The Mystery of the European Smile: A Comparison Based on Individual Photographs Provided by Internet Users

Journal of Nonverbal Behavior

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 249-256

  Szarota, Piotr ^a  

^a POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (Poland)

Author keywords

Cross cultural differences; Facial expression; Internet research; Smiling

Indexed keywords

EID: 77958449409     PISSN: 01915886     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10919-010-0093-y     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Brennan-Parks, K., Goddard, M., Wilson, A. E., & Kinnear, L. (1991). Sex differences in smiling as measured in a picture taking task. Sex Roles, 24, 375-382.
2. Brown, W. M., Palameta, B., & Moore, C. (2003). Are there nonverbal cues to commitment? An exploratory study using the zero-acquaintance video presentation paradigm. Evolutionary Psychology, 1, 42-69.
3. Carroll, R. (1988). Cultural misunderstandings: French-American experience. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
4. DeSantis, M., & Sierra, N. (2000). Women smiled more often and openly than men when photographed for a pleasant public occasion in 20th century United States society. Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior, 37, 21-31.
5. Dolinski, D. (1996). The mystery of the Polish soul. B. W. Johnson's effect a rebours. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 1001-1006.
6. Drakulic, S. (1997). Café Europa. Life after communism. New York: Norton.
7. Ekman, P. (1972). Universal and cultural differences in facial expression of emotion. In J. R. Cole (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1971 (pp. 207-283). Lincoln, NE: Nebraska University Press.
8. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1978). Facial action coding system: A technique for the measurement of facial movement. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.
9. Elfenbein, H. A., & Ambady, N. (2003). When familiarity breeds accuracy: Cultural exposure and facial emotion recognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 276-290.
10. Elfenbein, H. A., Lavesque, M., Beaupré, M., & Hess, U. (2007). Toward a dialectic theory: Cultural differences in the expression and recognition of posed facial expressions. Emotion, 7, 131-146.
11. Endy, C. (2003). Rudeness and modernity. The reception of American tourists in early fifth-republic France. French Politics, Culture & Society, 21, 55-85.
12. Fridlund, A. (1994). Human facial expression: An evolutionary view. New York, NY: Academic Press.
13. Friesen, W. V. (1972). Cultural differences in facial expressions in a social situation: An experimental test of the concept of display rules. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation. San Francisco: University of California.
14. Godoy, R., Reyes-Garcia, V., Huanca, T., Tanner, S., Leonard, W. R., McDade, T., et al. (2005). Do smiles have a face value? Panel evidence from Amazonian Indians. Journal of Economic Psychology, 26, 469-490.
15. Hall, J. A., & Halberstadt, A. G. (1986). Smiling and gazing. In J. S. Hyde & M. C. Inn (Eds.), The psychology of gender: Advances through meta-analysis (pp. 136-185). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
16. Hess, U., Beaupré, M., & Cheung, N. (2002). Who to whom and why-cultural differences and similarities in the function of smiles. In M. Abel (Ed.), An empirical reflection on the smile (pp. 187-216). New York, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press.
17. Hofstede, G. H. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
18. Johnson, W. B. (1937). Euphoric and depressed mood in normal subjects. Character and Personality, 6, 79-98.
19. Kundera, M. (2007 Jan 8). Die Weltliteratur. The New Yorker.
20. LaFrance, M., Hecht, M. A., & Paluck, E. L. (2003). The contingent smile: A meta-analysis of sex differences in smiling. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 305-334.
21. Lau, S. (1982). The effect of smiling on person perception. Journal of Social Psychology, 117, 63-67.
22. Makinen, I. H. (2000). Eastern European transition and suicide mortalit. Social Science and Medicine, 51, 1405-1420.
23. Matsumoto, D., & Kudoh, T. (1993). American-Japanese cultural differences in attributions of personality based on smiles. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 17, 231-243.
24. Mehu, M., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2008). Naturalistic observations of smiling and laughter in human group interactions. Behaviour, 145, 1747-1780.
25. Mikolajczyk, R. T., Maxwell, A. E., El Ansari, W., Naydenova, V., Stock, C., Ilieva, S., et al. (2008). Prevalence of depressive symptoms in university students from Germany, Denmark, Poland and Bulgaria. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43, 105-112.
26. Minkov, M. (2009). Predictors of differences in subjective well-being across 97 nations. Cross-Cultural Research, 43, 152-179.
27. Morse, C. (1982). College yearbook pictures: More females smile than males. Journal of Psychology, 110, 3-6.
28. Nees, G. (2000). Germany: Unraveling an enigma. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.
29. Oettingen, G., & Seligman, M. (1990). Pessimism and behavioral signs of depression in East versus West Berlin. European Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 207-221.
30. Otta, E., Abrosio, F., & Hoshino, R. (1996). Reading a smiling face: Messages conveyed by various forms of smiling. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 82, 1111-1121.
31. Reis, H. T., Wilson, I. M., Monestere, C., Bernstein, S., Clark, K., Seidl, E., et al. (1990). What is smiling is beautiful and good. European Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 259-267.
32. Scharlemann, J. P. W., Eckel, C. C., Kacelnik, A., & Wilson, R. K. (2001). The value of a smile: Game theory with a human face. Journal of Economic Psychology, 22, 617-640.
33. Steptoe, A., & Wardle, J. (2001). Health behaviour, risk awareness and emotional well-being in students from Eastern Europe and Western Europe. Social Science and Medicine, 53, 1621-1630.
34. Szarota, P. (2006). Psychologia usmiechu. Analiza kulturowa [Psychology of the smile. A cultural analysis]. Gdansk: Gdanskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
35. Thornton, G. R. (1943). The effect upon judgments of personality traits of varying a single factor in a photograph. Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 127-148.
36. Vrugt, A., & van Eechoud, M. (2002). Smiling and self-presentation of men and women for job photographs. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 419-431.
37. Wardle, J., Steptoe, A., Gulis, G., Sartory, G., Se{ogonek}k, H., Todorova, I., et al. (2004). Depression, perceived control, and life satisfaction in university students from Central-Eastern and Western Europe. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 11, 27-36.
38. Wierzbicka, A. (1994). Emotion, language, and cultural scripts. In S. Kitayama & H. Markus (Eds.), Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence (pp. 130-196). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
39. Wojciszke, B. (2004). The negative social world: The Polish culture of complaining. International Journal of Sociology, 34, 38-59.