Pathogen, host and environmental factors contributing to the pathogenesis of listeriosis

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences

Volumn 60, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 904-918

  Roberts, A J ^a   Wiedmann, M ^a  

^a Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

Author keywords

Foodborne disease; Listeria ivanovii; Listeria monocytogenes; Listeriosis; Pathogenesis; Virulence

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; AMPICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CELLOBIOSE; DISACCHARIDE; PENICILLIN G; SUGAR;

BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BIOFILM; BLOOD GROUP; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FOOD PROCESSING; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; LISTERIA; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES; LISTERIOSIS; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOGENICITY; PH; PROTOZOON; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SANITATION; STRESS; SYMBIOSIS; TREATMENT FAILURE; WATER AVAILABILITY;

ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); LISTERIA IVANOVII; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES; LISTERIOSIS MONOCYTOGENES; PROTOZOA;

EID: 0037701514     PISSN: 1420682X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-003-2225-6     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. Mead P. S., Slutsker L., Dietz V., McCaig L. F., Bresee J. S., Shapiro C. et al. (1999) Food-related illness and death in the United Stales. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5: 607-625
2. Johnson J. L., Doyle M. P., Cassens R. G. and Schoeni J. L. (1988) Fate of Listeria monocytogenes in tissues of experimentally infected cattle and in hard salami. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54: 497-501
3. Seeliger H. P. R. and Jones D. (1986) Listeria. In: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, pp. 1235-1245, Butler J. (ed.), Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD
4. Farber J. M. and Peterkin P. I. (1991) Listeria monocytogenes, a food-borne pathogen. Microbiol. Rev. 55: 476-511
5. Low J. C. and Donachie W. (1997) A review of Listeria monocytogenes and listeriosis. Vet. J. 153: 9-29
6. Wesley I. V. (1999) Listeriosis in Animals. In: Listeria, Listeriosis and Food Safety, pp. 39-73, Ryser E. T. and Harth E. H. (eds), Marcel Dakker, New York
7. Smith M. C. (1994) Nervous System. In: Goat Medicine, pp. 141-177, Smith M. C. and Sherman D. M. (eds), Lea and Febiger, Malvern, PA
8. Gray M. L. (1958) Listeriosis in fowls: a review. Avian Disease 2: 296-314
9. Gray M. L. and Killinger A. H. (1966) Listeria monocytogenes and listeric infections. Bacteriol. Rev. 30: 309-382
10. Beauregard M. and Malkin K. L. (1971) Isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from brain specimens of domestic animals in Ontario. Can. Vet. J. 12: 221-223
11. Hird D. and Genigeorgis C. (1990) Listeriosis in food animals: clinical signs and livestock as a potential source of direct (non-foodborne) infections in humans. In: Foodborne Listeriosis, pp. 31-39, Miller A. J., Smith J. L. and Somkuti G. A. (eds), Elsevier, Amsterdam
12. Vásquez-Boland J. A., Kuhn M., Berche P, Chakraborty T., Domínguez-Bernal G, Goebel W. et al. (2001) Listeria pathogenesis and molecular virulence determinants. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14: 584-640
13. Wiedmann M. and Evans K. (2002) Infectious diseases of dairy animals: listeriosis. In: Encyclopedia of Dairy Science, pp. 1-7, Roginski H., Fuquay J. W. and Fox P. F. (eds), Academic Press, London, in press
14. Low J. C. and Donachie W. (1989) Listeria in food: a veterinary perspective. Lancet 1: 322
15. McLauchlin J. (1997) Animal and human listeriosis: a shared problem? Vet. J. 153: 3-5
16. Gray M. L. (1960) Silage feeding and listeriosis. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 136: 205-208
17. Fenlon D. R. (1999) Listeria monocytogenes in the natural environment. In: Listeria, Listeriosis and Food Safety, pp. 21-37, Ryser E. T. and Harth E. H. (eds), Marcel Dekker, New York
