Foodborne microbial pathogens: Mechanisms and pathogenesis

Foodborne Microbial Pathogens: Mechanisms and Pathogenesis

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1-276

  Bhunia, Arun K ^a  

^a PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84892321392     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-74537-4     Document Type: Book

References (197)

1. Baird Parker, A.C. 1994. Foods and microbiological risks. Microbiology 140: 687-695.
2. Brandl, M.T. 2006. Fitness of human enteric pathogens on plants and implications for food safety. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 44:367-392.
3. CDC. 2006. Preliminary FoodNet data on the incidence of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food - 10 states, United States, 2005. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 55:392-395.
4. Flint, J.A., Van Duynhoven, Y.T., Angulo, F.J., DeLong, S.M., Braun, P., Kirk, M. et al. 2005. Estimating the burden of acute gastroenteritis, foodborne disease, and pathogens commonly transmitted by food: An international review. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41:698-704.
5. Falkow, S. 1997. What is a pathogen? ASM News 63:359-365.
6. Kramer, A., Schwebke, I., and Kampf, G. 2006. How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review. BMC Infect. Dis. 6:130.
7. Lynch, M., Painter, J., Woodruff, R., and Braden, C. 2006. Surveillance for foodborne-disease outbreaks - United States, 1998-2002. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 55:1-42.
8. Mead, P.S., Slutsker, L., Dietz, V., McCaig, L.F., Bresee, J.S., Shapiro, C., Griffin, P.M., and Tauxe, R.V. 1999. Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5:607-625.
9. Ray, B. and Bhunia, A.K. 2008. Normal microbiological quality of foods and its significance, Chapter 4, Fundamental Food Microbiology, CRC, Boca Raton, pp 35-41.
10. Reij, M.W., Den Aantrekker, E.D., and ILSI Europe Risk Analysis in Microbiology Task Force. 2004. Recontamination as a source of pathogens in processed foods. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 91:1-11.
11. Trevejo, R.T., Barr, M.C., and Robinson, R.A. 2005. Important emerging bacterial zoonotic infections affecting immunocompromised. Vet. Res. 36:493-506.
12. Bennett, J.W., Klich, M. 2003. Mycotoxins. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16:497-516.
13. Boneca, I.G. 2005. The role of peptidoglycan in pathogenesis. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 8:46-53.
14. Carter, M.J. 2005. Enterically infecting viruses: pathogenicity, transmission and significance for food and waterborne infection. J. Appl. Microbiol. 98:1354-1380.
15. Cousin, M.A., Riley, R.T., and Pestka, J.J. 2005. Foodborne mycotoxins: chemistry, biology, ecology, and toxicology. In Foodborne Pathogen: Microbiology and Molecular Biology. Edited by Fratamico, P.M., Bhunia, A.K., and Smith, J.L., Caister Academic, Norfolk, UK, p 164-226.
16. Dawson, D. 2005. Foodborne protozoan parasites. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 103:207-227.
17. Dormont, D. 2002. Prions, BSE and food. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 78:181-189.
18. Foster, S.J. 1994. The role and regulation of cell wall structural dynamics during differentiation of endospores-forming bacteria. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 76:25S-39S.
19. Kapikian, A. 2000. The discovery of the 27-nm Norwalk virus: an historic perspective. J. Infect. Dis. 181:S295-S302.
20. Lorrot, M. and Vasseur, M. 2007. How do the rotavirus NSP4 and bacterial enterotoxins lead differently to diarrhea? Virol. J. 4:31.
21. Murphy, P.A., Hendrich, S., Landgren, C., and Bryant, C.M. 2006. Food mycotoxins: an update. J. Food Sci. 71:R51-R65.
22. Nainan, O.V., Xia, G., Vaughan, G., and Margolis, H.S. 2006. Diagnosis of Hepatitis A virus infection: a molecular approach. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 19:63-79.
23. Navarre, W.W. and Schneewind, O. 1999. Surface proteins of Gram-positive bacteria and mechanisms of their targeting to the cell wall envelope. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63:174-229.
24. Ortega, Y. 2005. Foodborne and waterborne protozoan parasites. In Foodborne Pathogens: Microbiology and Molecular Biology. Edited by Fratamico, P.M., Bhunia, A.K., and Smith, J.L., Caister Academic, Norfolk, UK, p 145-162.
25. Parashar, U., Bresee, J.S., Gentsch, J.R., and Glass, R.I. 1998. Rotavirus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 4:561-570.
