Progress and future aspects in genetics of human hypertension

Current Hypertension Reports

Volumn 15, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 676-686

  Zhao, Qi ^a   Kelly, Tanika N ^a   Li, Changwei ^a   He, Jiang ^a  

^a TULANE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Blood pressure; Genetic association studies; Genetic linkage; Genome wide association study; Hypertension; Rare variants; Risk prediction; Sequencing

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BETA 1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR KINASE 4; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR;

3' UNTRANSLATED REGION; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; EPIGENETICS; GENE INTERACTION; GENE LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; GENE LOCUS; GENE MAPPING; GENE SEQUENCE; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC IDENTIFICATION; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; HEREDITY; HERITABILITY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INTRON; MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE; PHARMACOGENOMICS; PHENOTYPE; PREVALENCE; RISK ASSESSMENT; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE;

ANIMALS; GENETIC LOCI; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84890099110     PISSN: 15226417     EISSN: 15343111     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11906-013-0388-6     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2224-60.
2. Danaei G, Finucane MM, Lin JK, Singh GM, Paciorek CJ, Cowan MJ, et al. National, regional, and global trends in systolic blood pressure since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 786 country-years and 5.4 million participants. Lancet. 2011;377:568-77.
3. Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet. 2006;367:1747-57.
4. Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet. 2005;365:217-23.
5. •• Ehret GB, Munroe PB, Rice KM, Bochud M, Johnson AD, Chasman DI, et al. Genetic variants in novel pathways influence blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk. Nature. 2011;478:103-9. To date, this is the largest meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of the phenotypes of blood pressure by the International Consortium of Blood Pressure (ICBP). It included a discovery GWAS among 69,395 individuals and a combined sample of about 200,000 Europeans. It identified 16 novel loci associated with blood pressure. A genetic risk score calculated by GWAS significant variants was associated with hypertension, left ventricular wall thickness, stroke, and coronary artery disease.
6. Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature. 2007;447:661-78.
7. Saxena R, Voight BF, Lyssenko V, Burtt NP, de Bakker PI, Chen H, et al. Genome-wide association analysis identifies loci for type 2 diabetes and triglyceride levels. Science. 2007;316:1331-6.
8. Levy D, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, Newton-Cheh C, Wang TJ, Hwang SJ, et al. Framingham Heart Study 100K Project: genome-wide associations for blood pressure and arterial stiffness. BMC Med Genet. 2007;8(1):S3.
9. Kato N, Miyata T, Tabara Y, Katsuya T, Yanai K, Hanada H, et al. High-density association study and nomination of susceptibility genes for hypertension in the Japanese National Project. Hum Mol Genet. 2008;17:617-27.
10. Sabatti C, Service SK, Hartikainen AL, Pouta A, Ripatti S, Brodsky J, et al. Genome-wide association analysis of metabolic traits in a birth cohort from a founder population. Nat Genet. 2009;41:35-46.
11. Wang Y, O'Connell JR, McArdle PF, Wade JB, Dorff SE, Shah SJ, et al. From the Cover: Whole-genome association study identifies STK39 as a hypertension susceptibility gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:226-31.
12. Harrap SB. Where are all the blood-pressure genes? Lancet. 2003;361:2149-51.
13. Newton-Cheh C, Johnson T, Gateva V, Tobin MD, Bochud M, Coin L, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies eight loci associated with blood pressure. Nat Genet. 2009;41:666-76.
14. Levy D, Ehret GB, Rice K, Verwoert GC, Launer LJ, Dehghan A, et al. Genome-wide association study of blood pressure and hypertension. Nat Genet. 2009;41:677-87.
15. •• Kato N, Takeuchi F, Tabara Y, Kelly TN, Go MJ, Sim X, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies common variants associated with blood pressure variation in east Asians. Nat Genet. 2011;43:531-8. This is the first, largest meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of blood pressure among East Asians. This study identified five novel genetic variants associated with blood pressure in East Asians and also provided evidence of East Asian-specific blood pressure association at ALDH2.
16. •• Wain LV, Verwoert GC, O'Reilly PF, Shi G, Johnson T, Johnson AD, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies six new loci influencing pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure. Nat Genet. 2011;43:1005-11. This study is the second meta-analysis conducted by the International Consortium of Blood Pressure (ICBP). This study idenified four new genomic loci associated with pulse pressure and one locus associated with both pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure.
17. Abriel H, Loffing J, Rebhun JF, Pratt JH, Schild L, Horisberger JD, et al. Defective regulation of the epithelial Na+ channel by Nedd4 in Liddle's syndrome. J Clin Invest. 1999;103:667-73.
