Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors: Rescuers of cognitive impairments

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 141, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 1-12

  King, Margaret K ^a   Pardo, Marta ^a   Cheng, Yuyan ^a   Downey, Kimberlee ^a   Jope, Richard S ^a   Beurel, Eléonore ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Fragile X syndrome; Glycogen synthase kinase 3; Learning; Lithium; LTP

Indexed keywords

1 (4 METHOXYBENZYL) 3 (5 NITRO 2 THIAZOLYL)UREA; 2 (2,4 DICHLOROPHENYL) 3 (1 METHYL 3 INDOLYL)MALEIMIDE; 2 (3 CHLORO 4 HYDROXYANILINO) 3 (2 NITROPHENYL)MALEIMIDE; AR A 014418S; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3 INHIBITOR; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3ALPHA; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3BETA; INDIRUBIN; INDIRUBIN 3' MONOXIME; L 803 MTS; LITHIUM; MMBO; TDZD 8; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VP0.7; VP1.15; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE; NOOTROPIC AGENT; PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITOR;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ATTENTION; AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; BRAIN MALARIA; BRAIN TUMOR; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DOWN SYNDROME; ENZYME PHOSPHORYLATION; FRAGILE X SYNDROME; HIV ASSOCIATED DEMENTIA; HUMAN; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING; LEARNING; LEARNING DISORDER; LITHIUM BLOOD LEVEL; LONG TERM CARE; LONG TERM DEPRESSION; LONG TERM POTENTIATION; MEMORY; MEMORY CONSOLIDATION; MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; MINI MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION; NERVE DEGENERATION; NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLE; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; OLFACTORY DISCRIMINATION; PARKINSON DISEASE; POSTOPERATIVE COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SKULL IRRADIATION; SPINOCEREBELLAR DEGENERATION; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY; VISUAL MEMORY; ANIMAL; ANTAGONISTS AND INHIBITORS; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; COGNITION DISORDERS; DISEASE MODEL; DRUG EFFECTS; INFLAMMATION; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY;

ANIMALS; COGNITION DISORDERS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASES; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; NEUROGENESIS; NEURONAL PLASTICITY; NOOTROPIC AGENTS; PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITORS;

EID: 84890552198     PISSN: 01637258     EISSN: 1879016X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.07.010     Document Type: Review

References (205)

1. A.C. Andreazza, L. Shao, J.F. Wang, and L.T. Young Mitochondrial complex I activity and oxidative damage to mitochondrial proteins in the prefrontal cortex of patients with bipolar disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry 67 2010 360 368
2. L.L. Altshuler, J. Ventura, W.G. van Gorp, M.F. Green, D.C. Theberge, and J. Mintz Neurocognitive function in clinically stable men with bipolar I disorder or schizophrenia and normal control subjects Biol Psychiatry 56 2004 560 569
3. B. Arts, N. Jabben, L. Krabbendam, and J. van Os A 2-year naturalistic study on cognitive functioning in bipolar disorder Acta Psychiatr Scand 123 2011 190 205
4. L. Avrahami, D. Farfara, M. Shaham-Kol, R. Vassar, D. Frenkel, and H. Eldar-Finkelman Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 ameliorates β-amyloid pathology and restores lysosomal acidification and mammalian target of rapamycin activity in the Alzheimer disease mouse model: In vivo and in vitro studies J Biol Chem 288 2013 1295 1306
5. J. Bain, L. Plater, M. Elliott, N. Shpiro, C.J. Hastie, and H. McLauchlan The selectivity of protein kinase inhibitors: A further update Biochem J 408 2007 297 315
6. C.E. Bakker, and Dutch-Belgian Fragile X Consortium Fmr1 knockout mice: a model to study fragile X mental retardation Cell 78 1994 23 33
7. V. Balanzá-Martínez, G. Selva, A. Martínez- Arán, J. Prickaerts, J. Salazar, and A. González-Pinto Neurocognition in bipolar disorders - a closer look at comorbidities and medications Eur J Pharmacol 626 2010 87 96
8. E. Berry-Kravis, A. Sumis, C. Hervey, M. Nelson, S.W. Porges, and N. Weng Open-label treatment trial of lithium to target the underlying defect in fragile X syndrome J Dev Behav Pediatr 29 2008 293 302
9. E. Beurel Regulation by glycogen synthase kinase-3 of inflammation and T cells in CNS diseases Front Mol Neurosci 4 2011 18
10. E. Beurel, and R.S. Jope The paradoxical pro- and anti-apoptotic actions of GSK3 in the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis signaling pathways Prog Neurobiol 79 2006 173 189
11. E. Beurel, and R.S. Jope Differential regulation of STAT family members by glycogen synthase kinase-3 J Biol Chem 283 2008 21934 21944
12. E. Beurel, and R.S. Jope Lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-6 production is controlled by glycogen synthase kinase-3 and STAT3 in the brain J Neuroinflammation 11 2009 6 9
13. E. Beurel, W.I. Yeh, S.M. Michalek, L.E. Harrington, and R.S. Jope Glycogen synthase kinase-3 is an early determinant in the differentiation of pathogenic Th17 cells J Immunol 186 2011 1391 1398
14. E. Beurel, O. Kaidanovich-Beilin, W.I. Yeh, L. Song, V. Palomo, and S.M. Michalek Regulation of Th1 cells and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by glycogen synthase kinase-3 J Immunol 190 2013 5000 5011