26. Peiris, J.S.M., de Jong, M.D., and Guan, Y. 2007. Avian influenza virus (H5N1): a threat to human health. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 20:243-267.
27. Ray, B. and Bhunia, A.K. 2007. Fundamental Food Microbiology, 4th edition, CRC, Boca Raton, FL.
28. Saier, M.H. Jr. 2006. Protein secretion systems in Gram-negative bacteria. Microbe 1:414-419.
29. Tanyuksel, M. and Petri, W.A. Jr. 2003. Laboratory diagnosis of amebiasis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16:713-729.
30. Sibley, L.D. 2004. Intracelluar parasite invasion strategies. Science 304:248-253.
31. Abbas, A.K., Lichtman, A.H., and Pober, J.S. 2000. Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 4th edition, WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
32. Boneca, I.G. 2005. The role of peptidoglycan in pathogenesis. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 8:46-53.
33. Brandtzaeg, P. 2003. Role of secretory antibodies in the defense against infections. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 293:3-15.
34. Gaskins, H.R. 2003. The commensal microbiota and development of mucosal defense in the mammalian intestine, Vol. 1. Proceedings of 9th International Symposium on Digestive Physiology in Pigs, Banff, AB, Canada, pp 57-71.
35. Heller, F. and Duchmann, R. 2003. Intestinal flora and mucosal immune response. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 293:77-86.
36. Janssens, S. and Beyaert, R. 2003. Role of toll-like receptors in pathogen recognition. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16:637-646.
37. Kovacs-Nolan, J., Marshall, P., and Mine, Y. 2005. Advances in the value of egg and egg components for human health. J. Agr. Food Chem. 53:8421-8431.
38. Lievin-Le-Moal, V. and Servin, A.L. 2006. The front line of enteric host defense against unwelcome intrusion of harmful microorganisms: mucins, antimicrobial peptides, and microbiota. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 19:315-337.
39. Shao, L., Serrano, D., and Mayer, L. 2001. The role of epithelial cells in immune regulation in the gut. Semin. Immunol. 13:163-175.
40. Chemielewski, R.A.N. and Frank, J.F. 2003. Biofilm formation and control in food processing facilities. Comp. Rev. Food Sci. Food Safety 2:22-32.
41. Conner, S.D. and Schmid, S.L. 2003. Regulated portals of entry into the cell. Nature 422:37-44.
42. Cossart, P. and Sansonetti, P.J. 2004. Bacterial invasion: the paradigms of enteroinvasive pathogens. Science 304:242-248.
43. Galan, J.E. and Collmer, A. 1999. Type III secretion machines: bacterial devices for protein delivery into host cells. Science 284:1322-1328.
44. Galan, J.E. and Wolf-Watz, H. 2006. Protein delivery into eukaryotic cells by type III secretion machines. Nature 444:567-573.
45. Gouin, E., Welch, M.D., and Cossart, P. 2005. Actin-based motility of intracellular pathogens. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 8:35-45.
46. Kazmierczak, M.J., Wiedmann, M., and Boor, K.J. 2005. Alternative sigma factors and their roles in bacterial virulence. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 69:527-543.
47. Montecucco, C., Papini, E., Schiavo, G. 1994. Bacterial protein toxins penetrate cells via a four-step mechanism. FEBS Lett. 346:92-98.
48. Popoff, M.R. 1998. Interactions between bacterial toxins and intestinal cells. Toxicon 36:665-685.
49. Saier, M.H. Jr. 2006. Protein secretion systems in Gram-negative bacteria. Microbe 1:414-419.
50. Salyers, A.A. and Whitt, D.D. 2002. Bacterial Pathogenesis: A Molecular Approach, 2nd edition, ASM, Washington, DC.
51. Schmidt, H. and Hensel, M. 2004. Pathogenicity islands in bacterial pathogenesis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17:14-56.
52. Schmitt, C., Meysick, K., and O'Brien, A. 1999. Bacterial toxins: friends or foes? Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5:224-234.
53. Sibley, L.D. 2004. Intracellular parasite invasion strategies. Science 304:248-253.
54. Veiga, E. and Cossart, P. 2006. The role of clathrin-dependent endocytosis in bacterial internalization. Trends Cell Biol. 16:499-504.
55. Bhunia, A.K. and Wampler, J.L. 2005. Animal and cell culture models for foodborne bacterial pathogens. In Foodborne Pathogens: Microbiology and Molecular Biology. Edited by Fratamico, P.M., Bhunia, A.K., and Smith, J.L., Caister Academic, Norfolk, pp 15-32.