18. Wiedmann M., Arvik T., Bruce J. L., Neubauer J., del Piero F., Smith M. C. et al. (1997) Investigation of a listeriosis epizootic in sheep in New York state. Am. J. Vet. Res. 58: 733-737
19. Allcock J. (1992) Cutaneous listeriosis. Vet. Rec. 130: 18-19
20. WHO Working Group. (1988) Foodborne listeriosis. Bull. World Health Organ. 66: 421-428
21. Norton D. M., Scarlett J. M., Horton K., Sue D., Thimothe J., Boor K. J. et al. (2001) Characterization and pathogenic potential of Listeria monocytogenes isolates from the smoked fish industry. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67: 646-653
22. Hoffman A. D. and Wiedmann M. (2001) Comparative evaluation of culture- and BAX polymerase chain reaction-based detection methods for Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in environmental and raw fish samples. J. Food Prot. 64: 1521-1526
23. Slutsker L. and Schuchat A. (1999) Listeriosis in Humans. In: Listeria, Listeriosis and Food Safety, pp. 75-95, Ryser E. T. and Harth E. H. (eds), Marcel Dekker, New York
24. Wing E. J. and Gregory S. H. (2002) Listeria monocytogenes: clinical and experimental update. J. Infect. Dis. 185 Suppl. 1: S18-24
25. Donnelly C. W. (2001) Listeria monocytogenes: a continuing challenge. Nutr. Rev. 59: 183-194
26. Aureli P., Fiorucci G. C., Caroli D., Marchiaro G., Novara O., Leone L. et al. (2000) An outbreak of febrile gastroenteritis associated with corn contaminated by Listeria monocytogenes. N. Engl. J. Med. 342: 1236-1241
27. Dalton C. B., Austin C. C., Sobel J., Hayes P. S., Bibb W. F., Graves L. M. et al. (1997) An outbreak of gastroenteritis and fever clue to Listeria monocytogenes in milk. N. Engl. J. Med. 336: 100-105
28. Frederiksen B. and Samuelsson S. (1992) Feto-maternal listeriosis in Denmark 1981-1988. J. Infect. 24: 277-287
29. McLauchlin J. (1990) Human listeriosis in Britain, 1967-85, a summary of 722 cases. 1. Listeriosis during pregnancy and in the newborn. Epidemiol. Infect. 104: 181-189
30. Gellin B. G., Broome C. V., Bibb W. F., Weaver R. E., Gaventa S. and Mascola L. (1991) The epidemiology of listeriosis in the United States - 1986. Listeriosis Study Group. Am. J. Epidemiol. 133: 392-401
31. Visintine A. M., Oleske J. M. and Nahmias A. J. (1977) Infection in infants and children. Am. J. Dis. Child. 131: 393-397
32. Lorber B. (1997) Listeriosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 24: 1-9; quiz 10-11
33. Marco F., Almela M., Nolla-Salas J., Coll P, Gasser I., Ferrer M. D. et al. (2000) In vitro activities of 22 antimicrobial agents against Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated in Barcelona, Spain. The Collaborative Study Group of Listeriosis of Barcelona. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 38: 259-261
34. Charpentier E., Gerbaud G., Jacquet C., Rocourt J. and Courvalin P. (1995) Incidence of antibiotic resistance in Listeria species. J. Infect. Dis. 172: 277-281
35. Armstrong D. (1995) Listeria monocytogenes. In: Mandell, Douglas and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, pp. 1880-1885, Mandell G., Bennett J. and Donlin R. (eds), Churchill Livingstone, New York
36. Food and Drug Administration. (2000) 2000 code of federal regulations, title 21. Code Federal Register, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC
37. Lupien J. R. and Kenny M. F. (1998) Tolerance limits and methodology: effect on international trade. J. Food Prof. 61: 1571-1578
38. Tappero J. W., Schuchat A., Deaver K. A., Mascola L. and Wenger J. D. (1995) Reduction in the incidence of human listeriosis in the United States. Effectiveness of prevention efforts? The Listeriosis Study Group. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 273: 1118-1122
39. McLauchlin J. and Newton L. (1995) Human listeriosis in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: a changing pattern of infection. Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on the Problems of Listeriosis, pp. 177-179, Perth, Australia
40. CFSAN-FDA-HHS/FSIS-USDA (2001) Draft assessment of the relative risk to public health from foodborne Listeria monocytogenes among selected categories of ready-to-eat foods. CFSAN-FDA-HHS/FSIS-USDA, Washington, DC
