TALE transcription factors during early development of the vertebrate brain and eye

Developmental Dynamics

Volumn 243, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 99-116

  Schulte, Dorothea ^a   Frank, Dale ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL FRANKFURT   (Germany)

^b TECHNION ISRAEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Israel)

Author keywords

Forebrain; Hindbrain; HOX; Meis; Midbrain; Pbx; Prep; Retina

Indexed keywords

HOMEODOMAIN PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR TALE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL FATE; EYE DEVELOPMENT; NERVE CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; VERTEBRATE;

VERTEBRATA;

FOREBRAIN; HINDBRAIN; HOX; MEIS; MIDBRAIN; PBX; PREP; RETINA;

ANIMALS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL; HOMEODOMAIN PROTEINS; HUMANS; MESENCEPHALON; PROSENCEPHALON; REPRESSOR PROTEINS; RETINA; RHOMBENCEPHALON; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS;

EID: 84890857573     PISSN: 10588388     EISSN: 10970177     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24030     Document Type: Review

References (221)

1. Aamar E, Frank D. 2004. Xenopus Meis3 protein forms a hindbrain-inducing center by activating FGF/MAP kinase and PCP pathways. Development 131:153-163.
2. Agoston Z, Schulte D. 2009. Meis2 competes with the Groucho co-repressor Tle4 for binding to Otx2 and specifies tectal fate without induction of a secondary midbrain-hindbrain boundary organizer. Development 136:3311-3322.
3. Agoston Z, Li N, Haslinger A, Wizenmann A, Schulte D. 2012. Genetic and physical interaction of Meis2, Pax3 and Pax7 during dorsal midbrain development. BMC Dev Biol 12:10.
4. Argiropoulos B, Yung E, Xiang P, Lo, CY, Kuchenbauer F, Palmqvist L, Reindl C, Heuser M, Sekulovic S, Rosten P, Muranyi A, Goh SL, Featherstone M, Humphries RK. 2010. Linkage of the potent leukemogenic activity of Meis1 to cell-cycle entry and transcriptional regulation of cyclin D3. Blood 115:4071-4082.
5. Asahara H, Dutta S, Kao HY, Evans RM, Montminy M. 1999. Pbx-Hox heterodimers recruit coactivator-corepressor complexes in an isoform-specific manner. Mol Cell Biol 19:8219-8225.
6. Augustine KA, Liu ET, Sadler TW. 1995. Interactions of Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a are essential for neural tube patterning. Teratology 51:107-119.
7. Augustine KA, Liu ET, Sadler TW. 1993. Antisense attenuation of Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a expression in whole embryo culture reveals roles for these genes in craniofacial, spinal cord, and cardiac morphogenesis. Dev Genet 14:500-520.
8. Bailey JS, Rave-Harel N, McGillivray SM, Coss D, Mellon PL. 2004. Activin regulation of the follicle-stimulating hormone beta-subunit gene involves Smads and the TALE homeodomain proteins Pbx1 and Prep1. Mol Endocrinol 18:1158-1170.
9. Barrow JR, Stadler HS, Capecchi MR. 2000. Roles of Hoxa1 and Hoxa2 in patterning the early hindbrain of the mouse. Development 127:933-944.
10. Bel-Vialar S, Itasaki N, Krumlauf R. 2002. Initiating Hox gene expression: in the early chick neural tube differential sensitivity to FGF and RA signaling subdivides the HoxB genes in two distinct groups. Development 129:5103-5115.
11. Bertolino E, Reimund B, Wildt-Perinic D, Clerc RG. 1995. A novel homeobox protein which recognizes a TGT core and functionally interferes with a retinoid-responsive motif. J Biol Chem 270:31178-31188.
12. Bertolino E, Wildt S, Richards G, Clerc RG. 1996. Expression of a novel murine homeobox gene in the developing cerebellar external granular layer during its proliferation. Dev Dyn 205:410-420.
13. Bessa J, Gebelein B, Pichaud F, Casares F, Mann RS. 2002. Combinatorial control of Drosophila eye development by eyeless, homothorax, and teashirt. Genes Dev 16:2415-2427.
14. Bessa J, Tavares MJ, Santos J, Kikuta H, Laplante M, Becker TS, Gómez-Skarmeta JL, Casares F. 2008. meis1 regulates cyclin D1 and c-myc expression, and controls the proliferation of the multipotent cells in the early developing zebrafish eye. Development 135:799-803.
15. Bienvenu F, Jirawatnotai S, Elias JE, Meyer CA, Mizeracka K, Marson A, Frampton GM, Cole MF, Odom DT, Odajima J, Geng Y, Zagozdzon A, Jecronis M, Young RA, Liu XS, Cepko CL, Gygi SP, Sicinski P. 2010. Transcriptional role of cyclin D1 in development revealed by a genetic-proteomic screen. Nature 463:374-378.
16. Brown NL, Patel S, Brzezinski J, Glaser T. 2001. Math5 is required for retinal ganglion cell and optic nerve formation. Development 128:2497-2508.
17. Bumsted-O'Brien KM, Hendrickson A, Haverkamp S, Ashery-Padan R, Schulte D. 2007. Expression of the homeodomain transcription factor Meis2 in the embryonic and postnatal retina. J Comp Neurol 505:58-72.
18. Burke R, Basler K. 1996. Hedgehog-dependent patterning in the Drosophila eye can occur in the absence of Dpp signaling. Dev Biol 179:360-368.
19. Burzynski GM, Reed X, Taher L, Stine ZE, Matsui T, Ovcharenko I, McCallion AS. 2012. Systematic elucidation and in vivo validation of sequences enriched in hindbrain transcriptional control. Genome Res 22:2278-2289.
20. Bürglin T. 1997. Analysis of TALE superclass homeobox genes (MEIS, PBC, KNOX, Iroquois, TGIF) reveals a novel domain conserved between plants and animals. Nucleic Acids Res 25:4173-4180.
21. Campbell K, Götz M. 2002. Radial glia: multi-purpose cells for vertebrate brain development. Trends Neurosci 25:235-238.
22. Cavodeassi F, Modolell J, Gómez-Skarmeta JL. 2001. The Iroquois family of genes: from body building to neural patterning. Development 128:2847-2855.
23. Cecconi F, Proetzel G, Alvarez-Bolado G, Jay D, Gruss P. 1997. Expression of Meis2, a Knotted-related murine homeobox gene, indicates a role in the differentiation of the forebrain and the somitic mesoderm. Dev Dyn 210:184-190.
