BK channels in cardiovascular diseases and aging

Aging and Disease

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 38-49

  Carvalho de Souza, João Luis ^a   Varanda, Wamberto A ^a   Tostes, Rita C ^a   Chignalia, Andreia Z ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Aging; BK; Calcium activated potassium channels; Cardiovascular diseases; Endothelium; Vascular smooth muscle cells

Indexed keywords

EID: 84885686802     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21525250     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Kotsis V, Stabouli S, Karafillis I, Nilsson P (2011). Early vascular aging and the role of central blood pressure. J Hypertens, 29(10):1847-53.
2. Barodka VM, Joshi BL, Berkowitz DE, Hogue CW, Jr., Nyhan D (2011). Review article: implications of vascular aging. Anesth Analg, 112(5):1048-60.
3. Toro L, Marijic J, Nishimaru K, Tanaka Y, Song M, Stefani E (2002). Aging, ion channel expression, and vascular function. Vascul Pharmacol, 38(1):73-80.
4. Panza F, D'Introno A, Colacicco AM, Capurso C, Parigi AD, Capurso SA, Caselli RJ, Pilotto A, Scafato E, Capurso A, Solfrizzi V (2006). Cognitive frailty: Predementia syndrome and vascular risk factors. Neurobiol Aging, 27(7):933-40.
5. Jackson WFn (2000). Ion channels and vascular tone. Hypertension, 35(1 Pt 2):173-8.
6. Brenner R, Perez GJ, Bonev AD, Eckman DM, Kosek JC, Wiler SW, Patterson AJ, Nelson MT, Aldrich RW (2000). Vasoregulation by the beta1 subunit of the calcium-activated potassium channel. Nature, 407(6806):870-6.
7. Knot HJ, Standen NB, Nelson MT (1998). Ryanodine receptors regulate arterial diameter and wall [Ca2+] in cerebral arteries of rat via Ca2+-dependent K+ channels. J Physiol, 508 (Pt 1):211-21.
8. Brayden JE, Nelson MT (1992). Regulation of arterial tone by activation of calcium-dependent potassium channels. Science, 24;256(5056):532-5.
9. LeDoux J, Werner ME, Brayden JE, Nelson MT (2006). Calcium-activated potassium channels and the regulation of vascular tone. Physiology (Bethesda), 21:69-78.
10. Nelson MT, Cheng H, Rubart M, Santana LF, Bonev AD, Knot HJ, Lederer WJ (1995). Relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by calcium sparks. Science, 27;270(5236):633-7.
11. Herrera GM, Etherton B, Nausch B, Nelson MT (2005). Negative feedback regulation of nerve-mediated contractions by KCa channels in mouse urinary bladder smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 289(2):R402-R409.
12. Herrera GM, Heppner TJ, Nelson MT (2000). Regulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contractions by ryanodine receptors and BK and SK channels. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 279(1):R60-R68.
13. Petkov GV, Bonev AD, Heppner TJ, Brenner R, Aldrich RW, Nelson MT (2001). Beta1-subunit of the Ca2+-activated K+ channel regulates contractile activity of mouse urinary bladder smooth muscle. J Physiol, 537(Pt 2):443-52.
14. Werner ME, Knorn AM, Meredith AL, Aldrich RW, Nelson MT (2007). Frequency encoding of cholinergic- and purinergic-mediated signaling to mouse urinary bladder smooth muscle: modulation by BK channels. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 292(1):R616-R624.
15. Roberts WM, Jacobs RA, Hudspeth AJ (1990). Colocalization of ion channels involved in frequency selectivity and synaptic transmission at presynaptic active zones of hair cells. J Neurosci, 10(11):3664-84.
16. Hu H, Shao LR, Chavoshy S, Gu N, Trieb M, Behrens R, Laake P, Pongs O, Knaus HG, Ottersen OP, Storm JF (2001). Presynaptic Ca2+-activated K+ channels in glutamatergic hippocampal terminals and their role in spike repolarization and regulation of transmitter release. J Neurosci, 21(24):9585-97.
17. Robitaille R, Garcia ML, Kaczorowski GJ, Charlton MP (1993). Functional colocalization of calcium and calcium-gated potassium channels in control of transmitter release. Neuron, 11(4):645-55.