41. Hitchins A. D. and Whiting R. C. (2001) Food-borne Listeria monocytogenes risk assessment. Food Addit. Contam. 18: 1108-1117
42. Rocourt J., Hogue A., Toyofuku H., Jacquet C. and Schlundt J. (2001) Listeria and listeriosis: risk assessment as a new tool to unravel a multifaceted problem. Am. J. Infect. Control 29: 225-227
43. Gilbert R. J. (1996) Zero tolerance for Listeria monocytogenes in foods-is it necessary or realistic? Food Australia 48: 169-170
44. Finlay B. B. and Falkow S. (1989) Common themes in microbial pathogenicity. Microbiol. Rev. 53: 210-230
45. Glaser P., Frangeul L., Buchrieser C., Rusniok C., Amend A., Baquero F. et al (2001) Comparative genomics of Listeria species. Science 294: 849-852
46. Greiffenberg L., Goebel W., Kim K. S., Weiglein I., Bubert A., Engelbrecht F. et al. (1998) Interaction of Listeria monocytogenes with human brain microvascular endothelial cells: InIB-dependent invasion, long-term intracellular growth and spread from macrophages to endothelial cells. Infect. Immun. 66: 5260-5267
47. Dramsi S., Biswas I., Maguin E., Braun L., Mastroeni P. and Cossart P. (1995) Entry of Listeria monocytogenes into hepatocytes requires expression of inIB, a surface protein of the internalin multigene family. Mol. Microbiol. 16: 251-261
48. Lingnau A., Domann E., Hudel M., Bock M., Nichterlein T., Wehland J. et al. (1995) Expression of the Listeria monocytogenes EGD inIA and inIB genes, whose products mediate bacterial entry into tissue culture cell lines, by PrfA-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Infect. Immun. 63: 3896-3903
49. Sheehan B., Kocks C., Dramsi S., Gouin E., Klarsfeld A. D., Mengaud J. et al. (1994) Molecular and genetic determinants of the Listeria monocytogenes infectious process. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 192: 187-216
50. Borezee E., Pellegrini E., Beretti J. L. and Berche P. (2001) SvpA, a novel surface virulence-associated protein required for intracellular survival of Listeria monocytogenes. Microbiology 147: 2913-2923
51. Kreft J., Vásquez-Boland J.-A., Ng E. and Goebel W. (1999) Virulence gene clusters and putative pathogenicity islands in listeriae. In: Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobil Virulence Elements, pp. 219-232, Karper J. B. and J H. (eds), ASM Press, Washington, DC
52. Tilney L. G. and Portnoy D. A. (1989) Actin filaments and the growth, movement, and spread of the intracellular bacterial parasite, Listeria monocytogenes. J. Cell Biol. 109: 1597-1608
53. Chakraborty T., Leimeister-Wachter M., Domann E., Hartl M., Goebel W., Nichterlein T. et al. (1992) Coordinate regulation of virulence genes in Listeria monocytogenes requires the product of the prfA gene. J. Bacteriol. 174: 568-574
54. Camilli A., Tilney L. G. and Portnoy D. A. (1993) Dual roles of p1cA in Listeria monocytogenes pathogenesis. Mol. Microbiol. 8: 143-157
55. Marquis H., Goldfine H. and Portnoy D. A. (1997) Proteolytic pathways of activation and degradation of a bacterial phospholipase C during intracellular infection by Listeria monocytogenes. J. Cell Biol. 137: 1381-1392
56. Portnoy D. A., Jacks P. S. and Hinrichs D. J. (1988) Role of hemolysin for the intracellular growth of Listeria monocytogenes. J. Exp. Med. 167: 1459-1471
57. Domann E., Wehland J., Rohde M., Pistor S., Hartl M., Goebel W. et al. (1992) A novel bacterial virulence gene in Listeria monocytogenes required for host cell microfilament interaction with homology to the proline-rich region of vinculin. EMBO J. 11: 1981-1990
58. Kocks C., Gouin E., Tabouret M., Berche P., Ohayon H. and Cossart P. (1992) L. monocytogenes-induced actin assembly requires the actA gene product, a surface protein. Cell 68: 521-531
59. Autret N., Dubail I., Trieu-Cuot P., Berche P. and Charbit A. (2001) Identification of new genes involved in the virulence of Listeria monocytogenes by signature-tagged transposon mutagenesis. Infect. Immun. 69: 2054-2065
60. Milohanic E., Pron B., Berche P. and Gaillard J. L. (2000) Identification of new loci involved in adhesion of Listeria monocytogenes to eukaryotic cells. European Listeria Genome Consortium. Microbiology 146 (Pt 3): 731-739
