메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 26, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 293-306

Not all smiles are created equal: Investigating the effects of display authenticity and service relationship on customer tipping behavior

Author keywords

Display authenticity; Friendliness; Service relationship; Service satisfaction; Tipping

Indexed keywords


EID: 84890861768     PISSN: 09596119     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/IJCHM-10-2012-0181     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (38)

References (66)
  • 2
    • 0041011178 scopus 로고
    • Emotional labor in service roles: The influence of identity
    • Ashforth, B.E., Humphrey, R.H. (1993), "Emotional labor in service roles: the influence of identity" in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 88-115.
    • (1993) Academy of Management Review , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 88-115
    • Ashforth, B.E.1    Humphrey, R.H.2
  • 3
    • 79954990648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current emotion research in organizational behavior
    • Ashkanasy, N.M., Humphrey, R.H. (2011), "Current emotion research in organizational behavior" in Emotion Review, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 214-224.
    • (2011) Emotion Review , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 214-224
    • Ashkanasy, N.M.1    Humphrey, R.H.2
  • 4
    • 4043171109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The history of tipping - from sixteenth-century England to United States in the 1910s
    • Azar, O.H. (2004a), "The history of tipping - from sixteenth-century England to United States in the 1910s" in Journal of Socio-Economics, Vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 745-764.
    • (2004) Journal of Socio-Economics , vol.33 , Issue.6 , pp. 745-764
    • Azar, O.H.1
  • 5
    • 1842661626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What sustains social norms and how they evolve? The case of tipping
    • Azar, O.H. (2004b), "What sustains social norms and how they evolve? The case of tipping" in Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 49-64.
    • (2004) Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization , vol.54 , Issue.1 , pp. 49-64
    • Azar, O.H.1
  • 6
    • 24144470838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The social norm of tipping: Does it improve social welfare?
    • Azar, O.H. (2005), "The social norm of tipping: does it improve social welfare?" in Journal of Economics, Vol. 85, No. 2, pp. 141-173.
    • (2005) Journal of Economics , vol.85 , Issue.2 , pp. 141-173
    • Azar, O.H.1
  • 7
    • 33846642133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The social norm of tipping: A review
    • Azar, O.H. (2007), "The social norm of tipping: a review" in Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 380-402.
    • (2007) Journal of Applied Social Psychology , vol.37 , Issue.2 , pp. 380-402
    • Azar, O.H.1
  • 8
    • 49149092159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tipping as a strategic investment in service quality: An optimal-control analysis of repeated interactions in the service industry
    • Azar, O.H., Tobol, Y. (2008), "Tipping as a strategic investment in service quality: an optimal-control analysis of repeated interactions in the service industry" in Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 246-260.
    • (2008) Southern Economic Journal , vol.75 , Issue.1 , pp. 246-260
    • Azar, O.H.1    Tobol, Y.2
  • 9
    • 53849115686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral economics and decision making: Applying insights from psychology to understand how people make economic decisions
    • Azar, O.H., Yossi, T. (2008), "Behavioral economics and decision making: applying insights from psychology to understand how people make economic decisions" in Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol. 29, No. 5, pp. 613-618.
    • (2008) Journal of Economic Psychology , vol.29 , Issue.5 , pp. 613-618
    • Azar, O.H.1    Yossi, T.2
  • 10
    • 10244232772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing servers' roles as experts and managers of tipping behaviour
    • Barkan, R., Israeli, A. (2004), "Testing servers' roles as experts and managers of tipping behaviour" in The Service Industries Journal, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 91-108.
    • (2004) The Service Industries Journal , vol.24 , Issue.6 , pp. 91-108
    • Barkan, R.1    Israeli, A.2
  • 11
    • 0000999219 scopus 로고
    • Gratuities and customer appraisal of service: Evidence from Minnesota restaurants
    • Bodvarsson, Ö., Gibson, W. (1994), "Gratuities and customer appraisal of service: evidence from Minnesota restaurants" in Journal of Socio-Economics, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 287-302.