18. Robitaille R, Charlton MP (1992). Presynaptic calcium signals and transmitter release are modulated by calcium-activated potassium channels. J Neurosci, 12(1):297-305.
19. Ling S, Sheng JZ, Braun JE, Braun AP (2003). Syntaxin 1A co-associates with native rat brain and cloned large conductance, calcium-activated potassium channels in situ. J Physiol, 553(Pt 1):65-81.
20. Orio P, Rojas P, Ferreira G, Latorre R (2002). New disguises for an old channel: MaxiK channel beta-subunits. News Physiol Sci, 17:156-61.
21. Wong BS, Lecar H, Adler M (1982). Single calcium-dependent potassium channels in clonal anterior pituitary cells. Biophys J, 39(3):313-7.
22. Findlay I, Dunne MJ, Petersen OH (1985). High-conductance K+ channel in pancreatic islet cells can be activated and inactivated by internal calcium. J Membr Biol, 83(1-2):169-75.
23. Semenov I, Wang B, Herlihy JT, Brenner R (2006). BK channel beta1-subunit regulation of calcium handling and constriction in tracheal smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 291(4):L802-L810.
24. Kotlikoff MI (1993). Potassium channels in airway smooth muscle: a tale of two channels. Pharmacol Ther, 58(1):1-12.
25. Jones TR, Charette L, Garcia ML, Kaczorowski GJ (1990). Selective inhibition of relaxation of guinea-pig trachea by charybdotoxin, a potent Ca(++)-activated K+ channel inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 255(2):697-706.
26. Ghatta S, Nimmagadda D, Xu X, O'Rourke ST (2006). Large-conductance, calcium-activated potassium channels: structural and functional implications. Pharmacol Ther, 110(1):103-16.
27. Nelson MT, Quayle JM (1995). Physiological roles and properties of potassium channels in arterial smooth muscle. Am J Physiol, 268(4 Pt 1):C799-C822.
28. Standen NB, Quayle JM, Davies NW, Brayden JE, Huang Y, Nelson MT (1989). Hyperpolarizing vasodilators activate ATP-sensitive K+ channels in arterial smooth muscle. Science, 14;245(4914):177-80.
29. Korovkina VP, England SK (2002). Detection and implications of potassium channel alterations. Vascul Pharmacol, 38(1):3-12.
30. Meech RW (1972). Intracellular calcium injection causes increased potassium conductance in Aplysia nerve cells. Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol, 42(2):493-9.
31. Marty A (1981). Ca-dependent K channels with large unitary conductance in chromaffin cell membranes. Nature, 291(5815):497-500.
32. Ishii TM, Silvia C, Hirschberg B, Bond CT, Adelman JP, Maylie J (1997). A human intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 94(21):11651-6.
33. Gardos G (1958). The function of calcium in the potassium permeability of human erythrocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta, 30(3):653-4.
34. Blatz AL, Magleby KL (1986). Single apamin-blocked Ca-activated K+ channels of small conductance in cultured rat skeletal muscle. Nature, 323(6090):718-20.
35. Park YB (1994). Ion selectivity and gating of small conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels in cultured rat adrenal chromaffin cells. J Physiol, 481 (Pt 3):555-70.
36. Zhang X, Solaro CR, Lingle CJ (2001). Allosteric regulation of BK channel gating by Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) through a nonselective, low affinity divalent cation site. J Gen Physiol, 118(5):607-36.
37. Shi J, Cui J (2001). Intracellular Mg(2+) enhances the function of BK-type Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels. J Gen Physiol, 118(5):589-606.
38. Cui J, Yang H, Lee US (2009). Molecular mechanisms of BK channel activation. Cell Mol Life Sci, 66(5):852-75.
39. Faber ES, Sah P (2003). Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channel inactivation contributes to spike broadening during repetitive firing in the rat lateral amygdala. J Physiol, 552(Pt 2):483-97.
40. Lancaster B, Nicoll RA (1987). Properties of two calcium-activated hyperpolarizations in rat hippocampal neurones. J Physiol, 389:187-203.