24. Chan SK, Pöpperl H, Krumlauf R, Mann RS. 1996. An extradenticle-induced conformational change in a HOX protein overcomes an inhibitory function of the conserved hexapeptide motif. EMBO J 15:2476-2487.
25. Chang CP, Jacobs Y, Nakamura T, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Cleary ML. 1997. Meis proteins are major in vivo DNA binding partners for wild-type but not chimeric Pbx proteins. Mol Cell Biol 17:5679-5687.
26. Chen J, Ruley HE. 1998. An enhancer element in the EphA2 (Eck) gene sufficient for rhombomere-specific expression is activated by HOXA1 and HOXB1 homeobox proteins. J Biol Chem 273:24670-24675.
27. Chisaka O, Musci TS, Capecchi MR. 1992. Developmental defects of the ear, cranial nerves and hindbrain resulting from targeted disruption of the mouse homeobox gene Hox-1.6. Nature 355:516-520.
28. Choe S, Vlachakis N, Sagerström CG. 2002. Meis family proteins are required for hindbrain development in the zebrafish. Development 129:585-595.
29. Choe S, Lu P, Nakamura M, Lee J, Sagerström CG. 2009. Meis cofactors control HDAC and CBP accessibility at Hox-regulated promoters during zebrafish embryogenesis. Dev Cell 17:561-567.
30. Choe S, Zhang X, Hirsch N, Straubhaar J, Sagerström CG. 2011. A screen for hoxb1-regulated genes identifies ppp1r14al as a regulator of the rhombomere 4 Fgf-signaling center. Dev Biol 358:356-367.
31. Chow RL, Altmann CR, Lang RA, Hemmati-Brivanlou A. 1999. Pax6 induces ectopic eyes in a vertebrate. Development 126:4213-4222.
32. Clevers H. 2006. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in development and disease. Cell 127:469-480.
33. Conte I, Carrella S, Avellino R, Karali M, Marco-Ferreres R, Bovolenta P, Banfi S. 2010. miR-204 is required for lens and retinal development via Meis2 targeting. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:15491-15496.
34. Coqueret O. 2002. Linking cyclins to transcriptional control. Gene 299:35-55.
35. Coy SE, Borycki A. 2010. Expression analysis of TALE family transcription factors during avian development. Dev Dyn 239:1234-1245.
36. Crijns AP, de Graeff P, Geerts D, Hoor ten KA, Hollema H, van der Sluis T, Hofstra RM, de Bock GH, de Jong S, van der Zee AG, de Vries EG. 2007. MEIS and PBX homeobox proteins in ovarian cancer. Eur J Cancer 43:2495-2505.
37. Crossley PH, Martinez S, Martin GR. 1996. Midbrain development induced by FGF8 in the chick embryo. Nature 380:66-68.
38. Czerny T, Halder G, Kloter U, Souabni A, Gehring WJ, Busslinger M. 1999. twin of eyeless, a second Pax-6 gene of Drosophila, acts upstream of eyeless in the control of eye development. Mol Cell 3:297-307.
39. Davenne M, Maconochie MK, Neun R, Pattyn A, Chambon P, Krumlauf R, Rijli FM. 1999. Hoxa2 and Hoxb2 control dorsoventral patterns of neuronal development in the rostral hindbrain. Neuron 22:677-691.
40. Dibner C, Elias S, Frank D. 2001. XMeis3 protein activity is required for proper hindbrain patterning in Xenopus laevis embryos. Development 128:3415-3426.
41. Dibner C, Elias S, Ofri R, Souopgui J, Kolm PJ, Sieve H, Pieler T, Frank D. 2004. The Meis3 protein and retinoid signaling interact to pattern the Xenopus hindbrain. Dev Biol 271:75-86.
42. Domingos PM, Itasaki N, Jones CM, Mercurio S, Sargent MG, Smith JC, Krumlauf R. 2001. The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway posteriorizes neural tissue in Xenopus by an indirect mechanism requiring FGF signalling. Dev Biol 239:148-160.
43. Dorey K, Amaya E. 2010. FGF signalling: diverse roles during early vertebrate embryogenesis. Development 137:3731-3742.
44. Dupé V, Davenne M, Brocard J, Dollé P, Mark M, Dierich A, Chambon P, Rijli FM. 1997. In vivo functional analysis of the Hoxa-1 3′ retinoic acid response element (3′RARE). Development 124:399-410.
45. Elkouby YM, Frank D. 2010. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in vertebrate poeterior neural development. In: Kessler DS, editor. Colloquium series on developmental biology eBook 4. San Rafael, CA: Morgan and Claypool Life Science.
46. Elkouby YM, Elias S, Casey ES, Blythe SA, Tsabar N, Klein PS, Root H, Liu KJ, Frank D. 2010. Mesodermal Wnt signaling organizes the neural plate via Meis3. Development 137:1531-1541.
47. Elkouby YM, Polevoy H, Gutkovich YE, Michaelov A, Frank D. 2012. A hindbrain-repressive Wnt3a/Meis3/Tsh1 circuit promotes neuronal differentiation and coordinates tissue maturation. Development 139:1487-1497.
48. Erickson T, French CR, Waskiewicz AJ. 2010. Meis1 specifies positional information in the retina and tectum to organize the zebrafish visual system. Neural Dev 5:22.
49. Erickson T, Scholpp S, Brand M, Moens CB, Waskiewicz AJ. 2007. Pbx proteins cooperate with Engrailed to pattern the midbrain-hindbrain and diencephalic-mesencephalic boundaries. Dev Biol 301:504-517.
50. Ericson J, Rashbass P, Schedl A, Brenner-Morton S, Kawakami A, van Heyningen V, Jessell TM, Briscoe J. 1997. Pax6 controls progenitor cell identity and neuronal fate in response to graded Shh signaling. Cell 90:169-180.
51. Erter CE, Wilm TP, Basler N, Wright CV, Solnica-Krezel L. 2001. Wnt8 is required in lateral mesendodermal precursors for neural posteriorization in vivo. Development 128:3571-3583.
52. Feng L, Hatten ME, Heintz N. 1994. Brain lipid-binding protein (BLBP): a novel signaling system in the developing mammalian CNS. Neuron 12:895-908.
53. Ferretti E, Schulz H, Talarico D, Blasi F, Berthelsen J. 1999. The PBX-regulating protein PREP1 is present in different PBX-complexed forms in mouse. Mech Dev 83:53-64.