18. Simon DB, Karet FE, Hamdan JM, DiPietro A, Sanjad SA, Lifton RP. Bartter's syndrome, hypokalaemic alkalosis with hypercalciuria, is caused by mutations in the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC2. Nat Genet. 1996;13:183-8.
19. Simon DB, Bindra RS, Mansfield TA, Nelson-Williams C, Mendonca E, Stone R, et al. Mutations in the chloride channel gene, CLCNKB, cause Bartter's syndrome type III. Nat Genet. 1997;17:171-8.
20. Birkenhager R, Otto E, Schurmann MJ, Vollmer M, Ruf EM, Maier-Lutz I, et al. Mutation of BSND causes Bartter syndrome with sensorineural deafness and kidney failure. Nat Genet. 2001;29:310-4.
21. Geller DS, Rodriguez-Soriano J, Vallo Boado A, Schifter S, Bayer M, Chang SS, et al. Mutations in the mineralocorticoid receptor gene cause autosomal dominant pseudohypoaldosteronism type I. Nat Genet. 1998;19:279-81.
22. Sartorato P, Lapeyraque AL, Armanini D, Kuhnle U, Khaldi Y, Salomon R, et al. Different inactivating mutations of the mineralocorticoid receptor in fourteen families affected by type I pseudohypoaldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:2508-17.
23. Viemann M, Peter M, Lopez-Siguero JP, Simic-Schleicher G, Sippell WG. Evidence for genetic heterogeneity of pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1: identification of a novel mutation in the human mineralocorticoid receptor in one sporadic case and no mutations in two autosomal dominant kindreds. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:2056-9.
24. Lifton RP. Molecular genetics of human blood pressure variation. Science. 1996;272:676-80.
25. Simonetti GD, Mohaupt MG, Bianchetti MG. Monogenic forms of hypertension. Eur J Pediatr. 2012;171:1433-9.
26. Toka HR, Luft FC. Monogenic forms of human hypertension. Semin Nephrol. 2002;22:81-8.
27. Luft FC. Mendelian forms of human hypertension and mechanisms of disease. Clin Med Res. 2003;1:291-300.
28. Garovic VD, Hilliard AA, Turner ST. Monogenic forms of low-renin hypertension. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 2006;2:624-30.
29. Martinez-Aguayo A, Fardella C. Genetics of hypertensive syndrome. Horm Res. 2009;71:253-9.
30. Manolio TA, Collins FS, Cox NJ, Goldstein DB, Hindorff LA, Hunter DJ, et al. Finding the missing heritability of complex diseases. Nature. 2009;461:747-53.
31. Marteau JB, Zaiou M, Siest G, Visvikis-Siest S. Genetic determinants of blood pressure regulation. J Hypertens. 2005;23:2127-43.
32. Cheng LS, Livshits G, Carmelli D, Wahrendorf J, Brunner D. Segregation analysis reveals a major gene effect controlling systolic blood pressure and BMI in an Israeli population. Hum Biol. 1998;70:59-75.
33. Perusse L, Moll PP, Sing CF. Evidence that a single gene with gender- and age-dependent effects influences systolic blood pressure determination in a population-based sample. Am J Hum Genet. 1991;49:94-105.
34. Levy D, DeStefano AL, Larson MG, O'Donnell CJ, Lifton RP, Gavras H, et al. Evidence for a gene influencing blood pressure on chromosome 17. Genome scan linkage results for longitudinal blood pressure phenotypes in subjects from the framingham heart study. Hypertension. 2000;36:477-83.
35. van Rijn MJ, Schut AF, Aulchenko YS, Deinum J, Sayed-Tabatabaei FA, Yazdanpanah M, et al. Heritability of blood pressure traits and the genetic contribution to blood pressure variance explained by four blood-pressure-related genes. J Hypertens. 2007;25:565-70.
36. Gu D, Rice T, Wang S, Yang W, Gu C, Chen CS, et al. Heritability of blood pressure responses to dietary sodium and potassium intake in a Chinese population. Hypertension. 2007;50:116-22.
37. Hottenga JJ, Whitfield JB, de Geus EJ, Boomsma DI, Martin NG. Heritability and stability of resting blood pressure in Australian twins. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2006;9:205-9.
38. Kupper N, Willemsen G, Riese H, Posthuma D, Boomsma DI, de Geus EJ. Heritability of daytime ambulatory blood pressure in an extended twin design. Hypertension. 2005;45:80-5.
39. Hottenga JJ, Boomsma DI, Kupper N, Posthuma D, Snieder H, Willemsen G, et al. Heritability and stability of resting blood pressure. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2005;8:499-508.