    • (1994) Journal of Socio-Economics , vol.23 , Issue.3 , pp. 287-302
    • Bodvarsson, Ö.1    Gibson, W.2
  • 12
    • 0041158994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economics and restaurant gratuities: Determining tip rates
    • Bodvarsson, Ö., Gibson, W. (1997), "Economics and restaurant gratuities: determining tip rates" in American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 187-203.
    • (1997) American Journal of Economics and Sociology , vol.56 , Issue.2 , pp. 187-203
    • Bodvarsson, Ö.1    Gibson, W.2
  • 13
    • 0345530741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why do diners tip: Rule-of-thumb or valuation of service?
    • Bodvarsson, Ö., Luksetich, W., McDermott, S. (2003), "Why do diners tip: rule-of-thumb or valuation of service?" in Applied Economics, Vol. 35, No. 15, pp. 1659-1665.
    • (2003) Applied Economics , vol.35 , Issue.15 , pp. 1659-1665
    • Bodvarsson, Ö.1    Luksetich, W.2    McDermott, S.3
  • 14
    • 13844277135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Restaurant tipping: Free-riding, social acceptance, and gender differences
    • Boyes, W.J., Mounts, W.S., Sowell, C. (2004), "Restaurant tipping: free-riding, social acceptance, and gender differences" in Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 34, No. 12, pp. 2616-2628.
    • (2004) Journal of Applied Social Psychology , vol.34 , Issue.12 , pp. 2616-2628
    • Boyes, W.J.1    Mounts, W.S.2    Sowell, C.3
  • 15
    • 84861996109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bureau of Labor Statistics available at (accessed September 12, 2012)
    • Bureau of Labor Statistics (2011), Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers: 2011, available at: www.bls.gov/cps/minwage2011.htm (accessed September 12, 2012).
    • (2011) Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers: 2011
  • 16
    • 82855161026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Want a tip? Service performance as a function of emotion regulation and extraversion
    • Chi, N.W., Grandey, A.A., Diamond, J.A., Krimmel, K.R. (2011), "Want a tip? Service performance as a function of emotion regulation and extraversion" in Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 96, No. 6, pp. 1337-1346.
    • (2011) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.96 , Issue.6 , pp. 1337-1346
    • Chi, N.W.1    Grandey, A.A.2    Diamond, J.A.3    Krimmel, K.R.4
  • 18
    • 43549116314 scopus 로고
    • Service encounters and service relationships: Implications for research
    • Czepiel, J. (1990), "Service encounters and service relationships: implications for research" in Journal of Business Research, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 13-21.
    • (1990) Journal of Business Research , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 13-21
    • Czepiel, J.1
  • 20
    • 33845516816 scopus 로고
    • Felt, false, and miserable smiles
    • Ekman, P., Friesen, W.V. (1982), "Felt, false, and miserable smiles" in Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 238-252.
    • (1982) Journal of Nonverbal Behavior , vol.6 , Issue.4 , pp. 238-252
    • Ekman, P.1    Friesen, W.V.2
  • 23
    • 44249103793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrating personality, context, relationship, and emotion type into a model of display rules
    • Fok, H.K., Hui, C.M., Bond, M.H., Matsumoto, D., Yoo, S.H. (2008), "Integrating personality, context, relationship, and emotion type into a model of display rules" in Journal of Research in Personality, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 133-150.
    • (2008) Journal of Research in Personality , vol.42 , Issue.1 , pp. 133-150
    • Fok, H.K.1    Hui, C.M.2    Bond, M.H.3    Matsumoto, D.4    Yoo, S.H.5
  • 24
    • 0001632452 scopus 로고
    • Effect of server introduction on restaurant tipping
    • Garrity, K., Degelman, D. (1990), "Effect of server introduction on restaurant tipping" in Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 168-172.
    • (1990) Journal of Applied Social Psychology , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 168-172
    • Garrity, K.1    Degelman, D.2
  • 25
    • 0037296863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When 'the show must go on': Surface acting and deep acting as determinants of emotional exhaustion and peer-rated service delivery
    • Grandey, A.A. (2003), "When 'the show must go on': surface acting and deep acting as determinants of emotional exhaustion and peer-rated service delivery" in Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 86-96.