54. Ferretti E, Marshall H, Pöpperl H, Maconochie M, Krumlauf R, Blasi F. 2000. Segmental expression of Hoxb2 in r4 requires two separate sites that integrate cooperative interactions between Prep1, Pbx and Hox proteins. Development 127:155-166.
55. Ferretti E, Cambronero F, Tümpel S, Longobardi E, Wiedemann LM, Blasi F, Krumlauf R. 2005. Hoxb1 enhancer and control of rhombomere 4 expression: complex interplay between PREP1-PBX1-HOXB1 binding sites. Mol Cell Biol 25:8541-8552.
56. Ferretti E, Villaescusa JC, Di Rosa P, Fernandez-Diaz LC, Longobardi E, Mazzieri R, Miccio A, Micali N, Selleri L, Ferrari G, Blasi F. 2006. Hypomorphic mutation of the TALE gene Prep1 (pKnox1) causes a major reduction of Pbx and Meis proteins and a pleiotropic embryonic phenotype. Mol Cell Biol 26:5650-5662.
57. Firth LC, Baker NE. 2009. Retinal determination genes as targets and possible effectors of extracellular signals. Dev Biol 327:366-375.
58. Frasch M, Chen X, Lufkin T. 1995. Evolutionary-conserved enhancers direct region-specific expression of the murine Hoxa-1 and Hoxa-2 loci in both mice and Drosophila. Development 121:957-974.
59. French CR, Erickson T, Callander D, Berry KM, Koss R, Hagey DW, Stout J, Wuennenberg-Stapleton K, Ngai J, Moens CB, Waskiewicz AJ. (2007). Pbx homeodomain proteins pattern both the zebrafish retina and tectum. BMC Dev Biol 7:85.
60. Friocourt G, Parnavelas JG. 2011. Identification of Arx targets unveils new candidates for controlling cortical interneuron migration and differentiation. Front Cell Neurosci 5:28.
61. Frohman MA, Martin GR. 1992. Isolation and analysis of embryonic expression of Hox-4.9, a member of the murine labial-like gene family. Mech Dev 38:55-67.
62. Frohman MA, Boyle M, Martin GR. 1990. Isolation of the mouse Hox-2.9 gene; analysis of embryonic expression suggests that positional information along the anterior-posterior axis is specified by mesoderm. Development 110:589-607.
63. Gaufo GO, Thomas KR, Capecchi MR. 2003. Hox3 genes coordinate mechanisms of genetic suppression and activation in the generation of branchial and somatic motoneurons. Development 130:5191-5201.
64. Gavalas A, Davenne M, Lumsden A, Chambon P, Rijli FM. 1997. Role of Hoxa-2 in axon pathfinding and rostral hindbrain patterning. Development 124:3693-3702.
65. Gavalas A, Studer M, Lumsden A, Rijli FM, Krumlauf R, Chambon P. 1998. Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 synergize in patterning the hindbrain, cranial nerves and second pharyngeal arch. Development 125:1123-1136.
66. Gavalas A, Ruhrberg C, Livet J, Henderson CE, Krumlauf R. 2003. Neuronal defects in the hindbrain of Hoxa1, Hoxb1 and Hoxb2 mutants reflect regulatory interactions among these Hox genes. Development 130:5663-5679.
67. Geerts D, Schilderink N, Jorritsma G, Versteeg R. 2003. The role of the MEIS homeobox genes in neuroblastoma. Cancer Lett 197:87-92.
68. Gehring WJ, Ikeo K. 1999. Pax 6: mastering eye morphogenesis and eye evolution. Trends Genet 15:371-377.
69. Ghanem N, Yu M, Poitras L, Rubenstein JL, Ekker M. 2008. Characterization of a distinct subpopulation of striatal projection neurons expressing the Dlx genes in the basal ganglia through the activity of the I56ii enhancer. Dev Biol 322:415-424.
70. Godsave S, Dekker EJ, Holling T, Pannese M, Boncinelli E, Durston A. 1994. Expression patterns of Hoxb genes in the Xenopus embryo suggest roles in anteroposterior specification of the hindbrain and in dorsoventral patterning of the mesoderm. Dev Biol 166:465-476.
71. Gould A, Itasaki N, Krumlauf R. 1998. Initiation of rhombomeric Hoxb4 expression requires induction by somites and a retinoid pathway. Neuron 21:39-51.
72. Gould A, Morrison A, Sproat G, White RA, Krumlauf R. 1997. Positive cross-regulation and enhancer sharing: two mechanisms for specifying overlapping Hox expression patterns. Genes Dev 11:900-913.
73. Graham A, Lumsden A. 1996. Interactions between rhombomeres modulate Krox-20 and follistatin expression in the chick embryo hindbrain. Development 122:473-480.
74. Gripp KW, Wotton D, Edwards MC, Roessler E, Ades L, Meinecke P, Richieri-Costa A, Zackai EH, Massagué J, Muenke M, Elledge SJ. 2000. Mutations in TGIF cause holoprosencephaly and link NODAL signalling to human neural axis determination. Nat Genet 25:205-208.
75. Gutkovich YE, Ofir R, Elkouby YM, Dibner C, Gefen A, Elias S, Frank D. 2010. Xenopus Meis3 protein lies at a nexus downstream to Zic1 and Pax3 proteins, regulating multiple cell-fates during early nervous system development. Dev Biol 338:50-62.
76. Gómez-Skarmeta JL, Modolell J. 2002. Iroquois genes: genomic organization and function in vertebrate neural development. Curr Opin Genet Dev 12:403-408.
77. Halder G, Callaerts P, Gehring WJ. 1995. Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila. Science 267:1788-17892.
78. Halilagic A, Ribes V, Ghyselinck NB, Zile MH, Dollé P, Studer M. 2007. Retinoids control anterior and dorsal properties in the developing forebrain. Dev Biol 303:362-375.
79. Heberlein U, Wolff T, Rubin GM. 1993. The TGF beta homolog dpp and the segment polarity gene hedgehog are required for propagation of a morphogenetic wave in the Drosophila retina. Cell 75:913-926.
80. Heine P, Dohle E, Bumsted-O'Brien K, Engelkamp D, Schulte D. 2008. Evidence for an evolutionary conserved role of homothorax/Meis1/2 during vertebrate retina development. Development 135:805-811.
81. Heine P, Dohle E, Schulte D. 2009. Sonic hedgehog signaling in the chick retina accelerates Meis2 downregulation simultaneously with retinal ganglion cell genesis. Neuroreport 20:279-284.