40. Bochud M, Bovet P, Elston RC, Paccaud F, Falconnet C, Maillard M, et al. High heritability of ambulatory blood pressure in families of East African descent. Hypertension. 2005;45:445-50.
41. Fava C, Burri P, Almgren P, Groop L, Hulthen UL, Melander O. Heritability of ambulatory and office blood pressure phenotypes in Swedish families. J Hypertens. 2004;22:1717-21.
42. Fagard R, Brguljan J, Staessen J, Thijs L, Derom C, Thomis M, et al. Heritability of conventional and ambulatory blood pressures. A study in twins. Hypertension. 1995;26:919-24.
43. Rotimi CN, Cooper RS, Cao G, Ogunbiyi O, Ladipo M, Owoaje E, et al. Maximum-likelihood generalized heritability estimate for blood pressure in Nigerian families. Hypertension. 1999;33:874-8.
44. Adeyemo AA, Omotade OO, Rotimi CN, Luke AH, Tayo BO, Cooper RS. Heritability of blood pressure in Nigerian families. J Hypertens. 2002;20:859-63.
45. Hsueh WC, Mitchell BD, Schneider JL, Wagner MJ, Bell CJ, Nanthakumar E, et al. QTL influencing blood pressure maps to the region of PPH1 on chromosome 2q31-34 in Old Order Amish. Circulation. 2000;101:2810-6.
46. Morrison AC, Cooper R, Hunt S, Lewis CE, Luke A, Mosley TH, et al. Genome scan for hypertension in nonobese African Americans: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Blood Pressure Program. Am J Hypertens. 2004;17:834-8.
47. Koivukoski L, Fisher SA, Kanninen T, Lewis CM, von Wowern F, Hunt S, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide scans for hypertension and blood pressure in Caucasians shows evidence of susceptibility regions on chromosomes 2 and 3. Hum Mol Genet. 2004;13:2325-32.
48. Rice T, Cooper RS, Wu X, Bouchard C, Rankinen T, Rao DC, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide scans for blood pressure in African American and Nigerian samples. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute GeneLink Project. Am J Hypertens. 2006;19:270-4.
49. Mocci E, Concas MP, Fanciulli M, Pirastu N, Adamo M, Cabras V, et al. Microsatellites and SNPs linkage analysis in a Sardinian genetic isolate confirms several essential hypertension loci previously identified in different populations. BMC Med Genet. 2009;10:81.
50. Simino J, Shi G, Kume R, Schwander K, Province MA, Gu CC, et al. Five blood pressure loci identified by an updated genome-wide linkage scan: meta-analysis of the Family Blood Pressure Program. Am J Hypertens. 2011;24:347-54.
51. Harrap SB, Wong ZY, Stebbing M, Lamantia A, Bahlo M. Blood pressure QTLs identified by genome-wide linkage analysis and dependence on associated phenotypes. Physiol Genomics. 2002;8:99-105.
52. Hoffmann K, Planitz C, Ruschendorf F, Muller-Myhsok B, Stassen HH, Lucke B, et al. A novel locus for arterial hypertension on chromosome 1p36 maps to a metabolic syndrome trait cluster in the Sorbs, a Slavic population isolate in Germany. J Hypertens. 2009;27:983-90.
53. Puppala S, Coletta DK, Schneider J, Hu SL, Farook VS, Dyer TD, et al. Genome-wide linkage screen for systolic blood pressure in the Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study (VAGES) of Mexican-Americans and confirmation of a major susceptibility locus on chromosome 6q14.1. Hum Hered. 2011;71:1-10.
54. Yu W, Gwinn M, Clyne M, Yesupriya A, Khoury MJ. A navigator for human genome epidemiology. Nat Genet. 2008;40:124-5.
55. • Johnson AD, Newton-Cheh C, Chasman DI, Ehret GB, Johnson T, Rose L, et al. Association of hypertension drug target genes with blood pressure and hypertension in 86,588 individuals. Hypertension. 2011;57:903-10. This large-scale study indicates that candidate genes, with clinical and physiological relevance by virtue of their role as antihypertensive drug targets, harbor true blood pressure related variants. The variants on the genes ADRB1 and AGT even reached the genome-wide significance. Thus, the author suggested that revisiting genome-wide association studies from the perspective of biological and clinical knowledge might be useful for discovery and validation of new genetic associations.
56. Takeuchi F, Yamamoto K, Katsuya T, Sugiyama T, Nabika T, Ohnaka K, et al. Reevaluation of the association of seven candidate genes with blood pressure and hypertension: a replication study and meta-analysis with a larger sample size. Hypertens Res. 2012;35:825-31.
