Metal influences on immune function

Cellular and Molecular Biology of Metals

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 379-414

  Lynes, Michael A ^a   Pietrosimone, Kathryn ^a   Marusov, Gregory ^a   Donaldson, Douglas V ^a   Melchiorre, Clare ^a   Yin, Xiuyun ^a   Lawrence, David A ^b   McCabe, Michael J ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

^b WADSWORTH CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84887508306     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9781420059984     Document Type: Chapter

References (364)

1. Papp, L. V., J. Lu, A. Holmgren, and K. K. Khanna, 2007. From selenium to selenoproteins: Synthesis, identity, and their role in human health. Antioxid Redox Signal 9: 775-806.
2. Behne, D. and A. Kyriakopoulos, 2001. Mammalian selenium-containing proteins. Annu Rev Nutr 21: 453-473.
3. Navarro-Alarcon, M. and C. Cabrera-Vique, 2008. Selenium in food and the human body: A review. Sci Total Environ 400: 115-141.
4. Arslan, M., P. Csermely, and C. Sőti, 2006. Protein homeostasis and molecular chaperones in aging. Biogerontology 7: 383.
5. Steinbrenner, H. and H. Sies, 2009. Protection against reactive oxygen species by selenoproteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1790: 1478-1485.
6. Arthur, J. R., R. C. McKenzie, and G. J. Beckett, 2003. Selenium in the immune system. J Nutr 133: 1457S-1459S.
7. Hoffmann, P. R. and M. J. Berry, 2008. The influence of selenium on immune responses. Mol Nutr Food Res 52: 1273-1280.
8. Nelson, H. K., Q. Shi, P. Van Dael, E. J. Schiffrin, S. Blum, D. Barclay, O. A. Levander, and M. A. Beck, 2001. Host nutritional selenium status as a driving force for influenza virus mutations. FASEB J 15: 1846-1848.
9. Finley, J. W. 2006. Bioavailability of selenium from foods. Nutr Rev 64: 146-151.
10. Finley, J. W., C. D. Davis, and Y. Feng, 2000. Selenium from high selenium broccoli protects rats from colon cancer. J Nutr 130: 2384-2389.
11. Crichton, R. R., S. Wilmet, R. Legssyer, and R. J. Ward, 2002. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of iron homeostasis and toxicity in mammalian cells. J Inorg Biochem 91: 9-18.
12. Porto, G. and M. De Sousa, 2007. Iron overload and immunity. World J Gastroenterol 13: 4707-4715.
13. Drakesmith, H. and A. Prentice, 2008. Viral infection and iron metabolism. Nat Rev Microbiol 6: 541-552.
14. Krause, A., S. Neitz, H. J. Magert, A. Schulz, W. G. Forssmann, P. Schulz-Knappe, and K. Adermann, 2000. LEAP-1, a novel highly disulfide-bonded human peptide, exhibits antimicrobial activity. FEBS Lett 480: 147-150.
15. Ganz, T. 2003. Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism and mediator of anemia of inflammation. Blood 102: 783-788.
16. Park, C. H., E. V. Valore, A. J. Waring, and T. Ganz, 2001. Hepcidin, a urinary antimicrobial peptide synthesized in the liver. J Biol Chem 276: 7806-7810.
17. Prasad, A. S. 2008. Zinc in human health: Effect of zinc on immune cells. Mol Med 14: 353-357.
18. Laity, J. H. and G. K. Andrews, 2007. Understanding the mechanisms of zinc-sensing by metal-response element binding transcription factor-1 (MTF-1). Arch Biochem Biophys 463: 201-210.
19. Krezel, A., Q. Hao, and W. Maret, 2007. The zinc/thiolate redox biochemistry of metallothionein and the control of zinc ion fluctuations in cell signaling. Arch Biochem Biophys 463: 188-200.
20. Maret, W. 2004. Zinc and sulfur: A critical biological partnership. Biochemistry 43: 3301-3309.
21. Powell, S. R. 2000. The antioxidant properties of zinc. J Nutr 130: 1447S-1454S.
22. Eide, D. J. 2006. Zinc transporters and the cellular trafficking of zinc. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763: 711-722.
23. Kobayashi, K., J. Kuroda, N. Shibata, T. Hasegawa, Y. Seko, M. Satoh, C. Tohyama, et al. 2007. Induction of metallothionein by manganese is completely dependent on interleukin-6 production. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 320: 721-727.
24. Haase, H. and L. Rink, 2007. Signal transduction in monocytes: The role of zinc ions. Biometals 20: 579-585.
25. Haase, H., D. J. Mazzatti, A. White, K. H. Ibs, G. Engelhardt, S. Hebel, J. R. Powell, and L. Rink, 2007. Differential gene expression after zinc supplementation and deprivation in human leukocyte subsets. Mol Med 13: 362-370.
26. Youn, J., S. H. Hwang, Z. Y. Ryoo, M. A. Lynes, D. J. Paik, H. S. Chung, and H. Y. Kim, 2002. Metallothionein suppresses collagen-induced arthritis via induction of TGF-beta and down-regulation of proinflammatory mediators. Clin Exp Immunol 129: 232-239.
27. Wellinghausen, N., A. B. Schromm, U. Seydel, K. Brandenburg, J. Luhm, H. Kirchner, and L. Rink, 1996. Zinc enhances lipopolysaccharide-induced monokine secretion by alteration of fluidity state of lipopolysaccharide. J Immunol 157: 3139-3145.
28. Krupanidhi, S., A. Sreekumar, and C. B. Sanjeevi, 2008. Copper & biological health. Indian J Med Res 128: 448-461.
29. Milne, D. B. 1998. Copper intake and assessment of copper status. Am J Clin Nutr 67: 1041S-1045S.
30. Bertinato, J. and M. R. L’Abbe, 2004. Maintaining copper homeostasis: Regulation of copper-trafficking proteins in response to copper deficiency or overload. J Nutr Biochem 15: 316-322.
31. Bonham, M., J. M. O’Connor, B. M. Hannigan, and J. J. Strain, 2002. The immune system as a physiological indicator of marginal copper status? Br J Nutr 87: 393-403.
32. Dimayuga, F. O., C. Wang, J. M. Clark, E. R. Dimayuga, V. M. Dimayuga, and A. J. Bruce-Keller, 2007. SOD1 overexpression alters ROS production and reduces neurotoxic inflammatory signaling in microglial cells. J Neuroimmunol 182: 89-99.
33. Percival, S. S. 1998. Copper and immunity. Am J Clin Nutr 67: 1064S-1068S.
34. Oster, G. and M. P. Salgo, 1977. Copper in mammalian reproduction. Adv Pharmacol Chemother 14: 327-409.
35. Lawrence, D. A., M. J. McCabe, and M. Kowolenko, 1990. Metal influences on autoimmunity and infectious diseases. In Metal Ions in Biology and Medicine, P. Ollery, L.A. Poirier, M. Manfait, J. C. Etienne (eds). J. Libbey and Co., London, pp. 237-242.
36. Meister, A. 1992. On the antioxidant effects of ascorbic acid and glutathione. Biochem Pharmacol 44: 1905-1915.
37. Meister, A., O. W. Griffith, A. Novogrodsky, and S. S. Tate, 1979. New aspects of glutathione metabolism and translocation in mammals. Ciba Found Symp 72: 135-161.
38. Liu, H., H. Wang, S. Shenvi, T. M. Hagen, and R. M. Liu, 2004. Glutathione metabolism during aging and in Alzheimer disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1019: 346-349.
39. Maher, P. 2005. The effects of stress and aging on glutathione metabolism. Ageing Res Rev 4: 288-314.
40. Awasthi, Y. C., E. Beutler, and S. K. Srivastava, 1975. Purification and properties of human erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J Biol Chem 250: 5144-5149.
41. 2+ by 19F NMR. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 5133-5135.
42. 2+. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 100: 485-497.
43. Bergmann, W. L., V. Dressler, C. W. Haest, and B. Deuticke, 1984. Cross-linking of SH-groups in the erythrocyte membrane enhances transbilayer reorientation of phospholipids. Evidence for a limited access of phospholipids to the reorientation sites. Biochim Biophys Acta 769: 390-398.
44. Chesney, R. W., N. Gusowski, and I. Zelikovic, 1986. Membrane fluidity and phospholipid composition in relation to sulfur amino acid intake in brush border membranes of rat kidney. Pediatr Res 20: 1305-1309.
45. Schachter, D., R. E. Abbott, U. Cogan, and M. Flamm, 1983. Lipid fluidity of the individual hemileaflets of human erythrocyte membranes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 414: 19-28.
46. Hu, M. L. and A. L. Tappel, 1992. Glutathione and antioxidants protect microsomes against lipid peroxidation and enzyme inactivation. Lipids 27: 42-45.
47. Stohs, S. J. and D. Bagchi, 1995. Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions. Free Radic Biol Med 18: 321-336.
48. Valko, M., H. Morris, and M. T. Cronin, 2005. Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress. Curr Med Chem 12: 1161-1208.
49. Bjorksten, J. 1958. A common molecular basis for the aging syndrome. J Am Geriatr Soc 8: 740-748.
50. Harman, D. 1956. Aging: A theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol 11: 298-300.
51. Harman, D. 1993. Free radical involvement in aging. Pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. Drugs Aging 3: 60-80.
52. Masoro, E. 1990. The role of free radicals in senescence. Annu Rev Gerontol Geriatr 10: 183-197.
53. Sohal, R. S. and W. C. Orr, 1992. Relationship between antioxidants, prooxidants, and the aging process. Ann N Y Acad Sci 663: 74-84.