82. Heinzel T, Lavinsky RM, Mullen TM, Söderstrom M, Laherty CD, Torchia J, Yang WM, Brard G, Ngo SD, Davie JR, Seto E, Eisenman RN, Rose DW, Glass CK, Rosenfeld MG. 1997. A complex containing N-CoR, mSin3 and histone deacetylase mediates transcriptional repression. Nature 387:43-48.
83. Hernandez RE, Rikhof HA, Bachmann R, Moens CB. 2004. vhnf1 integrates global RA patterning and local FGF signals to direct posterior hindbrain development in zebrafish. Development 131:4511-4520.
84. Hill RE, Favor J, Hogan BL, Ton CC, Saunders GF, Hanson IM, Prosser J, Jordan T, Hastie ND, van Heyningen V. 1991. Mouse small eye results from mutations in a paired-like homeobox-containing gene. Nature 354:522-525.
85. Hisa T, Spence SE, Rachel RA, Fujita M, Nakamura T, Ward JM, Devor-Henneman DE, Saiki Y, Kutsuna H, Tessarollo L, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG. 2004. Hematopoietic, angiogenic and eye defects in Meis1 mutant animals. EMBO J 23:450-459.
86. Hoffmann A, Huang Y, Suetsugu-Maki R, Ringelberg CS, Tomlinson CR, del Rio-Tsonis K, Tsonis PA. 2012. Implication of the miR-184 and miR-204 competitive RNA network in control of mouse secondary cataract. Mol Med 18:528-538.
87. Hogan BL, Hirst EM, Horsburgh G, Hetherington CM. 1988. Small eye (Sey): a mouse model for the genetic analysis of craniofacial abnormalities. Development 103:115-119.
88. Hogan BL, Horsburgh G, Cohen J, Hetherington CM, Fisher G, Lyon MF. 1986. Small eyes (Sey): a homozygous lethal mutation on chromosome 2 which affects the differentiation of both lens and nasal placodes in the mouse. J Embryol Exp Morphol 97:95-110.
89. Horan GS, Ramírez-Solis R, Featherstone MS, Wolgemuth DJ, Bradley A, Behringer RR. 1995. Compound mutants for the paralogous hoxa-4, hoxb-4, and hoxd-4 genes show more complete homeotic transformations and a dose-dependent increase in the number of vertebrae transformed. Genes Dev 9:1667-1677.
90. Hyatt GA, Schmitt EA, Marsh-Armstrong N, McCaffery P, Dräger UC, Dowling JE. 1996. Retinoic acid establishes ventral retinal characteristics. Development 122:195-204.
91. In der Rieden PM, Vilaspasa FL, Durston AJ. 2010. Xwnt8 directly initiates expression of labial Hox genes. Dev Dyn 239:126-139.
92. Itasaki N, Nakamura H. 1992. Rostrocaudal polarity of the tectum in birds: correlation of en gradient and topographic order in retinotectal projection. Neuron 8:787-798.
93. Jacobs Y, Schnabel CA, Cleary ML. 1999. Trimeric association of Hox and TALE homeodomain proteins mediates Hoxb2 hindbrain enhancer activity. Mol Cell Biol 19:5134-5142.
94. Janssens S, Denayer T, Deroo T, van Roy F, Vleminckx K. 2010. Direct control of Hoxd1 and Irx3 expression by Wnt/beta-catenin signaling during anteroposterior patterning of the neural axis in Xenopus. Int J Dev Biol 54:1435-1442.
95. Jarman AP, Grell EH, Ackerman L, Jan LY, Jan YN. 1994. Atonal is the proneural gene for Drosophila photoreceptors. Nature 369:398-400.
96. Kammandel B, Chowdhury K, Stoykova A, Aparicio S, Brenner S, Gruss P. 1999. Distinct cis-essential modules direct the time-space pattern of the Pax6 gene activity. Dev Biol 205:79-97.
97. Kay JN, Finger-Baier KC, Roeser T, Staub W, Baier H. 2001. Retinal ganglion cell genesis requires lakritz, a Zebrafish atonal Homolog. Neuron 30:725-736.
98. Kay JN, Link BA, Baier H. 2005. Staggered cell-intrinsic timing of ath5 expression underlies the wave of ganglion cell neurogenesis in the zebrafish retina. Development 132:2573-2585.
99. Kilstrup-Nielsen C, Alessio M, Zappavigna V. 2003. PBX1 nuclear export is regulated independently of PBX-MEINOX interaction by PKA phosphorylation of the PBC-B domain. EMBO J 22:89-99.
100. Kitamura K, Yanazawa M, Sugiyama N, Miura H, Iizuka-Kogo A, Kusaka M, Omichi K, Suzuki R, Kato-Fukui Y, Kamiirisa K., Matsuo M, Kamijo S, Kasahara M, Yoshioka H, Ogata T, Fukuda T, Kondo I, Kato M, Dobyns WB, Yokoyama M, Morohashi K. 2002. Mutation of ARX causes abnormal development of forebrain and testes in mice and X-linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia in humans. Nat Genet 32:359-369.
101. Kobayashi M, Fujioka M, Tolkunova EN, Deka D, Abu-Shaar M, Mann RS, Jaynes JB. 2003. Engrailed cooperates with extradenticle and homothorax to repress target genes in Drosophila. Development 130:741-751.
102. Kolm PJ, Apekin V, Sive H. 1997. Xenopus hindbrain patterning requires retinoid signaling. Dev Biol 192:1-16.
103. Koshiba-Takeuchi K, Takeuchi JK, Matsumoto K, Momose T, Uno K, Hoepker V, Ogura K, Takahashi N, Nakamura H, Yasuda K, Ogura T. 2000. Tbx5 and the retinotectum projection. Science 287:134-137.
104. Kudoh T, Wilson SW, Dawid IB. 2002. Distinct roles for Fgf, Wnt and retinoic acid in posteriorizing the neural ectoderm. Development 129:4335-4346.
105. Lampe X, Samad OA, Guiguen A, Matis C, Remacle S, Picard JJ, Rijli FM, Rezsohazy R. 2008. An ultraconserved Hox-Pbx responsive element resides in the coding sequence of Hoxa2 and is active on rhombomere 4. Nucleic Acids Res 36:3214-3225.
106. Langston AW, Gudas LJ. 1992. Identification of a retinoic acid responsive enhancer 3′ of the murine homeobox gene Hox-1.6. Mech Dev 38:217-227.