41. Storm JF (1987). Action potential repolarization and a fast after-hyperpolarization in rat hippocampal pyramidal cells. J Physiol, 385:733-59.
42. Shao LR, Halvorsrud R, Borg-Graham L, Storm JF (1999). The role of BK-type Ca2+-dependent K+ channels in spike broadening during repetitive firing in rat hippocampal pyramidal cells. J Physiol, 521 Pt 1:135-46.
43. Faber ES, Sah P (2003). Calcium-activated potassium channels: multiple contributions to neuronal function. Neuroscientist, 9(3):181-94.
44. Gu N, Vervaeke K, Storm JF (2007). BK potassium channels facilitate high-frequency firing and cause early spike frequency adaptation in rat CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells. J Physiol, 580(Pt.3):859-82.
45. Bezanilla F, Perozo E, Papazian DM, Stefani E (1991). Molecular basis of gating charge immobilization in Shaker potassium channels. Science, 254(5032):679-83.
46. Toro L, Wallner M, Meera P, Tanaka Y (1998). Maxi-K(Ca), a Unique Member of the Voltage-Gated K Channel Superfamily. News Physiol Sci, 13:112-7.
47. Doyle DA, Morais CJ, Pfuetzner RA, Kuo A, Gulbis JM, Cohen SL, Chait BT, MacKinnon R (1998). The structure of the potassium channel: molecular basis of K+ conduction and selectivity. Science, 280(5360):69-77.
48. Schreiber M, Salkoff L (1997). A novel calcium-sensing domain in the BK channel. Biophys J, 73(3):1355-63.
49. Zhou XB, Arntz C, Kamm S, Motejlek K, Sausbier U, Wang GX, Ruth P, Korth M (2001). A molecular switch for specific stimulation of the BKCa channel by cGMP and cAMP kinase. J Biol Chem, 276(46):43239-45.
50. Wang J, Zhou Y, Wen H, Levitan IB (1999). Simultaneous binding of two protein kinases to a calcium-dependent potassium channel. J Neurosci, 19(10):RC4.
51. Meera P, Wallner M, Jiang Z, Toro L (1996). A calcium switch for the functional coupling between alpha (hslo) and beta subunits (Kv,cabeta) of maxi K channels. FEBS Lett, 385(1-2):127-8.
52. Tanaka Y, Meera P, Song M, Knaus HG, Toro L (1997). Molecular constituents of maxi KCa channels in human coronary smooth muscle: predominant alpha + beta subunit complexes. J Physiol, 502 (Pt 3):545-57.
53. Waldron GJ, Cole WC (1999). Activation of vascular smooth muscle K+ channels by endothelium-derived relaxing factors. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 26(2):180-4.
54. Knaus HG, Eberhart A, Glossmann H, Munujos P, Kaczorowski GJ, Garcia ML (1994). Pharmacology and structure of high conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Cell Signal, 6(8):861-70.
55. Knaus HG, Folander K, Garcia-Calvo M, Garcia ML, Kaczorowski GJ, Smith M, Swanson R (1994). Primary sequence and immunological characterization of beta-subunit of high conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel from smooth muscle. J Biol Chem, 269(25):17274-8.
56. Hanner M, Vianna-Jorge R, Kamassah A, Schmalhofer WA, Knaus HG, Kaczorowski GJ, Garcia ML (1998). The beta subunit of the high conductance calcium-activated potassium channel. Identification of residues involved in charybdotoxin binding. J Biol Chem, 273(26):16289-96.
57. Jiang Z, Wallner M, Meera P, Toro L (1999). Human and rodent MaxiK channel beta-subunit genes: cloning and characterization. Genomics, 55(1):57-67.
58. Tanaka Y, Koike K, Alioua A, Shigenobu K, Stefani E, Toro L (2004). Beta1-subunit of MaxiK channel in smooth muscle: a key molecule which tunes muscle mechanical activity. J Pharmacol Sci, 94(4):339-47.
59. Wallner M, Meera P, Ottolia M, Kaczorowski GJ, Latorre R, Garcia ML, Stefani E, Toro L (1995). Characterization of and modulation by a beta-subunit of a human maxi KCa channel cloned from myometrium. Receptors Channels, 3(3):185-99.
