Taste bud homeostasis in health, disease, and aging

Chemical Senses

Volumn 39, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 3-16

  Feng, Pu ^a   Huang, Liquan ^a   Wang, Hong ^a  

^a MONELL CHEMICAL SENSES CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Aging; Cell death; Cell renewal; Disease; Taste buds; Taste dysfunction

Indexed keywords

FAS ANTIGEN; GAMMA INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 10 RECEPTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR;

AGING; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BASAL CELL; BITTER TASTE; CANCER PATIENT; CELL DEATH; CELL DEGENERATION; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL FUNCTION; CELL LINE; CELL POPULATION; CELL RENEWAL; CELL STRUCTURE; CELL SURVIVAL; CELL TYPE; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DYSGEUSIA; FAS GENE; GENE; GENETIC LINE; HUMAN; HYPOGEUSIA; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE; MOUTH CAVITY; NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SALTY TASTE; SJOEGREN SYNDROME; SOUR TASTE; STEM CELL; SWEETNESS; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; TASTE; TASTE ACUITY; TASTE BUD; TASTE DISORDER; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION;

AGING; CELL DEATH; CELL RENEWAL; DISEASE; TASTE BUDS; TASTE DYSFUNCTION;

AGING; ANIMALS; CELL DEATH; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; TASTE BUDS; TASTE DISORDERS;

EID: 84890849124     PISSN: 0379864X     EISSN: 14643553     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjt059     Document Type: Review

References (144)

1. Adler E, Hoon MA, Mueller KL, Chandrashekar J, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS. 2000. A novel family of mammalian taste receptors. Cell. 100:693-702.
2. Arey LB, Tremaine MJ, Monzingo FL. 1935. The numerical and topographical relations of taste buds to human circumvallate papillae throughout the life span. Anat Rec. 64:9-25.
3. Bartel DL, Sullivan SL, Lavoie EG, Sévigny J, Finger TE. 2006. Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-2 is the ecto-ATPase of type I cells in taste buds. J Comp Neurol. 497:1-12.
4. Bartoshuk L, Desnoyers S, Hudson C, Marks L, O'Brien M. 1987. Tasting on localized areas. Ann NY Acad Sci. 510:166-168.
5. Bartoshuk LM. 1989. Taste. Robust across the age span? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 561:65-75.
6. Beidler LM, Smallman RL. 1965. Renewal of cells within taste buds. J Cell Biol. 27:263-272.
7. Beites CL, Hollenbeck PL, Kim J, Lovell-Badge R, Lander AD, Calof AL. 2009. Follistatin modulates a BMP autoregulatory loop to control the size and patterning of sensory domains in the developing tongue. Development. 136:2187-2197.
8. Bromley SM. 2000. Smell and taste disorders: a primary care approach. Am Fam Physician. 61:427-36, 438.
9. Bromley SM, Doty RL. 2003. Clinical disorders affecting taste: evaluation and management. In: Doty RL, editor. Handbook of olfaction and gustation. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. p. 935-957.
10. Cai H, Daimon CM, Cong WN, Wang R, Chirdon P, de Cabo R, Sevigny J, Maudsley S, Martin B. 2013. Longitudinal analysis of calorie restriction on rat taste bud morphology and expression of sweet taste modulators. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. doi:10.1093/gerona/glt129
11. Campbell SM, Montanaro A, Bardana EJ. 1983. Head and neck manifestations of autoimmune disease. Am J Otolaryngol. 4:187-216.
12. Carson JA, Gormican A. 1977. Taste acuity and food attitudes of selected patients with cancer. J Am Diet Assoc. 70:361-365.
13. Chandrashekar J, Hoon MA, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS. 2006. The receptors and cells for mammalian taste. Nature. 444:288-294.
14. Chandrashekar J, Yarmolinsky D, von Buchholtz L, Oka Y, Sly W, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS. 2009. The taste of carbonation. Science. 326:443-445.
15. Chaudhari N, Roper SD. 2010. The cell biology of taste. J Cell Biol. 190:285-296.
16. Cho YK, Farbman AI, Smith DV. 1998. The timing of alpha-gustducin expression during cell renewal in rat vallate taste buds. Chem Senses. 23:735-742.