107. Lekven AC, Thorpe CJ, Waxman JS, Moon RT. 2001. Zebrafish wnt8 encodes two wnt8 proteins on a bicistronic transcript and is required for mesoderm and neurectoderm patterning. Dev Cell 1:103-114.
108. Liu P, Wakamiya M, Shea MJ, Albrecht U, Behringer RR, Bradley A. 1999. Requirement for Wnt3 in vertebrate axis formation. Nat Genet 22:361-365.
109. Livesey FJ, Cepko CL. 2001. Vertebrate neural cell-fate determination: lessons from the retina. Nat Rev Neurosci 2:109-118.
110. Locker M, Agathocleous M, Amato MA, Parain K, Harris WA, Perron M. 2006. Hedgehog signaling and the retina: insights into the mechanisms controlling the proliferative properties of neural precursors. Genes Dev 20:3036-3048.
111. Lombardo A, Isaacs HV, Slack JM. 1998. Expression and functions of FGF-3 in Xenopus development. Int J Dev Biol 42:1101-1107.
112. Lopes CS, Casares F. 2010. hth maintains the pool of eye progenitors and its downregulation by Dpp and Hh couples retinal fate acquisition with cell cycle exit. Dev Biol 339:78-88.
113. Lufkin T, Dierich A, LeMeur M, Mark M, Chambon P. 1991. Disruption of the Hox-1.6 homeobox gene results in defects in a region corresponding to its rostral domain of expression. Cell 66:1105-1119.
114. MacDonald BT, Tamai K, He X. 2009. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling: components, mechanisms, and diseases. Dev Cell 17:9-26.
115. Maconochie MK, Nonchev S, Manzanares M, Marshall H, Krumlauf R. 2001. Differences in Krox20-dependent regulation of Hoxa2 and Hoxb2 during hindbrain development. Dev Biol 233:468-481.
116. Maconochie MK, Nonchev S, Studer M, Chan SK, Pöpperl H, Sham MH, Mann RS, Krumlauf R. 1997. Cross-regulation in the mouse HoxB complex: the expression of Hoxb2 in rhombomere 4 is regulated by Hoxb1. Genes Dev 11:1885-1895.
117. Maeda R, Mood K, Jones TL, Aruga J, Buchberg AM, Daar IO. 2001. Xmeis1, a protooncogene involved in specifying neural crest cell fate in Xenopus embryos. Oncogene 20:1329-1342.
118. Maeda R, Ishimura A, Mood K, Park EK, Buchberg AM, Daar IO. 2002. Xpbx1b and Xmeis1b play a collaborative role in hindbrain and neural crest gene expression in Xenopus embryos. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:5448-5453.
119. Mahmood R, Kiefer P, Guthrie S, Dickson C, Mason I. 1995. Multiple roles for FGF-3 during cranial neural development in the chicken. Development 121:1399-1410.
120. Malatesta P, Hartfuss E, Götz M. 2000. Isolation of radial glial cells by fluorescent-activated cell sorting reveals a neuronal lineage. Development 127:5253-5263.
121. Manzanares M, Cordes S, Ariza-McNaughton L, Sadl V, Maruthainar K, Barsh G, Krumlauf R. 1999. Conserved and distinct roles of kreisler in regulation of the paralogous Hoxa3 and Hoxb3 genes. Development 126:759-769.
122. Manzanares M, Bel-Vialar S, Ariza-McNaughton L, Ferretti E, Marshall H, Maconochie MM, Blasi F, Krumlauf R. 2001. Independent regulation of initiation and maintenance phases of Hoxa3 expression in the vertebrate hindbrain involve auto- and cross-regulatory mechanisms. Development 128:3595-3607.
123. Manzanares M, Nardelli J, Gilardi-Hebenstreit P, Marshall H, Giudicelli F, Martínez-Pastor MT, Krumlauf R, Charnay P. 2002. Krox20 and kreisler co-operate in the transcriptional control of segmental expression of Hoxb3 in the developing hindbrain. EMBO J 21:365-376.
124. Marshall H, Studer M, Pöpperl H, Aparicio S, Kuroiwa A, Brenner S, Krumlauf R. 1994. A conserved retinoic acid response element required for early expression of the homeobox gene Hoxb-1. Nature 370:567-571.
125. Matis C, Oury F, Remacle S, Lampe X, Gofflot F, Picard JJ, Rijli FM, Rezsohazy R. 2007. Identification of Lmo1 as part of a Hox-dependent regulatory network for hindbrain patterning. Dev Dyn 236:2675-2684.
126. Matsunaga E, Araki I, Nakamura H. 2001. Role of Pax3/7 in the tectum regionalization. Development 128:4069-4077.
127. Maves L, Jackman W, Kimmel CB. 2002. FGF3 and FGF8 mediate a rhombomere 4 signaling activity in the zebrafish hindbrain. Development 129:3825-3837.
128. McClintock JM, Carlson R, Mann DM, Prince VE. 2001. Consequences of Hox gene duplication in the vertebrates: an investigation of the zebrafish Hox paralogue group 1 genes. Development 128:2471-2484.
129. McClintock JM, Kheirbek MA, Prince VE. 2002. Knockdown of duplicated zebrafish hoxb1 genes reveals distinct roles in hindbrain patterning and a novel mechanism of duplicate gene retention. Development 129:2339-2354.
130. McGrew LL, Hoppler S, Moon RT. 1997. Wnt and FGF pathways cooperatively pattern anteroposterior neural ectoderm in Xenopus. Mech Dev 69:105-114.
131. McMahon AP, Joyner AL, Bradley A, McMahon JA. 1992. The midbrain-hindbrain phenotype of Wnt-1-/Wnt-1- mice results from stepwise deletion of engrailed-expressing cells by 9.5 days postcoitum. Cell 69:581-595.
132. McNulty CL, Peres JN, Bardine N, van den Akker WM, Durston AJ. 2005. Knockdown of the complete Hox paralogous group 1 leads to dramatic hindbrain and neural crest defects. Development 132:2861-2871.
133. Micali N, Longobardi E, Iotti G, Ferrai C, Castagnaro L, Ricciardi M, Blasi F, Crippa MP. 2010. Down syndrome fibroblasts and mouse Prep1-overexpressing cells display increased sensitivity to genotoxic stress. Nucleic Acids Res 38:3595-3604.
134. Moon RT, Kohn AD, de Ferrari GV, Kaykas A. 2004. WNT and beta-catenin signalling: diseases and therapies. Nat Rev Genet 5:691-701.