60. McCobb DP, Fowler NL, Featherstone T, Lingle CJ, Saito M, Krause JE, Salkoff L (1995). A human calcium-activated potassium channel gene expressed in vascular smooth muscle. Am J Physiol, 269(3 Pt 2):H767-H777.
61. Pallotta BS (1985). Calcium-activated potassium channels in rat muscle inactivate from a short-duration open state. J Physiol, 363:501-16.
62. Stefani E, Ottolia M, Noceti F, Olcese R, Wallner M, Latorre R, Toro L (1997). Voltage-controlled gating in a large conductance Ca2+-sensitive K+channel (hslo). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 94(10):5427-31.
63. Horrigan FT, Aldrich RW (1999). Allosteric voltage gating of potassium channels II. Mslo channel gating charge movement in the absence of Ca(2+). J Gen Physiol, 114(2):305-36.
64. Salkoff L, Butler A, Ferreira G, Santi C, Wei A (2006). High-conductance potassium channels of the SLO family. Nat Rev Neurosci, 7(12):921-31.
65. Lingle CJ (2007). Gating rings formed by RCK domains: keys to gate opening. J Gen Physiol, 129(2):101-7.
66. Xia XM, Zeng X, Lingle CJ (2002). Multiple regulatory sites in large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Nature, 418(6900):880-4.
67. Bao L, Rapin AM, Holmstrand EC, Cox DH (2002). Elimination of the BK(Ca) channel's high-affinity Ca(2+) sensitivity. J Gen Physiol, 120(2):173-89.
68. Bao L, Kaldany C, Holmstrand EC, Cox DH (2004). Mapping the BKCa channel's "Ca2+ bowl": side-chains essential for Ca2+ sensing. J Gen Physiol, 123(5):475-89.
69. Hu L, Shi J, Ma Z, Krishnamoorthy G, Sieling F, Zhang G, Horrigan FT, Cui J (2003). Participation of the S4 voltage sensor in the Mg2+-dependent activation of large conductance (BK) K+ channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100(18):10488-93.
70. Horrigan FT, Aldrich RW (2002). Coupling between voltage sensor activation, Ca2+ binding and channel opening in large conductance (BK) potassium channels. J Gen Physiol, 120(3):267-305.
71. Horrigan FT, Ma Z (2008). Mg2+ enhances voltage sensor/gate coupling in BK channels. J Gen Physiol,131(1):13-32.
72. Zarei MM, Zhu N, Alioua A, Eghbali M, Stefani E, Toro L (2001). A novel MaxiK splice variant exhibits dominant-negative properties for surface expression. J Biol Chem, 276(19):16232-9.
73. Zeng XH, Xia XM, Lingle CJ (2003). Redox-sensitive extracellular gates formed by auxiliary beta subunits of calcium-activated potassium channels. Nat Struct Biol, 10(6):448-54.
74. Jin P, Weiger TM, Wu Y, Levitan IB (2002). Phosphorylation-dependent functional coupling of hSlo calcium-dependent potassium channel and its hbeta 4 subunit. J Biol Chem, 77(12):10014-20.
75. Egan TM, Dagan D, Levitan IB (1993). Properties and modulation of a calcium-activated potassium channel in rat olfactory bulb neurons. J Neurophysiol, 69(5):1433-42.
76. Lu R, Alioua A, Kumar Y, Eghbali M, Stefani E, Toro L (2006). MaxiK channel partners: physiological impact. J Physiol, 570(Pt 1):65-72.
77. Rusko J, Tanzi F, van BC, Adams DJ (1992). Calcium-activated potassium channels in native endothelial cells from rabbit aorta: conductance, Ca2+ sensitivity and block. J Physiol, 455:601-21.
78. Ungvari Z, Csiszar A, Koller A (2002). Increases in endothelial Ca(2+) activate K(Ca) channels and elicit EDHF-type arteriolar dilation via gap junctions. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 282(5):H1760-H1767.
79. Tishkin SM, Rekalov VV, Ivanova IV, MoreLand RS, Soloviev AI (2007). Ionizing non-fatal whole-body irradiation inhibits Ca2+-dependent K+ channels in endothelial cells of rat coronary artery: possible contribution to depression of endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation. Int J Radiat Biol, 83(3):161-9.
