zhang CY. Circulating microRNAs: a novel class of biomarkers to diagnose and monitor human cancers. Med Res Rev 2012; 32: 326-48.
39. Kim JW, Galanzha EI, Zaharoff DA, Griffin RJ, Zharov VP. Nanotheranostics of circulating tumor cells, infections and other pathological features in vivo. Mol Pharm 2013; 10: 813-30.
40. Baptista PV. Could gold nanoprobes be an important tool in cancer diagnostics? Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2012; 12: 541-3.
41. Doria G, Conde J, Veigas B, et al. Noble metal nanoparticles for biosensing applications. Sensors 2012; 12: 1657-87.
42. Parveen S, Misra R, Sahoo SK. Nanoparticles: a boon to drug delivery, therapeutics, diagnostics and imaging. Nanomedicine: NBM 2012; 8: 147-66.
43. Kalmodia S, Harjwani J, Rajeswari R, et al. Synthesis and characterization of surface-enhanced Raman-scattered gold nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8: 4327-38.
44. Merican Z, Schiller TL, Hawker CJ, Fredericks PM, Blakey I. Selfassembly and encoding of polymer-stabilized gold nanoparticles with surface-enhanced Raman reporter molecules. Langmuir 2007; 23: 10539-45.
45. Maiti KK, Samanta A, Vendrell M, Soh KS, Olivo M, Chang YT. Multiplex cancer cell detection by SERS nanotags with cyanine and triphenylmethine Raman reporters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 28: 3514-6.
46. Jokerst JV, Cole AJ, Van de Sompel D, Gambhir SS. Gold nanorods for ovarian cancer detection with photoacoustic imaging and resection guidance via Raman imaging in living mice. ACS Nano 2012; 6: 10366-77.
47. Kneipp K, Haka AS, Kneipp H, et al. Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy in single living cells using gold nanoparticles. Appl Spectrosc 2002; 56: 150-4.
48. Vendrell M, Maiti KK, Dhaliwal K, Chang YT. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering in cancer detection and imaging. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 31: 249-57.
49. Hu J, Zhang CY. Single base extension reaction-based surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy for DNA methylation assay. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 31: 451-7.
50. Li X, Yang T, Lin J. Spectral analysis of human saliva for detection of lung cancer using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J Biomed Opt 2012; 17: 037003.
51. Lee M, Lee S, Lee JH, et al. Highly reproducible immunoassay of cancer markers on a gold-patterned microarray chip using surfaceenhanced Raman scattering imaging. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26: 2135-41.
52. Lin J, Chen R, Feng S, et al. A novel blood plasma analysis technique combining membrane electrophoresis with silver nanoparticle-based SERS spectroscopy for potential applications in noninvasive cancer detection. Nanomedicine 2011; 7: 655-63.
53. Yuen C, Zheng W, Huang Z. Low-level detection of anti-cancer drug in blood plasma using microwave-treated gold-polystyrene beads as surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26: 580-84.
54. Lee K, Drachev VP, Irudayaraj J. DNA-gold nanoparticle reversible networks grown on cell surface marker sites: application in diagnostics. ACSNano 2011; 5: 2109-17.
55. Veigas B, Jacob JM, Costa MN, et al. Gold on paper-paper platform for Au-nanoprobe TB detection. Lab Chip 2012; 12: 4802-8.
56. Yetisen AK, Akram MS, Lowe CR. Paper-based microfluidic point-of-care diagnostic devices. Lab Chip 2013; 13: 2210-51.
57. Ngo YH, Then WL, Shen W, Garnier G. Gold nanoparticles paper as a SERS bio-diagnostic platform. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 409: 59-65.
58. Liu Q, Wang J, Wang B, et al. Paper-based plasmonic platform for sensitive noninvasive and rapid cancer screening. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 54: 128-34.
59. Li S, Goins B, Zhang L, Bao A. Novel multifunctional theranostic liposome drug delivery system: construction, characterization, and multimodality MR, near-infrared fluorescent, and nuclear imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23: 1322-32.
60. Kalia M. Personalized oncology: recent advances and future challenges. Metabolism 2013; 62 (Suppl 1): S11-4.
61. Kircher MF, Hricak H, Larson SM. Molecular imaging for personalized cancer care. Mol Oncol 2012; 6: 182-95.
62. Wender PA, Cooley CB, Geihe EI. Beyond cell penetrating peptides: designed molecular transporters. Drug Discov Today Technol 2012; 9: e49-e55.