61. Hess J., Dreher A., Gentschev I., Goebel W., Ladel C., Miko D. et al. (1996) Protein p60 participates in intestinal host invasion by Listeria monocytogenes. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. 284: 263-272
62. Nadon C. A., Bowen B. M., Wiedmann M. and Boor K. J. (2002) Sigma B contributes to PrfA-mediated virulence in Listeria monocytogenes. Infect. Immun. 70: 3948-3952
63. Cotter P. D., Emerson N., Gahan C. G. and Hill C. (1999) Identification and disruption of lisRK, a genetic locus encoding a two-component signal transduction system involved in stress tolerance and virulence in Listeria monocytogenes. J. Bacteriol. 181: 6840-6843
64. Becker L. A., Evans S. N., Hutkins R. W. and Benson A. K. (2000) Role of sigma(B) in adaptation of Listeria monocytogenes to growth at low temperature. J. Bacteriol. 182: 7083-7087
65. Wiedmann M., Arvik T. J., Hurley R. J. and Boor K. J. (1998) General stress transcription factor sigmaB and its role in acid tolerance and virulence of Listeria monocytogenes. J. Bacteriol 180: 3650-3656
66. North R. J. and Conlan J. W. (1998) Immunity to Listeria monocytogenes. Chem. Immunol. 70: 1-20
67. Shen H., Tato C. M. and Fan X. (1998) Listeria monocytogenes as a probe to study cell-mediated immunity. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 10: 450-458
68. Parham P. (1997) Immunity to Listeria monocytogenes: a model intracellular pathogen. Immunol. Rev. 158: 1-169
69. Manohar M., Baumann D. O., Bos N. A. and Cebra J. J. (2001) Gut colonization of mice with actA-negative mutant of Listeria monocytogenes can stimulate a humoral mucosal immune response. Infect. Immun. 69: 3542-3549
70. Grenningloh R., Darji A., Wehland J., Chakraborty T. and Weiss S. (1997) Listeriolysin and IrpA are major protein targets of the human humoral response against Listeria monocytogenes. Infect. Immun. 65: 3976-3980
71. Kolb-Maurer A., Gentschev I., Fries H. W., Fiedler F., Brocker E. B., Kampgen E. et al. (2000) Listeria monocytogenes-infected human dendritic cells: uptake and host cell response. Infect. Immun. 68: 3680-3688
72. Pron B., Boumaila C., Jaubert F., Berche P., Milon G., Geissmann F. et al. (2001) Dendritic cells are early cellular targets of Listeria monocytogenes after intestinal delivery and are involved in bacterial spread in the host. Cell. Microbiol. 3: 331-340
73. Mackaness G. B. (1962) Cellular resistance to infection. J. Exp. Med. 116: 381-406
74. Conlan J. W. (1996) Early pathogenesis of Listeria monocytogenes infection in the mouse spleen. J. Med. Microbiol. 44: 295-302
75. Conlan J. W. and North R. J. (1991) Neutrophil-mediated dissolution of infected host cells as a defense strategy against a facultative intracellular bacterium. J. Exp. Med. 174: 741-744
76. Conlan J. W. and North R. J. (1992) Roles of Listeria monocytogenes virulence factors in survival: virulence factors distinct from listeriolysin are needed for the organism to survive an early neutrophil-mediated host defense mechanism. Infect. Immun. 60: 951-957
77. Stecha P. F., Heynen C. A., Roll J. T., Brown J. F. and Czuprynski C. J. (1989) Effects of growth temperature on the ingestion and killing of clinical isolates of Listeria monocytogenes by human neutrophils. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27: 1572-1576
78. Czuprynski C. J., Canono B. P., Henson P. M. and Campbell P. A. (1985) Genetically determined resistance to listeriosis is associated with increased accumulation of inflammatory neutrophils and macrophages which have enhanced listericidal activity. Immunology 55: 511-518
79. Dunn P. L. and North R. J. (1991) Early gamma interferon production by natural killer cells is important in defense against murine listeriosis. Infect. Immun. 59: 2892-2900
80. Sasaki T., Mieno M., Udono H., Yamaguchi K., Usui T., Hara K. et al. (1990) Roles of CD4+ and CD8+ cells, and the effect of administration of recombinant murine interferon gamma in listerial infection. J. Exp. Med. 171: 1141-1154