80. Hu XQ, Zhang L (2012). Function and regulation of large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel in vascular smooth muscle cells. Drug Discov Today, 17(17-18):974-87.
81. Li GR, Sun HY, Chen JB, Zhou Y, Tse HF, Lau CP (2009). Characterization of multiple ion channels in cultured human cardiac fibroblasts. PLoS One, 4(10):e7307.
82. Ko JH, Ibrahim MA, Park WS, Ko EA, Kim N, Warda M, Lim I, Bang H, Han J (2009). Cloning of large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel alpha-subunits in mouse cardiomyocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 389(1):74-9.
83. Eichhorn B, Dobrev D (2007). Vascular large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels: functional role and therapeutic potential. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 376(3):145-55.
84. Jaggar JH, Porter VA, Lederer WJ, Nelson MT (2000). Calcium sparks in smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 278(2):C235-C256.
85. Toro L, Amador M, Stefani E (1990). ANG II inhibits calcium-activated potassium channels from coronary smooth muscle in lipid bilayers. Am J Physiol, 258(3 Pt 2):H912-H915.
86. Minami K, Hirata Y, Tokumura A, Nakaya Y, Fukuzawa K (1995). Protein kinase C-independent inhibition of the Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel by angiotensin II and endothelin-1. Biochem Pharmacol, 49(8):1051-6.
87. Barman SA, Zhu S, White RE (2004). PKC activates BKCa channels in rat pulmonary arterial smooth muscle via cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 286(6):L1275-L1281.
88. Crozatier B (2006). Central role of PKCs in vascular smooth muscle cell ion channel regulation. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 41(6):952-5.
89. Ling S, Woronuk G, Sy L, Lev S, Braun AP (2000). Enhanced activity of a large conductance, calcium-sensitive K+ channel in the presence of Src tyrosine kinase. J Biol Chem, 275(39):30683-9.
90. Gui P, Chao JT, Wu X, Yang Y, Davis GE, Davis MJ (2010). Coordinated regulation of vascular Ca2+ and K+ channels by integrin signaling. Adv Exp Med Biol, 674:69-79.
91. Matsushita M, Tanaka Y, Koike K (2006). Studies on the mechanisms underlying beta-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation of rat abdominal aorta. J Smooth Muscle Res, 42(6):217-25.
92. Tanaka Y, Koike K, Toro L (2004). MaxiK channel roles in blood vessel relaxations induced by endothelium-derived relaxing factors and their molecular mechanisms. J Smooth Muscle Res, 40(4-5):125-53.
93. Calderone V (2002). Large-conductance, ca(2+)-activated k(+) channels: function, pharmacology and drugs. Curr Med Chem, 9(14):1385-95.
94. Gutterman DD, Miura H, Liu Y (2005). Redox modulation of vascular tone: focus of potassium channel mechanisms of dilation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 25(4):671-8.
95. Bychkov R, Pieper K, Ried C, Milosheva M, Bychkov E, Luft FC, Haller H (1999). Hydrogen peroxide, potassium currents, and membrane potential in human endothelial cells. Circulation, 99(13):1719-25.
96. Brakemeier S, Eichler I, Knorr A, Fassheber T, Kohler R, Hoyer J (2003). Modulation of Ca2+-activated K+ channel in renal artery endothelium in situ by nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. Kidney Int, 64(1):199-207.
97. Nilius B, Droogmans G, Wondergem R (2003). Transient receptor potential channels in endothelium: solving the calcium entry puzzle?. Endothelium, 10(1):5-15.
98. Earley S, Heppner TJ, Nelson MT, Brayden JE (2005). TRPV4 forms a novel Ca2+ signaling complex with ryanodine receptors and BKCa channels. Circ Res, 97(12):1270-9.
99. England SK, Wooldridge TA, Stekiel WJ, Rusch NJ (1993). Enhanced single-channel K+ current in arterial membranes from genetically hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol, 264(5 Pt 2):H1337-H1345.
100. Peng W, Hoidal JR, Farrukh IS (1999). Role of a novel KCa opener in regulating K+ channels of hypoxic human pulmonary vascular cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 20(4):737-45.