17. Clapp TR, Stone LM, Margolskee RF, Kinnamon SC. 2001. Immunocytochemical evidence for co-expression of Type III IP3 receptor with signaling components of bitter taste transduction. BMC Neurosci. 2:6.
18. Cohn ZJ, Kim A, Huang L, Brand J, Wang H. 2010. Lipopolysaccharideinduced inflammation attenuates taste progenitor cell proliferation and shortens the life span of taste bud cells. BMC Neurosci. 11:72.
19. Conger AD, Wells MA. 1969. Radiation and aging effect on taste structure and function. Radiat Res. 37:31-49.
20. Cowart BJ. 1989. Relationships between taste and smell across the adult life span. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 561:39-55.
21. Cullen MM, Leopold DA. 1999. Disorders of smell and taste. Med Clin North Am. 83:57-74.
22. Dando R, Roper SD. 2009. Cell-to-cell communication in intact taste buds through ATP signalling from pannexin 1 gap junction hemichannels. J Physiol. 587:5899-5906.
23. DeFazio RA, Dvoryanchikov G, Maruyama Y, Kim JW, Pereira E, Roper SD, Chaudhari N. 2006. Separate populations of receptor cells and presynaptic cells in mouse taste buds. J Neurosci. 26:3971-3980.
24. Delay RJ, Kinnamon JC, Roper SD. 1986. Ultrastructure of mouse vallate taste buds: II. Cell types and cell lineage. J Comp Neurol. 253:242-252.
25. DeWys WD. 1977. Anorexia in cancer patients. Cancer Res. 37:2354-2358.
26. DeWys WD, Walters K. 1975. Abnormalities of taste sensation in cancer patients. Cancer. 36:1888-1896.
27. Farbman AI. 1980. Renewal of taste bud cells in rat circumvallate papillae. Cell Tissue Kinet. 13:349-357.
28. Feng P, Zhao H, Chai J, Huang L, Wang H. 2012. Expression and secretion of TNF-a in mouse taste buds: a novel function of a specific subset of type II taste cells. PLoS One. 7:e43140.
29. Finger TE. 2005. Cell types and lineages in taste buds. Chem Senses. 30(Suppl 1):i54-i55.
30. Finger TE, Danilova V, Barrows J, Bartel DL, Vigers AJ, Stone L, Hellekant G, Kinnamon SC. 2005. ATP signaling is crucial for communication from taste buds to gustatory nerves. Science. 310:1495-1499.
31. Fox RI. 2005. Sjögren's syndrome. Lancet. 366:321-331.
32. Frank ME, Hettinger TP, Mott AE. 1992. The sense of taste: neurobiology, aging, and medication effects. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 3:371-393.
33. Fujimoto S, Murray RG. 1970. Fine structure of degeneration and regeneration in denervated rabbit vallate taste buds. Anat Rec. 168:383-413.
34. Gomez FE, Cassís-Nosthas L, Morales-de-León JC, Bourges H. 2004. Detection and recognition thresholds to the 4 basic tastes in Mexican patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Eur J Clin Nutr. 58:629-636.
35. Gondivkar SM, Indurkar A, Degwekar S, Bhowate R. 2009. Evaluation of gustatory function in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 108:876-880.
36. Goodspeed RB, Gent JF, Catalanotto FA. 1987. Chemosensory dysfunction. Clinical evaluation results from a taste and smell clinic. Postgrad Med. 81:251-7, 260.
37. Graham CS, Graham BG, Bartlett JA, Heald AE, Schiffman SS. 1995. Taste and smell losses in HIV infected patients. Physiol Behav. 58:287-293.
38. Guagliardo NA, Hill DL. 2007. Fungiform taste bud degeneration in C57BL/6J mice following chorda-lingual nerve transection. J Comp Neurol. 504:206-216.
39. Guth L. 1957. The effects of glossopharyngeal nerve transection on the circumvallate papilla of the rat. Anat Rec. 128:715-731.
40. Hall JM, Bell ML, Finger TE. 2003. Disruption of sonic hedgehog signaling alters growth and patterning of lingual taste papillae. Dev Biol. 255:263-277.
41. Hamamichi R, Asano-Miyoshi M, Emori Y. 2006. Taste bud contains both short-lived and long-lived cell populations. Neuroscience. 141:2129-2138.