15. R. Bhat, Y. Xue, S. Berg, S. Hellberg, M. Ormö, and Y. Nilsson Structural insights and biological effects of glycogen synthase kinase 3-specific inhibitor AR-A014418 J Biol Chem 278 2003 45937 45945
16. G.N. Bijur, and R.S. Jope Opposing actions of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and glycogen synthase kinase-3β in the regulation of HSF-1 activity J Neurochem 75 2000 2401 2408
17. S.G. Birnbaum, P.X. Yuan, M. Wang, S. Vijayraghavan, A.K. Bloom, and D.J. Davis Protein kinase C overactivity impairs prefrontal cortical regulation of working memory Science 306 2004 882 884
18. K. Blennow, J. Hardy, and H. Zetterberg The neuropathology and neurobiology of traumatic brain injury Neuron 76 2012 886 899
19. M.J. Boivin, P. Bangirana, J. Byarugaba, R.O. Opoka, R. Idro, and A.M. Jurek Cognitive impairment after cerebral malaria in children: A prospective study Pediatrics 119 2007 e360 e366
20. C. Bown, J.F. Wang, G. MacQueen, and L.T. Young Increased temporal cortex ER stress proteins in depressed subjects who died by suicide Neuropsychopharmacology 22 2000 327 332
21. C.A. Bradley, S. Peineau, C. Taghibiglou, C.S. Nicolas, D.J. Whitcomb, and Z.A. Bortolotto A pivotal role of GSK-3 in synaptic plasticity Front Mol Neurosci 5 2012 13
22. A. Caccamo, S. Oddo, L.X. Tran, and F.M. LaFerla Lithium reduces tau phosphorylation but not Aβ or working memory deficits in a transgenic model with both plaques and tangles Am J Pathol 170 2007 1669 1675
23. S.T. Carmichael Plasticity of cortical projections after stroke Neuroscientist 9 2003 64 75
24. A.A. Castro, K. Ghisoni, A. Latini, J. Quevedo, C.I. Tasca, and R.D. Prediger Lithium and valproate prevent olfactory discrimination and short-term memory impairments in the intranasal 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) rat model of Parkinson's disease Behav Brain Res 229 2012 208 215
25. K.R. Chaudhuri, D.G. Healy, A.H. Schapira, and National Institute for Clinical Excellence Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: Diagnosis and management Lancet Neurol 11 2006 1116 1125
26. G. Chen, G. Rajkowska, F. Du, N. Seraji-Bozorgzad, and H.K. Manji Enhancement of hippocampal neurogenesis by lithium J Neurochem 75 2000 1729 1734
27. G. Chen, K.A. Bower, C. Ma, S. Fang, C.J. Thiele, and J. Luo Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) mediates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal death FASEB J 18 2004 1162 1164
28. Y.L. Cheng, C.Y. Wang, W.C. Huang, C.C. Tsai, C.L. Chen, and C.F. Shen Staphylococcus aureus induces microglial inflammation via a glycogen synthase kinase 3β-regulated pathway Infect Immun 77 2009 4002 4008
29. M. Cherner, E. Masliah, R.J. Ellis, T.D. Marcotte, D.J. Moore, and I. Grant Neurocognitive dysfunction predicts postmortem findings of HIV encephalitis Neurology 59 2002 1563 1567
30. C.H. Choi, B.P. Schoenfeld, A.J. Bell, P. Hinchey, M. Kollaros, and M.J. Gertner Pharmacological reversal of synaptic plasticity deficits in the mouse model of fragile X syndrome by group II mGluR antagonist or lithium treatment Brain Res 1380 2011 106 119
31. G.N. Christodoulou, A. Kokkevi, E.P. Lykouras, C.N. Stefanis, and G.N. Papadimitriou Effects of lithium on memory Am J Psychiatry 138 1981 847 848
32. B. Chu, F. Soncin, B.D. Price, M.A. Stevenson, and S.K. Calderwood Sequential phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase and glycogen synthase kinase 3 represses transcriptional activation by heat shock factor-1 J Biol Chem 271 1996 30847 30857
33. L. Clark, S.D. Iversen, and G.M. Goodwin Sustained attention deficit in bipolar disorder Br J Psychiatry 180 2002 313 319
34. M.P. Coghlan, A.A. Culbert, D.A. Cross, S.L. Corcoran, J.W. Yates, and N.J. Pearce Selective small molecule inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3 modulate glycogen metabolism and gene transcription Chem Biol 7 2000 793 803
35. A. Contestabile, B. Greco, D. Ghezzi, V. Tucci, F. Benfenati, and L. Gasparini Lithium rescues synaptic plasticity and memory in Down syndrome mice J Clin Invest 123 2013 348 361
36. L. Crews, C. Patrick, C.L. Achim, I.P. Everall, and E. Masliah Molecular pathology of neuro-AIDS (CNS-HIV) Int J Mol Sci 10 2009 1045 1063
37. M. Dai, B. Freeman, H.J. Shikani, F.P. Bruno, J.E. Collado, and R. Macias Altered regulation of Akt signaling with murine cerebral malaria, effects on long-term neuro-cognitive function, restoration with lithium treatment PLoS One 7 2012 e44117
38. P.K. Dash, D. Johnson, J. Clark, S.A. Orsi, M. Zhang, and J. Zhao Involvement of the glycogen synthase kinase-3 signaling pathway in TBI pathology and neurocognitive outcome PLoS One 6 2011 e24648
39. S.P. Davies, H. Reddy, M. Caivano, and P. Cohen Specificity and mechanism of action of some commonly used protein kinase inhibitors Biochem J 351 2000 95 105
40. T.M. Dawson, and V.L. Dawson Molecular pathways of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease Science 302 2003 819 822
41. G.V. De Ferrari, M.A. Chacón, M.I. Barría, J.L. Garrido, J.A. Godoy, and G. Olivares Activation of Wnt signaling rescues neurodegeneration and behavioral impairments induced by β-amyloid fibrils Mol Psychiatry 8 2003 195 208
42. P. De Sarno, R.C. Axtell, C. Raman, K.A. Roth, D.R. Alessi, and R.S. Jope Lithium prevents and ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis J Immunol 181 2008 338 345
