Sox proteins: Regulators of cell fate specification and differentiation

Development (Cambridge)

Volumn 140, Issue 20, 2013, Pages 4129-4144

  Kamachi, Yusuke ^a   Kondoh, Hisato ^a  

^a OSAKA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Cell lineage specification; HMG domain; Partner factors; Stem cells; Transcriptional regulation

Indexed keywords

CYCLIC AMP DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 4; HIGH MOBILITY GROUP B1 PROTEIN; LYMPHOID ENHANCER FACTOR 1; OCTAMER TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 4; PROTEIN KINASE B; SONIC HEDGEHOG PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 7 LIKE 1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PAX6; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX10; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX11; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX12; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX13; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX14; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX15; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX17; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX18; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX19; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX2; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX21; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX3; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX30; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX4; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX5; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX6; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX7; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX9; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

AMINO TERMINAL SEQUENCE; ARTICLE; BINDING SITE; BONE DEVELOPMENT; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL FATE; CELL MATURATION; CHONDROGENESIS; DIMERIZATION; DNA SEQUENCE; ECTODERM; EMBRYONIC STEM CELL; ENDODERM; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GONAD DEVELOPMENT; HAIR FOLLICLE; HUMAN; LYMPHANGIOGENESIS; MUSCLE REGENERATION; NERVOUS SYSTEM; NEURAL CREST CELL; NONHUMAN; PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; SEX DETERMINATION; SKELETAL MUSCLE; SUBVENTRICULAR ZONE; SUMOYLATION; TESTIS DEVELOPMENT;

CELL LINEAGE SPECIFICATION; HMG DOMAIN; PARTNER FACTORS; STEM CELLS; TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION;

ANIMALS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL LINEAGE; DNA-BINDING PROTEINS; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL; HIGH MOBILITY GROUP PROTEINS; MICRORNAS; SOX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; STEM CELLS; TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION;

EID: 84884957757     PISSN: 09501991     EISSN: 14779129     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1242/dev.091793     Document Type: Article

References (198)

1. Agarwal, P., Verzi, M. P., Nguyen, T., Hu, J., Ehlers, M. L., McCulley, D. J., Xu, S. M., Dodou, E., Anderson, J. P., Wei, M. L. et al. (2011). The MADS box transcription factor MEF2C regulates melanocyte development and is a direct transcriptional target and partner of SOX10. Development 138, 2555-2565.
2. Ahmed, M., Wong, E. Y., Sun, J., Xu, J., Wang, F. and Xu, P. X. (2012). Eya1-Six1 interaction is sufficient to induce hair cell fate in the cochlea by activating Atoh1 expression in cooperation with Sox2. Dev. Cell 22, 377-390.
3. Aksoy, I., Jauch, R., Chen, J., Dyla, M., Divakar, U., Bogu, G. K., Teo, R., Leng Ng, C. K., Herath, W., Lili, S. et al. (2013). Oct4 switches partnering from Sox2 to Sox17 to reinterpret the enhancer code and specify endoderm. EMBO J. 32, 938-953.
4. Ambrosetti, D. C., Basilico, C. and Dailey, L. (1997). Synergistic activation of the fibroblast growth factor 4 enhancer by Sox2 and Oct-3 depends on protein-protein interactions facilitated by a specific spatial arrangement of factor binding sites. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17, 6321-6329.
5. Aota, S., Nakajima, N., Sakamoto, R., Watanabe, S., Ibaraki, N. and Okazaki, K. (2003). Pax6 autoregulation mediated by direct interaction of Pax6 protein with the head surface ectoderm-specific enhancer of the mouse Pax6 gene. Dev. Biol. 257, 1-13.
6. Avilion, A. A., Nicolis, S. K., Pevny, L. H., Perez, L., Vivian, N. and Lovell-Badge, R. (2003). Multipotent cell lineages in early mouse development depend on SOX2 function. Genes Dev. 17, 126-140.
7. Azim, E., Jabaudon, D., Fame, R. M. and Macklis, J. D. (2009). SOX6 controls dorsal progenitor identity and interneuron diversity during neocortical development. Nat. Neurosci. 12, 1238-1247.
8. Badis, G., Berger, M. F., Philippakis, A. A., Talukder, S., Gehrke, A. R., Jaeger, S. A., Chan, E. T., Metzler, G., Vedenko, A., Chen, X. et al. (2009). Diversity and complexity in DNA recognition by transcription factors. Science 324, 1720-1723.
9. Baltus, G. A., Kowalski, M. P., Zhai, H., Tutter, A. V., Quinn, D., Wall, D. and Kadam, S. (2009). Acetylation of sox2 induces its nuclear export in embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 27, 2175-2184.
10. Barrionuevo, F., Naumann, A., Bagheri-Fam, S., Speth, V., Taketo, M. M., Scherer, G. and Neubüser, A. (2008). Sox9 is required for invagination of the otic placode in mice. Dev. Biol. 317, 213-224.
11. Barrionuevo, F., Georg, I., Scherthan, H., Lécureuil, C., Guillou, F., Wegner, M. and Scherer, G. (2009). Testis cord differentiation after the sex determination stage is independent of Sox9 but fails in the combined absence of Sox9 and Sox8. Dev. Biol. 327, 301-312.