56. Salyers, A.A. and Whitt, D.D. 2002. Bacterial Pathogenesis: A Molecular Approach, 2nd edition, ASM, Washington, DC.
57. Balaban, N. and Rasooly, A. 2000. Staphylococcal enterotoxins. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 61:1-10.
58. Bronner, S., Monteil, H., and Prevost, G. 2004. Regulation of virulence determinants in Staphylococcus aureus: complexity and applications. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 28:183-200.
59. Clarke, S.R. and Foster, S.J. 2006. Surface adhesins of Staphylococcus aureus. Adv. Microb. Physiol. 51:187-225.
60. Ray, B. and Bhunia, A.K. 2008. Fundamental Food Microbiology, 4th edition, CRC, Boca Raton.
61. Stewart, G.C. 2005. Staphylococcus aureus. In Foodborne Pathogens: Microbiology and Molecular Biology. Edited by Fratamico, P.M., Bhunia, A.K., and Smith, J.L., Caister Academic, Norfolk, pp 273-284.
62. Ehling-Schulz, M., Fricker, M., and Scherer, S. 2004. Bacillus cereus, a causative agent of an emetic type of food-borne illness. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 48:479-487.
63. From, C., Pukall, R., Schumann, P., Hormazabal, V., and Granum, P.E. 2005. Toxinproducing ability among Bacillus spp. outside the Bacillus cereus group. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:1178-1183.
64. Granum, P.E. 2005. Bacillus cereus. In Foodborne Pathogens: Microbiology and Molecular Biology. Edited by Fratamico, P.M., Bhunia, A.K., and Smith, J.L., Caister Academic, Norfolk, pp 383-419.
65. Gray, K.M., Banada, P.P., O'Neal, E., and Bhunia, A.K. 2005. Rapid Ped-2E9 cellbased cytotoxicity analysis and genotyping of Bacillus species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:5865-5872.
66. Lattuda, C.P. and McClain, D. 1998. Examination of meat and poultry products for Bacillus cereus. In USDA/FSIS Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook. Edited by Day, B.P., USDA/FSIS, Washington, DC.
67. Little, S.F. and Ivins, B.E. 1999. Molecular pathogenesis of Bacillus anthracis infection. Microbes Infect. 1:131-139.
68. McKillip, J.L. 2000. Prevalence and expression of enterotoxins in Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus spp., a literature review. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 77:393-399.
69. Ngamwongsatit, P., Buasri, W., Pianariyanon, P., Pulsrikarn, C., Ohba, M., Assavanig, A., and Panbangred, W. 2007. Broad distribution of enterotoxin genes (hblCDA, nheABC, cytK, and entFM) among Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus as shown by novel primers. Int. J. Food Microbiol. (in press).
70. Oncu, S., Oncu, S., and Sakarya, S. 2003. Anthrax - an overview. Med. Sci. Monit. 9:RA276-283.
71. Scobie, H.M. and Young, J.A.T. 2005. Interactions between anthrax toxin receptors and protective antigen. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 8:106-112.
72. Schoeni, J.L. and Wong, A.C.L. 2005. Bacillus cereus food poisoning and its toxins. J. Food Prot. 68:636-648.
73. Rasco, D.A., Altherr, M.R., Han, C.S., and Ravel, J. 2005. Genomics of the Bacillus cereus group of organisms. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 29:303-329.
74. Arnon, S.S., Schechter, R., Inglesby, T.V., Henderson, D.A., Bartlett, J.G., Ascher, M.S., Eitzen, E., Fine, A.D., Hauer, J., Layton, M., Lillibridge, S., Osterholm, M.T., O'Toole, T., Parker, G., Perl, T.M., Russell, P.K., Swerdlow, D.L., and Tonat, K. 2001. Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 285:1059-1070.
75. Bohnel, H. and Gessler, F. 2005. Botulinum toxins - cause of botulism and systemic diseases? Vet. Res. Commun. 29:313-345.
76. Bruggemann, H. 2005. Genomics of clostridial pathogens: implication of extrachromosomal elements in pathogenicity. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 8:601-605.
77. Brynestad, S. and Granum, P.E. 2002. Clostridium perfringens and foodborne infections. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 74:195-202.
78. Cherington, M. 1998. Clinical spectrum of botulism. Muscle Nerve 21:701-710.
79. Johnson, E.A. and Bradshaw, M. 2001. Clostridium botulinum and its neurotoxins: a metabolic and cellular perspective. Toxicon 39:1703-1722.