43. A.P. de Vasconcellos, A.I. Zugno, A.H. Dos Santos, F.B. Nietto, L.M. Crema, and M. Gonçalves Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity is reduced in hippocampus of rats submitted to an experimental model of depression: Effect of chronic lithium treatment and possible involvement in learning deficits Neurobiol Learn Mem 84 2005 102 110
44. T. del Ser, K.C. Steinwachs, H.J. Gertz, M.V. Andrés, B. Gómez-Carrillo, and M. Medina Treatment of Alzheimer's disease with the GSK-3 inhibitor tideglusib: A pilot study J Alzheimers Dis 33 2013 205 215
45. W. Deng, J.B. Aimone, and F.H. Gage New neurons and new memories: How does adult hippocampal neurogenesis affect learning and memory? Nat Rev Neurosci 11 2010 339 350
46. I. Dewachter, L. Ris, T. Jaworski, C.M. Seymour, A. Kremer, and P. Borghgraef GSK3β, a centre-staged kinase in neuropsychiatric disorders, modulates long term memory by inhibitory phosphorylation at serine-9 Neurobiol Dis 35 2009 193 200
47. S. Dewhurst, S.B. Maggirwar, G. Schifitto, H.E. Gendelman, and H.A. Gelbard Glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSK-3β) as a therapeutic target in neuroAIDS J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2 2007 93 96
48. V.V. Dias, V. Balanzá-Martinez, M.G. Soeiro-de-Souza, R.A. Moreno, M.L. Figueira, and R. Machado-Vieira Pharmacological approaches in bipolar disorders and the impact on cognition: A critical overview Acta Psychiatr Scand 126 2012 315 331
49. Y. Ding, A. Qiao, and G.H. Fan Indirubin-3′-monoxime rescues spatial memory deficits and attenuates β-amyloid-associated neuropathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease Neurobiol Dis 39 2010 156 168
50. C.E. Dixon, G.L. Clifton, J.W. Lighthall, A.A. Yaghmai, and R.L. Hayes A controlled cortical impact model of traumatic brain injury in the rat J Neurosci Methods 39 1991 253 262
51. S.M. El-Badri, C.H. Ashton, P.B. Moore, V.R. Marsh, and I.N. Ferrier Electrophysiological and cognitive function in young euthymic patients with bipolar affective disorder Bipolar Disord 3 2001 79 87
52. H. Eldar-Finkelman, and A. Martinez GSK-3 inhibitors: preclinical and clinical focus on CNS Front Mol Neurosci 4 2011 32
53. P. Elsass, E.T. Mellerup, O.J. Rafaelsen, and A. Theilgaard Effect of lithium on reaction time. A study of diurnal variations Psychopharmacology 72 1981 279 282
54. T. Engel, F. Hernández, J. Avila, and J.J. Lucas Full reversal of Alzheimer's disease-like phenotype in a mouse model with conditional overexpression of glycogen synthase kinase-3 J Neurosci 26 2006 5083 5090
55. F. Engelsmann, J. Katz, A.M. Ghadirian, and D. Schachter Lithium and memory: a long-term following study J Clin Psychopharmacol 8 1988 207 212
56. T.Y. Eom, and R.S. Jope Blocked inhibitory serine-phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3α/β impairs in vivo neural precursor cell proliferation Biol Psychiatry 66 2009 494 502
57. I.P. Everall, C. Bell, M. Mallory, D. Langford, A. Adame, and E. Rockestein Lithium ameliorates HIV-gp120-mediated neurotoxicity Mol Cell Neurosci 21 2002 493 501
58. G.S. Falchook, C.M. Malone, S. Upton, and W.X. Shandera Postmalaria neurological syndrome after treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the United States Clin Infect Dis 37 2003 e22 e24
59. A. Fiorentini, M.C. Rosi, C. Grossi, I. Luccarini, and F. Casamenti Lithium improves hippocampal neurogenesis, neuropathology and cognitive functions in APP mutant mice PLoS One 5 2010 e14382
60. O.V. Forlenza, B.S. Diniz, M. Radanovic, F.S. Santos, L.L. Talib, and W.F. Gattaz Disease-modifying properties of long-term lithium treatment for amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Randomised controlled trial Br J Psychiatry 198 2011 351 356
61. O.V. Forlenza, V.J. de Paula, R. Machado-Vieira, B.S. Diniz, and W.F. Gattaz Does lithium prevent Alzheimer's disease? Drugs Aging 29 2012 335 342
62. A.V. Franklin, M.K. King, V. Palomo, A. Martinez, L. McMahon, and R.S. Jope Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors reverse deficits in long-term potentiation and cognition in Fragile X mice Biol Psychiatry 2013 (in press)
63. B. Georgievska, J. Sandin, J. Doherty, A. Mörtberg, J. Neelissen, and A. Andersson AZD1080, a novel GSK3 inhibitor, rescues synaptic plasticity deficits in rodent brain and exhibits peripheral target engagement in humans J Neurochem 125 2013 446 456
64. K. Ghosal, D.L. Vogt, M. Liang, Y. Shen, B.T. Lamb, and S.W. Pimplikar Alzheimer's disease-like pathological features in transgenic mice expressing the APP intracellular domain Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106 2009 18367 18372
65. E. Gómez de Barreda, M. Pérez, P. Gómez Ramos, J. de Cristobal, P. Martín-Maestro, and A. Morán Tau-knockout mice show reduced GSK3-induced hippocampal degeneration and learning deficits Neurobiol Dis 37 2010 622 629
66. W. Guo, A.C. Murthy, L. Zhang, E.B. Johnson, E.G. Schaller, and A.M. Allan Inhibition of GSK3β improves hippocampus-dependent learning and rescues neurogenesis in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome Hum Mol Genet 21 2012 681 691
67. J. Hardy, K. Duff, K.G. Hardy, J. Perez-Tur, and M. Hutton Genetic dissection of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias: Amyloid and its relationship to tau Nat Neurosci 1 1998 355 358
68. J. Hardy, and D.J. Selkoe The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: Progress and problems on the road to therapeutics Science 297 2002 353 536
69. R. Hashimoto, V. Senatorov, H. Kanai, P. Leeds, and D.M. Chuang Lithium stimulates progenitor proliferation in cultured brain neurons Neuroscience 117 2003 55 61