    • (2003) Academy of Management Journal , vol.46 , Issue.1 , pp. 86-96
    • Grandey, A.A.1
  • 27
    • 0032346411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Customer responses to emotional labour in discrete and relational service exchange
    • Grayson, K. (1998), "Customer responses to emotional labour in discrete and relational service exchange" in International Journal of Service Industry Management, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 126-154.
    • (1998) International Journal of Service Industry Management , vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp. 126-154
    • Grayson, K.1
  • 28
    • 0002667595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Customer-employee rapport in service relationships
    • Gremler, D., Gwinner, K. (2000), "Customer-employee rapport in service relationships" in Journal of Service Research, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 82-104.
    • (2000) Journal of Service Research , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 82-104
    • Gremler, D.1    Gwinner, K.2
  • 29
    • 70350340403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Customer reactions to emotional labor: The roles of employee acting strategies and customer detection accuracy
    • Groth, M., Hennig-Thurau, T., Walsh, G. (2009), "Customer reactions to emotional labor: the roles of employee acting strategies and customer detection accuracy" in Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 52, No. 5, pp. 958-974.
    • (2009) Academy of Management Journal , vol.52 , Issue.5 , pp. 958-974
    • Groth, M.1    Hennig-Thurau, T.2    Walsh, G.3
  • 30
    • 35948941531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of modeling on tipping behavior
    • Guéguen, N. (2007), "The effect of modeling on tipping behavior" in Studia Psychologica, Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 275-281.
    • (2007) Studia Psychologica , vol.49 , Issue.3 , pp. 275-281
    • Guéguen, N.1
  • 31
    • 17644370324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of touch on tipping: An evaluation in a French bar
    • Guéguen, N., Jacob, C. (2005), "The effect of touch on tipping: an evaluation in a French bar" in International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 295-299.
    • (2005) International Journal of Hospitality Management , vol.24 , Issue.2 , pp. 295-299
    • Guéguen, N.1    Jacob, C.2
  • 33
    • 0013326652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Service relationships, pseudo-relationships
    • Iacobucci, D., Swartz, T. (Eds.), Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA
    • Gutek, B.A. (2000), "Service relationships, pseudo-relationships" in Iacobucci, D. and Swartz, T. (Eds.), Handbook of Services Marketing and Management, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, p. 371.
    • (2000) Handbook of Services Marketing and Management , pp. 371
    • Gutek, B.A.1
  • 34
    • 0033244579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinguishing between service relationships and encounters
    • Gutek, B.A., Bhappu, A., Liao-Troth, M., Cherry, B. (1999), "Distinguishing between service relationships and encounters" in Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 218-233.
    • (1999) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.84 , Issue.2 , pp. 218-233
    • Gutek, B.A.1    Bhappu, A.2    Liao-Troth, M.3    Cherry, B.4
  • 37
    • 67349280923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tipping as risk sharing
    • Holland, S.J. (2009), "Tipping as risk sharing" in Journal of Socio-Economics, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 641-647.
    • (2009) Journal of Socio-Economics , vol.38 , Issue.4 , pp. 641-647
    • Holland, S.J.1
  • 38
    • 0000392962 scopus 로고
    • An application of equity theory to buyer-seller exchange situations
    • Huppertz, J.W., Arenson, S.J., Evans, R.H. (1978), "An application of equity theory to buyer-seller exchange situations" in Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 250-260.
    • (1978) Journal of Marketing Research , vol.15 , Issue.2 , pp. 250-260
    • Huppertz, J.W.1    Arenson, S.J.2    Evans, R.H.3
  • 39
    • 70350148378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tipping and service quality: Results from a large database
    • Kerr, P.M., Domazlicky, B.R. (2009), "Tipping and service quality: results from a large database" in Applied Economics Letters, Vol. 16, No. 15, pp. 1505-1510.
    • (2009) Applied Economics Letters , vol.16 , Issue.15 , pp. 1505-1510
    • Kerr, P.M.1    Domazlicky, B.R.2
  • 40
    • 38149012174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facial dynamics as indicators of trustworthiness and cooperative behavior
    • Krumhuber, E., Manstead, A.S.R., Cosker, D., Marshall, D., Rosin, P.L., Kappas, A. (2007), "Facial dynamics as indicators of trustworthiness and cooperative behavior" in Emotion, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 730-735.