12. Bell, D. M., Leung, K. K., Wheatley, S. C., Ng, L. J., Zhou, S., Ling, K. W., Sham, M. H., Koopman, P., Tam, P. P. and Cheah, K. S. (1997). SOX9 directly regulates the type-II collagen gene. Nat. Genet. 16, 174-178.
13. Bergsland, M., Werme, M., Malewicz, M., Perlmann, T. and Muhr, J. (2006). The establishment of neuronal properties is controlled by Sox4 and Sox11. Genes Dev. 20, 3475-3486.
14. Bergsland, M., Ramsköld, D., Zaouter, C., Klum, S., Sandberg, R. and Muhr, J. (2011). Sequentially acting Sox transcription factors in neural lineage development. Genes Dev. 25, 2453-2464.
15. Bernard, P. and Harley, V. R. (2010). Acquisition of SOX transcription factor specificity through protein-protein interaction, modulation of Wnt signalling and post-translational modification. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 42, 400-410.
16. Bernard, P., Tang, P., Liu, S., Dewing, P., Harley, V. R. and Vilain, E. (2003). Dimerization of SOX9 is required for chondrogenesis, but not for sex determination. Hum. Mol. Genet. 12, 1755-1765.
17. Betancur, P., Bronner-Fraser, M. and Sauka-Spengler, T. (2010). Genomic code for Sox10 activation reveals a key regulatory enhancer for cranial neural crest. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107, 3570-3575.
18. Bhattaram, P., Penzo-Méndez, A., Sock, E., Colmenares, C., Kaneko, K. J., Vassilev, A., Depamphilis, M. L., Wegner, M. and Lefebvre, V. (2010). Organogenesis relies on SoxC transcription factors for the survival of neural and mesenchymal progenitors. Nat Commun 1, 9.
19. Bi, W., Huang, W., Whitworth, D. J., Deng, J. M., Zhang, Z., Behringer, R. R. and de Crombrugghe, B. (2001). Haploinsufficiency of Sox9 results in defective cartilage primordia and premature skeletal mineralization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 6698-6703.
20. Bondurand, N., Pingault, V., Goerich, D. E., Lemort, N., Sock, E., Le Caignec, C., Wegner, M. and Goossens, M. (2000). Interaction among SOX10, PAX3 and MITF, three genes altered in Waardenburg syndrome. Hum. Mol. Genet. 9, 1907-1917.
21. Bondurand, N., Girard, M., Pingault, V., Lemort, N., Dubourg, O. and Goossens, M. (2001). Human Connexin 32, a gap junction protein altered in the X-linked form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, is directly regulated by the transcription factor SOX10. Hum. Mol. Genet. 10, 2783-2795.
22. Bowles, J., Schepers, G. and Koopman, P. (2000). Phylogeny of the SOX family of developmental transcription factors based on sequence and structural indicators. Dev. Biol. 227, 239-255.
23. Boyer, L. A., Lee, T. I., Cole, M. F., Johnstone, S. E., Levine, S. S., Zucker, J. P., Guenther, M. G., Kumar, R. M., Murray, H. L., Jenner, R. G. et al. (2005). Core transcriptional regulatory circuitry in human embryonic stem cells. Cell 122, 947-956.
24. Bridgewater, L. C., Walker, M. D., Miller, G. C., Ellison, T. A., Holsinger, L. D., Potter, J. L., Jackson, T. L., Chen, R. K., Winkel, V. L., Zhang, Z. et al. (2003). Adjacent DNA sequences modulate Sox9 transcriptional activation at paired Sox sites in three chondrocyte-specific enhancer elements. Nucleic Acids Res. 31, 1541-1553.
25. Bylund, M., Andersson, E., Novitch, B. G. and Muhr, J. (2003). Vertebrate neurogenesis is counteracted by Sox1-3 activity. Nat. Neurosci. 6, 1162-1168.
26. Cajal, M., Lawson, K. A., Hill, B., Moreau, A., Rao, J., Ross, A., Collignon, J. and Camus, A. (2012). Clonal and molecular analysis of the prospective anterior neural boundary in the mouse embryo. Development 139, 423-436.
27. Chen, X., Xu, H., Yuan, P., Fang, F., Huss, M., Vega, V. B., Wong, E., Orlov, Y. L., Zhang, W., Jiang, J. et al. (2008). Integration of external signaling pathways with the core transcriptional network in embryonic stem cells. Cell 133, 1106-1117.
28. Cheng, L. C., Pastrana, E., Tavazoie, M. and Doetsch, F. (2009). miR-124 regulates adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone stem cell niche. Nat. Neurosci. 12, 399-408.
29. Cheung, M. and Briscoe, J. (2003). Neural crest development is regulated by the transcription factor Sox9. Development 130, 5681-5693.
30. Clavel, C., Grisanti, L., Zemla, R., Rezza, A., Barros, R., Sennett, R., Mazloom, A. R., Chung, C. Y., Cai, X., Cai, C. L. et al. (2012). Sox2 in the dermal papilla niche controls hair growth by fine-tuning BMP signaling in differentiating hair shaft progenitors. Dev. Cell 23, 981-994.
31. Collignon, J., Sockanathan, S., Hacker, A., Cohen-Tannoudji, M., Norris, D., Rastan, S., Stevanovic, M., Goodfellow, P. N. and Lovell-Badge, R. (1996). A comparison of the properties of Sox-3 with Sry and two related genes, Sox-1 and Sox-2. Development 122, 509-520.