70. S. Hatcher, R. Sims, and D. Thompson The effects of chronic lithium treatment on psychomotor performance related to driving Br J Psychiatry 157 1990 275 278
71. F. Hernández, J. Borrell, C. Guaza, J. Avila, and J.J. Lucas Spatial learning deficit in transgenic mice that conditionally over-express GSK-3β in the brain but do not form tau filaments J Neurochem 83 2002 1529 1533
72. J.W. Hicks, H.F. VanBrocklin, A.A. Wilson, S. Houle, and N. Vasdev Radiolabeled small molecule protein kinase inhibitors for imaging with PET or SPECT Molecules 15 2010 8260 8278
73. M. Hong, D.C. Chen, P.S. Klein, and V.M. Lee Lithium reduces tau phosphorylation by inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 J Biol Chem 272 1997 25326 25332
74. A. Honig, B.M. Arts, R.W. Ponds, and W.J. Riedel Lithium induced cognitive side effects in bipolar disorder: A qualitative analysis and implications for daily practice Int Clin Psychopharmacol 14 1999 167 171
75. C. Hooper, V. Markevich, F. Plattner, R. Killick, E. Schofield, and T. Engel Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition is integral to long-term potentiation Eur J Neurosci 25 2007 81 86
76. I.B. Hovens, R.G. Schoemaker, E.A. van der Zee, E. Heineman, G.J. Izaks, and B.L. van Leeuwen Thinking through postoperative cognitive dysfunction: How to bridge the gap between clinical and pre-clinical perspectives Brain Behav Immun 26 2012 1169 1179
77. S. Hu, A.N. Begum, M.R. Jones, M.S. Oh, W.K. Beech, and B.H. Beech GSK3 inhibitors show benefits in an Alzheimer's disease (AD) model of neurodegeneration but adverse effects in control animals Neurobiol Dis 33 2009 193 206
78. D.E. Hurtado, L. Molina-Porcel, J.C. Carroll, C. Macdonald, A.K. Aboagye, and J.Q. Trojanowski Selectively silencing GSK-3 isoforms reduces plaques and tangles in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease J Neurosci 32 2012 7392 7402
79. P. Jauhar, I. Mcclure, C. Hillary, and A. Watson Psychomotor performance of patients on maintenance lithium therapy Hum Psychopharmacol 8 1993 141 144
80. J. Jo, D.J. Whitcomb, K.M. Olsen, T.L. Kerrigan, S.C. Lo, and G. Bru-Mercier Aβ(1-42) inhibition of LTP is mediated by a signaling pathway involving caspase-3, Akt1 and GSK-3β Nat Neurosci 14 2011 545 547
81. R.T. Joffe, C. MacDonald, and S.P. Kutcher Lack of differential cognitive effects of lithium and carbamazepine in bipolar affective disorder J Clin Psychopharmacol 8 1988 425 428
82. C.G. Jolivalt, R. Hurford, C.A. Lee, W. Dumaop, E. Rockenstein, and E. Masliah Type 1 diabetes exaggerates features of Alzheimer's disease in APP transgenic mice Exp Neurol 223 2010 422 431
83. R.S. Jope Lithium and GSK3: One inhibitor, two inhibitory actions, multiple outcomes Trends Pharmacol Sci 24 2003 441 443
84. R.S. Jope Glycogen synthase kinase-3 in the etiology and treatment of mood disorders Front Mol Neurosci 4 2011 16 26
85. R.S. Jope, and G.V.W. Johnson The glamour and gloom of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) Trends Biochem Sci 29 2004 95 102
86. O. Kaidanovich-Beilin, A. Milman, A. Weizman, C.G. Pick, and H. Eldar-Finkelman Rapid antidepressive-like activity of specific glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor and its effect on β-catenin in mouse hippocampus Biol Psychiatry 55 2004 781 784
87. O. Kaidanovich-Beilin, T.V. Lipina, K. Takao, M. van Eede, S. Hattori, and C. Laliberté Abnormalities in brain structure and behavior in GSK-3α mutant mice Mol Brain 2 2009 35
88. O. Kaidanovich-Beilin, and J.R. Woodgett GSK-3: Functional insights from cell biology and animal models Front Mol Neurosci 4 2011 40
89. L.V. Kessing, J.L. Forman, and P.K. Andersen Does lithium protect against dementia? Bipolar Disord 12 2010 87 94
90. M. Khasraw, D. Ashley, G. Wheeler, and M. Berk Using lithium as a neuroprotective agent in patients with cancer BMC Med 10 2012 131
91. W.Y. Kim, X. Wang, Y. Wu, B.W. Doble, S. Patel, and J.R. Woodgett GSK-3 is a master regulator of neural progenitor homeostasis Nat Neurosci 12 2009 1390 1397
92. T. Kimura, S. Yamashita, S. Nakao, J.M. Park, M. Murayama, and T. Mizoroki GSK-3β is required for memory reconsolidation in adult brain PLoS One 3 2008 e3540
93. M.R. King, N.J. Anderson, L.S. Guernsey, and C.G. Jolivalt Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition prevents learning deficits in diabetic mice J Neurosci Res 91 2013 506 514
94. T.D. King, G.N. Bijur, and R.S. Jope Caspase-3 activation induced by inhibition of mitochondrial complex I is facilitated by glycogen synthase kinase-3β and attenuated by lithium Brain Res 919 2001 106 114
95. T.D. King, and R.S. Jope Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 protects cells from intrinsic but not extrinsic oxidative stress Neuroreport 16 2005 597 601
96. M.K. King, and R.S. Jope Lithium treatment alleviates impaired cognition in a mouse model of Fragile X syndrome Genes Brain Behav 2013 (in press)
97. P.S. Klein, and D.A. Melton A molecular mechanism for the effect of lithium on development Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93 1996 8455 8459
98. R.F. Kooy Of mice and the fragile X syndrome Trends Genet 19 2003 148 154
99. S. Leclerc, M. Garnier, R. Hoessel, D. Marko, J.A. Bibb, and G.L. Snyder Indirubins inhibit glycogen synthase kinase-3β and CDK5/p25, two protein kinases involved in abnormal tau phosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease. A property common to most cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors? J Biol Chem 276 2001 251 260