63. Rangger C, Helbok A, Sosabowski J, et al. Tumor targeting and imaging with dual-peptide conjugated multifunctional liposomal nanoparticles. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2013; 8: 4659-71.
64. Sun C, Fang C, Stephen Z, et al. Tumor-targeted drug delivery and MRI contrast enhancement by chlorotoxin-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles. Nanomedicine 2008; 3: 495-505.
65. Shubayev VI, Pisanic TR II, Jin S. Magnetic nanoparticles for theragnostics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61: 467-77.
66. Veiseh O, Gunn J, Zhang M. Design and fabrication of magnetic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62: 284-304.
67. Czernin J, Allen-Auerbach M, Schelbert H. Improvements in cancer staging with PET/CT: literature-based evidence as of September 2006. J Nuclear Med 2007; 48: 78S-88S.
68. Judenhofer MS, Wehrl HF, Newport DF, et al. Simultaneous PETMRI: a new approach for functional and morphological imaging. Nat Med 2008; 14: 459-65.
69. Higuchi T, Anton M, Dumler K, et al. Combined reporter gene PET and iron oxide MRI for monitoring survival and localization of transplanted cells in the rat heart. J Nucl Med 2009; 50: 1088-94.
70. Xu H, Regino CA, Koyama Y, et al. Preparation and preliminary evaluation of a biotin-targeted, lectin-targeted dendrimer-based probe for dual-modality magnetic resonance and fluorescence imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18: 1474-82.
71. Koyama Y, Talanov VS, Bernardo M, et al. A dendrimer-based nanosized contrast agent dual-labeled for magnetic resonance and optical fluorescence imaging to localize the sentinel lymph node in mice. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 25: 866-71.
72. Tong S, Cradick TJ, Ma Y, et al. Engineering imaging probes and molecular machines for nanomedicine. Sci China Life Sci 2012; 55: 843-61.
73. Sun C, Lee JSH, Zhang MQ. Magnetic nanoparticles in MR imaging and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60: 1252-65.
74. McCarthy JR, Weissleder R. Multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles for targeted imaging and therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60: 1241-51.
75. Lewinski N, Colvin V, Drezek R. Cytotoxicity of nanoparticles. Small 2008; 4: 26-49.
76. Wang YXJ, Hussain SM, Krestin GP. Super paramagnetic iron oxide contrast agents: physicochemical characteristics and applications in MR imaging. European Radiology 2001; 11: 2319-31.
77. Lawrence R. Development and comparison of iron dextran products. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol 1998; 52: 190-7.
78. Gupta AK, Gupta M. Synthesis and surface engineering of iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Biomaterials 2005; 26: 3995-4021.
79. Gupta AK, Naregalkar RR, Vaidya VD, Gupta M. Recent advances on surface engineering of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and their biomedical applications. Nanomedicine 2007; 2: 23-39.
80. Laurent S, Forge D, Port M, et al. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, stabilization, vectorization, physicochemical characterizations, and biological applications. Chem Rev 2008; 108: 2064-110.
81. Misra RDK. Magnetic nanoparticle carrier for targeted drug delivery: perspective, outlook and design. Materials Sci Technol 2008; 24: 1011-9.
82. McCarthy JR, Kelly KA, Sun EY, Weissleder R. Targeted delivery of multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles. Nanomedicine 2007; 2: 153-67.
83. Dobson J. Magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery. Drug Development Res 2006; 67: 55-60.
84. Bonnemain B. Superparamagnetic agents in magnetic resonance imaging: Physicochemical characteristics and clinical applications-A review. J Drug Targeting 1998; 6: 167-74.
85. Harisinghani MG, Barentsz J, Hahn PF, et al. Noninvasive detection of clinically occult lymph-node metastases in prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2491-9.
86. Singh A, Patel T, Hertel J, Bernardo M, Kausz A, Brenner L. Safety of Ferumoxytol in Patients With Anemia and CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2008; 52: 907-15.
87. Lee JH, Huh YM, Jun Y, et al. Artificially engineered magnetic nanoparticles for ultra-sensitive molecular imaging. Nat Med 2007; 13: 95-9.
88. Goya GF, Grazu V, Ibarra MR. Magnetic nanoparticles for cancer therapy. Curr Nanosci 2008; 4: 1-16.
89. Jurgons R, Seliger C, Hilpert A, Trahms L, Odenbach S, Alexiou C. Drug loaded magnetic nanoparticles for cancer therapy. J Phys Condens Matter 2006; 18: S2893-S902.