54. Walford, R. 1969. The Immunological Theory of Aging. Munksgaard, Copenhagen.
55. Nakashima, I., M. Y. Pu, A. Nishizaki, I. Rosila, L. Ma, Y. Katano, K. Ohkusu, et al. 1994. Redox mechanism as alternative to ligand binding for receptor activation delivering disregulated cellular signals. J Immunol 152: 1064-1071.
56. Lawrence, D. A. 1995. Metal ions in autoimmune and infectious diseases. In Handbook of Metal-Ligand Interactions in Biological Fluids, G. Berthon (ed). Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 904-913.
57. Linton, P. J., S. P. Li, Y. Zhang, B. Bautista, Q. Huynh, and T. Trinh, 2005. Intrinsic versus environmental influences on T-cell responses in aging. Immunol Rev 205: 207-219.
58. Cemerski, S., A. Cantagrel, J. P. Van Meerwijk, and P. Romagnoli, 2002. Reactive oxygen species differentially affect T cell receptor-signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 277: 19585-19593.
59. 2+ ion links the cytoplasmic tail of CD4 and the N-terminal region of Lck. J Biol Chem 273: 18729-18733.
60. Kanner, S. B., T. J. Kavanagh, A. Grossmann, S. L. Hu, J. B. Bolen, P. S. Rabinovitch, and J. A. Ledbetter, 1992. Sulfhydryl oxidation down-regulates T-cell signaling and inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C gamma 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 300-304.
61. Cossins, A. R., M. Behan, G. Jones, and K. Bowler, 1987. Lipid-protein interactions in the adaptive regulation of membrane function. Biochem Soc Trans 15: 77-81.
62. Crain, R. C., G. V. Marinetti, and D. F. O’Brien, 1978. Topology of amino phospholipids in bovine retinal rod outer segment disk membranes. Biochemistry 17: 4186-4192.
63. Flaherty, L., D. Zimmerman, and S. S. Wachtel, 1979. H-Y antigen. Cell surface mapping and testosterone-induced supramolecular repatterning. J Exp Med 150: 1020-1027.
64. Jardieu, P., M. Akasaki, and K. Ishizaka, 1986. Association of I-J determinants with lipomodulin/macrocortin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 160-164.
65. Klausner, R. D., A. M. Kleinfeld, R. L. Hoover, and M. J. Karnovsky, 1980. Lipid domains in membranes. Evidence derived from structural perturbations induced by free fatty acids and lifetime heterogeneity analysis. J Biol Chem 255: 1286-1295.
66. Maraganore, J. 1987. Structural elements for protein-phospholipid interactions may be shared in protein kinase C and phospholipid A2. Trends Biochem Sci 12: 176-177.
67. Meyer, H. W. 1983. Lipid domain structures in biological membranes. Exp Pathol 23: 3-26.
68. Magilavy, D. B., F. W. Fitch, and T. F. Gajewski, 1989. Murine hepatic accessory cells support the proliferation of Th1 but not Th2 helper T lymphocyte clones. J Exp Med 170: 985-990.
69. Matthias, L. J., P. T. Yam, X. M. Jiang, N. Vandegraaff, P. Li, P. Poumbourios, N. Donoghue, and P. J. Hogg, 2002. Disulfide exchange in domain 2 of CD4 is required for entry of HIV-1. Nat Immunol 3: 727-732.
70. Simon, J. C., P. D. Cruz, Jr., P. R. Bergstresser, and R. E. Tigelaar, 1990. Low dose ultraviolet B-irradiated Langerhans cells preferentially activate CD4+ cells of the Thelper 2 subset. J Immunol 145: 2087-2091.
71. Barbouche, R., R. Miquelis, I. M. Jones, and E. Fenouillet, 2003. Protein-disulfide isomerase-mediated reduction of two disulfide bonds of HIV envelope glycoprotein 120 occurs post-CXCR4 binding and is required for fusion. J Biol Chem 278: 3131-3136.
72. Limatola, C., S. Di Bartolomeo, M. Catalano, F. Trettel, S. Fucile, L. Castellani, and F. Eusebi, 2005. Cysteine residues are critical for chemokine receptor CXCR2 functional properties. Exp Cell Res 307: 65-75.
73. Stahls, A. 1992. The sulfhydryl reagent N-ethylmaleimide induces hyperphosphorylation on tyrosine residues in the Jurkat T-cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 187: 73-78.
74. Bennett, T. A., B. S. Edwards, L. A. Sklar, and S. Rogelj, 2000. Sulfhydryl regulation of l-selectin shedding: Phenylarsine oxide promotes activation-independent l-selectin shedding from leukocytes. J Immunol 164: 4120-4129.
75. George, R. J. and C. W. Parker, 1990. Preliminary characterization of phosphotyrosine phosphatase activities in human peripheral blood lymphocytes: Identification of CD45 as a phosphotyrosine phosphatase. J Cell Biochem 42: 71-81.
76. Tada, T. 1992. Nutrition and the immune system in aging: An overview. Nutr Rev 50: 360.
77. Ezzell, C. 1993. AIDS’ unlucky strike: When T cells would rather switch than fight. J. NIH Res. 5: 59-64.
78. Gazzinelli, R. T., M. Makino, S. K. Chattopadhyay, C. M. Snapper, A. Sher, A. W. Hugin, and H. C. Morse, 3rd, 1992. CD4+ subset regulation in viral infection. Preferential activation of Th2 cells during progression of retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency in mice. J Immunol 148: 182-188.
79. Krieger, J. A., Y. Heo, and Lawrence, D. A. 1998. Oxidative stress and heavy metal modification of T lymphocyte subsets. In T Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Immunotoxicology, I. Kimber and Selgrade, M. J. K. (ed.). Wiley, Chichester, England, pp. 103-119.
80. Peterson, J. D., L. A. Herzenberg, K. Vasquez, and C. Waltenbaugh, 1998. Glutathione levels in antigenpresenting cells modulate Th1 versus Th2 response patterns. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 3071-3076.
81. Lawrence, D. A. 1980. Antigen activation of T cells. In Handbook of Cancer Immunology, 2nd ed. H. Waters (ed.). Garland STPM Press, New York, pp. 257-320.
82. Murata, Y., M. Amao, J. Yoneda, and J. Hamuro, 2002. Intracellular thiol redox status of macrophages directs the Th1 skewing in thioredoxin transgenic mice during aging. Mol Immunol 38: 747-757.
83. Janeway, C. A., Jr., S. Carding, B. Jones, J. Murray, P. Portoles, R. Rasmussen, J. Rojo, K. Saizawa, J. West, and K. Bottomly, 1988. CD4+ T cells: Specificity and function. Immunol Rev 101: 39-80.
84. Kupfer, A., S. J. Singer, C. A. Janeway, Jr., and S. L. Swain, 1987. Coclustering of CD4 (L3T4) molecule with the T-cell receptor is induced by specific direct interaction of helper T cells and antigen-presenting cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 5888-5892.
85. Krutmann, J., I. U. Khan, R. S. Wallis, F. Zhang, E. A. Rich, J. J. Ellner, and C. A. Elmets, 1990. Cell membrane is a major locus for ultraviolet B-induced alterations in accessory cells. J Clin Invest 85: 1529-1536.
86. Hughes, D. A., P. J. Townsend, and P. L. Haslam, 1992. Enhancement of the antigen-presenting function of monocytes by cholesterol: Possible relevance to inflammatory mechanisms in extrinsic allergic alveolitis and atherosclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 87: 279-286.
87. Heigold, S. and G. Bauer, 2002. RAW 264.7 macrophages induce apoptosis selectively in transformed fibroblasts: Intercellular signaling based on reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. J Leukoc Biol 72: 554-563.
88. Frossi, B., M. De Carli, M. Piemonte, and C. Pucillo, 2008. Oxidative microenvironment exerts an opposite regulatory effect on cytokine production by Th1 and Th2 cells. Mol Immunol 45: 58-64.
89. King, M. R., A. S. Ismail, L. S. Davis, and D. R. Karp, 2006. Oxidative stress promotes polarization of human T cell differentiation toward a Thelper 2 phenotype. J Immunol 176: 2765-2772.
90. de Vos, G., S. Abotaga, Z. Liao, E. Jerschow, and D. Rosenstreich, 2007. Selective effect of mercury on Th2-type cytokine production in humans. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 29: 537-548.
91. Hobbs, M. V., W. O. Weigle, D. J. Noonan, B. E. Torbett, R. J. McEvilly, R. J. Koch, G. J. Cardenas, and D. N. Ernst, 1993. Patterns of cytokine gene expression by CD4+ T cells from young and old mice. J Immunol 150: 3602-3614.
92. Nagelkerken, L., A. Hertogh-Huijbregts, R. Dobber, and A. Drager, 1991. Age-related changes in lymphokine production related to a decreased number of CD45RBhi CD4+ T cells. Eur J Immunol 21: 273-281.
93. al-Rayes, H., W. Pachas, N. Mirza, D. J. Ahern, R. S. Geha, and D. Vercelli, 1992. IgE regulation and lymphokine patterns in aging humans. J Allergy Clin Immunol 90: 630-636.
94. Li, S. P. and R. A. Miller, 1993. Age-associated decline in IL-4 production by murine T lymphocytes in extended culture. Cell Immunol 151: 187-195.
95. Murasko, D. M. and I. M. Goonewardene, 1990. T-cell function in aging: Mechanisms of decline. Annu Rev Gerontol Geriatr 10: 71-96.
96. Grossmann, A., L. Maggio-Price, J. C. Jinneman, and P. S. Rabinovitch, 1991. Influence of aging on intracellular free calcium and proliferation of mouse T-cell subsets from various lymphoid organs. Cell Immunol 135: 118-131.
97. Miller, R. A., B. Philosophe, I. Ginis, G. Weil, and B. Jacobson, 1989. Defective control of cytoplasmic calcium concentration in T lymphocytes from old mice. J Cell Physiol 138: 175-182.