101. Sobey CG (2001). Potassium channel function in vascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 21(1):28-38.
102. Grimm PR, Sansom SC (2010). BK channels and a new form of hypertension. Kidney Int, 78(10):956-62.
103. Pluger S, Faulhaber J, Furstenau M, Lohn M, Waldschutz R, Gollasch M, Haller H, Luft FC, Ehmke H, Pongs O (2000). Mice with disrupted BK channel beta1 subunit gene feature abnormal Ca(2+) spark/STOC coupling and elevated blood pressure. Circ Res, 87(11):E53-E60.
104. Amberg GC, Bonev AD, Rossow CF, Nelson MT, Santana LF (2003). Modulation of the molecular composition of large conductance, Ca(2+) activated K(+) channels in vascular smooth muscle during hypertension. J Clin Invest September, 112(5):717-24.
105. Nieves-Cintron M, Amberg GC, Nichols CB, Molkentin JD, Santana LF (2007). Activation of NFATc3 down-regulates the beta1 subunit of large conductance, calcium-activated K+ channels in arterial smooth muscle and contributes to hypertension. J Biol Chem, 282(5):3231-40.
106. Fernandez-Fernandez JM, Tomas M, Vazquez E, Orio P, Latorre R, Senti M, Marrugat J, Valverde MA (2004). Gain-of-function mutation in the KCNMB1 potassium channel subunit is associated with low prevalence of diastolic hypertension. J Clin Invest, 113(7):1032-9.
107. Xu H, Garver H, Galligan JJ, Fink GD (2011). Large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel beta1-subunit knockout mice are not hypertensive. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 300(2):H476-H485.
108. Senti M, Fernandez-Fernandez JM, Tomas M, Vazquez E, Elosua R, Marrugat J, Valverde MA (2005). Protective effect of the KCNMB1 E65K genetic polymorphism against diastolic hypertension in aging women and its relevance to cardiovascular risk. Circ Res, 97(12):1360-5.
109. Liu Y, Pleyte K, Knaus HG, Rusch NJ (1997). Increased expression of Ca2+-sensitive K+ channels in aorta of hypertensive rats. Hypertension, 30(6):1403-9.
110. Xu H, Wang Y, Garver H, Galligan JJ, Fink GD (2012). Vascular BK channel deficiency exacerbates organ damage and mortality in endotoxemic mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 59(3):207-14.
111. O'Brien AJ, Terala D, Orie NN, Davies NA, Zolfaghari P, Singer M, Clapp LH (2011). BK large conductance Ca(2)+-activated K+ channel-deficient mice are not resistant to hypotension and display reduced survival benefit following polymicrobial sepsis. Shock, 35(5):485-91.
112. Matsumoto T, Szasz T, Tostes RC, Webb RC (2012). Impaired beta-adrenoceptor-induced relaxation in small mesenteric arteries from DOCA-salt hypertensive rats is due to reduced K(Ca) channel activity. Pharmacol Res, 65(5):537-45.
113. Fukami Y, Toki Y, Numaguchi Y, Nakashima Y, Mukawa H, Matsui H, Okumura K, Ito T (1998). Nitroglycerin-induced aortic relaxation mediated by calcium-activated potassium channel is markedly diminished in hypertensive rats. Life Sci, 63(12):1047-55.
114. Kyrychenko S, Tishkin S, Dosenko V, Ivanova I, Novokhatska T, Soloviev A (2012). The BK(Ca) channels deficiency as a possible reason for radiation-induced vascular hypercontractility. Vascul Pharmacol, 56(3-4):142-9.
115. Borchert GH, Yang C, Kolar F (2011). Mitochondrial BKCa channels contribute to protection of cardiomyocytes isolated from chronically hypoxic rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 300(2):H507-H513.
116. Kim N, Chung J, Kim E, Han J (2003). Changes in the Ca2+-activated K+ channels of the coronary artery during left ventricular hypertrophy. Circ Res, 93(6):541-7.
117. Bari F, Louis TM, Busija DW (1997). Calcium-activated K+ channels in cerebral arterioles in piglets are resistant to ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 17(11):1152-6.