80. Hall, Y.H.J., Chaddock, J.A., Moulsdale, H.J., Kirby, E.R., Alexander, F.C.G., Marks, J.D., and Foster, K.A. 2004. Novel application of an in vitro technique to the detection and quantification of botulinum neurotoxin antibodies. J. Immunol. Methods 288:55-60.
81. Heikinheimo, A. and Korkeala, H. 2005. Multiplex PCR assay for toxinotyping Clostridium perfringens isolates obtained from Finnish broiler chickens. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 40:407-411.
82. Lindstrom, M. and Korkeala, H. 2006. Laboratory diagnostics of botulism. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 19:298-314.
83. McClane, B. 1995. ASM first international conference on the molecular genetics and pathogenesis of the Clostridia. Progress in understanding clostridial toxins and their genes could reduce the damage they cause. ASM News 61:465-468.
84. McClane, B.A. and Chakrabarti, G. 2004. New insights into the cytotoxic mechanisms of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. Anaerobe 10:107-114.
85. Novak, J., Peck, M., Juneja, V., and Johnson, E. 2005. Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium perfringens. In Foodborne Pathogens: Microbiology and Molecular Biology. Edited by Fratamico, P., Bhunia, A.K., and Smith, J., Caister Academic, Norfolk, pp 383-407.
86. Sakurai, J., Nagahama, M., and Oda, M. 2004. Clostridium perfringens alphatoxin: characterization and mode of action. J. Biochem. 136:569-574.
87. Shatursky, O., Bayles, R., Rogers, M., Jost, B.H., Songer, J.G., and Tweten, R.K. 2000. Clostridium perfringens beta-toxin forms potential-dependent, cation-selective channels in lipid bilayers. Infect. Immun. 68:5546-5551.
88. Singh, U., Mitic, L.L., Wieckowski, E.U., Anderson, J.M., and McClane, B.A. 2001. Comparative biochemical and immunocytochemical studies reveal differences in the effects of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin on polarized Caco-2 cells versus Vero cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276:33402-33412.
89. Songer, J.G. 1996. Clostridial enteric diseases of domestic animals. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 9:216-234.
90. Tweten, R.K. 2001. Clostridium perfringens beta toxin and Clostridium septicum alpha toxin: their mechanisms and possible role in pathogenesis. Vet. Microbiol. 82:1-9.
91. Wise, M.G. and Siragusa, G.R. 2005. Quantitative detection of Clostridium perfringens in the broiler fowl gastrointestinal tract by real-time PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:3911-3916.
92. Bakardjiev, A.I., Theriot, J.A., and Portnoy, D.A. 2006. Listeria monocytogenes traffics from maternal organs to the placenta and back. PLoS Pathogens 2:623-631.
93. Bhunia, A.K. 1997. Antibodies to Listeria monocytogenes. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 23:77-107.
94. Donnelly, C.W. 2001. Listeria monocytogenes: a continuing challenge. Nutr. Rev. 59:183-194.
95. Dussurget, O., Pizarro-Cerda, J., and Cossart, P. 2004. Molecular determinants of Listeria monocytogenes virulence. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 58:587-610.
96. Farber, J.M. and Peterkin, P.I. 1991. Listeria monocytogenes, a food-borne pathogen. Microbiol. Rev. 55:476-511.
97. Gahan, C.G.M. and Hill, C. 2005. Gastrointestinal phase of Listeria monocytogenes infection. J. Appl. Microbiol. 98:1345-1353.
98. Hamon, M.I., Bierne, H., and Cossart, P. 2006. Listeria monocytogenes: a multifaceted model. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 4:423-434.
99. Kazmierczak, M.J., Wiedmann, M., and Boor, K.J. 2005. Alternative sigma factors and their roles in bacterial virulence. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 69:527-543.
100. Lecuit, M., Nelson, D.M., Smith, S.D., Khun, H., Huerre, M., Vacher-Lavenu, M.-C. et al. 2004. Targeting and crossing of the human maternofetal barrier by Listeria monocytogenes: role of internalin interaction with trophoblast E-cadherin. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101:6152-6157.
101. Monnier, A.L., Join-Lambert, O.F., Jaubert, F., Berche, P., and Kayal, S. 2006. Invasion of the placenta during murine listeriosis. Infect. Immun. 74:663-672.
102. Ooi, S.T. and Lorber, B. 2005. Gastroenteritis due to Listeria monocytogenes. Clin. Infect. Dis. 40:1327-1332.
103. Paoli, G.C., Bhunia, A.K., and Bayles, D.O. 2005. Listeria monocytogenes. In Foodborne Pathogens: Microbiology and Molecular Biology. Edited by Fratamico, P., Bhunia, A.K., and Smith, J.L., Caister Academic, Norfolk, pp 295-325.