98. Grossmann, A., J. A. Ledbetter, and P. S. Rabinovitch, 1989. Reduced proliferation in T lymphocytes in aged humans is predominantly in the CD8+ subset, and is unrelated to defects in transmembrane signaling which are predominantly in the CD4+ subset. Exp Cell Res 180: 367-382.
99. Lustyik, G. and J. J. O’Leary, 1989. Aging and the mobilization of intracellular calcium by phytohemagglutinin in human T cells. J Gerontol 44: B30-B36.
100. Messina, J. P. and D. A. Lawrence, 1992. Effects of 2-mercaptoethanol and buthionine sulfoximine on cystine metabolism by and proliferation of mitogen-stimulated human and mouse lymphocytes. Int J Immunopharmacol 14: 1221-1234.
101. Duncan, D. D. and D. A. Lawrence, 1988. Four sulfhydryl-modifying compounds cause different structural damage but similar functional damage in murine lymphocytes. Chem Biol Interact 68: 137-152.
102. Lawrence, D. A., R. Song, and P. Weber, 1996. Surface thiols of human lymphocytes and their changes after in vitro and in vivo activation. J Leukoc Biol 60: 611-618.
103. Messina, J. P. and D. A. Lawrence, 1989. Cell cycle progression of glutathione-depleted human peripheral blood mononuclear cells is inhibited at S phase. J Immunol 143: 1974-1981.
104. McElhaney, J. E., B. L. Beattie, R. Devine, R. Grynoch, E. L. Toth, and R. C. Bleackley, 1990. Agerelated decline in interleukin 2 production in response to influenza vaccine. J Am Geriatr Soc 38: 652-658.
105. Huang, Y. P., J. C. Pechere, M. Michel, L. Gauthey, M. Loreto, J. A. Curran, and J. P. Michel, 1992. In vivo T cell activation, in vitro defective IL-2 secretion, and response to influenza vaccination in elderly women. J Immunol 148: 715-722.
106. Suzuki, T., N. Suzuki, R. A. Daynes, and E. G. Engleman, 1991. Dehydroepiandrosterone enhances IL2 production and cytotoxic effector function of human T cells. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 61: 202-211.
107. Buhl, R., H. A. Jaffe, K. J. Holroyd, F. B. Wells, A. Mastrangeli, C. Saltini, A. M. Cantin, and R. G. Crystal, 1989. Systemic glutathione deficiency in symptom-free HIV-seropositive individuals. Lancet 2: 1294-1298.
108. Droge, W., H. P. Eck, M. Betzler, P. Schlag, P. Drings, and W. Ebert, 1988. Plasma glutamate concentration and lymphocyte activity. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 114: 124-128.
109. Dworkin, B. M., W. S. Rosenthal, G. P. Wormser, L. Weiss, M. Nunez, C. Joline, and A. Herp, 1988. Abnormalities of blood selenium and glutathione peroxidase activity in patients with acquired immunodefi ciency syndrome and aids-related complex. Biol Trace Elem Res 15: 167-177.
110. Eck, H. P., H. Gmunder, M. Hartmann, D. Petzoldt, V. Daniel, and W. Droge, 1989. Low concentrations of acid-soluble thiol (cysteine) in the blood plasma of HIV-1-infected patients. Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler 370: 101-108.
111. Passi, S., C. De Luca, M. Picardo, A. Morrone, and F. Ippolito, 1990. Blood deficiency values of polyunsaturated fatty acids of phospholipids, vitamin E and glutathione peroxidase as possible risk factors in the onset and development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 125: 125-130.
112. Phillips, A. N., C. A. Lee, J. Elford, A. Webster, G. Janossy, A. Timms, M. Bofill, and P. B. Kernoff, 1991. More rapid progression to AIDS in older HIV-infected people: The role of CD4+ T-cell counts. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 4: 970-975.
113. Parker, P. J., L. Coussens, N. Totty, L. Rhee, S. Young, E. Chen, S. Stabel, M. D. Waterfield, and A. Ullrich, 1986. The complete primary structure of protein kinase C-the major phorbol ester receptor. Science 233: 853-859.
114. Speizer, L. A., M. J. Watson, J. R. Kanter, and L. L. Brunton, 1989. Inhibition of phorbol ester binding and protein kinase C activity by heavy metals. J Biol Chem 264: 5581-5585.
115. 2+- and phospholipid-independent activation of protein kinase C by selective oxidative modification of the regulatory domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 6758-6762.
116. Fong, T. C. and T. Makinodan, 1989. Preferential enhancement by 2-mercaptoethanol of IL-2 responsiveness of T blast cells from old over young mice is associated with potentiated protein kinase C translocation. Immunol Lett 20: 149-154.
117. Falo, L. D., Jr., B. Benacerraf, and K. L. Rock, 1986. Phospholipase treatment of accessory cells that have been exposed to antigen selectively inhibits antigen-specific Ia-restricted, but not allospecific, stimulation of T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 6994-6997.
118. Testa, U., P. G. Pelicci, P. Thomopoulos, M. Titeux, and H. Rochant, 1983. The number of the Trf receptors on human hematopoietic cell lines is influenced by membrane phospholipids. Biochem Int 7: 169-178.
119. May, W. S., E. G. Lapetina, and P. Cuatrecasas, 1986. Intracellular activation of protein kinase C and regulation of the surface transferrin receptor by diacylglycerol is a spontaneously reversible process that is associated with rapid formation of phosphatidic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 1281-1284.
120. Kaufman, J. F., M. S. Krangel, and J. L. Strominger, 1984. Cysteines in the transmembrane region of major histocompatibility complex antigens are fatty acylated via thioester bonds. J Biol Chem 259: 7230-7238.
121. Simonis, S. and S. E. Cullen, 1986. Fatty acylation of murine Ia alpha, beta, and invariant chains. J Immunol 136: 2962-2967.
122. Janick-Buckner, D., C. J. Briggs, T. E. Meyer, N. Harvey, and C. M. Warner, 1991. Major histocompatibility complex antigen expression on lymphocytes from aging strain A mice. Growth Dev Aging 55: 53-62.
123. Saririan, K., A. Wali, R. P. Almeida, and C. Russo, 1993. Increased serum HLA class I molecule levels in elderly human responders to influenza vaccination. Tissue Antigens 42: 9-13.
124. Houslay, M. D. 1985. Regulation of adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.I.I) activity by its lipid environment. Proc Nutr Soc 44: 157-165.
125. Dipple, I., L. M. Gordon, and M. D. Houslay, 1982. The activity of 5′-nucleotidase in liver plasma membranes is affected by the increase in bilayer fluidity achieved by anionic drugs but not by cationic drugs. J Biol Chem 257: 1811-1815.
126. Ginsberg, B. H., J. Jabour, and A. A. Spector, 1982. Effect of alterations in membrane lipid unsaturation on the properties of the insulin receptor of Ehrlich ascites cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 690: 157-164.
127. Sandermann, H., Jr. and B. A. Gottwald, 1983. Cooperative lipid activation of (Na + +K +)-ATPASE as a consequence of non-cooperative lipid-protein interactions. Biochim Biophys Acta 732: 332-335.
128. Boumendil-Podevin, E. F. and R. A. Podevin, 1977. Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of sulfhydryl reagent on p-aminohippuric acid transport by isolated renal tubules. Biochim Biophys Acta 467: 364-375.
129. Hare, J. D. 1975. Distinctive alterations of nucleoside, sugar and amino acid uptake of sulfhydryl reagents in cultured mouse cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 170: 347-352.
130. +-dependent amino acid transport. Biochim Biophys Acta 419: 93-103.
131. Schoot, B. M., S. E. van Emst-de Vries, P. M. van Haard, J. J. de Pont, and S. L. Bonting, 1980. Studies on (Na++K+)-activated ATPase. XLVI. Effect of cation-induced conformational changes on sulfhydryl group modification. Biochim Biophys Acta 602: 144-154.
132. Witkowski, J. M., A. Mysliwski, and J. Mysliwska, 1985. Decrease of lymphocyte (Na+, K+)ATP-ase activity in aged people. Mech Ageing Dev 33: 11-17.
133. Damjanovich, S. and C. Pieri, 1991. Electroimmunology: Membrane potential, ion-channel activities, and stimulatory signal transduction in human T lymphocytes from young and elderly. Ann N Y Acad Sci 621: 29-39.
134. Varga, Z., N. Bressani, A. M. Zaia, L. Bene, T. Fulop, A. Leovey, N. Fabris, and S. Damjanovich, 1990. Cell surface markers, inositol phosphate levels and membrane potential of lymphocytes from young and old human patients. Immunol Lett 23: 275-280.
135. Borzi, R. M., P. Dal Monte, M. Uguccioni, R. Meliconi, and A. Facchini, 1992. Intracellular nucleotides of lymphocytes and granulocytes from normal ageing subjects. Mech Ageing Dev 64: 1-11.
136. Shi, J. and R. A. Miller, 1992. Tyrosine-specific protein phosphorylation in response to anti-CD3 antibody is diminished in old mice. J Gerontol 47: B147-B153.
137. Patel, H. R. and R. A. Miller, 1992. Age-associated changes in mitogen-induced protein phosphorylation in murine T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 22: 253-260.
138. Fulop, T., Jr., G. Barabas, Z. Varga, J. Csongor, M. Hauck, S. Szucs, I. Seres, A. Mohacsi, D. Kekessy, J. P. Despont, et al. 1992. Transmembrane signaling changes with aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 673: 165-171.