57. • Ganesh SK, Tragante V, Guo W, Guo Y, Lanktree MB, Smith EN, et al. Loci influencing blood pressure identified using a cardiovascular gene-centric array. Hum Mol Genet. 2013;22:1663-78. This is a large association study using a cardiovasuclar gene-centric array, examing ~50,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms from ~2,100 candidate genes for cardiovascular phenotypes in 127, 505 individuals of European ancestry. It identified two novel loci associated with blood pressure. This study highlights the potential of candidiate gene studies in identifying genetic factors for complex disease by the use of strigent methodologies.
58. Johnson T, Gaunt TR, Newhouse SJ, Padmanabhan S, Tomaszewski M, Kumari M, et al. Blood pressure loci identified with a gene-centric array. Am J Hum Genet. 2011;89:688-700.
59. Samani NJ, Erdmann J, Hall AS, Hengstenberg C, Mangino M, Mayer B, et al. Genomewide association analysis of coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:443-53.
60. Frayling TM, Timpson NJ, Weedon MN, Zeggini E, Freathy RM, Lindgren CM, et al. A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity. Science. 2007;316:889-94.
61. Hiura Y, Tabara Y, Kokubo Y, Okamura T, Miki T, Tomoike H, et al. A genome-wide association study of hypertension-related phenotypes in a Japanese population. Circ J. 2010;74:2353-9.
62. Padmanabhan S, Melander O, Johnson T, Di Blasio AM, Lee WK, Gentilini D, et al. Genome-wide association study of blood pressure extremes identifies variant near UMOD associated with hypertension. PLoS Genet. 2010;6:e1001177.
63. Salvi E, Kutalik Z, Glorioso N, Benaglio P, Frau F, Kuznetsova T, et al. Genomewide association study using a high-density single nucleotide polymorphism array and case-control design identifies a novel essential hypertension susceptibility locus in the promoter region of endothelial NO synthase. Hypertension. 2012;59:248-55.
64. White PC. Disorders of aldosterone biosynthesis and action. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:250-8.
65. Qian X, Lu Z, Tan M, Liu H, Lu D. A meta-analysis of association between C677T polymorphism in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene and hypertension. Eur J Hum Genet. 2007;15:1239-45.
66. Monteith GR, Kable EP, Kuo TH, Roufogalis BD. Elevated plasma membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump mRNA levels in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997;230:344-6.
67. Wang X, Chua HX, Chen P, Ong RT, Sim X, Zhang W, et al. Comparing methods for performing trans-ethnic meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. Hum Mol Genet. 2013;22:2303-11.
68. Morris AP. Transethnic meta-analysis of genomewide association studies. Genet Epidemiol. 2011;35:809-22.
69. Franceschini N, van Rooij FJ, Prins BP, Feitosa MF, Karakas M, Eckfeldt JH, et al. Discovery and fine mapping of serum protein loci through transethnic meta-analysis. Am J Hum Genet. 2012;91:744-53.
70. Murcray CE, Lewinger JP, Gauderman WJ. Gene-environment interaction in genome-wide association studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;169:219-26.
71. Bloom JS, Ehrenreich IM, Loo WT, Lite TL, Kruglyak L. Finding the sources of missing heritability in a yeast cross. Nature. 2013;494:234-7.
72. Murcray CE, Lewinger JP, Conti DV, Thomas DC, Gauderman WJ. Sample size requirements to detect gene-environment interactions in genome-wide association studies. Genet Epidemiol. 2011;35:201-10.
73. Baccarelli A, Rienstra M, Benjamin EJ. Cardiovascular epigenetics: basic concepts and results from animal and human studies. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2010;3:567-73.
74. Cowley Jr AW, Nadeau JH, Baccarelli A, Berecek K, Fornage M, Gibbons GH, et al. Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group on epigenetics and hypertension. Hypertension. 2012;59:899-905.
75. Millis RM. Epigenetics and hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2011;13:21-8.
76. Friso S, Pizzolo F, Choi SW, Guarini P, Castagna A, Ravagnani V, et al. Epigenetic control of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 gene promoter is related to human hypertension. Atherosclerosis. 2008;199:323-7.
77. Smolarek I, Wyszko E, Barciszewska AM, Nowak S, Gawronska I, Jablecka A, et al. Global DNA methylation changes in blood of patients with essential hypertension. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16:CR149-55.
78. Cohen J, Pertsemlidis A, Kotowski IK, Graham R, Garcia CK, Hobbs HH. Low LDL cholesterol in individuals of African descent resulting from frequent nonsense mutations in PCSK9. Nat Genet. 2005;37:161-5.