104. Pizarro-Cerda, J. and Cossart, P. 2006. Subversion of cellular functions by Listeria monocytogenes. J. Pathol. 208:215-223.
105. Roberts, A.J. and Wiedmann, M. 2003. Pathogen, host and environmental factors contributing to the pathogenesis of listeriosis. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 60:904-918.
106. Vazquez-Boland, J.A., Kuhn, M., Berche, P., Chakraborty, T., Dominguez-Bernal, G., Goebel, W. et al. 2001. Listeria pathogenesis and molecular virulence determinants. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14:584-640.
107. Beutin, L. 2006. Emerging enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli, causes and effects of the rise of a human pathogen. J. Vet. Med. B 53:299-305.
108. Clarke, S.C., Haigh, R.D., Freestone, P.P.E., and Williams, P.H. 2003. Virulence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, a global pathogen. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16:365-378.
109. Dean, P., Maresca, M., and Kenny, B. 2005. EPEC's weapons of mass subversion. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 8:28-34.
110. Donnenberg, M.S., Kaper, B., and Finley, B.B. 1997. Interactions between enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and host epithelial cells. Trends Microbiol. 5:109-114.
111. Gyles, C.L. 2007. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: an overview. J. Anim. Sci. 85(13 Suppl.):E45-E62.
112. Hayward, R.D., Leong, J.M., Koronakis, V., and Campellone, K.G. 2006. Exploiting pathogenic Escherichia coli to model transmembrane receptor signaling. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 4:358-370.
113. Jores, J., Rumor, L., and Wieler, L.H. 2004. Impact of the locus of enterocyte effacement pathogenicity island on the evolution of pathogenic Escherichia coli. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 294:103-113.
114. Karmali, M.A., Mascarenhas, M., Shen, S., Ziebell, K., Johnson, S., Reid-Smith, R., Isaac-Renton, J., Clark, C., Rahn, K., and Kaper, J.B. 2003. Association of genomic O island 122 of Escherichia coli EDL 933 with verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli seropathotypes that are linked to epidemic and/or serious disease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:4930-4940.
115. Mainil, J.G. and Daube, G. 2005. Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli from animals, humans and foods: who's who? J. Appl. Microbiol. 98:1332-1344.
116. Nataro, J.P. and Kaper, J.B. 1998. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 11:142-201.
117. Qadri, F., Svennerholm, A.-M., Faruque, A.S.G., and Sack, R.B. 2005. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in developing countries: epidemiology, microbiology, clinical features, treatment, and prevention. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 18:465-483.
118. Servin, A.L. 2005. Pathogenesis of Afa/Dr diffusely adhering Escherichia coli. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 18:264-292.
119. Turner, S.M., Scott-Tucker, A., Cooper, L.M., and Henderson, I.R. 2006. Weapons of mass destruction: virulence factors of the global killer enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 263:10-20.
120. Andrews, H.L. and Baumler, A.J. 2005. Salmonella species. In Foodborne Pathogens: Microbiology and Molecular Biology. Edited by Fratamico, P.M., Bhunia, A.K., and Smith, J.L., Caister Academic, Norfolk, pp 327-339.
121. Biedzka-Sarek, M. and Skurnik, M. 2006. How to outwit the enemy: dendritic cells face Salmonella. APMIS 114:589-600.
122. Chiu, C.-H., Su, L.-Hm., and Chu, C. 2004. Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical disease, and treatment. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17:311-322.
123. Coburn, B., Grass, G.A., and Finlay, B.B. 2007. Salmonella, the host and disease: a brief review. Immunol. Cell Biol. 85:112-118.
124. Clements, M., Eriksson, S., Tezcan-Merdol, D., and Hinton, J.C.D. 2001. Virulence gene regulation in Salmonella enterica. Ann. Med. 33:178-185.
125. Darwin, K.H. and Miller, V.L. 1999. Molecular basis of the interaction of Salmonella with the intestinal mucosa. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12:405-428.
126. Galan, J.E. and Collmer, A. 1999. Type III secretion machines: bacterial devices for protein delivery into host cells. Science 284:1322-1328.
127. Galan, J.E. and Wolf-Watz, H. 2006. Protein delivery into eukaryotic cells by type III secretion machines. Nature 444:567-573.
128. Groisman, E.A. and Ochman, H. 2000. The path to Salmonella. ASM News 66:21-27.
129. Hensel, M. 2004. Evolution of pathogenicity islands of Salmonella enterica. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 294:95-102.