42. Harrison TA, Smith Adams LB, Moore PD, Perna MK, Sword JD, Defoe DM. 2011. Accelerated turnover of taste bud cells in mice deficient for the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1. BMC Neurosci. 12:34.
43. He L, Yadgarov A, Sharif S, McCluskey LP. 2012. Aging profoundly delays functional recovery from gustatory nerve injury. Neuroscience. 209:208-218.
44. Heald AE, Pieper CF, Schiffman SS. 1998. Taste and smell complaints in HIVinfected patients. AIDS. 12:1667-1674.
45. Heald AE, Schiffman SS. 1997. Taste and smell. Neglected senses that contribute to the malnutrition of AIDS. N C Med J. 58:100-104.
46. Heft MW, Robinson ME. 2010. Age differences in orofacial sensory thresholds. J Dent Res. 89:1102-1105.
47. Henkin RI, Larson AL, Powell RD. 1975. Hypogeusia, dysgeusia, hyposmia, and dysosmia following influenza-like infection. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 84:672-682.
48. Henkin RI, Talal N, Larson AL, Mattern CF. 1972. Abnormalities of taste and smell in Sjogren's syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 76:375-383.
49. Hernandez YL, Daniels TE. 1989. Oral candidiasis in Sjögren's syndrome: prevalence, clinical correlations, and treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 68:324-329.
50. Hevezi P, Moyer BD, Lu M, Gao N, White E, Echeverri F, Kalabat D, Soto H, Laita B, Li C, et al. 2009. Genome-wide analysis of gene expression in primate taste buds reveals links to diverse processes. PLoS One. 4:e6395.
51. Hirota M, Ito T, Okudela K, Kawabe R, Hayashi H, Yazawa T, Fujita K, Kitamura H. 2001. Expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in taste buds of mouse and hamster. Tissue Cell. 33:25-32.
52. Hisatsune C, Yasumatsu K, Takahashi-Iwanaga H, Ogawa N, Kuroda Y, Yoshida R, Ninomiya Y, Mikoshiba K. 2007. Abnormal taste perception in mice lacking the type 3 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor. J Biol Chem. 282:37225-37231.
53. Hoon MA, Adler E, Lindemeier J, Battey JF, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS. 1999. Putative mammalian taste receptors: a class of taste-specific GPCRs with distinct topographic selectivity. Cell. 96:541-551.
54. Huang AL, Chen X, Hoon MA, Chandrashekar J, Guo W, Tränkner D, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS. 2006. The cells and logic for mammalian sour taste detection. Nature. 442:934-938.
55. Huang L, Max M, Margolskee RF, Su H, Masland RH, Euler T. 2003. G protein subunit G gamma 13 is coexpressed with G alpha o, G beta 3, and G beta 4 in retinal ON bipolar cells. J Comp Neurol. 455:1-10.
56. Huang L, Shanker YG, Dubauskaite J, Zheng JZ, Yan W, Rosenzweig S, Spielman AI, Max M, Margolskee RF. 1999. Ggamma13 colocalizes with gustducin in taste receptor cells and mediates IP3 responses to bitter denatonium. Nat Neurosci. 2:1055-1062.
57. Huang YA, Maruyama Y, Stimac R, Roper SD. 2008. Presynaptic (Type III) cells in mouse taste buds sense sour (acid) taste. J Physiol. 586:2903-2912.
58. Huang YJ, Lu KS. 2001. TUNEL staining and electron microscopy studies of apoptotic changes in the guinea pig vallate taste cells after unilateral glossopharyngeal denervation. Anat Embryol (Berl). 204:493-501.
59. Huque T, Cowart BJ, Dankulich-Nagrudny L, Pribitkin EA, Bayley DL, Spielman AI, Feldman RS, Mackler SA, Brand JG. 2009. Sour ageusia in two individuals implicates ion channels of the ASIC and PKD families in human sour taste perception at the anterior tongue. PLoS One. 4:e7347.
60. Iwatsuki K, Liu HX, Grónder A, Singer MA, Lane TF, Grosschedl R, Mistretta CM, Margolskee RF. 2007. Wnt signaling interacts with Shh to regulate taste papilla development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 104:2253-2258.
61. Jang YC, Sinha M, Cerletti M, Dall'Osso C, Wagers AJ. 2011. Skeletal muscle stem cells: effects of aging and metabolism on muscle regenerative function. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 76:101-111.