81. Dunn P. L. and North R. J. (1991) Resolution of primary murine listeriosis and acquired resistance to lethal secondary infection can be mediated predominantly by Thy-1+ CD4-CD8-cells. J. Infect. Dis. 164: 869-877
82. Lehner M. D., Schwoebel F., Kotlyarov A., Leist M., Gaestel M. and Hartung T. (2002) Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2-deficient mice show increased susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes infection. J. Immunol. 168: 4667-4673
83. Mattos L. C., Cintra J. R., Sanches F. E., Silva Rd Rde C., Ruiz M. A. and Moreira H. W. (2002) ABO, Lewis, secretor and non-secretor phenotypes in patients infected or uninfected by the Helicobacter pylori bacillus. Sao Paulo Med. J. 120: 55-58
84. Rad R., Gerhard M., Lang R., Schoniger M., Rosch T., Schepp W. et al. (2002) The Helicobacter pylori blood group antigen-binding adhesin facilitates bacterial colonization and augments a nonspecific immune response. J. Immunol. 168: 3033-3041
85. Boren T., Falk P., Roth K. A., Larson G. and Normark S. (1993) Attachment of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric epithelium mediated by blood group antigens. Science 262: 1892-1895
86. Schuchat A., Deaver K. A., Wenger J. D., Plikaytis B. D., Mascola L., Pinner R. W. et al. (1992) Role of foods in sporadic listeriosis. I. Case-control study of dietary risk factors. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 267: 2041-2045
87. Schlech W. F. 3rd, Chase D. P. and Badley A. (1993) A model of food-borne Listeria monocytogenes infection in the Sprague-Dawley rat using gastric inoculation: development and effect of gastric acidity on infective dose. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 18: 15-24
88. Czuprynski C. J. and Faith N. G. (2002) Sodium bicarbonate enhances the severity of infection in neutropenic mice orally inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes EGD. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 9: 477-481
89. Pavia C. S., Harris C. M. and Kavanagh M. (2002) Impaired bactericidal activity and host resistance to Listeria monocytogenes and Borrelia burgdorferi in rats administered an acute oral regimen of ethanol. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 9: 282-286
90. Shahamat M., Seaman A. and Woodbine M. (1980) Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in high salt concentrations. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. A 246: 506-511
91. Junttila J. R., Niemela S. I. and Hirn J. (1988) Minimum growth temperatures of Listeria monocytogenes and non-haemolytic Listeria. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 65: 321-327
92. Ryser E. T. and Marth E. H. (1987) Behavior of Listeria monocytogenes during the manufacture and ripening of Cheddar cheese. J. Food Prot. 50: 7-13
93. Kroll R. G. and Patchett R. A. (1992) Induced acid tolerance in Listeria monocytogenes. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 14: 224-227
94. Lou Y. and Yousef A. E. (1999) Characterisitics of Listeria monocytogenes important to food processors. In: Listeria, Listeriosis and Food Safety, pp. 131-224, Ryser E. T. and Harth E. H. (eds), Marcel Dekker, New York
95. O'Driscoll B., Gahan C. G. and Hill C. (1996) Adaptive acid tolerance response in Listeria monocytogenes: isolation of an acid-tolerant mutant which demonstrates increased virulence. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62: 1693-1698
96. Kuhn M. and Goebel W. (1999) Pathogenesis of Listeria monocytogenes. In: Listeria, Listeriosis and Food Safety, pp. 97-130, Ryser E. T. and Marth E. H. (eds), Marcel Dekker, New York
97. Racz P., Tenner K. and Mero E. (1972) Experimental Listeria enteritis. I. An electron microscopic study of the epithelial phase in experimental listeria infection. Lab. Invest. 26: 694-700
98. Marco A. J., Altimira J., Prats N., Lopez S., Dominguez L., Domingo M. et al. (1997) Penetration of Listeria monocytogenes in mice infected by the oral route. Microb. Pathog. 23: 255-263
99. Venter J. C., Adams M. D., Myers E. W., Li P. W., Mural R. J., Sutton G. G. et al. (2001) The sequence of the human genome. Science 291: 1304-1351