90. Chertok B, Moffat BA, David AE, et al. Iron oxide nanoparticles as a drug delivery vehicle for MRI monitored magnetic targeting of brain tumors. Biomaterials 2008; 29: 487-96.
91. Frullano L, Meade TJ. Multimodal MRI contrast agents. J Biol Inorg Chem 2007; 12: 939-49.
92. Weissleder R, Pittet MJ. Imaging in the era of molecular oncology. Nature 2008; 452: 580-9.
93. Sokol DL, Zhang X, Lu P, et al. Real time detection of DNA. RNA hybridization in living cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 11538-43.
94. Conde J, Rosa J, de la Fuente JM, Baptista PV. Gold-nanobeacons for simultaneous gene specific silencing and intracellular tracking of the silencing events. Biomaterials 2013; 34: 2516-23.
95. Conde J, Larguinho M, Cordeiro A, et al. Gold-nanobeacons for gene therapy: evaluation of genotoxicity, cell toxicity and proteome profiling analysis. Nanotoxicology 2013 May 28. [Epub ahead of print]
96. Peng XH, Cao ZH, Xia JT, et al. Real-time detection of gene expression in cancer cells using molecular beacon imaging: new strategies for cancer research. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 1909-17.
97. Medley CD, Drake TJ, Tomasini JM, et al. Simultaneous monitoring of the expression of multiple genes inside of single breast carcinoma cells. Anal Chem 2005; 77: 4713-8.
98. Santangelo PJ, Nix B, Tsourkas A, et al. Dual FRET molecular beacons for mRNA detection in living cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32: e57.
99. King FW, Liszewski W, Ritner C, et al. High-throughput tracking of pluripotent human embryonic stem cells with dual fluorescence resonance energy transfer molecular beacons. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20: 475-84.
100. Li S, Goins B, Zhang L, Bao A. Novel multifunctional theranostic liposome drug delivery system: construction, characterization, and multimodality MR, near-infrared fluorescent, and nuclear imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23: 1322-32.
101. Torchilin VP. Recent advances with liposomes as pharmaceutical carriers. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2005; 4: 145-60.
102. Torchilin VP. Tumor delivery of macromolecular drugs based on the EPR effect. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63: 131-5.
103. Lattin JR, Belnap DM, Pitt WG. Formation of eLiposomes as a drug delivery vehicle. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 89: 93-100.
104. Shokeen M, Pressly ED, Hagooly A, et al. Evaluation of multivalent, functional polymeric nanoparticles for imaging applications. ACS Nano 2011; 5: 738-47.
105. Strijkers GJ, Kluza E, Van Tilborg GA, et al. Paramagnetic and fluorescent liposomes for target-specific imaging and therapy of tumor angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 2010; 13: 161-73.
106. Rangger C, Helbok A, Von Guggenberg E, et al. Influence of PEGylation and RGD loading on the targeting properties of radiolabeled liposomal nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7: 5889-900.
107. Anderson CR, Hu X, Zhang H, et al. Ultrasound molecular imaging of tumor angiogenesis with an integrin targeted microbubble contrast agent. Invest Radiol 2011; 46: 215-24.
108. Liu Z, Wang F. Dual-targeted molecular probes for cancer imaging. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2010; 11: 610-9.
109. Takara K, Hatakeyama H, Ohga N, Hida K, Harashima H. Design of a dual-ligand system using a specific ligand and cell penetrating peptide, resulting in a synergistic effect on selectivity and cellular uptake. Int J Pharm 2010; 396: 143-8.
110. De Vries A, Kok MB, Sanders HM, Nicolay K, Strijkers GJ, Gruell H. Multimodal liposomes for SPECT/MR imaging as a tool for in situ relaxivity measurements. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2012; 7: 68-75.
111. Conde J, de la Fuente JM, Baptista PV. Nanomaterials for reversion of multidrug resistance in cancer: a new hope for an old idea? Front Pharmacol 2013; 4: 1-5.
112. Lage H, An overview of cancer multidrug resistance: a still unsolved problem, Cell Mol Life Sci 2008; 65: 3145-67.
113. Gottesman MM. Mechanisms of cancer drug resistance. Annu Rev Med 2002; 53: 615-27.
114. Li YT, Chua MJ, Kunnath AP, Chowdhury EH. Reversing multidrug resistance in breast cancer cells by silencing ABC transporter genes with nanoparticle-facilitated delivery of target siRNAs. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7: 2473-81.