139. Rudd, C. E., O. Janssen, Y. C. Cai, A. J. da Silva, M. Raab, and K. V. Prasad, 1994. Two-step TCR zeta/ CD3-CD4 and CD28 signaling in T cells: SH2/SH3 domains, protein-tyrosine and lipid kinases. Immunol Today 15: 225-234.
140. Droge, W. 2002. The plasma redox state and ageing. Ageing Res Rev 1: 257-278.
141. Stadtman, E. R. 2001. Protein oxidation in aging and age-related diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 928: 22-38.
142. Thomas, J. A. and R. J. Mallis, 2001. Aging and oxidation of reactive protein sulfhydryls. Exp Gerontol 36: 1519-1526.
143. Webster, K. A., H. Prentice, and N. H. Bishopric, 2001. Oxidation of zinc finger transcription factors: Physiological consequences. Antioxid Redox Signal 3: 535-548.
144. Trump, B. F., I. K. Berezesky, M. W. Smith, P. C. Phelps, and K. A. Elliget, 1989. The relationship between cellular ion deregulation and acute and chronic toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 97: 6-22.
145. Gerber, G. B. and Altman, K. I., 1970. Radiation Biochemistry: Tissues and Body Fluids. Academic Press, New York.
146. Schraufstatter, I., P. A. Hyslop, J. H. Jackson, and C. G. Cochrane, 1988. Oxidant-induced DNA damage of target cells. J Clin Invest 82: 1040-1050.
147. Malbon, C. C., George, S.T., and Moxham, C.P. 1987. Intramolecular disulfide bridges: Avenues to receptor activation. Trends Biochem Sci 12: 172-175.
148. Ullrich, A., J. R. Bell, E. Y. Chen, R. Herrera, L. M. Petruzzelli, T. J. Dull, A. Gray, L. Coussens, Y. C. Liao, M. Tsubokawa, et al. 1985. Human insulin receptor and its relationship to the tyrosine kinase family of oncogenes. Nature 313: 756-761.
149. Yarden, Y., J. A. Escobedo, W. J. Kuang, T. L. Yang-Feng, T. O. Daniel, P. M. Tremble, E. Y. Chen, M. E. Ando, R. N. Harkins, U. Francke, et al. 1986. Structure of the receptor for platelet-derived growth factor helps define a family of closely related growth factor receptors. Nature 323: 226-232.
150. Johnson, D., A. Lanahan, C. R. Buck, A. Sehgal, C. Morgan, E. Mercer, M. Bothwell, and M. Chao, 1986. Expression and structure of the human NGF receptor. Cell 47: 545-554.
151. Leonard, W. J., J. M. Depper, M. Kronke, R. J. Robb, T. A. Waldmann, and W. C. Greene, 1985. The human receptor for T-cell growth factor. Evidence for variable post-translational processing, phosphorylation, sulfation, and the ability of precursor forms of the receptor to bind T-cell growth factor. J Biol Chem 260: 1872-1880.
152. Blanpain, C., V. Wittamer, J. M. Vanderwinden, A. Boom, B. Renneboog, B. Lee, E. Le Poul, et al. 2001. Palmitoylation of CCR5 is critical for receptor trafficking and efficient activation of intracellular signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 276: 23795-23804.
153. Tagaya, Y., Y. Maeda, A. Mitsui, N. Kondo, H. Matsui, J. Hamuro, N. Brown, K. Arai, T. Yokota, H. Wakasugi, et al. 1989. ATL-derived factor (ADF), an IL-2 receptor/Tac inducer homologous to thioredoxin; possible involvement of dithiol-reduction in the IL-2 receptor induction. EMBO J 8: 757-764.
154. Tagaya, Y., M. Okada, K. Sugie, T. Kasahara, N. Kondo, J. Hamuro, K. Matsushima, C. A. Dinarello, and J. Yodoi, 1988. IL-2 receptor(p55)/Tac-inducing factor. Purification and characterization of adult T cell leukemia-derived factor. J Immunol 140: 2614-2620.
155. Noelle, R. J. and D. A. Lawrence, 1981. Modulation of T-cell function. II. Chemical basis for the involvement of cell surface thiol-reactive sites in control of T-cell proliferation. Cell Immunol 60: 453-469.
156. Fidelus, R. K. 1988. The generation of oxygen radicals: A positive signal for lymphocyte activation. Cell Immunol 113: 175-182.
157. Suthanthiran, M., M. E. Anderson, V. K. Sharma, and A. Meister, 1990. Glutathione regulates activationdependent DNA synthesis in highly purified normal human T lymphocytes stimulated via the CD2 and CD3 antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 3343-3347.
158. Holmgren, A. 1977. The function of thioredoxin and glutathione in deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. Biochem Soc Trans 5: 611-612.
159. Lewin, B. 1980. Gene Expression 2. Wiley, New York.
160. Draetta, G. and D. Beach, 1988. Activation of cdc2 protein kinase during mitosis in human cells: Cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation and subunit rearrangement. Cell 54: 17-26.
161. Meister, A. 1983. Selective modification of glutathione metabolism. Science 220: 472-477.
162. Abate, C., L. Patel, F. J. Rauscher, 3rd, and T. Curran, 1990. Redox regulation of fos and jun DNAbinding activity in vitro. Science 249: 1157-1161.
163. Sikora, E., B. Kaminska, E. Radziszewska, and L. Kaczmarek, 1992. Loss of transcription factor AP-1 DNA binding activity during lymphocyte aging in vivo. FEBS Lett 312: 179-182.
164. Feig, C. and Peter, M. E., 2007. How apoptosis got the mmune system in shape. Eur J Immunol 37 S61-S70.
165. Giovannetti, A., M. Pierdominici, A. Di Iorio, R. Cianci, G. Murdaca, F. Puppo, F. Pandolfi, and R. Paganelli, 2008. Apoptosis in the homeostasis of the immune system and in human immune mediated diseases. Curr Pharm Des 14: 253-268.
166. Thompson, C. B. 1995. Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease. Science 267: 1456-1462.
167. Vaux, D. L. 2002. Apoptosis and toxicology-what relevance? Toxicology 181-182: 3-7.
168. Pulido, M. D. and A. R. Parrish, 2003. Metal-induced apoptosis: Mechanisms. Mutat Res 533: 227-241.
169. Rana, S. V. 2008. Metals and apoptosis: Recent developments. J Trace Elem Med Biol 22: 262-284.
170. Nelson, D. A. and E. White, 2004. Exploiting different ways to die. Genes Dev 18: 1223-1226.
171. Perl, M., C. S. Chung, and A. Ayala, 2005. Apoptosis. Crit Care Med 33: S526-S529.
172. Hengartner, M. O. 2000. The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature 407: 770-776.
173. Danial, N. N. and S. J. Korsmeyer, 2004. Cell death: Critical control points. Cell 116: 205-219.
174. Jeong, S. Y. and D. W. Seol, 2008. The role of mitochondria in apoptosis. BMB Rep 41: 11-22.
175. Levine, B., S. Sinha, and G. Kroemer, 2008. Bcl-2 family members: Dual regulators of apoptosis and autophagy. Autophagy 4: 600-606.
176. Wilson, N. S., V. Dixit, and A. Ashkenazi, 2009. Death receptor signal transducers: Nodes of coordination in immune signaling networks. Nat Immunol 10: 348-355.
177. Li, J. and J. Yuan, 2008. Caspases in apoptosis and beyond. Oncogene 27: 6194-6206.
178. Henson, P. M. and D. A. Hume, 2006. Apoptotic cell removal in development and tissue homeostasis. Trends Immunol 27: 244-250.
179. Lauber, K., S. G. Blumenthal, M. Waibel, and S. Wesselborg, 2004. Clearance of apoptotic cells: Getting rid of the corpses. Mol Cell 14: 277-287.
180. Peter, M. E., R. C. Budd, J. Desbarats, S. M. Hedrick, A. O. Hueber, M. K. Newell, L. B. Owen, et al., 2007. The CD95 receptor: Apoptosis revisited. Cell 129: 447-450.
181. Irie, K., Y. Yanai, K. Oie, J. Ishizawa, Y. Nakagawa, H. Ohigashi, P. A. Wender, and U. Kikkawa, 1997. Comparison of chemical characteristics of the first and the second cysteine-rich domains of protein kinase C gamma. Bioorg Med Chem 5: 1725-1737.
182. Ashkenazi, A. and V. M. Dixit, 1999. Apoptosis control by death and decoy receptors. Curr Opin Cell Biol 11: 255-260.
183. Algeciras-Schimnich, A., L. Shen, B. C. Barnhart, A. E. Murmann, J. K. Burkhardt, and M. E. Peter, 2002. Molecular ordering of the initial signaling events of CD95. Mol Cell Biol 22: 207-220.
184. Whitekus, M. J., R. P. Santini, A. J. Rosenspire, and M. J. McCabe, Jr. 1999. Protection against CD95-mediated apoptosis by inorganic mercury in Jurkat T cells. J Immunol 162: 7162-7170.
185. Maniati, E., P. Potter, N. J. Rogers, and B. J. Morley, 2008. Control of apoptosis in autoimmunity. J Pathol 214: 190-198.
186. McCabe, M. J., Jr., M. J. Whitekus, J. Hyun, K. G. Eckles, G. McCollum, and A. J. Rosenspire, 2003. Inorganic mercury attenuates CD95-mediated apoptosis by interfering with formation of the death inducing signaling complex. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 190: 146-156.
187. Ziemba, S. E., M. J. McCabe, Jr., and A. J. Rosenspire, 2005. Inorganic mercury dissociates preassembled Fas/CD95 receptor oligomers in T lymphocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 206: 334-342.
188. Ganju, N. and A. Eastman, 2003. Zinc inhibits Bax and Bak activation and cytochrome c release induced by chemical inducers of apoptosis but not by death-receptor-initiated pathways. Cell Death Differ 10: 652-661.