100. Mengaud J., Ohayon H., Gounon P., Mege R. M. and Cossart P. (1996) E-cadherin is the receptor for internalin, a surface protein required for entry of L. monocytogenes into epithelial cells. Cell 84: 923-932
101. Braun L., Nato F., Payrastre B., Mazie J. C. and Cossart P. (1999) The 213-amino-acid leucine-rich repeat region of the Listeria monocytogenes InIB protein is sufficient for entry into mammalian cells, stimulation of P1 3-kinase and membrane ruffling. Mol. Microbiol. 34: 10-23
102. Braun L., Ghebrehiwet B. and Cossart P. (2000) gC1q-R/p32, aC1q-binding protein, is a receptor for the InIB invasion protein of Listeria monocytogenes. EMBO J. 19: 1458-1466
103. Shen Y., Naujokas M., Park M. and Ireton K. (2000) InIB-dependent internalization of Listeria is mediated by the Met receptor tyrosine kinase. Cell 103: 501-510
104. Glomski I. J., Gedde M. M., Tsang A. W., Swanson J. A. and Portnoy D. A. (2002) The Listeria monocytogenes hemolysin has an acidic pH optimum to compartmentalize activity and prevent damage to infected host cells. J. Cell Biol. 156: 1029-1038
105. Loisel T. P., Boujemaa R., Pantaloni D. and Carlier M. F. (1999) Reconstitution of actin-based motility of Listeria and Shigella using pure proteins. Nature 401: 613-616
106. Darji A., Stockinger B., Wehland J., Chakraborty T. and Weiss S. (1997) Antigen-specific T cell receptor antagonism by antigen-presenting cells treated with the hemolysin of Listeria monocytogenes: a novel type of immune escape. Eur. J. Immunol. 27: 1696-1703
107. Rogers H. W., Callery M. P., Deck B. and Unanue E. R. (1996) Listeria monocytogenes induces apoptosis of infected hepatocytes. J. Immunol. 156: 679-684
108. Guzman C. A., Domann E., Rohde M., Bruder D., Darji A., Weiss S. et al. (1996) Apoptosis of mouse dendritic cells is triggered by listeriolysin, the major virulence determinant of Listeria monocytogenes. Mol. Microbiol, 20: 119-126
109. Barsig J. and Kaufmann S. H. (1997) The mechanism of cell death in Listeria monocytogenes-infected murine macrophages is distinct from apoptosis. Infect. Immun. 65: 4075-4081
110. Anonymous (1991) The ecology of Listeria monocytogenes. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 14: 194-199
111. Park S. F. and Kroll R. G. (1993) Expression of listeriolysin and phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C is repressed by the plant-derived molecule cellobiose in Listeria monocytogenes. Mol. Microbiol. 8: 653-661
112. Klarsfeld A. D., Goossens P. L. and Cossart P. (1994) Five Listeria monocytogenes genes preferentially expressed in infected mammalian cells: plcA, purH, purD, pyrE and an arginine ABC transporter gene, arpJ. Mol. Microbiol. 13: 585-597
113. Datta A. R. and Kothary M. H. (1993) Effects of glucose, growth temperature and pH on listeriolysin O production in Listeria monocytogenes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 3495-3497
114. Conte M. P., Petrone G., Di Biase A. M., Ammendolia M. G., Superti F. and Seganti L. (2000) Acid tolerance in Listeria monocytogenes influences invasiveness of enterocyte-like cells and macrophage-like cells. Microb. Pathog. 29: 137-144
115. Saklani-Jusforgues H., Fontan E. and Goossens P. L. (2000) Effect of acid-adaptation on Listeria monocytogenes survival and translocation in a murine intragastric infection model. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 193: 155-159
116. Sokolovic Z., Riedel J., Wuenscher M. and Goebel W. (1993) Surface-associated, PrfA-rogulated proteins of Listeria monocytogenes synthesized under stress conditions. Mol. Microbiol. 8: 219-227
117. Foussard M., Cabantous S., Pedelacq J., Guillet V., Tranier S., Mourey L. et al. (2001) The molecular puzzle of two-component signaling cascades. Microbes Infect. 3: 417-424
118. Kallipolitis B. H. and Ingmer H. (2001) Listeria monocytogenes response regulators important for stress tolerance and pathogenesis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 204: 111-115
119. Ripio M. T., Vásquez-Boland J.-A., Vega Y., Nair S. and Berche P. (1998) Evidence for expressional crosstalk between the central virulence regulator PrfA and the stress response mediator ClpC in Listeria monocytogenes. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 158: 45-50