115. MacDiarmid JA, Amaro-Mugridge NB, Madrid-Weiss J, et al. Sequential treatment of drug-resistant tumors with targeted minicells containing siRNA or a cytotoxic drug. Nat Biotechnol 2009; 27: 643-51.
116. Stein WD, Bates SE, Fojo T. Intractable cancers: the many faces of multidrug resistance and the many targets it presents for therapeutic attack. Curr Drug Targets 2004; 5: 333-46.
117. Spänkuch B, Strebhardt K. Combinatorial application of nucleic acid-based agents targeting protein kinases for cancer treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2008; 14: 1098-112.
118. Gao P, Zhou GY, Guo LL, et al. Reversal of drug resistance in breast carcinoma cells by anti-mdr1 ribozyme regulated by the tumor-specific MUC-1 promoter. Cancer Letters 2007; 256: 81-9.
119. Kobayashi H, Dorai T, Holland JF, Ohnuma T. Reversal of drug sensitivity in multidrug-resistant tumor cells by an MDR1(PGY1) ribozyme. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 1271-5.
120. Holm PS, Scanlon KJ, Dietel M. Reversion of multidrug resistance in the P-glycoprotein-positive human pancreatic cell line (EPP85-181RDB) by introduction of a hammerhead ribozyme. Br J Cancer 1994; 70: 239-43.
121. Gao Z, Fields JZ, Boman BM. Tumor-specific expression of anti-MDR1 ribozyme selectively restores chemosensitivity in multidrug-resistant colon-adenocarcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 1999; 82: 346-52.
122. Xing A-Y, Shi D-b, Liu W, et al. Restoration of chemosensitivity in cancer cells with MDR phenotype by deoxyribozyme, compared with ribozyme. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 94: 481-5.
123. Stuart DD, Kao GY, Allen TM. A novel, long-circulating, and functional liposomal formulation of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides targeted against MDR1. Cancer Gene Ther 2000; 7: 466-75.
124. Chowdhury EH. Strategies for tumor-directed delivery of siRNA. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8: 389-401.
125. Duan Z, Brakora KA, Seiden MV. Inhibition of ABCB1 (MDR1) and ABCB4 (MDR3) expression by small interfering RNA and reversal of paclitaxel resistance in human ovarian cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2004; 3: 833-8.
126. Priebsch A, Rompe F, Tönnies H, et al. Complete reversal of ABCG2-depending atypical multidrug resistance by RNA interference in human carcinoma cells. Oligonucleotides 2006; 16: 263-74.
127. Ee PL, He X, Ross DD, Beck WT. Modulation of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) gene expression using RNA interference. Mol Cancer Ther 2004; 3: 1577-83.
128. Wu H, Hait WN, Yang JM. Small interfering RNA-induced suppression of MDR1 (P-glycoprotein) restores sensitivity to multidrug-resistant cancer cells. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 1515-9.
129. Iyer AK, Singh A, Ganta S, Amiji MM. Role of integrated cancer nanomedicine in overcoming drug resistance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65: 1784-802.
130. Ricci-Vitiani L, Lombardi DG, Pilozzi E, et al. Identification and expansion of human colon-cancer-initiating cells. Nature 2007; 445: 111-5.
131. Chen YC, Wu JZJ, Huang L. Nanoparticles targeted with NGR motif deliver c-myc siRNA and doxorubicin for anticancertherapy. Mol Ther 2010; 18: 828-34.
132. Greco F, Vicent MJ. Combination therapy: opportunities and challenges for polymer-drug conjugates as anticancer nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61: 1203-13.
133. Xiong XB, Lavasanifar A. Traceable Multifunctional Micellar Nanocarriers for Cancer-Targeted Co-delivery of MDR-1 siRNA and Doxorubicin. ACS Nano 2011; 5: 5202-13.
134. Sun TM, Du JZ, Yao YD, et al. Simultaneous delivery of siRNA and paclitaxel via a "two-in-one" micelleplex promotes synergistic tumor suppression. ACS Nano 2011; 5: 1483-94.
135. Ganesh S, Iyer AK, Weiler J, Morrissey DV, Amiji MM. Combination of siRNA-directed Gene Silencing With Cisplatin Reverses Drug Resistance in Human Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids; 2: e110.