189. Laiosa, M. D., K. G. Eckles, M. Langdon, A. J. Rosenspire, and M. J. McCabe, Jr. 2007. Exposure to inorganic mercury in vivo attenuates extrinsic apoptotic signaling in Staphylococcal aureus enterotoxin B stimulated T-cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 225: 238-250.
190. Margoshes, M. and Vallee, B. L. 1957. A cadmium binding protein from equine kidney cortex. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79: 4813-4814.
191. Palmiter, R. D. 1998. The elusive function of metallothioneins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 8428-8430.
192. Masters, B. A., C. J. Quaife, J. C. Erickson, E. J. Kelly, G. J. Froelick, B. P. Zambrowicz, R. L. Brinster, and R. D. Palmiter, 1994. Metallothionein III is expressed in neurons that sequester zinc in synaptic vesicles. J Neurosci 14: 5844-5857.
193. Quaife, C. J., S. D. Findley, J. C. Erickson, G. J. Froelick, E. J. Kelly, B. P. Zambrowicz, and R. D. Palmiter, 1994. Induction of a new metallothionein isoform (MT-IV) occurs during differentiation of stratified squamous epithelia. Biochemistry 33: 7250-7259.
194. Palmiter, R. D. 1987. Molecular biology of metallothionein gene expression. Exp Suppl 52: 63-80.
195. Andrews, G. K. 1990. Regulation of metallothionein gene expression. Prog Food Nutr Sci 14: 193-258.
196. Klaassen, C. D. and L. D. Lehman-McKeeman, 1989. Induction of metallothionein. Int J Toxicol 8: 1315-1321.
197. Durnam, D. M. and R. D. Palmiter, 1981. Transcriptional regulation of the mouse metallothionein-I gene by heavy metals. J Biol Chem 256: 5712-5716.
198. Lehman-McKeeman, L. D. and C. D. Klaassen, 1987. Induction of metallothionein-I and metallothionein-II in rats by cadmium and zinc. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 88: 195-202.
199. Yagle, M. K. and R. D. Palmiter, 1985. Coordinate regulation of mouse metallothionein I and II genes by heavy metals and glucocorticoids. Mol Cell Biol 5: 291-294.
200. Richards, R. I., A. Heguy, and M. Karin, 1984. Structural and functional analysis of the human metallothionein-IA gene: Differential induction by metal ions and glucocorticoids. Cell 37: 263-272.
201. Dalton, T., R. D. Palmiter, and G. K. Andrews, 1994. Transcriptional induction of the mouse metallothionein-I gene in hydrogen peroxide-treated Hepa cells involves a composite major late transcription factor/ antioxidant response element and metal response promoter elements. Nucleic Acids Res 22: 5016-5023.
202. Kelly, E. J., E. P. Sandgren, R. L. Brinster, and R. D. Palmiter, 1997. A pair of adjacent glucocorticoid response elements regulate expression of two mouse metallothionein genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 10045-10050.
203. Samson, S. L. and L. Gedamu, 1998. Molecular analyses of metallothionein gene regulation. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 59: 257-288.
204. Lichtlen, P. and W. Schaffner, 2001. Putting its fingers on stressful situations: The heavy metal-regulatory transcription factor MTF-1. Bioessays 23: 1010-1017.
205. Zhang, B., O. Georgiev, M. Hagmann, C. Gunes, M. Cramer, P. Faller, M. Vasak, and W. Schaffner, 2003. Activity of metal-responsive transcription factor 1 by toxic heavy metals and H2O2 in vitro is modulated by metallothionein. Mol Cell Biol 23: 8471-8485.
206. Kagi, J. H. and Y. Kojima, 1987. Chemistry and biochemistry of metallothionein. Exp Suppl 52: 25-61.
207. Nath, R., R. Kambadur, S. Gulati, V. K. Paliwal, and M. Sharma, 1988. Molecular aspects, physiological function, and clinical significance of metallothioneins. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 27: 41-85.
208. Stuart, G. W., P. F. Searle, H. Y. Chen, R. L. Brinster, and R. D. Palmiter, 1984. A 12-base-pair DNA motif that is repeated several times in metallothionein gene promoters confers metal regulation to a heterologous gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 7318-7322.
209. Carthew, R. W., L. A. Chodosh, and P. A. Sharp, 1987. The major late transcription factor binds to and activates the mouse metallothionein I promoter. Genes Dev 1: 973-980.
210. Li, Q., Hu, N., Daggett, M. A., Chu, W. A., Bittel, D., Johnson, J. A., and Andrews, G. K., 1998. Participation of upstream stimulator factor (USF) in cadmium-induction of the mouse metallothionein-I gene. Nucleic Acids Res 26: 5182-5189.
211. Banerjee, D., S. Onosaka, and M. G. Cherian, 1982. Immunohistochemical localization of metallothionein in cell nucleus and cytoplasm of rat liver and kidney. Toxicology 24: 95-105.
212. Goering, P. L. and C. D. Klaassen, 1983. Altered subcellular distribution of cadmium following cadmium pretreatment: Possible mechanism of tolerance to cadmium-induced lethality. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 70: 195-203.
213. Falck, F. Y., Jr., L. J. Fine, R. G. Smith, J. Garvey, A. Schork, B. England, K. D. McClatchey, and J. Linton, 1983. Metallothionein and occupational exposure to cadmium. Br J Ind Med 40: 305-313.
214. Koyama, H., H. Satoh, S. Suzuki, and C. Tohyama, 1992. Increased urinary cadmium excretion and its relationship to urinary N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase activity in smokers. Arch Toxicol 66: 598-601.
215. Lynes, M. A., K. Zaffuto, D. W. Unfricht, G. Marusov, J. S. Samson, and X. Yin, 2006. The physiological roles of extracellular metallothionein. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 231: 1548-1554.
216. Hightower, L. E. and P. T. Guidon, Jr. 1989. Selective release from cultured mammalian cells of heatshock (stress) proteins that resemble glia-axon transfer proteins. J Cell Physiol 138: 257-266.
217. Coyle, P., J. C. Philcox, L. C. Carey, and A. M. Rofe, 2002. Metallothionein: The multipurpose protein. Cell Mol Life Sci (CMLS) 59: 627.
218. Harley, C. B., C. R. Menon, R. A. Rachubinski, and E. Nieboer, 1989. Metallothionein mRNA and protein induction by cadmium in peripheral-blood leucocytes. Biochem J 262: 873-879.
219. Mesna, O. J., I. L. Steffensen, A. Melhuus, H. Hjertholm, H. E. Heier, and R. A. Andersen, 1990. Induction of metallothionein production by zinc in human mononuclear cells. Gen Pharmacol: The Vascular Syst 21: 909.
220. 2+ responses of cultured human blood cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 69: 214-224.
221. Huerta, P., P. Galan, J. M. Teijon, and B. Ribas, 1989. Increase of metallothionein and other proteins in thymus and spleen during chronic zinc administration. Toxicol Environ Chem 25: 63-68.
222. Cao, J., J. A. Bobo, J. P. Liuzzi, and R. J. Cousins, 2001. Effects of intracellular zinc depletion on metallothionein and ZIP2 transporter expression and apoptosis. J Leukoc Biol 70: 559-566.
223. Soumillion, A., J. Van Damme, and M. De Ley, 1992. Cloning and specific polymerised-chain-reaction amplification of a third charge-separable human metallothionein isoform. Eur J Biochem 209: 999-1004.
224. Mesna, O. J., I. L. Steffensen, H. Hjertholm, and R. A. Andersen, 1995. Accumulation of metallothionein and its multiple forms by zinc, cadmium and dexamethasone in human peripheral T and B lymphocytes and monocytes. Chem Biol Interact 94: 225.
225. Cao, J. and R. J. Cousins, 2000. Metallothionein mRNA in monocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in cells from dried blood spots increases after zinc supplementation of men. J. Nutr. 130: 2180-2187.
226. Lee, W. W., D. Cui, M. Czesnikiewicz-Guzik, R. Z. Vencio, I. Shmulevich, A. Aderem, C. M. Weyand, and J. J. Goronzy, 2008. Age-dependent signature of metallothionein expression in primary CD4 T cell responses is due to sustained zinc signaling. Rejuvenation Res 11: 1001-1011.
227. Sone, T., S. Koizumi, and M. Kimura, 1988. Cadmium-induced synthesis of metallothioneins in human lymphocytes and monocytes. Chem Biol Interact 66: 61.
228. Yamada, H., S. Minoshima, S. Koizumi, M. Kimura, and N. Shimizu, 1989. Cadmium-induced synthesis of metallothioneins in human T and B cell purified by a fluorescence activated cell sorter. Chem Biol Interact 70: 117.
229. Hart, B. A., M. G. Cherian, and A. Angel, 1985. Cellular localization of metallothionein in the lung following repeated cadmium inhalation. Toxicology 37: 171-179.
230. Daston, G. P., G. J. Overmann, D. Baines, M. W. Taubeneck, L. D. Lehman-McKeeman, J. M. Rogers, and C. L. Keen, 1994. Altered Zn status by alpha-hederin in the pregnant rat and its relationship to adverse developmental outcome. Reprod Toxicol 8: 15-24.
231. Butcher, H. L., W. A. Kennette, O. Collins, R. K. Zalups, and J. Koropatnick, 2004. Metallothionein mediates the level and activity of nuclear factor kappa B in murine fibroblasts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 310: 589-598.
232. Zeng, J., R. Heuchel, W. Schaffner, and J. H. Kagi, 1991. Thionein (apometallothionein) can modulate DNA binding and transcription activation by zinc finger containing factor Sp1. FEBS Lett 279: 310-312.