120. Rouquette C., Ripio M. T., Pellegrini E., Bolla J. M., Tascon R. I., Vásquez-Boland J. A. et al. (1996) Identification of a ClpC ATPase required for stress tolerance and in vivo survival of Listeria monocytogenes. Mol. Microbiol. 21: 977-987
121. Donlan R. M. and Costerton J. W. (2002) Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15: 167-193
122. Norwood D. E. and Gilmour A. (1999) Adherence of Listeria monocytogenes strains to stainless steel coupons. J. Appl. Microbiol. 86: 576-582
123. Lunden J. M., Miettinen M. K., Autio T. J. and Korkeala H. (2000) Persistent Listeria monocytogenes strains show enhanced adherence to food contact surface after short contact times. J. Food Prot. 63: 1204-1207
124. Djordjevic D., Wiedmann M. and McLandsborough L. A. (2002) Microtiter plate assay for assessment of Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 2950-2958
125. Kalmokoff M. L., Austin J. W., Wan X. D., Sanders G., Banerjee S. and Farber J. M. (2001) Adsorption, attachment and biofilm formation among isolates of Listeria monocytogenes using model conditions. J. Appl. Microbiol. 91: 725-734
126. Turnock L. L., Somers E. B., Faith N. G., Czuprynski C. J. and Lee W. A. (2002) The effects of prior growth as a biofilm on the virulence of Salmonella typhimurium for mice. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 25: 43-48
127. Baldassarri L., Cecchini R., Bertuccini L., Ammendolia M. G., Iosi F., Arciola C. R. et al. (2001) Enterococcas spp. produces slime and survives in rat peritoneal macrophages. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. (Berl). 190:113-120
128. Bowden G. H. and Li Y. H. (1997) Nutritional influences on biofilm development. Adv. Dent. Res. 11: 81-99
129. Taylor C. M., Beresford M., Epton H. A., Sigee D. C., Shama G., Andrew P. W. et al. (2002) Listeria monocytogenes re1A and hpt mutants are impaired in surface-attached growth and virulence. J. Bacteriol. 184: 621-628
130. Tremoulet F., Duche O., Namane A., Martinie B. and Labadie J. C. (2002) Comparison of protein patterns of Listeria monocytogenes grown in biofilm or in planktonic mode by proteomic analysis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 210: 25-31
131. Harb O. S., Gao L. Y. and Abu Kwaik Y. (2000) From protozoa to mammalian cells: a new paradigm in the life cycle of intracellular bacterial pathogens. Environ Microbiol 2: 251-265
132. Winiecka-Krusnell J. and Linder E. (2001) Bacterial infections of free-living amoebae. Res. Microbiol. 152: 613-619
133. Tomov A. T., Tsvetkova E. D., Tomova I. A., Michailova L. I. and Kassovski V. K. (1999) Persistance and multiplication of obligate anaerobe bacteria in amebae under aerobic conditions. Anaerobe 5: 19-23
134. Ly T. M. and Muller H. E. (1990) Ingested Listeria monocytogenes survive and multiply in protozoa. J. Med. Microbiol. 33: 51-54
135. Ferreira A., O'Byrne C. P. and Boor K. J. (2001) Role of sigma(B) in heat, ethanol, acid, and oxidative stress resistance and during carbon starvation in Listeria monocytogenes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67: 4454-4457
136. Leimeister-Wachter M., Haffner C., Domann E., Goebel W. and Chakraborty T. (1990) Identification of a gene that positively regulates expression of listeriolysin, the major virulence factor of Listeria monocytogenes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 8336-8340
137. Renzoni A., Cossart P. and Dramsi S. (1999) PrfA, the transcriptional activator of virulence genes, is upregulated during interaction of Listeria monocytogenes with mammalian cells and in eukaryotic cell extracts. Mol. Microbiol. 34: 552-561
138. Bockmann R., Dickneite C., Goebel W. and Bohne J. (2000) PrfA mediates specific binding of RNA polymerase of Listeria monocytogenes to PrfA-dependent virulence gene promoters resulting in a transcriptionally active complex. Mol. Microbiol. 36: 487-497
139. Stachowiak R. and Bielecki J. (2001) Contribution of hemolysin and phospholipase activity to cytolytic properties and viability of Listeria monocytogenes. Acta Microbiol. Pol. 50: 243-250