32. Cong, L., Ran, F. A., Cox, D., Lin, S., Barretto, R., Habib, N., Hsu, P. D., Wu, X., Jiang, W., Marraffini, L. A. et al. (2013). Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas systems. Science 339, 819-823.
33. Dabdoub, A., Puligilla, C., Jones, J. M., Fritzsch, B., Cheah, K. S., Pevny, L. H. and Kelley, M. W. (2008). Sox2 signaling in prosensory domain specification and subsequent hair cell differentiation in the developing cochlea. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 18396-18401.
34. De Santa Barbara, P., Bonneaud, N., Boizet, B., Desclozeaux, M., Moniot, B., Sudbeck, P., Scherer, G., Poulat, F. and Berta, P. (1998). Direct interaction of SRY-related protein SOX9 and steroidogenic factor 1 regulates transcription of the human anti-Müllerian hormone gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 6653-6665.
35. Dee, C. T., Hirst, C. S., Shih, Y. H., Tripathi, V. B., Patient, R. K. and Scotting, P. J. (2008). Sox3 regulates both neural fate and differentiation in the zebrafish ectoderm. Dev. Biol. 320, 289-301.
36. Dickmeis, T., Mourrain, P., Saint-Etienne, L., Fischer, N., Aanstad, P., Clark, M., Strähle, U. and Rosa, F. (2001). A crucial component of the endoderm formation pathway, CASANOVA, is encoded by a novel sox-related gene. Genes Dev. 15, 1487-1492.
37. Donner, A. L., Episkopou, V. and Maas, R. L. (2007). Sox2 and Pou2f1 interact to control lens and olfactory placode development. Dev. Biol. 303, 784-799.
38. Downes, M., François, M., Ferguson, C., Parton, R. G. and Koopman, P. (2009). Vascular defects in a mouse model of hypotrichosis-lymphedematelangiectasia syndrome indicate a role for SOX18 in blood vessel maturation. Hum. Mol. Genet. 18, 2839-2850.
39. Driskell, R. R., Giangreco, A., Jensen, K. B., Mulder, K. W. and Watt, F. M. (2009). Sox2-positive dermal papilla cells specify hair follicle type in mammalian epidermis. Development 136, 2815-2823.
40. Dugas, J. C., Cuellar, T. L., Scholze, A., Ason, B., Ibrahim, A., Emery, B., Zamanian, J. L., Foo, L. C., McManus, M. T. and Barres, B. A. (2010). Dicer1 and miR-219 Are required for normal oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. Neuron 65, 597-611.
41. Dy, P., Penzo-Méndez, A., Wang, H., Pedraza, C. E., Macklin, W. B. and Lefebvre, V. (2008). The three SoxC proteins-Sox4, Sox11 and Sox12-exhibit overlapping expression patterns and molecular properties. Nucleic Acids Res. 36, 3101-3117.
42. Dy, P., Wang, W., Bhattaram, P., Wang, Q., Wang, L., Ballock, R. T. and Lefebvre, V. (2012). Sox9 directs hypertrophic maturation and blocks osteoblast differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes. Dev. Cell 22, 597-609.
43. Ekonomou, A., Kazanis, I., Malas, S., Wood, H., Alifragis, P., Denaxa, M., Karagogeos, D., Constanti, A., Lovell-Badge, R. and Episkopou, V. (2005). Neuronal migration and ventral subtype identity in the telencephalon depend on SOX1. PLoS Biol. 3, e186.
44. Engelen, E., Akinci, U., Bryne, J. C., Hou, J., Gontan, C., Moen, M., Szumska, D., Kockx, C., van Ijcken, W., Dekkers, D. H. et al. (2011). Sox2 cooperates with Chd7 to regulate genes that are mutated in human syndromes. Nat. Genet. 43, 607-611.
45. Evsen, L., Sugahara, S., Uchikawa, M., Kondoh, H. and Wu, D. K. (2013). Progression of neurogenesis in the inner ear requires inhibition of Sox2 transcription by neurogenin1 and neurod1. J. Neurosci. 33, 3879-3890.
46. Fantauzzo, K. A., Kurban, M., Levy, B. and Christiano, A. M. (2012). Trps1 and its target gene Sox9 regulate epithelial proliferation in the developing hair follicle and are associated with hypertrichosis. PLoS Genet. 8, e1003002.
47. Favaro, R., Valotta, M., Ferri, A. L., Latorre, E., Mariani, J., Giachino, C., Lancini, C., Tosetti, V., Ottolenghi, S., Taylor, V. et al. (2009). Hippocampal development and neural stem cell maintenance require Sox2-dependent regulation of Shh. Nat. Neurosci. 12, 1248-1256.
48. Ferri, A. L., Cavallaro, M., Braida, D., Di Cristofano, A., Canta, A., Vezzani, A., Ottolenghi, S., Pandolfi, P. P., Sala, M., DeBiasi, S. et al. (2004). Sox2 deficiency causes neurodegeneration and impaired neurogenesis in the adult mouse brain. Development 131, 3805-3819.
49. Festuccia, N., Osorno, R., Halbritter, F., Karwacki-Neisius, V., Navarro, P., Colby, D., Wong, F., Yates, A., Tomlinson, S. R. and Chambers, I. (2012). Esrrb is a direct Nanog target gene that can substitute for Nanog function in pluripotent cells. Cell Stem Cell 11, 477-490.
50. Foster, J. W. and Graves, J. A. (1994). An SRY-related sequence on the marsupial X chromosome: implications for the evolution of the mammalian testisdetermining gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 1927-1931.