233. Lynes, M. A., J. S. Garvey, and D. A. Lawrence, 1990. Extracellular metallothionein effects on lymphocyte activities. Mol Immunol 27: 211-219.
234. Youn, J. and M. A. Lynes, 1999. Metallothionein-induced suppression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte function: An important immunoregulatory control. Toxicol Sci 52: 199-208.
235. Lynes, M. A., L. A. Borghesi, J. Youn, and E. A. Olson, 1993. Immunomodulatory activities of extracellular metallothionein. I. Metallothionein effects on antibody production. Toxicology 85: 161-177.
236. Gavett, S. H. and G. Oberdorster, 1994. Cadmium chloride and cadmium metallothionein-induced pulmonary injury and recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Exp Lung Res 20: 517-537.
237. Hanada, K., H. Ishikawa, T. Imaizumi, I. Hashimoto, and H. Kimura, 1989. Effect of metallothionein on granulocyte chemotaxis and superoxide generation. Dermatologica 179(Suppl. 1): 143.
238. Yin, X., D. A. Knecht, and M. A. Lynes, 2005. Metallothionein mediates leukocyte chemotaxis. BMC Immunol 6: 21.
239. Chung, R. S., M. Penkowa, J. Dittmann, C. E. King, C. Bartlett, J. W. Asmussen, J. Hidalgo, et al., 2008. Redefining the role of metallothionein within the injured brain: Extracellular metallothioneins play an important role in the astrocyte-neuron response to injury. J Biol Chem 283: 15349-15358.
240. Chung, R. S., J. C. Vickers, M. I. Chuah, and A. K. West, 2003. Metallothionein-IIA promotes initial neurite elongation and postinjury reactive neurite growth and facilitates healing after focal cortical brain injury. J Neurosci 23: 3336-3342.
241. Morellini, N. M., N. L. Giles, S. Rea, K. F. Adcroft, S. Falder, C. E. King, S. A. Dunlop, et al., 2008. Exogenous metallothionein-IIA promotes accelerated healing after a burn wound. Wound Repair Regen 16: 682-690.
242. Youn, J., L. A. Borghesi, E. A. Olson, and M. A. Lynes, 1995. Immunomodulatory activities of extracellular metallothionein. II. Effects on macrophage functions. J Toxicol Environ Health 45: 397-413.
243. Penkowa, M. and J. Hidalgo, 2000. Metallothionein I + II expression and their role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Glia 32: 247-263.
244. Penkowa, M. and J. Hidalgo, 2001. Metallothionein treatment reduces proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha and apoptotic cell death during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Exp Neurol 170: 1-14.
245. Kang, Y. J., G. Li, and J. T. Saari, 1999. Metallothionein inhibits ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse heart. Am J Physiol 276: H993-H997.
246. Lynes, M. A., C. A. Richardson, R. McCabe, K. C. Crowthers, J. C. Lee, J. Youn, I. B. Schweitzer, and L. D. Shultz, 1998. Metallothionein modulates the course of autoimmune disease in viable motheaten mice. Toxicol Lett 95: 179.
247. Mita, M., M. Satoh, A. Shimada, M. Okajima, S. Azuma, J. S. Suzuki, K. Sakabe, S. Hara, and S. Himeno, 2008. Metallothionein is a crucial protective factor against Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric erosive lesions in a mouse model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 294: G877-G884.
248. Lindquist, S. and E. A. Craig, 1988. The heat-shock proteins. Annu Rev Genet 22: 631-677.
249. Lindquist, S. 1986. The heat-shock response. Annu Rev Biochem 55: 1151-1191.
250. Hightower, L. E. 1991. Heat shock, stress proteins, chaperones, and proteotoxicity. Cell 66: 191.
251. Multhoff, G. and C. Botzler, 1998. Heat-shock proteins and the immune response. Ann N Y Acad Sci 851: 86-93.
252. Wu, B. J., R. E. Kingston, and R. I. Morimoto, 1986. Human HSP70 promoter contains at least two distinct regulatory domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 629-633.
253. Hatayama, T. and M. Hayakawa, 1999. Differential temperature dependency of chemical stressors in HSF1-mediated stress response in mammalian cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 265: 763-769.
254. Bauman, J. W., J. Liu, and C. D. Klaassen, 1993. Production of metallothionein and heat-shock proteins in response to metals. Fundam Appl Toxicol 21: 15-22.
255. Maitani, T., A. Watahiki, and K. T. Suzuki, 1986. Induction of metallothionein after lead administration by three injection routes in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 83: 211-217.
256. Sanchez, Y., J. Taulien, K. A. Borkovich, and S. Lindquist, 1992. Hsp104 is required for tolerance to many forms of stress. EMBO J. 11: 2357-2364.
257. Anderson, N. G. F., S. L. Nance, M. A. Gemmell, S. L. Tollacsen, and N. G. Anderson, 1987. Effects of toxic agents at the protein level: Quantitative measurment of 213 mouse liver proteins following xenobiotic treatment. Fundam Appl Toxicol 8: 39-50.
258. Ovelgonne, J. H., J. E. M. Souren, F. A. C. Wiegant, and R. Van Wijk, 1995. Relationship between cadmium-induced expression of heatshock genes, inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death. Toxicology 99: 19.
259. Eid, N. S., R. E. Kravath, and K. W. Lanks, 1987. Heat-shock protein synthesis by human polymorphonuclear cells. J Exp Med 165: 1448-1452.
260. Ferris, D. K., A. Harel-Bellan, R. I. Morimoto, W. J. Welch, and W. L. Farrar, 1988. Mitogen and lymphokine stimulation of heat shock proteins in T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 3850-3854.
261. Spector, N. L., A. S. Freedman, G. Freeman, J. Segil, J. F. Whitman, W. J. Welch, and L. M. Nadler, 1989. Activation primes human B lymphocytes to respond to heat shock. J Exp Med 170: 1763-1768.
262. Calderwood, S. K., S. S. Mambula, P. J. Gray, Jr., and J. R. Theriault, 2007. Extracellular heat shock proteins in cell signaling. FEBS Lett 581: 3689.
263. Davies, E. L., M. M. Bacelar, M. J. Marshall, E. Johnson, T. D. Wardle, S. M. Andrew, and J. H. Williams, 2006. Heat shock proteins form part of a danger signal cascade in response to lipopolysaccharide and GroEL. Clin Exp Immunol 145: 183-189.
264. Koga, T., A. Wand-Wurttenberger, J. DeBruyn, M. E. Munk, B. Schoel, and S. H. Kaufmann, 1989. T cells against a bacterial heat shock protein recognize stressed macrophages. Science 245: 1112-1115.
265. Polla, B. S., J. V. Bonventre, and S. M. Krane, 1988. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases the toxicity of hydrogen peroxide in the human monocytic line U937: The role of calcium and heat shock. J Cell Biol 107: 373-380.
266. Craig, E. A. 1993. Chaperones: Helpers along the pathways to protein folding. Science 260: 1902-1903.
267. Lanks, K. W. 1986. Modulators of the eukaryotic heat shock response. Exp Cell Res 165: 1-10.
268. Morimoto, R. and E. Fodor, 1984. Cell-specific expression of heat shock proteins in chicken reticulocytes and lymphocytes. J Cell Biol 99: 1316-1323.
269. Gothard, L. Q., M. E. Ruffner, J. G. Woodward, O. K. Park-Sarge, and K. D. Sarge, 2003. Lowered temperature set point for activation of the cellular stress response in T-lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 278: 9322-9326.
270. Zhou, X., A. R. Patel, F. Perez, and D. A. Jurivich, 2009. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine enhances cellular defenses in neuronal and macrophage-like cell lines. Transl Res 153: 132-141.
271. Healy, A. M., E. Mariethoz, L. Pizurki, and B. S. Polla, 1992. Heat shock proteins in cellular defense mechanisms and immunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 663: 319-330.
272. Polla, B. S. 1991. The heat shock response in human phagocytes. Immunol Lett 30: 159.
273. Sirchia, R., A. Longo, and C. Luparello, 2008. Cadmium regulation of apoptotic and stress response genes in tumoral and immortalized epithelial cells of the human breast. Biochimie 90: 1578.
274. Clerget, M. and B. S. Polla, 1990. Erythrophagocytosis induces heat shock protein synthesis by human monocytes-macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 1081-1085.
275. Maridonneau-Parini, I., J. Clerc, and B. S. Polla, 1988. Heat shock inhibits NADPH oxidase in human neutrophils. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 154: 179-186.
276. Chiang, H. L., S. R. Terlecky, C. P. Plant, and J. F. Dice, 1989. A role for a 70-kilodalton heat shock protein in lysosomal degradation of intracellular proteins. Science 246: 382-385.
277. Flynn, G. C., T. G. Chappell, and J. E. Rothman, 1989. Peptide binding and release by proteins implicated as catalysts of protein assembly. Science 245: 385-390.
278. DeNagel, D. C. and S. K. Pierce, 1992. A case for chaperones in antigen processing. Immunol Today 13: 86-89.
279. Manara, G. C., P. Sansoni, L. Badiali-De Giorgi, G. Gallinella, C. Ferrari, V. Brianti, F. F. Fagnoni, C. L. Ruegg, G. De Panfilis, and G. Pasquinelli, 1993. New insights suggesting a possible role of a heat shock protein 70-kD family-related protein in antigen processing/presentation phenomenon in humans. Blood 82: 2865-2871.
280. Polla, B. S., E. MariÈthoz, D. Hubert, and C. Barazzone, 1995. Heat-shock proteins in host-pathogen interactions: Implications for cystic fibrosis. Trends Microbiol 3: 392.
281. Polla, B. S., H. Stubbe, S. Kantengwa, I. Maridonneau-Parini, and M. R. Jacquier-Sarlin, 1995. Differential induction of stress proteins and functional effects of heat shock in human phagocytes. Inflammation 19: 363-378.