62. Jones DL, Rando TA. 2011. Emerging models and paradigms for stem cell ageing. Nat Cell Biol. 13:506-512.
63. Jonsson R, Bolstad AI, Brokstad KA, Brun JG. 2007. Sjögren's syndrome-a plethora of clinical and immunological phenotypes with a complex genetic background. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1108:433-447.
64. Kano M, Shimizu Y, Okayama K, Kikuchi M. 2007. Quantitative study of ageing epiglottal taste buds in humans. Gerodontology. 24:169-172.
65. Kashihara K, Hanaoka A, Imamura T. 2011. Frequency and characteristics of taste impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease: results of a clinical interview. Intern Med. 50:2311-2315.
66. Kataoka S, Yang R, Ishimaru Y, Matsunami H, Sévigny J, Kinnamon JC, Finger TE. 2008. The candidate sour taste receptor, PKD2L1, is expressed by type III taste cells in the mouse. Chem Senses. 33:243-254.
67. Kim A, Feng P, Ohkuri T, Sauers D, Cohn ZJ, Chai J, Nelson T, Bachmanov AA, Huang L, Wang H. 2012. Defects in the peripheral taste structure and function in the MRL/lpr mouse model of autoimmune disease. PLoS One. 7:e35588.
68. Kim MR, Kusakabe Y, Miura H, Shindo Y, Ninomiya Y, Hino A. 2003. Regional expression patterns of taste receptors and gustducin in the mouse tongue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 312:500-506.
69. Kinnamon SC. 2013. Neurosensory transmission without a synapse: new perspectives on taste signaling. BMC Biol. 11:42.
70. Kobayashi K, Jackowiak H, Frackowiak H, Yoshimura K, Kumakura M, Kobayashi K. 2005. Comparative morphological study on the tongue and lingual papillae of horses (Perissodactyla) and selected ruminantia (Artiodactyla). Ital J Anat Embryol. 110:55-63.
71. Li F, Ponissery-Saidu S, Yee KK, Wang H, Chen ML, Iguchi N, Zhang G, Jiang P, Reisert J, Huang L. 2013. Heterotrimeric G protein subunit Gγ13 is critical to olfaction. J Neurosci. 33:7975-7984.
72. Liu F, Thirumangalathu S, Gallant NM, Yang SH, Stoick-Cooper CL, Reddy ST, Andl T, Taketo MM, Dlugosz AA, Moon RT, et al. 2007. Wntbeta-catenin signaling initiates taste papilla development. Nat Genet. 39:106-112.
73. Liu HX, Henson BS, Zhou Y, D'Silva NJ, Mistretta CM. 2008. Fungiform papilla pattern: EGF regulates inter-papilla lingual epithelium and decreases papilla number by means of PI3K/Akt, MEK/ERK, and p38 MAPK signaling. Dev Dyn. 237:2378-2393.
74. Liu HX, Maccallum DK, Edwards C, Gaffield W, Mistretta CM. 2004. Sonic hedgehog exerts distinct, stage-specific effects on tongue and taste papilla development. Dev Biol. 276:280-300.
75. Matsumoto I, Ohmoto M, Narukawa M, Yoshihara Y, Abe K. 2011. Skn-1a (Pou2f3) specifies taste receptor cell lineage. Nat Neurosci. 14:685-687.
76. Matsunami H, Montmayeur JP, Buck LB. 2000. A family of candidate taste receptors in human and mouse. Nature. 404:601-604.
77. Max M, Shanker YG, Huang L, Rong M, Liu Z, Campagne F, Weinstein H, Damak S, Margolskee RF. 2001. Tas1r3, encoding a new candidate taste receptor, is allelic to the sweet responsiveness locus Sac. Nat Genet. 28:58-63.
78. Michael P, Raut V. 2007. Chorda tympani injury: operative findings and postoperative symptoms. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 136:978-981.
79. Miller IJ. 1995. Anatomy of the peripheral taste system. In: Doty RL, editor. Handbook of olfaction and gustation. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. p. 521-547.
80. Mirza N, Machtay M, Devine PA, Troxel A, Abboud SK, Doty RL. 2008. Gustatory impairment in patients undergoing head and neck irradiation. Laryngoscope. 118:24-31.