51. Foster, J. W., Dominguez-Steglich, M. A., Guioli, S., Kwok, C., Weller, P. A., Stevanović, M., Weissenbach, J., Mansour, S., Young, I. D., Goodfellow, P. N. et al. (1994). Campomelic dysplasia and autosomal sex reversal caused by mutations in an SRY-related gene. Nature 372, 525-530.
52. François, M., Caprini, A., Hosking, B., Orsenigo, F., Wilhelm, D., Browne, C., Paavonen, K., Karnezis, T., Shayan, R., Downes, M. et al. (2008). Sox18 induces development of the lymphatic vasculature in mice. Nature 456, 643-647.
53. Francois, M., Koopman, P. and Beltrame, M. (2010). SoxF genes: Key players in the development of the cardio-vascular system. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 42, 445-448.
54. Ghislain, J. and Charnay, P. (2006). Control of myelination in Schwann cells: a Krox20 cis-regulatory element integrates Oct6, Brn2 and Sox10 activities. EMBO Rep. 7, 52-58.
55. Graham, V., Khudyakov, J., Ellis, P. and Pevny, L. (2003). SOX2 functions to maintain neural progenitor identity. Neuron 39, 749-765.
56. Gubbay, J., Collignon, J., Koopman, P., Capel, B., Economou, A., Münsterberg, A., Vivian, N., Goodfellow, P. and Lovell-Badge, R. (1990). A gene mapping to the sex-determining region of the mouse Y chromosome is a member of a novel family of embryonically expressed genes. Nature 346, 245-250.
57. Han, Y. and Lefebvre, V. (2008). L-Sox5 and Sox6 drive expression of the aggrecan gene in cartilage by securing binding of Sox9 to a far-upstream enhancer. Mol. Cell. Biol. 28, 4999-5013.
58. Hoeth, M., Niederleithner, H., Hofer-Warbinek, R., Bilban, M., Mayer, H., Resch, U., Lemberger, C., Wagner, O., Hofer, E., Petzelbauer, P. et al. (2012). The transcription factor SOX18 regulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 7 and guidance molecules in human endothelial cells. PLoS ONE 7, e30982.
59. Hoser, M., Potzner, M. R., Koch, J. M., Bösl, M. R., Wegner, M. and Sock, E. (2008). Sox12 deletion in the mouse reveals nonreciprocal redundancy with the related Sox4 and Sox11 transcription factors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 28, 4675-4687.
60. Hosking, B. M., Wang, S. C., Chen, S. L., Penning, S., Koopman, P. and Muscat, G. E. (2001). SOX18 directly interacts with MEF2C in endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 287, 493-500.
61. Hosking, B. M., Wang, S. C., Downes, M., Koopman, P. and Muscat, G. E. (2004). The VCAM-1 gene that encodes the vascular cell adhesion molecule is a target of the Sry-related high mobility group box gene, Sox18. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 5314-5322.
62. Hudson, C., Clements, D., Friday, R. V., Stott, D. and Woodland, H. R. (1997). Xsox17alpha and-beta mediate endoderm formation in Xenopus. Cell 91, 397-405.
63. Hutchins, A. P., Choo, S. H., Mistri, T. K., Rahmani, M., Woon, C. T., Ng, C. K., Jauch, R. and Robson, P. (2013). Co-motif discovery identifies an Esrrb-Sox2-DNA ternary complex as a mediator of transcriptional differences between mouse embryonic and epiblast stem cells. Stem Cells 31, 269-281.
64. Inoue, M., Kamachi, Y., Matsunami, H., Imada, K., Uchikawa, M. and Kondoh, H. (2007). PAX6 and SOX2-dependent regulation of the Sox2 enhancer N-3 involved in embryonic visual system development. Genes Cells 12, 1049-1061.
65. Iwafuchi-Doi, M., Yoshida, Y., Onichtchouk, D., Leichsenring, M., Driever, W., Takemoto, T., Uchikawa, M., Kamachi, Y. and Kondoh, H. (2011). The Pou5f1/Pou3f-dependent but SoxB-independent regulation of conserved enhancer N2 initiates Sox2 expression during epiblast to neural plate stages in vertebrates. Dev. Biol. 352, 354-366.
66. Iwafuchi-Doi, M., Matsuda, K., Murakami, K., Niwa, H., Tesar, P. J., Aruga, J., Matsuo, I. and Kondoh, H. (2012). Transcriptional regulatory networks in epiblast cells and during anterior neural plate development as modeled in epiblast stem cells. Development 139, 3926-3937.
67. Jang, H., Kim, T. W., Yoon, S., Choi, S. Y., Kang, T. W., Kim, S. Y., Kwon, Y. W., Cho, E. J. and Youn, H. D. (2012). O-GlcNAc regulates pluripotency and reprogramming by directly acting on core components of the pluripotency network. Cell Stem Cell 11, 62-74.
68. Jeong, C. H., Cho, Y. Y., Kim, M. O., Kim, S. H., Cho, E. J., Lee, S. Y., Jeon, Y. J., Lee, K. Y., Yao, K., Keum, Y. S. et al. (2010). Phosphorylation of Sox2 cooperates in reprogramming to pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells 28, 2141-2150.
69. Kamachi, Y., Sockanathan, S., Liu, Q., Breitman, M., Lovell-Badge, R. and Kondoh, H. (1995). Involvement of SOX proteins in lens-specific activation of crystallin genes. EMBO J. 14, 3510-3519.