282. Clayton, A., A. Turkes, H. Navabi, M. D. Mason, and Z. Tabi, 2005. Induction of heat shock proteins in B-cell exosomes. J Cell Sci 118: 3631-3638.
283. Calderwood, S. K., J. R. Theriault, and J. Gong, 2005. How is the immune response affected by hyperthermia and heat shock proteins? Int J Hyperthermia 21: 713-716.
284. Theriault, J. R., S. S. Mambula, T. Sawamura, M. A. Stevenson, and S. K. Calderwood, 2005. Extracellular HSP70 binding to surface receptors present on antigen presenting cells and endothelial/epithelial cells. FEBS Lett 579: 1951-1960.
285. Binder, R. J., K. M. Anderson, S. Basu, and P. K. Srivastava, 2000. Cutting edge: Heat shock protein gp96 induces maturation and migration of CD11c+ cells in vivo. J Immunol 165: 6029-6035.
286. Wallin, R. P., A. Lundqvist, S. H. More, A. von Bonin, R. Kiessling, and H. G. Ljunggren, 2002. Heatshock proteins as activators of the innate immune system. Trends Immunol 23: 130-135.
287. Singh-Jasuja, H., H. U. Scherer, N. Hilf, D. Arnold-Schild, H. G. Rammensee, R. E. Toes, and H. Schild, 2000. The heat shock protein gp96 induces maturation of dendritic cells and down-regulation of its receptor. Eur J Immunol 30: 2211-2215.
288. Arnold-Schild, D., D. Hanau, D. Spehner, C. Schmid, H. G. Rammensee, H. de la Salle, and H. Schild, 1999. Cutting edge: Receptor-mediated endocytosis of heat shock proteins by professional antigen-presenting cells. J Immunol 162: 3757-3760.
289. Blachere, N. E., Z. Li, R. Y. Chandawarkar, R. Suto, N. S. Jaikaria, S. Basu, H. Udono, and P. K. Srivastava, 1997. Heat shock protein-peptide complexes, reconstituted in vitro, elicit peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response and tumor immunity. J Exp Med 186: 1315-1322.
290. Rapp, U. K. and S. H. E. Kaufmann, 2003. Glucose-regulated stress proteins and antibacterial immunity. Trends Microbiol 11: 519.
291. Sato, H., T. Ishii, Y. Sugita, N. Tateishi, and S. Bannai, 1993. Induction of a 23 kDa stress protein by oxidative and sulfhydryl-reactive agents in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta 1148: 127-132.
292. Minisini, M. P., S. Kantengwa, and B. S. Polla, 1994. DNA damage and stress protein synthesis induced by oxidative stress proceed independently in the human premonocytic line U937. Mutat Res 315: 169-179.
293. 2+ in a human T cell line. Eur J Pharmacol 270: 221-228.
294. Tsangaris, G. T., A. Botsonis, I. Politis, and F. Tzortzatou-Stathopoulou, 2002. Evaluation of cadmiuminduced transcriptome alterations by three color cDNA labeling microarray analysis on a T-cell line. Toxicology 178: 135-160.
295. Taketani, S., H. Kohno, T. Yoshinaga, and R. Tokunaga, 1989. The human 32-kDa stress protein induced by exposure to arsenite and cadmium ions is heme oxygenase. FEBS Lett 245: 173-176.
296. Taketani, S., H. Sato, T. Yoshinaga, R. Tokunaga, T. Ishii, and S. Bannai, 1990. Induction in mouse peritoneal macrophages of 34 kDa stress protein and heme oxygenase by sulfhydryl-reactive agents. J Biochem 108: 28-32.
297. Goering, P. L., R. K. Kuester, A. R. Neale, M. S. Chapekar, T. G. Zaremba, E. A. Gordon, and V. M. Hitchins, 2000. Effects of particulate and soluble cadmium species on biochemical and functional parameters in cultured murine macrophages. In Vitro Mol Toxicol 13: 125-136.
298. Del Razo, L. M., B. Quintanilla-Vega, E. Brambila-Colombres, E. S. Calderón-Aranda, M. Manno, and A. Albores, 2001. Stress proteins induced by arsenic. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 177: 132.
299. Kreppel, H., J. W. Bauman, J. I. E. Liu, J. M. J. McKim, and C. D. Klaassen, 1993. Induction of metallothionein by arsenicals in mice. Toxicol. Sci. 20: 184-189.
300. Cohen, D. S., E. Palmer, W. J. Welch, and D. Sheppard, 1991. The response of guinea pig airway epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages to environmental stress. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 5: 133-143.
301. Menzel, D. B., R. E. Rasmussen, E. Lee, D. M. Meacher, B. Said, H. Hamadeh, M. Vargas, H. Greene, and R. N. Roth, 1998. Human lymphocyte heme oxygenase 1 as a response biomarker to inorganic arsenic. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 250: 653-656.
302. Shen, H. M., S. Y. Dong, and C. N. Ong, 2001. Critical role of calcium overloading in cadmium-induced apoptosis in mouse thymocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 171: 12-19.
303. McCabe, M. J., Jr., K. P. Singh, and J. J. Reiners, Jr. 2001. Low level lead exposure in vitro stimulates the proliferation and expansion of alloantigen-reactive CD4(high) T cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 177: 219-231.
304. Razani-Boroujerdi, S., B. Edwards, and M. L. Sopori, 1999. Lead stimulates lymphocyte proliferation through enhanced T cell-B cell interaction. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 288: 714-719.
305. Farrer, D. G., S. M. Hueber, and M. J. McCabe, Jr. 2005. Lead enhances CD4+ T cell proliferation indirectly by targeting antigen presenting cells and modulating antigen-specific interactions. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 207: 125-137.
306. Viau, M., V. Collin-Faure, P. Richaud, J. L. Ravanat, and S. M. Candeias, 2007. Cadmium and T cell differentiation: Limited impact in vivo but significant toxicity in fetal thymus organ culture. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 223: 257-266.
307. McCabe, M. J., Jr. and D. A. Lawrence, 1990. The heavy metal lead exhibits B cell-stimulatory factor activity by enhancing B cell Ia expression and differentiation. J Immunol 145: 671-677.
308. Prozialeck, W. C. 2000. Evidence that E-cadherin may be a target for cadmium toxicity in epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 164: 231-249.
309. Angst, B. D., C. Marcozzi, and A. I. Magee, 2001. The cadherin superfamily: Diversity in form and function. J Cell Sci 114: 629-641.
310. Prozialeck, W. C., G. B. Grunwald, P. M. Dey, K. R. Reuhl, and A. R. Parrish, 2002. Cadherins and NCAM as potential targets in metal toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 182: 255-265.
311. Prozialeck, W. C. and P. C. Lamar, 1999. Interaction of cadmium (Cd(2+)) with a 13-residue polypeptide analog of a putative calcium-binding motif of E-cadherin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1451: 93-100.
312. Bussolaro, D., F. Filipak Neto, R. Gargioni, L. C. Fernandes, M. A. Randi, E. Pelletier, and C. A. Oliveira Ribeiro, 2008. The immune response of peritoneal macrophages due to exposure to inorganic lead in the house mouse Mus musculus. Toxicol In Vitro 22: 254-260.
313. Contrino, J., P. Marucha, R. Ribaudo, R. Ference, P. E. Bigazzi, and D. L. Kreutzer, 1988. Effects of mercury on human polymorphonuclear leukocyte function in vitro. Am J Pathol 132: 110-118.
314. Bishayi, B. and M. Sengupta, 2006. Synergism in immunotoxicological effects due to repeated combined administration of arsenic and lead in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 6: 454-464.
315. Shen, X., K. Lee, and R. Konig, 2001. Effects of heavy metal ions on resting and antigen-activated CD4(+) T cells. Toxicology 169: 67-80.
316. Heo, Y., P. J. Parsons, and D. A. Lawrence, 1996. Lead differentially modifies cytokine production in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 138: 149-157.
317. Hemdan, N. Y., F. Emmrich, U. Sack, G. Wichmann, J. Lehmann, K. Adham, and I. Lehmann, 2006. The in vitro immune modulation by cadmium depends on the way of cell activation. Toxicology 222: 37-45.
318. Grabbe, S. and T. Schwarz, 1998. Immunoregulatory mechanisms involved in elicitation of allergic contact hypersensitivity. Immunol Today 19: 37-44.
319. Silvennoinen-Kassinen, S., I. Ikaheimo, J. Karvonen, M. Kauppinen, and M. Kallioinen, 1992. Mononuclear cell subsets in the nickel-allergic reaction in vitro and in vivo. J Allergy Clin Immunol 89: 794-800.
320. Haberman, A. L., M. Pratt, and F. J. Storrs, 1993. Contact dermatitis from beryllium in dental alloys. Contact Dermat 28: 157-162.
321. Forte, G., F. Petrucci, and B. Bocca, 2008. Metal allergens of growing significance: Epidemiology, immunotoxicology, strategies for testing and prevention. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets 7: 145-162.
322. Madl, A. K., K. Unice, J. L. Brown, M. E. Kolanz, and M. S. Kent, 2007. Exposure-response analysis for beryllium sensitization and chronic beryllium disease among workers in a beryllium metal machining plant. J Occup Environ Hyg 4: 448-466.
323. Tinkle, S. S., L. A. Kittle, B. A. Schumacher, and L. S. Newman, 1997. Beryllium induces IL-2 and IFNgamma in berylliosis. J Immunol 158: 518-526.
324. Fontenot, A. P., S. J. Canavera, L. Gharavi, L. S. Newman, and B. L. Kotzin, 2002. Target organ localization of memory CD4(+) T cells in patients with chronic beryllium disease. J Clin Invest 110: 1473-1482.