81. Miura H, Kato H, Kusakabe Y, Tagami M, Miura-Ohnuma J, Ninomiya Y, Hino A. 2004. A strong nerve dependence of sonic hedgehog expression in basal cells in mouse taste bud and an autonomous transcriptional control of genes in differentiated taste cells. Chem Senses. 29:823-831.
82. Miura H, Kusakabe Y, Sugiyama C, Kawamatsu M, Ninomiya Y, Motoyama J, Hino A. 2001. Shh and Ptc are associated with taste bud maintenance in the adult mouse. Mech Dev. 106:143-145.
83. Miyoshi MA, Abe K, Emori Y. 2001. IP(3) receptor type 3 and PLCbeta2 are co-expressed with taste receptors T1R and T2R in rat taste bud cells. Chem Senses. 26:259-265.
84. Mochizuki Y. 1937. An observation on the numerical and topographical relations of taste buds to circumvallate papillae of Japanese. Okajimas Folia Anat Japon. 15:595-608.
85. Mochizuki Y. 1939. Studies on the papilla foliate of Japanese. 2. The number of taste buds. Okajimas Folia Anat Japon. 18:355-369.
86. Mojet J, Christ-Hazelhof E, Heidema J. 2001. Taste perception with age: generic or specific losses in threshold sensitivity to the five basic tastes? Chem Senses. 26:845-860.
87. Mossman K, Shatzman A, Chencharick J. 1982. Long-term effects of radiotherapy on taste and salivary function in man. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 8:991-997.
88. Mukherjee N, Carroll BL, Spees JL, Delay ER. 2013. Pre-treatment with amifostine protects against cyclophosphamide-induced disruption of taste in mice. PLoS One. 8:e61607.
89. Mukherjee N, Delay ER. 2011. Cyclophosphamide-induced disruption of umami taste functions and taste epithelium. Neuroscience. 192:732-745.
90. Murphy C, Gilmore MM. 1989. Quality-specific effects of aging on the human taste system. Percept Psychophys. 45:121-128.
91. Murray RG. 1971. Ultrastructure of taste receptors. In: Beidler LM, editor. Handbook of sensory physiology. Chemical senses. Part 2. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 31-50.
92. Nelson GM. 1998. Biology of taste buds and the clinical problem of taste loss. Anat Rec. 253:70-78.
93. Nelson GM, Finger TE. 1993. Immunolocalization of different forms of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) in rat taste buds. J Comp Neurol. 336:507-516.
94. Nguyen HM, Barlow LA. 2010. Differential expression of a BMP4 reporter allele in anterior fungiform versus posterior circumvallate taste buds of mice. BMC Neurosci. 11:129.
95. Nguyen HM, Reyland ME, Barlow LA. 2012. Mechanisms of taste bud cell loss after head and neck irradiation. J Neurosci. 32:3474-3484.
96. Oka Y, Butnaru M, von Buchholtz L, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS. 2013. High salt recruits aversive taste pathways. Nature. 494:472-475.
97. Okubo T, Clark C, Hogan BL. 2009. Cell lineage mapping of taste bud cells and keratinocytes in the mouse tongue and soft palate. Stem Cells. 27:442-450.
98. Okubo T, Pevny LH, Hogan BL. 2006. Sox2 is required for development of taste bud sensory cells. Genes Dev. 20:2654-2659.
99. Ota MS, Kaneko Y, Kondo K, Ogishima S, Tanaka H, Eto K, Kondo T. 2009. Combined in silico and in vivo analyses reveal role of Hes1 in taste cell differentiation. PLoS Genet. 5:e1000443.
100. Perea-Martinez I, Nagai T, Chaudhari N. 2013. Functional cell types in taste buds have distinct longevities. PLoS One. 8:e53399.
101. Perez CA, Huang L, Rong M, Kozak JA, Preuss AK, Zhang H, Max M, Margolskee RF. 2002. A transient receptor potential channel expressed in taste receptor cells. Nat Neurosci. 5:1169-1176.
102. Petersen CI, Jheon AH, Mostowfi P, Charles C, Ching S, Thirumangalathu S, Barlow LA, Klein OD. 2011. FGF signaling regulates the number of posterior taste papillae by controlling progenitor field size. PLoS Genet. 7:e1002098.