140. Vásquez-Boland J. A., Kocks C., Dramsi S., Ohayon H., Geoffroy C., Mengaud J. et al. (1992) Nucleotide sequence of the lecithinase operon of Listeria monocytogenes and possible role of lecithinase in cell-to-cell spread. Infect. Immun. 60: 219-230
141. Marquis H. and Hager E. J. (2000) pH-regulated activation and release of a bacteria-associated phospholipase C during intracellular infection by Listeria monocytogenes. Mol. Microbiol. 35: 289-298
142. Bielecki J., Youngman P., Connelly P. and Portnoy D. A. (1990) Bacillus subtilis expressing a haemolysin gene from Listeria monocytogenes can grow in mammalian cells. Nature 345: 175-176
143. Gedde M. M., Higgins D. E., Tilney L. G. and Portnoy D. A. (2000) Role of listeriolysin O in cell-to-cell spread of Listeria monocytogenes. Infect. Immun. 68: 999-1003
144. Decatur A. L. and Portnoy D. A. (2000) A PEST-like sequence in listeriolysin O essential for Listeria monocytogenes pathogenicity. Science 290: 992-995
145. Coffey A., van den Burg B., Veltman R. and Abee T. (2000) Characteristics of the biologically active 35-kDa metalloprotease virulence factor from Listeria monocytogenes. J. Appl. Microbiol. 88: 132-141
146. Pistor S., Chakraborty T., Niebuhr K., Domann E. and Wehland J. (1994) The ActA protein of Listeria monocytogenes acts as a nucleator inducing reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. EMBO J. 13: 758-763
147. Smith G. A. and Portnoy D. A. (1997) How the Listeria monocytogenes ActA protein converts actin polymerization into a motile force. Trends Microbiol. 5: 272-276
148. Galliard J. L., Berche P., Frehel C., Gouin E. and Cossart P. (1991) Entry of L. monocytogenes into cells is mediated by internalin, a repeat protein reminiscent of surface antigens from gram-positive cocci. Cell 65: 1127-1141
149. Bergmann B., Raffelsbauer D., Kuhn M., Goetz M., Hom S. and Goebel W. (2002) In1A- but not In1B-mediated internalization of Listeria monocytogenes by non-phagocytic mammalian cells needs the support of other internalins. Mol. Microbiol. 43: 557-570
150. Marino M., Braun L., Cossart P. and Ghosh P. (1999) Structure of the In1B leucine-rich repeats, a domain that triggers host cell invasion by the bacterial pathogen L. monocytogenes. Mol. Cell 4: 1063-1072
151. Jonquieres R., Pizarro-Cerda J. and Cossart P. (2001) Synergy between the N- and C-terminal domains of In1B for efficient invasion of non-phagocytic cells by Listeria monocytogenes. Mol. Microbiol. 42: 955-965
152. Wuenscher M. D., Kohler S., Bubert A., Gerike U. and Goebel W. (1993) The iap gene of Listeria monocytogenes is essential for cell viability, and its gene product, p60, has bacteriolytic activity. J. Bacteriol. 175: 3491-3501
153. Chico-Calero I., Suarez M., Gonzalez-Zorn B., Scortti M., Slaghuis J., Goebel W. et al. (2002) Hpt, a bacterial homolog of the microsomal glucose- 6-phosphate translocase, mediates rapid intracellular proliferation in Listeria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 431-436
154. Rouquette C., de Chastellier C., Nair S. and Berche P. (1998) The ClpC ATPase of Listeria monocytogenes is a general stress protein required for virulence and promoting early bacterial escape from the phagosome of macrophages. Mol. Microbiol. 27: 1235-1245
155. Nair S., Frehel C., Nguyen L., Escuyer V. and Berche P. (1999) ClpE, a novel member of the HSP100 family, is involved in cell division and virulence of Listeria monocytogenes. Mol. Microbiol. 31: 185-196
156. Nair S., Derre I., Msadek T., Galliot O. and Berche P. (2000) CtsR controls class 111 heat shock gene expression in the human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Mol. Microbiol. 35: 800-811
157. Gaillot O., Pellegrini E., Bregenholt S., Nair S. and Berche P. (2000) The ClpP serine protease is essential for the intracellular parasitism and virulence of Listeria monocytogenes. Mol. Microbiol. 35: 1286-1294
158. Garandeau C., Reglier-Poupet H., Dubail I., Beretti J.-L., the European Listeria Genome Consortium, Berche P. et al. (2002) The sortase SrtA of Listeria monocytogenes is involved in processing of internalin and in virulence. Infect. Immun. 70: 1382-1390