70. Kamachi, Y., Uchikawa, M., Collignon, J., Lovell-Badge, R. and Kondoh, H. (1998). Involvement of Sox1, 2 and 3 in the early and subsequent molecular events of lens induction. Development 125, 2521-2532.
71. Kamachi, Y., Cheah, K. S. and Kondoh, H. (1999). Mechanism of regulatory target selection by the SOX high-mobility-group domain proteins as revealed by comparison of SOX1/2/3 and SOX9. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 107-120.
72. Kamachi, Y., Uchikawa, M. and Kondoh, H. (2000). Pairing SOX off: with partners in the regulation of embryonic development. Trends Genet. 16, 182-187.
73. Kamachi, Y., Uchikawa, M., Tanouchi, A., Sekido, R. and Kondoh, H. (2001). Pax6 and SOX2 form a co-DNA-binding partner complex that regulates initiation of lens development. Genes Dev. 15, 1272-1286.
74. Kamachi, Y., Iwafuchi, M., Okuda, Y., Takemoto, T., Uchikawa, M. and Kondoh, H. (2009). Evolution of non-coding regulatory sequences involved in the developmental process: reflection of differential employment of paralogous genes as highlighted by Sox2 and group B1 Sox genes. Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, Phys. Biol. Sci. 85, 55-68.
75. Kanai-Azuma, M., Kanai, Y., Gad, J. M., Tajima, Y., Taya, C., Kurohmaru, M., Sanai, Y., Yonekawa, H., Yazaki, K., Tam, P. P. et al. (2002). Depletion of definitive gut endoderm in Sox17-null mutant mice. Development 129, 2367-2379.
76. Kang, P., Lee, H. K., Glasgow, S. M., Finley, M., Donti, T., Gaber, Z. B., Graham, B. H., Foster, A. E., Novitch, B. G., Gronostajski, R. M. et al. (2012). Sox9 and NFIA coordinate a transcriptional regulatory cascade during the initiation of gliogenesis. Neuron 74, 79-94.
77. Kelberman, D., Rizzoti, K., Avilion, A., Bitner-Glindzicz, M., Cianfarani, S., Collins, J., Chong, W. K., Kirk, J. M., Achermann, J. C., Ross, R. et al. (2006). Mutations within Sox2/SOX2 are associated with abnormalities in the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in mice and humans. J. Clin. Invest. 116, 2442-2455.
78. Kellerer, S., Schreiner, S., Stolt, C. C., Scholz, S., Bösl, M. R. and Wegner, M. (2006). Replacement of the Sox10 transcription factor by Sox8 reveals incomplete functional equivalence. Development 133, 2875-2886.
79. Kiernan, A. E., Pelling, A. L., Leung, K. K., Tang, A. S., Bell, D. M., Tease, C., Lovell-Badge, R., Steel, K. P. and Cheah, K. S. (2005). Sox2 is required for sensory organ development in the mammalian inner ear. Nature 434, 1031-1035.
80. Kikuchi, Y., Agathon, A., Alexander, J., Thisse, C., Waldron, S., Yelon, D., Thisse, B. and Stainier, D. Y. (2001). casanova encodes a novel Sox-related protein necessary and sufficient for early endoderm formation in zebrafish. Genes Dev. 15, 1493-1505.
81. King, N., Westbrook, M. J., Young, S. L., Kuo, A., Abedin, M., Chapman, J., Fairclough, S., Hellsten, U., Isogai, Y., Letunic, I. et al. (2008). The genome of the choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis and the origin of metazoans. Nature 451, 783-788.
82. Kishi, M., Mizuseki, K., Sasai, N., Yamazaki, H., Shiota, K., Nakanishi, S. and Sasai, Y. (2000). Requirement of Sox2-mediated signaling for differentiation of early Xenopus neuroectoderm. Development 127, 791-800.
83. Kiso, M., Tanaka, S., Saba, R., Matsuda, S., Shimizu, A., Ohyama, M., Okano, H. J., Shiroishi, T., Okano, H. and Saga, Y. (2009). The disruption of Sox21-mediated hair shaft cuticle differentiation causes cyclic alopecia in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 9292-9297.
84. Kobayashi, D., Jindo, T., Naruse, K. and Takeda, H. (2006). Development of the endoderm and gut in medaka, Oryzias latipes. Dev. Growth Differ. 48, 283-295.
85. Kondoh, H. and Kamachi, Y. (2010). SOX-partner code for cell specification: Regulatory target selection and underlying molecular mechanisms. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 42, 391-399.
86. Kondoh, H., Uchikawa, M. and Kamachi, Y. (2004). Interplay of Pax6 and SOX2 in lens development as a paradigm of genetic switch mechanisms for cell differentiation. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 48, 819-827.
87. Kuhlbrodt, K., Herbarth, B., Sock, E., Hermans-Borgmeyer, I. and Wegner, M. (1998). Sox10, a novel transcriptional modulator in glial cells. J. Neurosci. 18, 237-250.
88. Kwan, K. Y., Lam, M. M., Krsnik, Z., Kawasawa, Y. I., Lefebvre, V. and Sestan, N. (2008). SOX5 postmitotically regulates migration, postmigratory differentiation, and projections of subplate and deep-layer neocortical neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 16021-16026.