325. Amicosante, M. and A. P. Fontenot, 2006. T cell recognition in chronic beryllium disease. Clin Immunol 121: 134-143.
326. Fontenot, A. P., B. E. Palmer, A. K. Sullivan, F. G. Joslin, C. C. Wilson, L. A. Maier, L. S. Newman, and B. L. Kotzin, 2005. Frequency of beryllium-specific, central memory CD4+ T cells in blood determines proliferative response. J Clin Invest 115: 2886-2893.
327. Rossman, M. D., J. A. Kern, J. A. Elias, M. R. Cullen, P. E. Epstein, O. P. Preuss, T. N. Markham, and R. P. Daniele, 1988. Proliferative response of bronchoalveolar lymphocytes to beryllium. A test for chronic beryllium disease. Ann Intern Med 108: 687-693.
328. Saltini, C., L. Richeldi, M. Losi, M. Amicosante, C. Voorter, E. van den Berg-Loonen, R. A. Dweik, H. P. Wiedemann, D. C. Deubner, and C. Tinelli, 2001. Major histocompatibility locus genetic markers of beryllium sensitization and disease. Eur Respir J 18: 677-684.
329. Maier, L. A., D. S. McGrath, H. Sato, P. Lympany, K. Welsh, R. Du Bois, L. Silveira, et al., 2003. Influence of MHC class II in susceptibility to beryllium sensitization and chronic beryllium disease. J Immunol 171: 6910-6918.
330. McCanlies, E. C., J. S. Ensey, C. R. Schuler, K. Kreiss, and A. Weston, 2004. The association between HLA-DPB1Glu69 and chronic beryllium disease and beryllium sensitization. Am J Ind Med 46: 95-103.
331. Richeldi, L., K. Kreiss, M. M. Mroz, B. Zhen, P. Tartoni, and C. Saltini, 1997. Interaction of genetic and exposure factors in the prevalence of berylliosis. Am J Ind Med 32: 337-340.
332. Richeldi, L., R. Sorrentino, and C. Saltini, 1993. HLA-DPB1 glutamate 69: A genetic marker of beryllium disease. Science 262: 242-244.
333. Rossman, M. D., J. Stubbs, C. W. Lee, E. Argyris, E. Magira, and D. Monos, 2002. Human leukocyte antigen class II amino acid epitopes: Susceptibility and progression markers for beryllium hypersensitivity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165: 788-794.
334. Wang, Z., G. M. Farris, L. S. Newman, Y. Shou, L. A. Maier, H. N. Smith, and B. L. Marrone, 2001. Beryllium sensitivity is linked to HLA-DP genotype. Toxicology 165: 27-38.
335. Wang, Z., P. S. White, M. Petrovic, O. L. Tatum, L. S. Newman, L. A. Maier, and B. L. Marrone, 1999. Differential susceptibilities to chronic beryllium disease contributed by different Glu69 HLA-DPB1 and -DPA1 alleles. J Immunol 163: 1647-1653.
336. Kosuda, L. L., M. O. Hannigan, P. E. Bigazzi, J. H. Leif, and D. L. Greiner, 1996. Thymus atrophy and changes in thymocyte subpopulations of BN rats with mercury-induced renal autoimmune disease. Autoimmunity 23: 77-89.
337. Qasim, F. J., S. Thiru, P. W. Mathieson, and D. B. Oliveira, 1995. The time course and characterization of mercuric chloride-induced immunopathology in the brown Norway rat. J Autoimmun 8: 193-208.
338. Qasim, F. J., P. W. Mathieson, S. Thiru, and D. B. Oliveira, 1994. Use of methyl prednisolone and antioxidants in mercuric chloride-induced experimental vasculitis. Clin Exp Immunol 98: 66-70.
339. Pusey, C. D., C. Bowman, A. Morgan, A. P. Weetman, B. Hartley, and C. M. Lockwood, 1990. Kinetics and pathogenicity of autoantibodies induced by mercuric chloride in the brown Norway rat. Clin Exp Immunol 81: 76-82.
340. Hultman, P., L. J. Bell, S. Enestrom, and K. M. Pollard, 1992. Murine susceptibility to mercury. I. Autoantibody profiles and systemic immune deposits in inbred, congenic, and intra-H-2 recombinant strains. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 65: 98-109.
341. Hultman, P., L. J. Bell, S. Enestrom, and K. M. Pollard, 1993. Murine susceptibility to mercury. II. Autoantibody profiles and renal immune deposits in hybrid, backcross, and H-2d congenic mice. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 68: 9-20.
342. Hultman, P. and S. Enestrom, 1992. Dose-response studies in murine mercury-induced autoimmunity and immune-complex disease. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 113: 199-208.
343. Monestier, M., M. J. Losman, K. E. Novick, and J. P. Aris, 1994. Molecular analysis of mercury-induced antinucleolar antibodies in H-2S mice. J Immunol 152: 667-675.
344. Pollard, K. M., D. K. Lee, C. A. Casiano, M. Bluthner, M. M. Johnston, and E. M. Tan, 1997. The autoimmunity-inducing xenobiotic mercury interacts with the autoantigen fibrillarin and modifies its molecular and antigenic properties. J Immunol 158: 3521-3528.
345. Hultman, P., S. J. Turley, S. Enestrom, U. Lindh, and K. M. Pollard, 1996. Murine genotype influences the specificity, magnitude and persistence of murine mercury-induced autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 9: 139-149.
346. Dubey, C., B. Bellon, and P. Druet, 1991. TH1 and TH2 dependent cytokines in experimental autoimmunity and immune reactions induced by chemicals. Eur Cytokine Netw 2: 147-152.
347. 2-induced perturbation of the T cell network in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. II. In vivo demonstration of the role of T suppressor and contrasuppressor cells. Cell Immunol 137: 379-388.
348. Bridoux, F., A. Badou, A. Saoudi, I. Bernard, E. Druet, R. Pasquier, P. Druet, and L. Pelletier, 1997. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)-dependent inhibition of Thelper cell 2 (Th2)-induced autoimmunity by self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-specific, regulatory CD4(+) T cell lines. J Exp Med 185: 1769-1775.
349. Hansson, M. and M. Abedi-Valugerdi, 2003. Xenobiotic metal-induced autoimmunity: Mercury and silver differentially induce antinucleolar autoantibody production in susceptible H-2s, H-2q and H-2f mice. Clin Exp Immunol 131: 405-414.
350. Pollard, K. M. and P. Hultman, 1997. Effects of mercury on the immune system. Met Ions Biol Syst 34: 421-440.
351. Roos, A., N. Claessen, E. J. Schilder-Tol, M. A. Chand, J. J. Weening, and J. Aten, 1997. Thiol levels in CD134-defined subsets of rat T lymphocytes: Possible implications for HgCl2-induced immune dysregulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 240: 452-457.
352. Gillespie, K. M., A. Saoudi, J. Kuhn, C. J. Whittle, P. Druet, B. Bellon, and P. W. Mathieson, 1996. Th1/ Th2 cytokine gene expression after mercuric chloride in susceptible and resistant rat strains. Eur J Immunol 26: 2388-2392.
353. Mathieson, P. W. 1995. Mercury: God of Th2 cells? Clin Exp Immunol 102: 229-230.
354. Kalyuzhny, A. E. 2009. ELISPOT assay on membrane microplates. Methods Mol Biol 536: 355-365.
355. Jin, G. B., D. W. Unfricht, S. M. Fernandez, and M. A. Lynes, 2006. Cytometry on a chip: Cellular phenotypic and functional analysis using grating-coupled surface plasmon resonance. Biosens Bioelectron 22: 200-206.
356. Unfricht, D. W., S. L. Colpitts, S. M. Fernandez, and M. A. Lynes, 2005. Grating-coupled surface plasmon resonance: A cell and protein microarray platform. Proteomics 5: 4432-4442.
357. Zieziulewicz, T. J., D. W. Unfricht, N. Hadjout, M. A. Lynes, and D. A. Lawrence, 2003. Shrinking the biologic world-nanobiotechnologies for toxicology. Toxicol Sci 74: 235-244.
358. Takiguchi, M., W. E. Achanzar, W. Qu, G. Li, and M. P. Waalkes, 2003. Effects of cadmium on DNA-(Cytosine-5) methyltransferase activity and DNA methylation status during cadmium-induced cellular transformation. Exp Cell Res 286: 355-365.
359. Santangelo, S., D. J. Cousins, N. E. Winkelmann, and D. Z. Staynov, 2002. DNA methylation changes at human Th2 cytokine genes coincide with DNase I hypersensitive site formation during CD4(+) T cell differentiation. J Immunol 169: 1893-1903.
360. Sanders, V. M. 2006. Epigenetic regulation of Th1 and Th2 cell development. Brain Behav Immun 20: 317-324.
361. Lee, P. P., D. R. Fitzpatrick, C. Beard, H. K. Jessup, S. Lehar, K. W. Makar, M. Perez-Melgosa, et al., 2001. A critical role for Dnmt1 and DNA methylation in T cell development, function, and survival. Immunity 15: 763-774.
362. Makar, K. W. and C. B. Wilson, 2004. DNA methylation is a nonredundant repressor of the Th2 effector program. J Immunol 173: 4402-4406.
363. Grogan, J. L., M. Mohrs, B. Harmon, D. A. Lacy, J. W. Sedat, and R. M. Locksley, 2001. Early transcription and silencing of cytokine genes underlie polarization of Thelper cell subsets. Immunity 14: 205-215.
364. Ansel, K. M., D. U. Lee, and A. Rao, 2003. An epigenetic view of helper T cell differentiation. Nat Immunol 4: 616-623.