100. M. Leost, C. Schultz, A. Link, Y.Z. Wu, J. Biernat, and E.M. Mandelkow Paullones are potent inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3β and cyclin-dependent kinase 5/p25 Eur J Biochem 267 2000 5983 5994
101. S.L. Letendre, S.P. Woods, R.J. Ellis, J.H. Atkinson, E. Masliah, and G. van den Brande Lithium improves HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment AIDS 20 2006 1885 1888
102. B. Leuner, E. Gould, and T.J. Shors Is there a link between adult neurogenesis and learning? Hippocampus 16 2006 216 224
103. T. Leyhe, G.W. Eschweiler, E. Stransky, T. Gasser, P. Annas, and H. Basun Increase of BDNF serum concentration in lithium treated patients with early Alzheimer's disease J Alzheimers Dis 16 2009 649 656
104. X.H. Li, B.L. Lv, J.Z. Xie, J. Liu, X.W. Zhou, and J.Z. Wang AGEs induce Alzheimer-like tau pathology and memory deficit via RAGE-mediated GSK-3 activation Neurobiol Aging 33 2012 1400 1410
105. A. Licht-Murava, B. Plotkin, M. Eisenstein, and H. Eldar-Finkelman Elucidating substrate and inhibitor binding sites on the surface of GSK-3β and the refinement of a competitive inhibitor J Mol Biol 408 2011 366 378
106. D.C. Lie, H. Song, S.A. Colamarino, G.L. Ming, and F.H. Gage Neurogenesis in the adult brain: new strategies for central nervous system diseases Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 44 2004 399 421
107. M.T. Lin, and M.F. Beal Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases Nature 443 2006 787 795
108. M. Linnoila, M.V. Rudorfer, K.V. Dubyoski, R.R. Rawlings, and M.J. Eckardt Effects of one-week lithium treatment on skilled performance, information processing, and mood in healthy volunteers J Clin Psychopharmacol 6 1986 356 359
109. T.V. Lipina, V. Palomo, C. Gil, A. Martinez, and J.C. Roder Dual inhibitor of PDE7 and GSK-3-VP1.15 acts as antipsychotic and cognitive enhancer in C57BL/6J mice Neuropharmacology 64 2013 205 214
110. S.J. Liu, A.H. Zhang, H.L. Li, Q. Wang, H.M. Deng, and W.J. Netzer Overactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by inhibition of phosphoinositol-3 kinase and protein kinase C leads to hyperphosphorylation of tau and impairment of spatial memory J Neurochem 87 2003 1333 1344
111. X.S. Liu, Q.S. Xue, Q.W. Zeng, Q. Li, J. Liu, and X.M. Feng Sevoflurane impairs memory consolidation in rats, possibly through inhibiting phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in the hippocampus Neurobiol Learn Mem 94 2010 461 467
112. Z.H. Liu, D.M. Chuang, and C.B. Smith Lithium ameliorates phenotypic deficits in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 14 2011 618 630
113. H. Loo, J. Bonnel, P. Etevenon, J. Benyacoub, and P. Slowen Intellectual efficiency in manic-depressive patients treated with lithium. A control study Acta Psychiatr Scand 64 1981 423 430
114. C. López-Jaramillo, J. Lopera-Vásquez, J. Ospina-Duque, J. García, A. Gallo, and V. Cortez Lithium treatment effects on the neuropsychological functioning of patients with bipolar I disorder J Clin Psychiatry 71 2010 1055 1060
115. S. Lovestone, D.R. Davis, M.T. Webster, S. Kaech, J.P. Brion, and A. Matus Lithium reduces tau phosphorylation: Effects in living cells and in neurons at therapeutic concentrations Biol Psychiatry 45 1999 995 1003
116. J.J. Lucas, F. Hernández, P. Gómez-Ramos, M.A. Morán, R. Hen, and J. Avila Decreased nuclear β-catenin, tau hyperphosphorylation and neurodegeneration in GSK-3β conditional transgenic mice EMBO J 20 2001 27 39
117. Y. Lund, M. Nissen, and O.J. Rafaelsen Long-term lithium treatment and psychological functions Acta Psychiatr Scand 65 1982 233 244
118. P.T. Ly, Y. Wu, H. Zou, R. Wang, W. Zhou, and A. Kinoshita Inhibition of GSK3β-mediated BACE1 expression reduces Alzheimer-associated phenotypes J Clin Invest 123 2013 224 235
119. T. Ma, C.A. Hoeffer, E. Capetillo-Zarate, F. Yu, H. Wong, and M.T. Lin Dysregulation of the mTOR pathway mediates impairment of synaptic plasticity in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease PLoS One 5 2010 9
120. A. Macdonald, K. Briggs, M. Poppe, A. Higgins, L. Velayudhan, and S. Lovestone A feasibility and tolerability study of lithium in Alzheimer's disease Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 23 2008 704 711
121. E.M. Mandelkow, G. Drewes, J. Biernat, N. Gustke, J. Van Lint, and J.R. Vandenheede Glycogen synthase kinase-3 and the Alzheimer-like state of microtubule-associated protein tau FEBS Lett 314 1992 315 321
122. R.B. Mansur, A. Zugman, E.M. Asevedo, G.R. da Cunha, R.A. Bressan, and E. Brietzke Cytokines in schizophrenia: Possible role of anti-inflammatory medications in clinical and preclinical stages Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 66 2012 247 260
123. Y. Mao, X. Ge, C.L. Frank, J.M. Madison, A.N. Koehler, and M.K. Doud Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 regulates neuronal progenitor proliferation via modulation of GSK3β/β-catenin signaling Cell 136 2009 1017 1031
124. M. Martin, K. Rehani, R.S. Jope, and S.M. Michalek Toll-like receptor-mediated cytokine production is differentially regulated by glycogen synthase kinase 3 Nat Immunol 6 2005 777 784
125. A. Martinez, M. Alonso, A. Castro, C. Pérez, and F.J. Moreno First non-ATP competitive glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) inhibitors: thiadiazolidinones (TDZD) as potential drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease J Med Chem 45 2002 1292 1299