135. Moroni MC, Viganó MA, Mavilio F. 1993. Regulation of the human HOXD4 gene by retinoids. Mech Dev 44:139-154.
136. Morrison A, Ariza-McNaughton L, Gould A, Featherstone M, Krumlauf R. 1997. HOXD4 and regulation of the group 4 paralog genes. Development 124:3135-3146.
137. Mui SH, Hindges R, O'Leary DD, Lemke G, Bertuzzi S. 2002. The homeodomain protein Vax2 patterns the dorsoventral and nasotemporal axes of the eye. Development 129:797-804.
138. Murphy P, Hill RE. 1991. Expression of the mouse labial-like homeobox-containing genes, Hox 2.9 and Hox 1.6, during segmentation of the hindbrain. Development 111:61-74.
139. Nestadt G, Wang Y, Grados MA, Riddle MA, Greenberg BD, Knowles JA, Fyer AJ, McCracken JT, Rauch SL, Murphy DL, Rasmussen SA, Cullen B, Piacentini J, Geller D, Pauls D, Bienvenu OJ, Chen Y, Liang KY, Goes FS, Maher B, Pulver AE, Shugart YY, Valle D, Samuels JF, Chang YC. 2012. Homeobox genes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Med Genet 159B:53-60.
140. Neumann CJ, Nuesslein-Volhard C. 2000. Patterning of the zebrafish retina by a wave of sonic hedgehog activity. Science 289:2137-2139.
141. Nolte C, Amores A, Kovács EN, Postlethwait J, Featherstone M. 2003. The role of a retinoic acid response element in establishing the anterior neural expression border of Hoxd4 transgenes. Mech Dev 120:325-335.
142. Nordström U, Jessell TM, Edlund T. 2002. Progressive induction of caudal neural character by graded Wnt signaling. Nat Neurosci 5:525-532.
143. Nordström U, Maier E, Jessell TM, Edlund T. 2006. An early role for WNT signaling in specifying neural patterns of Cdx and Hox gene expression and motor neuron subtype identity. PLoS Biol 4:e252.
144. Noro B, Culi J, McKay DJ, Zhang W, Mann RS. 2006. Distinct functions of homeodomain-containing and homeodomain-less isoforms encoded by homothorax. Genes Dev 20:1636-1650.
145. Oulad-Abdelghani M, Chazaud C, Bouillet P, Sapin V, Chambon P, Dollé P. 1997. Meis2, a novel mouse Pbx-related homeobox gene induced by retinoic acid during differentiation of P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. Dev Dyn 210:173-183.
146. Oury F, Murakami Y, Renaud J, Pasqualetti M, Charnay P, Ren S, Rijli FM. 2006. Hoxa2- and rhombomere-dependent development of the mouse facial somatosensory map. Science 313:1408-1413.
147. Pai CY, Kuo TS, Jaw TJ, Kurant E, Chen CT, Bessarab DA, Salzberg A, Sun YH. 1998. The Homothorax homeoprotein activates the nuclear localization of another homeoprotein, extradenticle, and suppresses eye development in Drosophila. Genes Dev 12:435-446.
148. Parnavelas JG. 2000. The origin and migration of cortical neurones: new vistas. Trends Neurosci 23:126-131.
149. Peltenburg LT, Murre C. 1996. Engrailed and Hox homeodomain proteins contain a related Pbx interaction motif that recognizes a common structure present in Pbx. EMBO J 15:3385-3393.
150. Pichaud F, Casares F. 2000. homothorax and iroquois-C genes are required for the establishment of territories within the developing eye disc. Mech Dev 96:15-25.
151. Pietri S, Dimidschstein J, Tiberi L, Sotiropoulou PA, Bilheu A, Goffinet A, Achouri Y, Tissir F, Blanpain C, Jacquemin P, Vanderhaeghen P. 2012. Transcriptional mechanisms of EphA7 gene expression in the developing cerebral cortex. Cereb Cortex 22:1678-1689.
152. Pöpperl H, Featherstone MS. 1993. Identification of a retinoic acid response element upstream of the murine Hox-4.2 gene. Mol Cell Biol 13:257-265.
153. Pöpperl H, Bienz M, Studer M, Chan SK, Aparicio S, Brenner S, Mann RS, Krumlauf R. 1995. Segmental expression of Hoxb-1 is controlled by a highly conserved autoregulatory loop dependent upon exd/pbx. Cell 81:1031-1042.
154. Prince V, Lumsden A. 1994. Hoxa-2 expression in normal and transposed rhombomeres: independent regulation in the neural tube and neural crest. Development 120:911-923.
155. Quillé M, Carat S, Quéméner-Redon S, Hirchaud E, Baron D, Benech C, Guihot J, Placet M, Mignen O, Férec C, Houlgatte R, Friocourt G. 2011. High-throughput analysis of promoter occupancy reveals new targets for Arx, a gene mutated in mental retardation and interneuronopathies. PLoS One 6:e25181.
156. Quiring R, Walldorf U, Kloter U, Gehring WJ. 1994. Homology of the eyeless gene of Drosophila to the Small eye gene in mice and Aniridia in humans. Science 265:785-789.
157. Rave-Harel N, Givens ML, Nelson SB, Duong HA, Coss D, Clark ME, Hall SB, Kamps MP, Mellon PL. 2004. TALE homeodomain proteins regulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene expression independently and via interactions with Oct-1. J Biol Chem 279:30287-30297.
158. Remacle S, Abbas L, de Backer O, Pacico N, Gavalas A, Gofflot F, Picard JJ, Rezsöhazy R. 2004. Loss of function but no gain of function caused by amino acid substitutions in the hexapeptide of Hoxa1 in vivo. Mol Cell Biol 24:8567-8575.
159. Ren S, Angran P, Rijli FM. 2002. Targeted insertion results in a rhombomere 2-specific Hoxa2 knockdown and ectopic activation of Hoxa1 expression. Dev Dyn 225:305-315.
160. Rhinn M, Lun K, Luz M, Werner M, Brand M. 2005. Positioning of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary organizer through global posteriorization of the neuroectoderm mediated by Wnt8 signaling. Development 132:1261-1272.
161. Ribisi S Jr, Mariani FV, Aamar E, Lamb TM, Frank D, Harland RM. 2000. Ras-mediated FGF signaling is required for the formation of posterior but not anterior neural tissue in Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 227:183-196.