89. Kwon, G. S., Viotti, M. and Hadjantonakis, A. K. (2008). The endoderm of the mouse embryo arises by dynamic widespread intercalation of embryonic and extraembryonic lineages. Dev. Cell 15, 509-520.
90. Lai, T., Jabaudon, D., Molyneaux, B. J., Azim, E., Arlotta, P., Menezes, J. R. and Macklis, J. D. (2008). SOX5 controls the sequential generation of distinct corticofugal neuron subtypes. Neuron 57, 232-247.
91. LeBlanc, S. E., Ward, R. M. and Svaren, J. (2007). Neuropathy-associated Egr2 mutants disrupt cooperative activation of myelin protein zero by Egr2 and Sox10. Mol. Cell. Biol. 27, 3521-3529.
92. Lee, H. J., Göring, W., Ochs, M., Mühlfeld, C., Steding, G., Paprotta, I., Engel, W. and Adham, I. M. (2004). Sox15 is required for skeletal muscle regeneration. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 8428-8436.
93. Lee, P. C., Taylor-Jaffe, K. M., Nordin, K. M., Prasad, M. S., Lander, R. M. and LaBonne, C. (2012). SUMOylated SoxE factors recruit Grg4 and function as transcriptional repressors in the neural crest. J. Cell Biol. 198, 799-813.
94. Lefebvre, V. (2010). The SoxD transcription factors-Sox5, Sox6, and Sox13-are key cell fate modulators. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 42, 429-432.
95. Lefebvre, V., Huang, W., Harley, V. R., Goodfellow, P. N. and de Crombrugghe, B. (1997). SOX9 is a potent activator of the chondrocytespecific enhancer of the pro alpha1(II) collagen gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17, 2336-2346.
96. Lefebvre, V., Li, P. and de Crombrugghe, B. (1998). A new long form of Sox5 (LSox5), Sox6 and Sox9 are coexpressed in chondrogenesis and cooperatively activate the type II collagen gene. EMBO J. 17, 5718-5733.
97. Leung, V. Y., Gao, B., Leung, K. K., Melhado, I. G., Wynn, S. L., Au, T. Y., Dung, N. W., Lau, J. Y., Mak, A. C., Chan, D. et al. (2011). SOX9 governs differentiation stage-specific gene expression in growth plate chondrocytes via direct concomitant transactivation and repression. PLoS Genet. 7, e1002356.
98. Liber, D., Domaschenz, R., Holmqvist, P. H., Mazzarella, L., Georgiou, A., Leleu, M., Fisher, A. G., Labosky, P. A. and Dillon, N. (2010). Epigenetic priming of a pre-B cell-specific enhancer through binding of Sox2 and Foxd3 at the ESC stage. Cell Stem Cell 7, 114-126.
99. Liu, J., Wu, R., Yan, C., Chau, B., So, H., Chan, A., Cheah, K. S., Briscoe, J. and Cheung, M. (2013). Phosphorylation of Sox9 is required for neural crest delamination and is regulated downstream of BMP and canonical Wnt signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, 2882-2887.
100. Ludwig, A., Rehberg, S. and Wegner, M. (2004). Melanocyte-specific expression of dopachrome tautomerase is dependent on synergistic gene activation by the Sox10 and Mitf transcription factors. FEBS Lett. 556, 236-244.
101. Mak, A. C., Szeto, I. Y., Fritzsch, B. and Cheah, K. S. (2009). Differential and overlapping expression pattern of SOX2 and SOX9 in inner ear development. Gene Expr. Patterns 9, 444-453.
102. Maka, M., Stolt, C. C. and Wegner, M. (2005). Identification of Sox8 as a modifier gene in a mouse model of Hirschsprung disease reveals underlying molecular defect. Dev. Biol. 277, 155-169.
103. Malki, S., Boizet-Bonhoure, B. and Poulat, F. (2010). Shuttling of SOX proteins. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 42, 411-416.
104. Mallanna, S. K., Ormsbee, B. D., Iacovino, M., Gilmore, J. M., Cox, J. L., Kyba, M., Washburn, M. P. and Rizzino, A. (2010). Proteomic analysis of Sox2-associated proteins during early stages of mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation identifies Sox21 as a novel regulator of stem cell fate. Stem Cells 28, 1715-1727.
105. Martello, G., Sugimoto, T., Diamanti, E., Joshi, A., Hannah, R., Ohtsuka, S., Göttgens, B., Niwa, H. and Smith, A. (2012). Esrrb is a pivotal target of the Gsk3/Tcf3 axis regulating embryonic stem cell self-renewal. Cell Stem Cell 11, 491-504.
106. Maruyama, M., Ichisaka, T., Nakagawa, M. and Yamanaka, S. (2005). Differential roles for Sox15 and Sox2 in transcriptional control in mouse embryonic stem cells. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 24371-24379.
107. Matsuda, S., Kuwako, K., Okano, H. J., Tsutsumi, S., Aburatani, H., Saga, Y., Matsuzaki, Y., Akaike, A., Sugimoto, H. and Okano, H. (2012). Sox21 promotes hippocampal adult neurogenesis via the transcriptional repression of the Hes5 gene. J. Neurosci. 32, 12543-12557.
108. Matsumata, M., Uchikawa, M., Kamachi, Y. and Kondoh, H. (2005). Multiple N-cadherin enhancers identified by systematic functional screening indicate its Group B1 SOX-dependent regulation in neural and placodal development. Dev. Biol. 286, 601-617.