    • (2007) Emotion , vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp. 730-735
    • Krumhuber, E.1    Manstead, A.S.R.2    Cosker, D.3    Marshall, D.4    Rosin, P.L.5    Kappas, A.6
  • 41
    • 84925977606 scopus 로고
    • The effect of smiling on person perception
    • Lau, S. (1982), "The effect of smiling on person perception" in The Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 117, No. 1, pp. 63-67.
    • (1982) The Journal of Social Psychology , vol.117 , Issue.1 , pp. 63-67
    • Lau, S.1
  • 43
    • 0034135066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National personality and tipping customs
    • Lynn, M. (2000), "National personality and tipping customs" in Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 395-404.
    • (2000) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.28 , Issue.2 , pp. 395-404
    • Lynn, M.1
  • 44
    • 38349186975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personality effects on tipping attitudes, self-reported behaviors and customs: A multi-level inquiry
    • Lynn, M. (2008), "Personality effects on tipping attitudes, self-reported behaviors and customs: a multi-level inquiry" in Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 989-999.
    • (2008) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.44 , Issue.4 , pp. 989-999
    • Lynn, M.1
  • 45
    • 38249020701 scopus 로고
    • Restaurant tipping: An examination of three rational explanations
    • Lynn, M., Grassman, A. (1990), "Restaurant tipping: an examination of three rational explanations" in Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 169-181.
    • (1990) Journal of Economic Psychology , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 169-181
    • Lynn, M.1    Grassman, A.2
  • 46
    • 0000820080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gratitude and gratuity: A meta-analysis of research on the service-tipping relationship
    • Lynn, M., McCall, M. (2000), "Gratitude and gratuity: a meta-analysis of research on the service-tipping relationship" in Journal of Socio-Economics, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 203-214.
    • (2000) Journal of Socio-Economics , vol.29 , Issue.2 , pp. 203-214
    • Lynn, M.1    McCall, M.2
  • 47
    • 84991131508 scopus 로고
    • Effect of server posture on restaurant tipping
    • Lynn, M., Mynier, K. (1993), "Effect of server posture on restaurant tipping" in Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 23, No. 8, pp. 678-685.
    • (1993) Journal of Applied Social Psychology , vol.23 , Issue.8 , pp. 678-685
    • Lynn, M.1    Mynier, K.2
  • 48
    • 77951660879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tipping and service quality: A within-subjects analysis
    • Lynn, M., Sturman, M. (2010), "Tipping and service quality: a within-subjects analysis" in Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 269-275.
    • (2010) Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research , vol.34 , Issue.2 , pp. 269-275
    • Lynn, M.1    Sturman, M.2
  • 49
    • 84986091995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organizational justice, employees' ethical behavior, and job satisfaction in the casino industry
    • McCain, S.L.C., Tsai, H., Bellino, N. (2010), "Organizational justice, employees' ethical behavior, and job satisfaction in the casino industry" in International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 22, No. 7, pp. 992-1009.
    • (2010) International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , vol.22 , Issue.7 , pp. 992-1009
    • McCain, S.L.C.1    Tsai, H.2    Bellino, N.3
  • 50
    • 80054025322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The basics of restaurant tipping: All about dining gratuity
    • available at (accessed September 14, 2012)
    • Mealey, L. (2010), "The basics of restaurant tipping: all about dining gratuity", available at: http://restaurants.about.com/od/customerservice/a/Tipping.htm (accessed September 14, 2012).
    • (2010)
    • Mealey, L.1
  • 52
    • 33750913747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An analysis of the determinants of tipping behavior: A laboratory experiment and evidence from restaurant tipping
    • Parrett, M. (2006), "An analysis of the determinants of tipping behavior: a laboratory experiment and evidence from restaurant tipping" in Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 73, No. 2, pp. 489-514.
    • (2006) Southern Economic Journal , vol.73 , Issue.2 , pp. 489-514
    • Parrett, M.1
  • 53
    • 0035643026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Service with a smile: Emotional contagion in the service encounter
    • Pugh, S.D. (2001), "Service with a smile: emotional contagion in the service encounter" in Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 1018-1027.