126. A. Martinez, C. Gil, and D.I. Perez Glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibitors in the next horizon for Alzheimer's disease treatment Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011 2011 280502
127. A. Martinez-Aran, E. Vieta, M. Reinares, F. Colom, C. Torrent, and J. Sanchez-Moreno Cognitive function across manic or hypomanic, depressed and euthymic states in bipolar disorder Am J Psychiatry 161 2004 262 270
128. T.Z. Marusarz, E.A. Wolpert, and S.D. Koh Memory processing with lithium carbonate J Clin Psychiatry 42 1981 190 192
129. F. Massa, M. Koehl, T. Wiesner, N. Grosjean, J.M. Revest, and P.V. Piazza Conditional reduction of adult neurogenesis impairs bidirectional hippocampal synaptic plasticity Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108 2011 6644 6649
130. G.P. Meares, M.A. Mines, E. Beurel, T.Y. Eom, L. Song, and A.A. Zmijewska Glycogen synthase kinase-3 regulates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced CHOP expression in neuronal cells Exp Cell Res 317 2011 1621 1628
131. M.A. Mines, and R.S. Jope Glycogen synthase kinase-3: a promising therapeutic target for fragile x syndrome Front Mol Neurosci 4 2011 35
132. M.A. Mines, E. Beurel, and R.S. Jope Regulation of cell survival mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease by glycogen synthase kinase-3 Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011 2011 861072
133. J.A. Morales-Garcia, R. Luna-Medina, S. Alonso-Gil, M. Sanz-Sancristobal, V. Palomo, and C. Gil Glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibition promotes adult hippocampal neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo ACS Chem Neurosci 3 2012 963 971
134. J.R. Muñoz-Montaño, F.J. Moreno, J. Avila, and J. Diaz-Nido Lithium inhibits Alzheimer's disease-like tau protein phosphorylation in neurons FEBS Lett 411 1997 183 188
135. M. Mur, M.J. Portella, A. Martínez-Arán, J. Pifarré, and E. Vieta Neuropsychological profile in bipolar disorder: A preliminary study of monotherapy lithium-treated euthymic bipolar patients evaluated at a 2-year interval Acta Psychiatr Scand 118 2008 373 381
136. J.T. Murray, D.G. Campbell, N. Morrice, G.C. Auld, N. Shpiro, and R. Marquez Exploitation of KESTREL to identify NDRG family members as physiological substrates for SGK1 and GSK3 Biochem J 384 2004 477 488
137. C. Nocjar, M.D. Hammonds, and S.S. Shim Chronic lithium treatment magnifies learning in rats Neuroscience 150 2007 774 788
138. S. Nonaka, and D.M. Chuang Neuroprotective effects of chronic lithium on focal cerebral ischemia in rats Neuroreport 9 1998 2081 2084
139. P.V. Nunes, O.V. Forlenza, and W.F. Gattaz Lithium and risk for Alzheimer's disease in elderly patients with bipolar disorder Br J Psychiatry 190 2007 359 360
140. M.A. Nunes, T.A. Viel, and H.S. Buck Microdose lithium treatment stabilized cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer's disease Curr Alzheimer Res 10 2013 104 107
141. T. Onishi, H. Iwashita, Y. Uno, J. Kunitomo, M. Saitoh, and E. Kimura A novel glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor 2-methyl-5-(3-{4-[(S)-methylsulfinyl] phenyl}-1-benzofuran-5-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole decreases tau phosphorylation and ameliorates cognitive deficits in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease J Neurochem 119 2011 1330 1340
142. A.K. Pachet, and A.M. Wisniewski The effects of lithium on cognition: An updated review Psychopharmacology 170 2003 225 234
143. V. Palomo, I. Soteras, D.I. Perez, C. Perez, C. Gil, and N.E. Campillo Exploring the binding sites of glycogen synthase kinase 3. Identification and characterization of allosteric modulation cavities J Med Chem 54 2011 8461 8470
144. S. Peineau, C. Taghibiglou, C. Bradley, T.P. Wong, L. Liu, and J. Lu LTP inhibits LTD in the hippocampus via regulation of GSK3β Neuron 53 2007 703 717
145. C.J. Phiel, and P.S. Klein Molecular targets of lithium action Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 41 2001 789 813
146. C.J. Phiel, C.A. Wilson, V.M.Y. Lee, and P.S. Klein GSK-3α regulates production of Alzheimer's disease amyloid-β peptides Nature 423 2003 435 439
147. M. Pieretti, F.P. Zhang, Y.H. Fu, S.T. Warren, B.A. Oostra, and C.T. Caskey Absence of expression of the FMR-1 gene in fragile X syndrome Cell 66 1991 817 822
148. B. Plotkin, O. Kaidanovich, I. Talior, and H. Eldar-Finkelman Insulin mimetic action of synthetic phosphorylated peptide inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3 J Pharmacol Exp Ther 305 2003 974 980
149. N. Pomara Lithium treatment in Alzheimer's disease does not promote cognitive enhancement, but may exert long-term neuroprotective effects Psychopharmacology (Berl) 205 2009 169 170
150. T. Ponce-Lopez, G. Liy-Salmeron, E. Hong, and A. Meneses Lithium, phenserine, memantine and pioglitazone reverse memory deficit and restore phospho-GSK3β decreased in hippocampus in intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced memory deficit model Brain Res 1426 2011 73 85
151. C.L. Raison, and A.H. Miller The evolutionary significance of depression in Pathogen Host Defense (PATHOS-D) Mol Psychiatry 18 2013 15 37
152. R.H. Reeves, N.G. Irving, T.H. Moran, A. Wohn, C. Kitt, and S.S. Sisodia A mouse model for Down syndrome exhibits learning and behaviour deficits Nat Genet 11 1995 177 184