109. Meeson, A. P., Shi, X., Alexander, M. S., Williams, R. S., Allen, R. E., Jiang, N., Adham, I. M., Goetsch, S. C., Hammer, R. E. and Garry, D. J. (2007). Sox15 and Fhl3 transcriptionally coactivate Foxk1 and regulate myogenic progenitor cells. EMBO J. 26, 1902-1912.
110. Mitsunaga, K., Araki, K., Mizusaki, H., Morohashi, K., Haruna, K., Nakagata, N., Giguère, V., Yamamura, K. and Abe, K. (2004). Loss of PGC-specific expression of the orphan nuclear receptor ERR-beta results in reduction of germ cell number in mouse embryos. Mech. Dev. 121, 237-246.
111. Miyagi, S., Nishimoto, M., Saito, T., Ninomiya, M., Sawamoto, K., Okano, H., Muramatsu, M., Oguro, H., Iwama, A. and Okuda, A. (2006). The Sox2 regulatory region 2 functions as a neural stem cell-specific enhancer in the telencephalon. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 13374-13381.
112. Murakami, A., Ishida, S., Thurlow, J., Revest, J. M. and Dickson, C. (2001). SOX6 binds CtBP2 to repress transcription from the Fgf-3 promoter. Nucleic Acids Res. 29, 3347-3355.
113. Murisier, F., Guichard, S. and Beermann, F. (2007). The tyrosinase enhancer is activated by Sox10 and Mitf in mouse melanocytes. Pigment Cell Res. 20, 173-184.
114. Murugan, S., Shan, J., Kühl, S. J., Tata, A., Pietilä, I., Kühl, M. and Vainio, S. J. (2012). WT1 and Sox11 regulate synergistically the promoter of the Wnt4 gene that encodes a critical signal for nephrogenesis. Exp. Cell Res. 318, 1134-1145.
115. Neves, J., Parada, C., Chamizo, M. and Giráldez, F. (2011). Jagged 1 regulates the restriction of Sox2 expression in the developing chicken inner ear: a mechanism for sensory organ specification. Development 138, 735-744.
116. Neves, J., Uchikawa, M., Bigas, A. and Giraldez, F. (2012). The prosensory function of Sox2 in the chicken inner ear relies on the direct regulation of Atoh1. PLoS ONE 7, e30871.
117. Ng, L. J., Wheatley, S., Muscat, G. E., Conway-Campbell, J., Bowles, J., Wright, E., Bell, D. M., Tam, P. P., Cheah, K. S. and Koopman, P. (1997). SOX9 binds DNA, activates transcription, and coexpresses with type II collagen during chondrogenesis in the mouse. Dev. Biol. 183, 108-121.
118. Nishiguchi, S., Wood, H., Kondoh, H., Lovell-Badge, R. and Episkopou, V. (1998). Sox1 directly regulates the gamma-crystallin genes and is essential for lens development in mice. Genes Dev. 12, 776-781.
119. Nishimoto, M., Fukushima, A., Okuda, A. and Muramatsu, M. (1999). The gene for the embryonic stem cell coactivator UTF1 carries a regulatory element which selectively interacts with a complex composed of Oct-3/4 and Sox-2. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 5453-5465.
120. Nishimura, N., Kamimura, Y., Ishida, Y., Takemoto, T., Kondoh, H. and Uchikawa, M. (2012). A systematic survey and characterization of enhancers that regulate Sox3 in neura-sensory development in comparison with Sox2 enhancers. Biology 1, 714-735.
121. Okubo, T., Pevny, L. H. and Hogan, B. L. (2006). Sox2 is required for development of taste bud sensory cells. Genes Dev. 20, 2654-2659.
122. Okuda, Y., Yoda, H., Uchikawa, M., Furutani-Seiki, M., Takeda, H., Kondoh, H. and Kamachi, Y. (2006). Comparative genomic and expression analysis of group B1 sox genes in zebrafish indicates their diversification during vertebrate evolution. Dev. Dyn. 235, 811-825.
123. Okuda, Y., Ogura, E., Kondoh, H. and Kamachi, Y. (2010). B1 SOX coordinate cell specification with patterning and morphogenesis in the early zebrafish embryo. PLoS Genet. 6, e1000936.
124. Onichtchouk, D., Geier, F., Polok, B., Messerschmidt, D. M., Mössner, R., Wendik, B., Song, S., Taylor, V., Timmer, J. and Driever, W. (2010). Zebrafish Pou5f1-dependent transcriptional networks in temporal control of early development. Mol. Syst. Biol. 6, 354.
125. Oosterveen, T., Kurdija, S., Alekseenko, Z., Uhde, C. W., Bergsland, M., Sandberg, M., Andersson, E., Dias, J. M., Muhr, J. and Ericson, J. (2012). Mechanistic differences in the transcriptional interpretation of local and longrange Shh morphogen signaling. Dev. Cell 23, 1006-1019.
126. Osaki, E., Nishina, Y., Inazawa, J., Copeland, N. G., Gilbert, D. J., Jenkins, N. A., Ohsugi, M., Tezuka, T., Yoshida, M. and Semba, K. (1999). Identification of a novel Sry-related gene and its germ cell-specific expression. Nucleic Acids Res. 27, 2503-2510.