118. Liao Y, Kristiansen AM, Oksvold CP, Tuvnes FA, Gu N, Runden-Pran E, Ruth P, Sausbier M, Storm JF (2010). Neuronal Ca2+-activated K+ channels limit brain infarction and promote survival. PLoS One, 5(12):e15601.
119. Stumpner J, Lange M, Beck A, Smul TM, Lotz CA, Kehl F, Roewer N, Redel A (2012). Desflurane-induced post-conditioning against myocardial infarction is mediated by calcium-activated potassium channels: role of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Br J Anaesth, 108(4):594-601.
120. Bolotina V, Gericke M, Bregestovski P (1991). Kinetic differences between Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels in smooth muscle cells isolated from normal and atherosclerotic human aorta. Proc Biol Sci, 244(1309):51-5.
121. Bregestovski PD, Printseva OY, Serebryakov V, Stinnakre J, Turmin A, Zamoyski V (1988). Comparison of Ca2+-dependent K+ channels in the membrane of smooth muscle cells isolated from adult and foetal human aorta. Pflugers Arch, 413(1):8-13.
122. Ye CL, Shen B, Ren XD, Luo RJ, Ding SY, Yan FM, Jiang JH (2004). An increase in opening of BK(Ca) channels in smooth muscle cells in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 25(6):744-50.
123. Guarini G, Ohanyan VA, Kmetz JG, DelloStritto DJ, Thoppil RJ, Thodeti CK, Meszaros JG, Damron DS, Bratz IN (2012). Disruption of TRPV1-mediated coupling of coronary blood flow to cardiac metabolism in diabetic mice: role of nitric oxide and BK channels. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 303(2):H216-H223.
124. Dimitropoulou C, Han G, Miller AW, Molero M, Fuchs LC, White RE, Carrier GO (2002). Potassium (BK(Ca)) currents are reduced in microvascular smooth muscle cells from insulin-resistant rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 282(3):H908-H917.
125. Chen JY, Cheng KI, Tsai YL, Hong YR, Howng SL, Kwan AL, Chen IJ, Wu BN (2012). Potassium-channel openers KMUP-1 and pinacidil prevent subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced vasospasm by restoring the BKCa-channel activity. Shock, 38(2):203-12.
126. Koide M, Nystoriak MA, Krishnamoorthy G, O'Connor KP, Bonev AD, Nelson MT, Wellman GC (2011). Reduced Ca2+ spark activity after subarachnoid hemorrhage disables BK channel control of cerebral artery tone. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 31(1):3-16.
127. Koide M, Bonev AD, Nelson MT, Wellman GC (2012). Inversion of neurovascular coupling by subarachnoid blood depends on large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 109(21):E1387-E1395.
128. Marijic J, Li Q, Song M, Nishimaru K, Stefani E, Toro L (2001). Decreased expression of voltage- and Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels in coronary smooth muscle during aging. Circ Res, 88(2):210-6.
129. Albarwani S, Al-Siyabi S, Baomar H, Hassan MO (2010). Exercise training attenuates ageing-induced BKCa channel downregulation in rat coronary arteries. Exp Physiol, 95(6):746-55.
130. Nishimaru K, Eghbali M, Stefani E, Toro L (2004). Function and clustered expression of MaxiK channels in cerebral myocytes remain intact with aging. Exp Gerontol, 39(5):831-9.
131. Zhou E, Qing D, Li J (2010). Age-associated endothelial dysfunction in rat mesenteric arteries: roles of calcium-activated K(+) channels (K(ca)). Physiol Res, 59(4):499-508.
132. Van der ZA, Kang KB, Majewski H (2000). Age-related involvement of the endothelium in beta-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation of rat aorta. Eur J Pharmacol, 397(1):129-38.
133. Yousif MH, Benter IF (2007). Role of cytochrome P450 metabolites of arachidonic acid in regulation of corporal smooth muscle tone in diabetic and older rats. Vascul Pharmacol, 47(5-6):281-7.
134. Kang LS, Kim S, Dominguez JM, Sindler AL, Dick GM, Muller-Delp JM (2009). Aging and muscle fiber type alter K+ channel contributions to the myogenic response in skeletal muscle arterioles. J Appl Physiol, 107(2):389-98.