130. Humphrey, T. 2004. Salmonella, stress responses and food safety. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2:504-509.
131. Maciorowski, K.G., Herrera, P., Jones, F.T., Pillai, S.D., and Ricke, S.C. 2006. Cultural and immunological detection methods for Salmonella spp. in animal feeds - a review. Vet. Res. Commun. 30:127-137.
132. Patel, J.C. and Galan, J.E. 2005. Manipulation of the host actin cytoskeleton by Salmonella - all in the name of entry. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 8:10-15.
133. Santos, R.L. and Baumler, A.J. 2004. Cell tropism of Salmonella enterica. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 294:225-233.
134. Tindall, B.J., Grimont, P.A.D., Garrity, G.M., and Euzeby, J.P. 2005. Nomenclature and taxonomy of the genus Salmonella. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55:521-524.
135. Weill, F.-X., Guesnier, F., Guibert, V., Timinouni, M., Demartin, M., Polomack, L., and Grimont, P.A.D. 2006. Multidrug resistance in Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium from humans in France (1993-2003). J. Clin. Microbiol. 44:700-708.
136. Zhang, S.P., Kingsley, R.A., Santos, R.L., Andrews-Polymenis, H., Raffatellu, M., Figueiredo, J., Nunes, J., Tsolis, RM., Adams, L.G., and Baumler, A.J. 2003. Molecular pathogenesis of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium induced diarrhea. Infect. Immun. 71:1-12.
137. Altekruse, S.F., Stern, N.J., Fields., P.I., and Swerdlow, D.L. 1999. Campylobacter jejuni - an emerging foodborne pathogen. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 1:28-36.
138. Baserisalehi, M., Bahador, N., and Kapadnis, B.P. 2006. Campylobacter: an emerging pathogen. Res. J. Microbiol. 1:23-37.
139. Bereswill, S. and Kist, M., 2003. Recent developments in Campylobacter pathogenesis. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 16:487-491.
140. Forsythe, S.F. 2006. Arcobacter. In Emerging Foodborne Pathogens. Edited by Motarjemi, Y. and Adams, M., CRC, Boca Raton, pp 181-221.
141. Gupta, A., Nelson, J.M., Barrett, T.J., Tauxe, R.V., Rossiter, S.P., Friedman, C.R., Joyce, K.W., Smith, K.E., Jones, T.F., Hawkins, M.A., Shiferaw, B., Beebe, J.L., Vugia, D.J., Rabatsky-Ehr, T., Benson, J.A., Root, T.P., Angulo, F.J., and NARMS Working Group. 2004. Antimicrobial resistance among Campylobacter strains, United States, 1997-2001. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10:1102-1109.
142. Lara-Tejero, M. and Galan, J.E. 2000. A bacterial toxin that controls cell cycle progression as a deoxyribonuclease I-like protein. Science 290:354-357.
143. Lastovica, A.J. and Skirrow, M.B. 2000. Clinical significant of Campylobacter and related species other than C. jejuni and C. coli. In Campylobacter. Edited by Nachamkin I. and Blaser, M.J., American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, pp 89-120.
144. Lehner, A., Tasara, T., and Stephan, R. 2005. Relevant aspects of Arcobacter spp. as potential foodborne pathogen. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 102:127-135.
145. Mandrell, R.E. and Miller, W.G. 2006. Campylobacter. In Emerging Foodborne Pathogens. Edited by Motarjemi, Y. and Adams, M., CRC, Boca Raton, pp 476- 521.
146. Moor, J.E., Barton, M.D., Blair, I.S., Corcora, D., Dooley, J.S.G., Fanning, S., Kempf, I. et al. 2006. The epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter. Microbes Infect. 8:1955-1966.
147. Murphy, C., Carroll, C., and Jordan, K.N. 2006. Environmental survival mechanisms of the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. J. Appl. Microbiol. 100:623-632.
148. Park, S.F. 2002. The physiology of Campylobacter species and its relevance to their role as foodborne pathogens. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 74:177-188.
149. Smith, J.L. and Bayles, D.O. 2006. The contribution of cytolethal distending toxin to bacterial pathogenesis. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 32:227-248.
150. Snelling, W.J., Matsuda, M., Moore, J.E., and Dooley, J.S.G. 2005. Under the microscope: Campylobacter jejuni. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 41:297-302.
151. Snelling, W.J., Matsuda, M., Moore, J.E., and Dooley, J.S.G. 2005. Under the microscope: Arcobacter. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 42:7-14.