    • (2001) Academy of Management Journal , vol.44 , Issue.5 , pp. 1018-1027
    • Pugh, S.D.1
  • 54
    • 84986413046 scopus 로고
    • Effect of server's 'thank you' and personalization on restaurant tipping
    • Rind, B., Bordia, P. (1995), "Effect of server's 'thank you' and personalization on restaurant tipping" in Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 25, No. 9, pp. 745-751.
    • (1995) Journal of Applied Social Psychology , vol.25 , Issue.9 , pp. 745-751
    • Rind, B.1    Bordia, P.2
  • 55
    • 74149088286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why tip? An empirical test of motivations for tipping car guards
    • Saunders, S.G., Lynn, M. (2010), "Why tip? An empirical test of motivations for tipping car guards" in Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 106-113.
    • (2010) Journal of Economic Psychology , vol.31 , Issue.1 , pp. 106-113
    • Saunders, S.G.1    Lynn, M.2
  • 56
    • 0009127451 scopus 로고
    • Employee and customer perceptions of service in banks: Replication and extension
    • Schneider, B., Bowen, D.E. (1985), "Employee and customer perceptions of service in banks: replication and extension" in Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 70, No. 3, pp. 423-433.
    • (1985) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.70 , Issue.3 , pp. 423-433
    • Schneider, B.1    Bowen, D.E.2
  • 58
    • 84986706406 scopus 로고
    • A note on tipping and employee perceptions and attitudes
    • Shamir, B. (1983), "A note on tipping and employee perceptions and attitudes" in Journal of Occupational Psychology, Vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 255-259.
    • (1983) Journal of Occupational Psychology , vol.56 , Issue.3 , pp. 255-259
    • Shamir, B.1
  • 60
    • 77958449409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mystery of the European smile: A comparison based on individual photographs provided by internet users
    • Szarota, P. (2010), "The mystery of the European smile: a comparison based on individual photographs provided by internet users" in Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 249-256.
    • (2010) Journal of Nonverbal Behavior , vol.34 , Issue.4 , pp. 249-256
    • Szarota, P.1
  • 61
    • 84869127698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Duchenne marker is not a universal signal of smile authenticity - but it can be learned!
    • Thibault, P., Levesque, M., Gosselin, P., Hess, U. (2012), "The Duchenne marker is not a universal signal of smile authenticity - but it can be learned!" in Social Psychology, Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 215-221.
    • (2012) Social Psychology , vol.43 , Issue.4 , pp. 215-221
    • Thibault, P.1    Levesque, M.2    Gosselin, P.3    Hess, U.4
  • 62
    • 79953069265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Service without a smile: Comparing the consequences of neutral and positive display rules
    • Trougakos, J.P., Jackson, C.L., Beal, D.J. (2011), "Service without a smile: comparing the consequences of neutral and positive display rules" in Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 96, No. 2, pp. 350-362.
    • (2011) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.96 , Issue.2 , pp. 350-362
    • Trougakos, J.P.1    Jackson, C.L.2    Beal, D.J.3
  • 63
    • 0242330805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tipping behaviour: A disconfirmation of expectation perspective
    • Tse, A.C. (2003), "Tipping behaviour: a disconfirmation of expectation perspective" in International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 461-467.
    • (2003) International Journal of Hospitality Management , vol.22 , Issue.4 , pp. 461-467
    • Tse, A.C.1
  • 65
    • 85015835327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Palgrave Macmillan, New York, NY
    • Yagil, D. (2008), The Service Providers, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, NY.
    • (2008) The Service Providers
    • Yagil, D.1
  • 66
    • 79957652042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hospitality marketing research from 2000 to 2009: Topics, methods, and trends
    • Yoo, M., Lee, S., Bai, B. (2011), "Hospitality marketing research from 2000 to 2009: topics, methods, and trends" in International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 517-532.
    • (2011) International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , vol.23 , Issue.4 , pp. 517-532
    • Yoo, M.1    Lee, S.2    Bai, B.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.