136. Zhou P, Hatziieremia S, Elliott MA, et al. Uptake of synthetic Low Density Lipoprotein by leukemic stem cells-a potential stem cell targeted drug delivery strategy. J Control Release 2010; 148: 380-7.
137. Grudzien P, Lo S, Albain KS, et al. Inhibition of Notch signaling reduces the stem-like population of breast cancer cells and prevents mammosphere formation. Anticancer Res 2010; 30: 3853-67.
138. Curtin JC, Lorenzi MV. Drug discovery approaches to target Wnt signaling in cancer stem cells. Oncotarget 2010; 1: 552-66.
139. Lo WL, Chien Y, Chiou GY, et al. Nuclear localization signalenhanced RNA interference of EZH2 and Oct4 in the eradication of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma-derived cancer stem cells. Biomaterials 2012; 33: 3693-709.
140. Rigby P. Silica nanoparticles target cancer cells. Nano Today 2007; 2: 12-12.
141. Chen AM, Zhang M, Wei DG, et al. Co-delivery of Doxorubicin and Bcl-2 siRNA by Mesoporous sílica nanoparticles enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy in multidrug-resistant cancer cells. Small 2009; 5: 2673-7.
142. Mamaeva V, Rosenholm JM, Bate-Eya LT, et al. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as drug delivery systems for targeted inhibition of Notch signaling in cancer. Mol Ther 2011; 19: 1538-46.
143. Cheng J, Wang J, Chen BA, et al. A promising strategy for overcoming MDR in tumor by magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coloaded with daunorubicin and 5-bromotetrandrin. Int J Nanomed 2011; 6: 2123-31.
144. Singh A, Dilnawaz F, Sahoo SK. Long circulating lectin conjugated paclitaxel loaded magnetic nanoparticles: a new theranostic avenue for leukemia therapy. PLoSONE 2011; 6: e26803.
145. Klostergaard J, Seeney CE. Magnetic nanovectors for drug delivery. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 2012; 8: S37-S50.
146. Dreaden EC, Gryder BE, Austin LA, et al. Anti-androgen gold nanoparticles dual-target and overcome treatment resistance in hormone-insensitive prostate cancer cells. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23: 1507-12.
147. Tomuleasa C, Soritau O, Orza A, et al. Gold nanoparticles conjugated with cisplatin/doxorubicin/capecitabine lower the chemoresistance of hepatocellularcarcinoma-derived cancer cells. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2012; 21: 187-96.
148. Ayers D, Nasti A. Utilisation of nanoparticle technology in cancer chemoresistance. J Drug Deliv 2012; 2012: 265691.
149. Creixell M, Peppas NA. Co-delivery of siRNA and therapeutic agents using nanocarriers to overcome cancer resistance. Nano Today 2012; 7: 367-79.
150. Karpanen T, Alitalo K. Molecular biology and pathology of lymphangiogenesis. Annu Rev Pathol 2008; 3: 367-97.
151. Ruoslahti E, Bhatia SN, Sailor MJ. Targeting of drugs and nanoparticles to tumors. J Cell Biol 2010; 188: 759-68.
152. Zhang Y, Wang H. Integrin signalling and function in immune cells. Immunology 2012; 135: 268-75.
153. Jiang J, Yang SJ, Wang JC, et al. Sequential treatment of drugresistant tumors with RGD-modified liposomes containing siRNA or doxorubicin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2010; 76: 170-8.
154. Kumar A, Zhang X, Liang XJ. Gold nanoparticles: emerging paradigm for targeted drug delivery system. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31: 593-606.
155. Yeong-Min P, Seung JL, Young SK, et al. Nanoparticle-Based Vaccine Delivery for Cancer Immunotherapy. Immune Network 2013; 13: 177-83.
156. Curiel TJ. Immunotherapy: a useful strategy to help combat multidrug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2012; 15: 106-13.
157. Gao J, Feng SS, Guo YJ. Nanomedicine against multidrug resistance in cancer treatment. Nanomedicine 2012; 7: 465-8.
158. Lee JM, Yoon TJ, Cho YS. Recent developments in nanoparticlebased siRNA delivery for cancer therapy. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013: 782041.
159. Iyer AK, Singh A, Ganta S, Amiji MM. Role of integrated cancer nanomedicine in overcoming drug resistance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65: 1784-802.