162. Roberts VJ, van Dijk MA, Murre C. 1995. Localization of Pbx1 transcripts in developing rat embryos. Mech Dev 51:193-198.
163. Rohrschneider MR, Elsen GE, Prince VE. 2007. Zebrafish Hoxb1a regulates multiple downstream genes including prickle1b. Dev Biol 309:358-372.
164. Rossel M, Capecchi MR. 1999. Mice mutant for both Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 show extensive remodeling of the hindbrain and defects in craniofacial development. Development 126:5027-5040.
165. Rowan S, Siggers T, Lachke SA, Yue Y, Bulyk ML, Maas RL. 2010. Precise temporal control of the eye regulatory gene Pax6 via enhancer-binding site affinity. Genes Dev 24:980-985.
166. Royo JL, Bessa J, Hidalgo C, Fernández-Miñán A, Tena JJ, Roncero Y, Gómez-Skarmeta JL, Casares F. 2012. Identification and analysis of conserved cis-regulatory regions of the MEIS1 gene. PLoS One 7:e33617.
167. Salzberg A, Elias S, Nachaliel N, Bonstein L, Henig C, Frank D. 1999. A Meis family protein caudalizes neural cell fates in Xenopus. Mech Dev 80:3-13.
168. Samad OA, Geisen MJ, Caronia G, Varlet I, Zappavigna V, Ericson J, Goridis C, Rijli FM. 2004. Integration of anteroposterior and dorsoventral regulation of Phox2b transcription in cranial motoneuron progenitors by homeodomain proteins. Development 131:4071-4083.
169. Sánchez-Font MF, Bosch-Comas A, Gonzàlez-Duarte R, Marfany G. 2003. Overexpression of FABP7 in Down syndrome fetal brains is associated with PKNOX1 gene-dosage imbalance. Nucleic Acids Res 31:2769-2777.
170. Sánchez-Guardado LÓ, Irimia M, Sánchez-Arrones L, Burguera D, Rodríguez-Gallardo L, Garcia-Fernández J, Puelles L, Ferran JL, Hidalgo-Sánchez M. 2011. Distinct and redundant expression and transcriptional diversity of MEIS gene paralogs during chicken development. Dev Dyn 240:1475-1492.
171. Satoh S, Watanabe S. 2008. TGIF, a homeodomain transcription factor, regulates retinal progenitor cell differentiation. Exp Eye Res 87:571-579.
172. Schedl A, Ross A, Lee M, Engelkamp D, Rashbass P, van Heyningen V, Hastie ND. 1996. Influence of PAX6 gene dosage on development: overexpression causes severe eye abnormalities. Cell 86:71-82.
173. Schnabel CA, Selleri L, Jacobs Y, Warnke R, Cleary ML. 2001. Expression of Pbx1b during mammalian organogenesis. Mech Dev 100:131-135.
174. Schulte D, Cepko CL. 2000. Two homeobox genes define the domain of EphA3 expression in the developing chick retina. Development 127:5033-5045.
175. Schulte D, Furukawa T, Peters MA, Kozak CA, Cepko CL. 1999. Misexpression of the Emx-related homeobox genes cVax and mVax2 ventralizes the retina and perturbs the retinotectal map. Neuron 24:541-553.
176. Sela-Donenfeld D, Wilkinson DG. 2005. Eph receptors: two ways to sharpen boundaries. Curr Biol 15:R210-R212.
177. Sen J, Harpavat S, Peters MA, Cepko CL. 2005. Retinoic acid regulates the expression of dorsoventral topographic guidance molecules in the chick retina. Development 132:5147-5159.
178. Serpente P, Tümpel S, Ghyselinck NB, Niederreither K, Wiedemann LM, Dollé P, Chambon P, Krumlauf R, Gould AP. 2005. Direct crossregulation between retinoic acid receptor {beta} and Hox genes during hindbrain segmentation. Development 132:503-513.
179. Sgadò P, Ferretti E, Grbec D, Bozzi Y, Simon HH. 2012. The atypical homeoprotein Pbx1a participates in the axonal pathfinding of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Neural Dev 7:24.
180. Sharma M, Sun Z. 2001. 5"TG3" interacting factor interacts with Sin3A and represses AR-mediated transcription. Mol Endocrinol 15:1918-1928.
181. Shen J, Walsh CA. 2005. Targeted disruption of Tgif, the mouse ortholog of a human holoprosencephaly gene, does not result in holoprosencephaly in mice. Mol Cell Biol 25:3639-3647.
182. Shi Y, Massagué J. 2003. Mechanisms of TGF-beta signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus. Cell 113:685-700.
183. Shibata M, Nakao H, Kiyonari H, Abe T, Aizawa S. 2011. MicroRNA-9 regulates neurogenesis in mouse telencephalon by targeting multiple transcription factors. J Neurosci 31:3407-3422.
184. Shim S, Kim Y, Shin J, Kim J, Park S. 2007. Regulation of EphA8 gene expression by TALE homeobox transcription factors during development of the mesencephalon. Mol Cell Biol 27:1614-1630.
185. St-Onge L, Sosa-Pineda B, Chowdhury K, Mansouri A, Gruss P. 1997. Pax6 is required for differentiation of glucagon-producing alpha-cells in mouse pancreas. Nature 387:406-409.
186. Stedman A, Lecaudey V, Havis E, Anselme I, Wassef M, Gilardi-Hebenstreit P, Schneider-Maunoury S. 2009. A functional interaction between Irx and Meis patterns the anterior hindbrain and activates krox20 expression in rhombomere 3. Dev Biol 327:566-577.
187. Stoykova A, Gruss P. 1994. Roles of Pax-genes in developing and adult brain as suggested by expression patterns. J Neurosci 14:1395-1412.
188. Studer M, Pöpperl H, Marshall H, Kuroiwa A, Krumlauf R. 1994. Role of a conserved retinoic acid response element in rhombomere restriction of Hoxb-1. Science 265:1728-1732.
189. Studer M, Lumsden A, Ariza-McNaughton L, Bradley A, Krumlauf R. 1996. Altered segmental identity and abnormal migration of motor neurons in mice lacking Hoxb.1. Nature 384:630-634.
190. Studer M, Gavalas A, Marshall H, Ariza-McNaughton L, Rijli FM, Chambon P, Krumlauf R. 1998. Genetic interactions between Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 reveal new roles in regulation of early hindbrain patterning. Development 125:1025-1036.