153. L.J. Robinson, and I.N. Ferrier Evolution of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: A systematic review of cross-sectional evidence Bipolar Disord 8 2006 103 116
154. E. Rockenstein, M. Torrance, A. Adame, M. Mante, P. Bar-on, and J.B. Rose Neuroprotective effects of regulators of the glycogen synthase kinase-3β signaling pathway in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease are associated with reduced amyloid precursor protein phosphorylation J Neurosci 27 2007 1981 1991
155. D.D. Roman, and P.W. Sperduto Neuropsychological effects of cranial radiation: Current knowledge and future directions Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 31 1995 983 998
156. B.D. Roussel, A.J. Kruppa, E. Miranda, D.C. Crowther, D.A. Lomas, and S.J. Marciniak Endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction in neurological disease Lancet Neurol 12 2013 105 118
157. M. Schäfer, S. Goodenough, B. Moosmann, and C. Behl Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β is involved in the resistance to oxidative stress in neuronal HT22 cells Brain Res 1005 2004 848 849
158. G. Schifitto, J. Zhong, D. Gill, D.R. Peterson, M.D. Gaugh, and T. Zhu Lithium therapy for human immunodeficiency virus type 1-associated neurocognitive impairment J Neurovirol 15 2009 176 186
159. M.L. Selenica, H.S. Jensen, A.K. Larsen, M.L. Pedersen, L. Helboe, and M. Leist Efficacy of small-molecule glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors in the postnatal rat model of tau hyperphosphorylation Br J Pharmacol 152 2007 959 979
160. L. Serenó, M. Coma, M. Rodríguez, P. Sánchez-Ferrer, M.B. Sánchez, and I. Gich A novel GSK-3β inhibitor reduces Alzheimer's pathology and rescues neuronal loss in vivo Neurobiol Dis 35 2009 359 367
161. M. Sharifzadeh, M. Aghsami, S. Gholizadeh, K. Tabrizian, M. Soodi, and S. Khalaj Protective effects of chronic lithium treatment against spatial memory retention deficits induced by the protein kinase AII inhibitor H-89 in rats Pharmacology 80 2007 158 165
162. I. Sharma, and P. Singh Cognitive functions in patients of primary affective disorder on prophylactic lithium treatment Indian J Med Res 88 1988 246 252
163. E.D. Shaw, P.E. Stokes, J.J. Mann, and A.Z. Manevitz Effects of lithium carbonate on the memory and motor speed of bipolar outpatients J Abnorm Psychol 96 1987 64 69
164. A. Schober Classic toxin-induced animal models of Parkinson's disease: 6-OHDA and MPTP Cell Tissue Res 318 2004 215 224
165. R. Silva, A.R. Mesquita, J. Bessa, J.C. Sousa, I. Sotiropoulos, and P. Leão Lithium blocks stress-induced changes in depressive-like behavior and hippocampal cell fate: The role of glycogen-synthase-kinase-3β Neuroscience 152 2008 656 669
166. L. Smigan, and C. Perris Memory functions and prophylactic treatment with lithium Psychol Med 13 1983 529 536
167. L. Song, P. De Sarno, and R.S. Jope Central role of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced caspase-3 activation J Biol Chem 277 2002 44701 44708
168. V. Stambolic, L. Ruel, and J.R. Woodgett Lithium inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 activity and mimics wingless signalling in intact cells Curr Biol 6 1996 1664 1668
169. E. Stip, J. Dufresne, I. Lussier, and L. Yatham A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of lithium on cognition in healthy subjects: Mild and selective effects on learning J Affect Disord 60 2000 147 157
170. E.L. Streck, C.M. Comim, T. Barichello, and J. Quevedo The septic brain Neurochem Res 33 2008 2171 2177
171. T.L. Sudduth, J.G. Wilson, A. Everhart, C.A. Colton, and D.M. Wilcock Lithium treatment of APPSwDI/NOS2-/- mice leads to reduced hyperphosphorylated tau, increased amyloid deposition and altered inflammatory phenotype PLoS One 7 2012 e31993
172. M. Sy, M. Kitazawa, R. Medeiros, L. Whitman, D. Cheng, and T.E. Lane Inflammation induced by infection potentiates tau pathological features in transgenic mice Am J Pathol 178 2011 2811 2822
173. A. Takashima, K. Noguchi, G. Michel, M. Mercken, M. Hoshi, and K. Ishiguro Exposure of rat hippocampal neurons to amyloid beta peptide (25-35) induces the inactivation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and the activation of tau protein kinase I/glycogen synthase kinase-3β Neurosci Lett 203 1996 33 36
174. T. Terao, H. Nakano, Y. Inoue, T. Okamoto, J. Nakamura, and N. Iwata Lithium and dementia: A preliminary study Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 30 2006 1125 1128
175. D. Terwel, D. Muyllaert, I. Dewachter, P. Borghgraef, S. Croes, and H. Devijver Amyloid activates GSK-3β to aggravate neuronal tauopathy in bigenic mice Am J Pathol 172 2008 786 798
176. The Dana Consortium on Therapy for HIV Dementia and Related Cognitive Disorders Clinical confirmation of the American Academy of Neurology algorithm for HIV-1-associated cognitive/motor disorder Neurology 47 1996 1247 1253
177. H.J. Thompson, J. Lifshitz, N. Marklund, M.S. Grady, D.I. Graham, and D.A. Hovda Lateral fluid percussion brain injury: A 15-year review and evaluation J Neurotrauma 22 2005 42 75
178. D.K. Thotala, D.E. Hallahan, and E.M. Yazlovitskaya Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β attenuates neurocognitive dysfunction resulting from cranial irradiation Cancer Res 68 2008 5859 5868
179. M. Tian, D. Zhu, W. Xie, and J. Shi Central angiotensin II-induced Alzheimer-like tau phosphorylation in normal rat brains FEBS Lett 586 2012 3737 3745