152. Tee, W. and Mijch, A. 1998. Campylobacter jejuni bacteremia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and non-HIV-infected patients: comparison of clinical features and review. Clin. Infect. Dis. 26:91-96.
153. Vandamme, P. 2000. Microbiology of Campylobacter infections: taxonomy of the family Campylobacteraceae. In Campylobacter. Edited by Nachamkin, I. and Blaser, M.J., ASM, Washington, DC, pp 3-26.
154. van Vliet, A.H.M. and Ketley, J.M. 2001. Pathogenesis of enteric Campylobacter infection. J. Appl. Microbiol. 90:45S-56S.
155. Wassenaar, T.M. and Blaser, M.J. 1999. Pathophysiology of Campylobacter jejuni infections of humans. Microbes Infect. 1:1023-1033.
156. Wesley, I.V., Wells, S.J., Harmon, K.M., Green, A., Schroeder-Tucker, L., Glover, M., and Siddique, I. 2000. Fecal shedding of Campylobacter and Arcobacter spp. in dairy cattle. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:1994-2000.
157. Bhaduri, S., Wesley, I.V., and Bush, E.J. 2005. Prevalence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains in pigs in the United States. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:7117-7121.
158. Bottone, E.J. 1997. Yersinia enterocolitica: the charisma continues. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 10:257-276.
159. Bottone, E.J. 1999. Yersinia enterocolitica: overview and epidemiologic correlates. Microbes Infect. 1:323-333.
160. Cornelis, G.R. 2002. Yersinia type III secretion: send in the effectors. J. Cell Biol. 158:401-408.
161. Cornelis, G.R., Boland, A., Boyd, A.P., Geuijen, C., Iriarte, M., Neyt, C. et al. 1998. The virulence plasmid of Yersinia, an antihost genome. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62:1315-1352.
162. Fredriksson-Ahomaa, M., Stolle, A., and Korkeala, H. 2006. Molecular epidemiology of Yersinia enterocolitica infections. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 47:315-329.
163. Grassl, G.A., Bohn, E., Muller, Y., Buhler, O.T., and Autenrieth, I.B. 2003. Interaction of Yersinia enterocolitica with epithelial cells: invasion and beyond. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 293:41-54.
164. Heise, T. and Dersch, P. 2006. Identification of a domain in Yersinia virulence factor YadA that is crucial for extracellular matrix-specific cell adhesion and uptake. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103:3375-3380.
165. Navarro, L., Alto, N.M., and Dixon, J.E. 2005. Functions of the Yersinia effector proteins in inhibiting host immune responses. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 8:21-27.
166. Pujol, C. and Bliska, J.B. 2005. Turning Yersinia pathogenesis outside in: subversion of macrophage function by intracellular yersiniae. Clin. Immunol. 114:216-226.
167. Robins-Browne, R.M. 1997. Yersinia enterocolitica. In Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers. Edited by Doyle, M.P., Beuchat, L.R., and Montiville, T.J., ASM, Washington, DC, pp 192-215.
168. Schubert, S., Rakin, A., and Heesemann, J. 2004. The Yersinia high-pathogenicity island (HPI): evolutionary and functional aspects. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 294:83-94.
169. Singh, I. and Virdi, J.S. 2004. Production of Yersinia stable toxin (YST) and distribution of yst genes in biotype 1A strains of Yersinia enterocolitica. J. Med. Microbiol. 53:1065-1068.
170. Smego, R.A., Frean, J., and Koornhof, H.J. 1999. Yersiniosis I: microbiological and clinicoepidemiological aspects of plague and nonplague Yersinia infections. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 18:1-15.
171. Virdi, J.S. and Sachdeva, P. 2005. Molecular heterogeneity in Yersinia enterocolitica and 'Y. enterocolitica-like' species - implications for epidemiology, typing and taxonomy. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 45:1-10.
172. Zhou, D., Han, Y., Song, Y., Huang, P., and Yang, R. 2004. Comparative and evolutionary genomics of Yersinia pestis. Microbes Infect. 6:1226-1234.
173. Albert, M.J. and Nair, G.B. 2005. Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal-10 years on. Rev. Med. Microbiol. 16:135-143.
174. Faruque, S.M. and Nair, G.B. 2002. Molecular ecology of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae. Microbiol. Immunol. 46:59-66.
175. Harwood, V.J., Gandhi, J. P., and Wright, A.C. 2004. Methods for isolation and confirmation of Vibrio vulnificus from oysters and environmental sources: a review. J. Microbiol. Methods 59:301-316.