191. Sundin OH, Busse HG, Rogers MB, Gudas LJ, Eichele G. 1990. Region-specific expression in early chick and mouse embryos of Ghox-lab and Hox 1.6, vertebrate homeobox-containing genes related to Drosophila labial. Development 108:47-58.
192. Taniguchi K, Anderson AE, Sutherland AE, Wotton D. 2012. Loss of Tgif function causes holoprosencephaly by disrupting the SHH signaling pathway. PLoS Genet 8:e1002524.
193. Toresson H, Mata de Urquiza A, Fagerström C, Perlmann T, Campbell K. 1999. Retinoids are produced by glia in the lateral ganglionic eminence and regulate striatal neuron differentiation. Development 126:1317-1326.
194. Toresson H, Parmar M, Campbell K. 2000. Expression of Meis and Pbx genes and their protein products in the developing telencephalon: implications for regional differentiation. Mech Dev 94:183-187.
195. Trümpel S, Cambronero F, Wiedemann LM, Krumlauf R. 2006. Evolution of cis elements in the differential expression of two Hoxa2 coparalogous genes in pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:5419-5424.
196. Tümpel S, Cambronero F, Ferretti E, Blasi F, Wiedemann LM, Krumlauf R. 2007. Expression of Hoxa2 in rhombomere 4 is regulated by a conserved cross-regulatory mechanism dependent upon Hoxb1. Dev Biol 302:646-660.
197. Tümpel S, Cambronero F, Sims C, Krumlauf R, Wiedemann LM. 2008. A regulatory module embedded in the coding region of Hoxa2 controls expression in rhombomere 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:20077-20082.
198. van Raamsdonk CD, Tilghman SM. 2000. Dosage requirement and allelic expression of PAX6 during lens placode formation. Development 127:5439-5448.
199. Vitobello A, Ferretti E, Lampe X, Vilain N, Ducret S, Ori M, Spetz J, Selleri L, Rijli FM. 2011. Hox and Pbx factors control retinoic acid synthesis during hindbrain segmentation. Dev Cell 20:469-482.
200. Vlachakis N, Choe SK, Sagerström CG. 2001. Meis3 synergizes with Pbx4 and Hoxb1b in promoting hindbrain fates in the zebrafish. Development 128:1299-1312.
201. Walshe J, Maroon H, McGonnell IM, Dickson C, Mason I. 2002. Establishment of hindbrain segmental identity requires signaling by FGF3 and FGF8. Curr Biol 12:1117-1123.
202. Wang SW, Kim BS, Ding K, Wang H, Sun D, Johnson RL, Klein WH, Gan L. 2001. Requirement for math5 in the development of retinal ganglion cells. Genes Dev 15:24-29.
203. Wang Y, Dakubo GD, Thurig S, Mazerolle CJ, Wallace VA. 2005. Retinal ganglion cell-derived sonic hedgehog locally controls proliferation and the timing of RGC development in the embryonic mouse retina. Development 132:5103-5113.
204. Waskiewicz AJ, Rikhof HA, Hernandez RE, Moens CB. 2001. Zebrafish Meis functions to stabilize Pbx proteins and regulate hindbrain patterning. Development 128:4139-4151.
205. Waskiewicz AJ, Rikhof HA, Moens CB. 2002. Eliminating zebrafish pbx proteins reveals a hindbrain ground state. Dev Cell 3:723-733.
206. Wassef MA, Chomette D, Pouilhe M, Stedman A, Havis E, Dinh CD, Schneider-Maunoury S, Gilardi-Hebenstreit P, Charnay P, Ghislain J. 2008. Rostral hindbrain patterning involves the direct activation of a Krox20 transcriptional enhancer by Hox/Pbx and Meis factors. Development 135:3369-3378.
207. Wässle H (2004). Parallel processing in the mammalian retina. Nat Rev Neurosci 5:747-757.
208. Weisinger K, Kayam G, Missulawin-Drillman T, Sela-Donenfeld D. 2010. Analysis of expression and function of FGF-MAPK signaling components in the hindbrain reveals a central role for FGF3 in the regulation of Krox20, mediated by Pea3. Dev Biol 344:881-895.
209. White RJ, Schilling TF. 2008. How degrading: Cyp26s in hindbrain development. Dev Dyn 237:2775-2790.
210. Whiting J, Marshall H, Cook M, Krumlauf R, Rigby PW, Stott D, Allemann RK. 1991. Multiple spatially specific enhancers are required to reconstruct the pattern of Hox-2.6 gene expression. Genes Dev 5:2048-2059.
211. Wiellette EL, Sive H. 2003. vhnf1 and Fgf signals synergize to specify rhombomere identity in the zebrafish hindbrain. Development 130:3821-3829.
212. Wilkinson DG, Bhatt S, Cook M, Boncinelli E, Krumlauf R. 1989. Segmental expression of Hox-2 homoeobox-containing genes in the developing mouse hindbrain. Nature 341:405-409.
213. Williams SC, Altmann CR, Chow RL, Hemmati-Brivanlou A, Lang RA. 1998. A highly conserved lens transcriptional control element from the Pax-6 gene. Mech Dev 73:225-229.
214. Wolff T, Ready DF. 1991. The beginning of pattern formation in the Drosophila compound eye: the morphogenetic furrow and the second mitotic wave. Development 113:841-850.
215. Wotton D, Lo RS, Lee S, Massagué J. 1999. A Smad transcriptional corepressor. Cell 97:29-39.
216. Wurst W, Bally-Cuif L. 2001. Neural plate patterning: upstream and downstream of the isthmic organizer. Nat Rev Neurosci 2:99-108.
217. Yang Y, Hwang CK, D'Souza UM, Lee SH, Junn E, Mouradian MM. 2000. Three-amino acid extension loop homeodomain proteins Meis2 and TGIF differentially regulate transcription. J Biol Chem 275:20734-20741.
218. Yuasa J, Hirano S, Yamagata M, Noda M. 1996. Visual projection map specified by topographic expression of transcription factors in the retina. Nature 382:632-635.
219. Zerucha T, Prince VE. 2001. Cloning and developmental expression of a zebrafish meis2 homeobox gene. Mech Dev 102:247-250.
220. Zhang XM, Yang XJ. 2001. Regulation of retinal ganglion cell production by Sonic hedgehog. Development 128:943-957.
221. Zhang X, Friedman A, Heaney S, Purcell P, Maas RL. 2002. Meis homeoproteins directly regulate Pax6 during vertebrate lens morphogenesis. Genes Dev 16:2097-2107.