180. E.M. Toledo, and N.C. Inestrosa Activation of Wnt signaling by lithium and rosiglitazone reduced spatial memory impairment and neurodegeneration in brains of an APPswe/PSEN1DeltaE9 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease Mol Psychiatry 15 2010 272 285
181. E. Tsaltas, T. Kyriazi, C. Poulopoulou, D. Kontis, and A. Maillis Enhancing effects of lithium on memory are not by-products of learning or attentional deficits Behav Brain Res 180 2007 241 245
182. E. Tsaltas, D. Kontis, V. Boulougouris, V.M. Papakosta, H. Giannou, and C. Poulopoulou Enhancing effects of chronic lithium on memory in the rat Behav Brain Res 177 2007 51 60
183. W.G. Van Gorp, L. Altshuler, D.C. Theberge, J. Wilkins, and W. Dixon Cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar patients with and without prior alcohol dependence. A preliminary study Arch Gen Psychiatry 55 1998 41 46
184. H. van Praag, T. Shubert, C. Zhao, and F.H. Gage Exercise enhances learning and hippocampal neurogenesis in aged mice J Neurosci 25 2005 8680 8685
185. A.P. Vasconcellos, A.S. Tabajara, C. Ferrari, E. Rocha, and C. Dalmaz Effect of chronic stress on spatial memory in rats is attenuated by lithium treatment Physiol Behav 79 2003 143 149
186. N. Vasdev, A. Garcia, W.T. Stableford, A.B. Young, J.H. Meyer, and S. Houle Synthesis and ex vivo evaluation of carbon-11 labelled N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N′-(5-nitro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)urea ([11C]AR-A014418): a radiolabelled glycogen synthase kinase-3β specific inhibitor for PET studies Bioorg Med Chem Lett 15 2005 5270 5273
187. A.J. Verkerk, M. Pieretti, J.S. Sutcliffe, Y.H. Fu, D.P. Kuhl, and A. Pizzuti Identification of a gene (FMR-1) containing a CGG repeat coincident with a breakpoint cluster region exhibiting length variation in fragile X syndrome Cell 65 1991 905 914
188. X. Wang, J. Blanchard, E. Kohlbrenner, N. Clement, R.M. Linden, and A. Radu The carboxy-terminal fragment of inhibitor-2 of protein phosphatase-2A induces Alzheimer disease pathology and cognitive impairment FASEB J 24 2010 4420 4432
189. Y.C. Wang, E.N. Wang, C.C. Wang, C.L. Huang, and A.C. Huang Effects of lithium and carbamazepine on spatial learning and depressive behavior in a rat model of bipolar disorder induced by ouabain Pharmacol Biochem Behav 105 2013 118 127
190. K. Watase, E.J. Weeber, B. Xu, B. Antalffy, L. Yuva-Paylor, and K. Hashimoto A long CAG repeat in the mouse Sca1 locus replicates SCA1 features and reveals the impact of protein solubility on selective neurodegeneration Neuron 34 2002 905 919
191. K. Watase, J.R. Gatchel, Y. Sun, E. Emamian, R. Atkinson, and R. Richman Lithium therapy improves neurological function and hippocampal dendritic arborization in a spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 mouse model PLoS Med 4 2007 836 847
192. H. Weingartner, M.V. Rudorfer, and M. Linnoila Cognitive effects of lithium treatment in normal volunteers Psychopharmacology 86 1985 472 474
193. E.M. Wexler, D.H. Geschwind, and T.D. Palmer Lithium regulates adult hippocampal progenitor development through canonical Wnt pathway activation Mol Psychiatry 13 2008 285 292
194. R. Willi, A. Harmeier, S. Giovanoli, and U. Meyer Altered GSK3β signaling in an infection-based mouse model of developmental neuropsychiatric disease Neuropharmacology 73C 2013 56 65
195. A.P. Wingo, T.S. Wingo, P.D. Harvey, and R.J. Baldessarini Effects of lithium on cognitive performance: A meta-analysis J Clin Psychiatry 70 2009 1588 1597
196. H. Xie, J.M. Litersky, J.A. Hartigan, R.S. Jope, and G.V. Johnson The interrelationship between selective tau phosphorylation and microtubule association Brain Res 798 1998 173 183
197. X.B. Yan, S.S. Wang, H.L. Hou, R. Ji, and J.N. Zhou Lithium improves the behavioral disorder in rats subjected to transient global cerebral ischemia Behav Brain Res 177 2007 282 289
198. E.S. Yang, B. Lu, and D.E. Hallahan Lithium-mediated neuroprotection during cranial irradiation: A phase 1 trial ASTRO (American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology) - 49th annual Conference. Los Angeles CA 2007
199. E.M. Yazlovitskaya, E. Edwards, D. Thotala, A. Fu, K.L. Osusky, and W.O. Whetsell Jr. Lithium treatment prevents neurocognitive deficit resulting from cranial irradiation Cancer Res 66 2006 11179 11186
200. F. Yu, Y. Zhang, and D.M. Chuang Lithium reduces BACE1 overexpression, beta amyloid accumulation, and spatial learning deficits in mice with traumatic brain injury J Neurotrauma 29 2012 2342 2351
201. C.J. Yuskaitis, and R.S. Jope Glycogen synthase kinase-3 regulates microglial migration, inflammation, and inflammation-induced neurotoxicity Cell Signal 21 2009 264 273
202. C.J. Yuskaitis, M.A. Mines, M.K. King, J.D. Sweatt, C.A. Miller, and R.S. Jope Lithium ameliorates altered glycogen synthase kinase-3 and behavior in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome Biochem Pharmacol 79 2010 632 646
203. L. Zhao, F. Wang, B. Gui, F. Hua, and Y. Qian Prophylactic lithium alleviates postoperative cognition impairment by phosphorylating hippocampal glycogen synthase kinase-3β (Ser9) in aged rats Exp Gerontol 46 2011 1031 1036
204. L.Q. Zhu, S.H. Wang, D. Liu, Y.Y. Yin, Q. Tian, and X.C. Wang Activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibits long-term potentiation with synapse-associated impairments J Neurosci 27 2007 12211 12220
205. Z.F. Zhu, Q.G. Wang, B.J. Han, and C.P. William Neuroprotective effect and cognitive outcome of chronic lithium on traumatic brain injury in mice Brain Res Bull 83 2010 272 277