79. Cohen JC, Kiss RS, Pertsemlidis A, Marcel YL, McPherson R, Hobbs HH. Multiple rare alleles contribute to low plasma levels of HDL cholesterol. Science. 2004;305:869-72.
80. Cohen JC, Pertsemlidis A, Fahmi S, Esmail S, Vega GL, Grundy SM, et al. Multiple rare variants in NPC1L1 associated with reduced sterol absorption and plasma low-density lipoprotein levels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:1810-5.
81. Ji W, Foo JN, O'Roak BJ, Zhao H, Larson MG, Simon DB, et al. Rare independent mutations in renal salt handling genes contribute to blood pressure variation. Nat Genet. 2008;40:592-9.
82. Rao F, Wen G, Gayen JR, Das M, Vaingankar SM, Rana BK, et al. Catecholamine release-inhibitory peptide catestatin (chromogranin A(352-372)): naturally occurring amino acid variant Gly364Ser causes profound changes in human autonomic activity and alters risk for hypertension. Circulation. 2007;115:2271-81.
83. Metzker ML. Sequencing technologies - the next generation. Nat Rev Genet. 2010;11:31-46.
84. Tennessen JA, Bigham AW, O'Connor TD, Fu W, Kenny EE, Gravel S, et al. Evolution and functional impact of rare coding variation from deep sequencing of human exomes. Science. 2012;337:64-9.
85. Mailman MD, Feolo M, Jin Y, Kimura M, Tryka K, Bagoutdinov R, et al. The NCBI dbGaP database of genotypes and phenotypes. Nat Genet. 2007;39:1181-6.
86. Delles C, Padmanabhan S. Genetics and hypertension: is it time to change my practice? Can J Cardiol. 2012;28:296-304.
87. Kathiresan S, Melander O, Guiducci C, Surti A, Burtt NP, Rieder MJ, et al. Six new loci associated with blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglycerides in humans. Nat Genet. 2008;40:189-97.
88. Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR. Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2003;326:1423.
89. Sanseau P, Agarwal P, Barnes MR, Pastinen T, Richards JB, Cardon LR, et al. Use of genome-wide association studies for drug repositioning. Nat Biotechnol. 2012;30:317-20.
90. •• Fava C, Sjogren M, Montagnana M, Danese E, Almgren P, Engstrom G, et al. Prediction of blood pressure changes over time and incidence of hypertension by a genetic risk score in Swedes. Hypertension. 2013;61:319-26. This study longitudinally confirmed the role of the genetic variants identified by genome-wide association studies in blood pressure changes and hypertension incidence over time. This type of study is very necessary to validate blood pressure-related genetic variants identified by cross-sectional studies and to assess the hypertension prediction value of these variants.
91. Konoshita T. Do genetic variants of the Renin-Angiotensin system predict blood pressure response to Renin-Angiotensin system-blocking drugs?: a systematic review of pharmacogenomics in the Renin-Angiotensin system. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2011;13:356-61.
92. Liu J, Liu ZQ, Yu BN, Xu FH, Mo W, Zhou G, et al. Beta1-Adrenergic receptor polymorphisms influence the response to metoprolol monotherapy in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006;80:23-32.
93. Johnson JA, Zineh I, Puckett BJ, McGorray SP, Yarandi HN, Pauly DF. Beta 1-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and antihypertensive response to metoprolol. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003;74:44-52.
94. Vandell AG, Lobmeyer MT, Gawronski BE, Langaee TY, Gong Y, Gums JG, et al. G protein receptor kinase 4 polymorphisms: beta-blocker pharmacogenetics and treatment-related outcomes in hypertension. Hypertension. 2012;60:957-64.
95. Manunta P, Lavery G, Lanzani C, Braund PS, Simonini M, Bodycote C, et al. Physiological interaction between alpha-adducin and WNK1-NEDD4L pathways on sodium-related blood pressure regulation. Hypertension. 2008;52:366-72.
96. Turner ST, Bailey KR, Fridley BL, Chapman AB, Schwartz GL, Chai HS, et al. Genomic association analysis suggests chromosome 12 locus influencing antihypertensive response to thiazide diuretic. Hypertension. 2008;52:359-65.
97. Johnson JA, Boerwinkle E, Zineh I, Chapman AB, Bailey K, Cooper-DeHoff RM, et al. Pharmacogenomics of antihypertensive drugs: rationale and design of the Pharmacogenomic Evaluation of Antihypertensive Responses (PEAR) study. Am Heart J. 2009;157:442-9.
98. Johnson JA. Ethnic differences in cardiovascular drug response: potential contribution of pharmacogenetics. Circulation. 2008;118:1383-93.