103. Reiter ER, DiNardo LJ, Costanzo RM. 2006. Toxic effects on gustatory function. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 63:265-277.
104. Saito T, Ito T, Narita N, Yamada T, Manabe Y. 2011. Light and electron microscopic observation of regenerated fungiform taste buds in patients with recovered taste function after severing chorda tympani nerve. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 120:713-721.
105. Saito T, Manabe Y, Shibamori Y, Yamagishi T, Igawa H, Tokuriki M, Fukuoka Y, Noda I, Ohtsubo T, Saito H. 2001. Long-term follow-up results of electrogustometry and subjective taste disorder after middle ear surgery. Laryngoscope. 111:2064-2070.
106. Schiffman SS. 1997. Taste and smell losses in normal aging and disease. JAMA. 278:1357-1362.
107. Seta Y, Oda M, Kataoka S, Toyono T, Toyoshima K. 2011. Mash1 is required for the differentiation of AADC-positive type III cells in mouse taste buds. Dev Dyn. 240:775-784.
108. Seta Y, Seta C, Barlow LA. 2003. Notch-associated gene expression in embryonic and adult taste papillae and taste buds suggests a role in taste cell lineage decisions. J Comp Neurol. 464:49-61.
109. Seta Y, Stoick-Cooper CL, Toyono T, Kataoka S, Toyoshima K, Barlow LA. 2006. The bHLH transcription factors, Hes6 and Mash1, are expressed in distinct subsets of cells within adult mouse taste buds. Arch Histol Cytol. 69:189-198.
110. Shah M, Deeb J, Fernando M, Noyce A, Visentin E, Findley LJ, Hawkes CH. 2009. Abnormality of taste and smell in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 15:232-237.
111. Sherry VW. 2002. Taste alterations among patients with cancer. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 6:73-77.
112. Shi L, He L, Sarvepalli P, McCluskey LP. 2012. Functional role for interleukin-1 in the injured peripheral taste system. J Neurosci Res. 90:816-830.
113. Shimizu Y. 1997. A histomorphometric study of the age-related changes of the human taste buds in circumvallate papillae. Oral Med Pathol. 2:17-24.
114. Shin YK, Cong WN, Cai H, Kim W, Maudsley S, Egan JM, Martin B. 2012. Age-related changes in mouse taste bud morphology, hormone expression, and taste responsivity. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 67:336-344.
115. Smith FR, Henkin RI, Dell RB. 1976. Disordered gustatory acuity in liver disease. Gastroenterology. 70:568-571.
116. Steinbach S, Hundt W, Vaitl A, Heinrich P, Förster S, Bürger K, Zahnert T. 2010. Taste in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol. 257:238-246.
117. Steinbach S, Proft F, Schulze-Koops H, Hundt W, Heinrich P, Schulz S, Gruenke M. 2011. Gustatory and olfactory function in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 40:169-177.
118. Stevens JC. 1996. Detection of tastes in mixture with other tastes: issues of masking and aging. Chem Senses. 21:211-221.
119. Stone LM, Barrows J, Finger TE, Kinnamon SC. 2007. Expression of T1Rs and gustducin in palatal taste buds of mice. Chem Senses. 32:255-262.
120. Sullivan JM, Borecki AA, Oleskevich S. 2010. Stem and progenitor cell compartments within adult mouse taste buds. Eur J Neurosci. 31:1549-1560.
121. Suzuki Y. 2008. Expression of Sox2 in mouse taste buds and its relation to innervation. Cell Tissue Res. 332:393-401.
122. Takeda M, Suzuki Y, Obara N, Nagai Y. 1996. Apoptosis in mouse taste buds after denervation. Cell Tissue Res. 286:55-62.
123. Takeda N, Jain R, Li D, Li L, Lu MM, Epstein JA. 2013. Lgr5 Identifies Progenitor Cells Capable of Taste Bud Regeneration after Injury. PLoS One. 8:e66314.
124. Taruno A, Vingtdeux V, Ohmoto M, Ma Z, Dvoryanchikov G, Li A, Adrien L, Zhao H, Leung S, Abernethy M, et al. 2013. CALHM1 ion channel mediates purinergic neurotransmission of sweet, bitter and umami tastes. Nature. 495:223-226.