176. Gulig, P.A., Bourdage, K.L., and Starks, A.M. 2005. Molecular pathogenesis of Vibrio vulnificus. J. Microbiol. 43:118-131.
177. Kirn, T.J., Jude, B.A., and Taylor, R.K. 2005. A colonization factor links Vibrio cholerae environmental survival and human infection. Nature 438:863-866.
178. Levin, R.E. 2005. Vibrio vulnificus, a notably lethal human pathogen derived from seafood: a review of its pathogenicity, subspecies characterization, and molecular methods of detection. Food Biotechnol. 19:69-94.
179. Levin, R.E. 2006. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a notably lethal human pathogen derived from seafood: a review of its pathogenicity, characteristics, subspecies characterization, and molecular methods of detection. Food Biotechnol. 20:93-128.
180. Lynch, T., Livingstone, S., Buenaventura, E., Lutter, E., Fedwick, J., Buret, A.G., Graham, D., and DeVinney, R. 2005. Vibrio parahaemolyticus disruption of epithelial cell tight junctions occurs independently of toxin production. Infect. Immun. 73:1275-1283.
181. Miyoshi, S. 2006. Vibrio vulnificus infection and metalloprotease. J. Dermatol. 33:589-595.
182. Nair, G.B., Ramamurthy, T., Bhattacharya, S.K., Dutta, B., Takeda, Y., and Sack, D.A. 2007. Global dissemination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus serotype O3:K6 and its serovariants. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 20:39-48.
183. Tantillo, G.M., Fontanarosa, M., Di Pinto, A., and Musti, M. 2004. Updated perspectives on emerging vibrios associated with human infections. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 39:117-126.
184. Thompson, F.L., Iida, T., and Swings, J. 2004. Biodiversity of vibrios. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 68:403-431.
185. Uma, G., Chandrasekaran, M., Takeda, Y., and Nair, G.B. 2003. Recent advances in cholera genetics. Curr. Sci. 85:101-108.
186. World Health Organization. 2006. Cholera cases and deaths notified to WHO, 2005. Wkly Epidemiol. Rec. 81:297-308.
187. Zhang, X.H. and Austin, B. 2005. Haemolysins in Vibrio species. J. Appl. Microbiol. 98:1011-1019.
188. Levine, M.M. 2006. Enteric infections and the vaccines to counter them: future directions. Vaccine 24:3865-3873.
189. Niyogi, S.K. 2005. Shigellosis. J. Microbiol. 43:133-143.
190. Ogawa, M. and Sasakawa, C. 2006. Intracellular survival of Shigella. Cell. Microbiol. 8:177-184.
191. Phalipon, A. and Sansonetti, P.J. 2007. Shigella's ways of manipulating the host intestinal innate and adaptive immune system: a tool box for survival? Immunol. Cell Biol. 85:119-129.
192. Philpott, D.J., Edgeworth, J.D., and Sansonetti, P.J. 2000. The pathogenesis of Shigella flexneri infection: lessons from in vitro and in vivo studies. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 355:575-586.
193. Sansonetti, P.J. 2001. Rupture, invasion and inflammatory destruction of the intestinal barrier by Shigella, making sense of prokaryote-eukaryote cross-talks. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 25:3-14.
194. Sur, D., Ramamurthy, T., Deen, J., and Bhattacharya, S.K. 2004. Shigellosis: challenges & management issues. Indian J. Med. Res. 120:454-462.
195. Suzuki, T., Nakanishi, K., Tsutsui, H., Iwai, H., Akira, S., Inohara, N., Chamaillard, M., Nunez, G., and Sasakawa, C. 2005. A novel caspase-1/Toll-like receptor 4-independent pathway of cell death induced by cytosolic Shigella in infected macrophages. J. Biol. Chem. 280:14042-14050.
196. von Seidlein, L., Kim, D.R., Ali, M., Lee, H., Wang, X., Thiem, V.D., Canh, D.G., Chaicumpa, W., Agtini, M.D., Hossain, A., Bhutta, Z.A., Mason, C., Sethabutr, O., Talukder, K., Nair, G.B., Deen, J.L., Kotloff, K., and Clemens, J. 2006. A multicentre study of Shigella diarrhoea in six Asian countries: disease burden, clinical manifestations, and microbiology. PLoS Med. 3:1556-1569.
197. Warren, B.R., Parish, M.E., and Schneider, K.R. 2006. Shigella as a foodborne pathogen and current methods for detection in food. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 46:551-567.