125. Thirumangalathu S, Harlow DE, Driskell AL, Krimm RF, Barlow LA. 2009. Fate mapping of mammalian embryonic taste bud progenitors. Development. 136:1519-1528.
126. Tomchik SM, Berg S, Kim JW, Chaudhari N, Roper SD. 2007. Breadth of tuning and taste coding in mammalian taste buds. J Neurosci. 27:10840-10848.
127. Ueda K, Ichimori Y, Maruyama H, Murakami Y, Fujii M, Honma S, Wakisaka S. 2008. Cell-type specific occurrence of apoptosis in taste buds of the rat circumvallate papilla. Arch Histol Cytol. 71:59-67.
128. Vandenbeuch A, Clapp TR, Kinnamon SC. 2008. Amiloride-sensitive channels in type I fungiform taste cells in mouse. BMC Neurosci. 9:1.
129. Wang H, Iguchi N, Rong Q, Zhou M, Ogunkorode M, Inoue M, Pribitkin EA, Bachmanov AA, Margolskee RF, Pfeifer K, et al. 2009a. Expression of the voltage-gated potassium channel KCNQ1 in mammalian taste bud cells and the effect of its null-mutation on taste preferences. J Comp Neurol. 512:384-398.
130. Wang H, Zhou M, Brand J, Huang L. 2007. Inflammation activates the interferon signaling pathways in taste bud cells. J Neurosci. 27:10703-10713.
131. Wang H, Zhou M, Brand J, Huang L. 2009b. Inflammation and taste disorders: mechanisms in taste buds. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1170:596-603.
132. Watanabe-Fukunaga R, Brannan CI, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Nagata S. 1992. Lymphoproliferation disorder in mice explained by defects in Fas antigen that mediates apoptosis. Nature. 356:314-317.
133. Weiffenbach JM, Schwartz LK, Atkinson JC, Fox PC. 1995. Taste performance in Sjogren's syndrome. Physiol Behav. 57:89-96.
134. Wickham RS, Rehwaldt M, Kefer C, Shott S, Abbas K, Glynn-Tucker E, Potter C, Blendowski C. 1999. Taste changes experienced by patients receiving chemotherapy. Oncol Nurs Forum. 26:697-706.
135. Yamamoto K, Kurihara M, Matsusue Y, Komatsu Y, Tsuyuki M, Fujimoto T, Nakamura S, Kirita T. 2009. Atrophic change of tongue papilla in 44 patients with Sjögren syndrome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 107:801-805.
136. Yamazaki M, Fujii S, Ochiai A. 2010. Reduction of type II taste cells correlates with taste dysfunction after X-ray irradiation in mice. J Oral Pathol Med. 39:212-218.
137. Yang R, Crowley HH, Rock ME, Kinnamon JC. 2000. Taste cells with synapses in rat circumvallate papillae display SNAP-25-like immunoreactivity. J Comp Neurol. 424:205-215.
138. Yee CL, Yang R, Böttger B, Finger TE, Kinnamon JC. 2001. "Type III" cells of rat taste buds: immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies of neuron-specific enolase, protein gene product 9.5, and serotonin. J Comp Neurol. 440:97-108.
139. Yee KK, Li Y, Redding KM, Iwatsuki K, Margolskee RF, Jiang P. 2013. Lgr5-EGFP marks taste bud stem/progenitor cells in posterior tongue. Stem Cells. 31:992-1000.
140. Zain RB, Hanks CT. 1989. Morphological changes in taste buds of the fungiform papillae after a single dose of x-ray irradiation in rats. Malays J Pathol. 11:57-64.
141. Zeng Q, Kwan A, Oakley B. 2000. Gustatory innervation and bax-dependent caspase-2: participants in the life and death pathways of mouse taste receptor cells. J Comp Neurol. 424:640-650.
142. Zeng Q, Oakley B. 1999. p53 and Bax: putative death factors in taste cell turnover. J Comp Neurol. 413:168-180.
143. Zhang Y, Hoon MA, Chandrashekar J, Mueller KL, Cook B, Wu D, Zuker CS, Ryba NJ. 2003. Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways. Cell. 112:293-301.
144. Zhou Y, Liu HX, Mistretta CM. 2006. Bone morphogenetic proteins and noggin: inhibiting and inducing fungiform taste papilla development. Dev Biol. 297:198-213.