127. Peng, C., Li, N., Ng, Y. K., Zhang, J., Meier, F., Theis, F. J., Merkenschlager, M., Chen, W., Wurst, W. and Prakash, N. (2012). A unilateral negative feedback loop between miR-200 microRNAs and Sox2/E2F3 controls neural progenitor cell-cycle exit and differentiation. J. Neurosci. 32, 13292-13308.
128. Pennisi, D., Bowles, J., Nagy, A., Muscat, G. and Koopman, P. (2000a). Mice null for sox18 are viable and display a mild coat defect. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 9331-9336.
129. Pennisi, D., Gardner, J., Chambers, D., Hosking, B., Peters, J., Muscat, G., Abbott, C. and Koopman, P. (2000b). Mutations in Sox18 underlie cardiovascular and hair follicle defects in ragged mice. Nat. Genet. 24, 434-437.
130. Peterson, K. A., Nishi, Y., Ma, W., Vedenko, A., Shokri, L., Zhang, X., McFarlane, M., Baizabal, J. M., Junker, J. P., van Oudenaarden, A. et al. (2012). Neural-specific Sox2 input and differential Gli-binding affinity provide context and positional information in Shh-directed neural patterning. Genes Dev. 26, 2802-2816.
131. Pettersson, K., Svensson, K., Mattsson, R., Carlsson, B., Ohlsson, R. and Berkenstam, A. (1996). Expression of a novel member of estrogen response element-binding nuclear receptors is restricted to the early stages of chorion formation during mouse embryogenesis. Mech. Dev. 54, 211-223.
132. Pevny, L. H. and Lovell-Badge, R. (1997). Sox genes find their feet. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 7, 338-344.
133. Pevny, L. H. and Nicolis, S. K. (2010). Sox2 roles in neural stem cells. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 42, 421-424.
134. Pevny, L. and Placzek, M. (2005). SOX genes and neural progenitor identity. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 15, 7-13.
135. Phochanukul, N. and Russell, S. (2010). No backbone but lots of Sox: Invertebrate Sox genes. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 42, 453-464.
136. Pozniak, C. D., Langseth, A. J., Dijkgraaf, G. J., Choe, Y., Werb, Z. and Pleasure, S. J. (2010). Sox10 directs neural stem cells toward the oligodendrocyte lineage by decreasing Suppressor of Fused expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107, 21795-21800.
137. Puligilla, C., Dabdoub, A., Brenowitz, S. D. and Kelley, M. W. (2010). Sox2 induces neuronal formation in the developing mammalian cochlea. J. Neurosci. 30, 714-722.
138. Que, J., Okubo, T., Goldenring, J. R., Nam, K. T., Kurotani, R., Morrisey, E. E., Taranova, O., Pevny, L. H. and Hogan, B. L. (2007). Multiple dose-dependent roles for Sox2 in the patterning and differentiation of anterior foregut endoderm. Development 134, 2521-2531.
139. Que, J., Luo, X., Schwartz, R. J. and Hogan, B. L. (2009). Multiple roles for Sox2 in the developing and adult mouse trachea. Development 136, 1899-1907.
140. Rajaram, N. and Kerppola, T. K. (2004). Synergistic transcription activation by Maf and Sox and their subnuclear localization are disrupted by a mutation in Maf that causes cataract. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 5694-5709.
141. Reiprich, S., Kriesch, J., Schreiner, S. and Wegner, M. (2010). Activation of Krox20 gene expression by Sox10 in myelinating Schwann cells. J. Neurochem. 112, 744-754.
142. Reményi, A., Lins, K., Nissen, L. J., Reinbold, R., Schöler, H. R. and Wilmanns, M. (2003). Crystal structure of a POU/HMG/DNA ternary complex suggests differential assembly of Oct4 and Sox2 on two enhancers. Genes Dev. 17, 2048-2059.
143. Reményi, A., Schöler, H. R. and Wilmanns, M. (2004). Combinatorial control of gene expression. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 11, 812-815.
144. Rizzoti, K. and Lovell-Badge, R. (2007). SOX3 activity during pharyngeal segmentation is required for craniofacial morphogenesis. Development 134, 3437-3448.
145. Rizzoti, K., Brunelli, S., Carmignac, D., Thomas, P. Q., Robinson, I. C. and Lovell-Badge, R. (2004). SOX3 is required during the formation of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis. Nat. Genet. 36, 247-255.
146. Saint-Germain, N., Lee, Y. H., Zhang, Y., Sargent, T. D. and Saint-Jeannet, J. P. (2004). Specification of the otic placode depends on Sox9 function in Xenopus. Development 131, 1755-1763.
147. Sakai, D., Suzuki, T., Osumi, N. and Wakamatsu, Y. (2006). Cooperative action of Sox9, Snail2 and PKA signaling in early neural crest development. Development 133, 1323-1333.
148. Sakamoto, Y., Hara, K., Kanai-Azuma, M., Matsui, T., Miura, Y., Tsunekawa, N., Kurohmaru, M., Saijoh, Y., Koopman, P. and Kanai, Y. (2007). Redundant roles of Sox17 and Sox18 in early cardiovascular development of mouse embryos. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 360, 539-544.
149. Sandberg, M., Källström, M. and Muhr, J. (2005). Sox21 promotes the progression of vertebrate neurogenesis. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 995-1001.
150. Sato, N., Kamachi, Y., Kondoh, H., Shima, Y., Morohashi, K., Horikawa, R. and Ogata, T. (2007). Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in an adult female with a heterozygous hypomorphic mutation of SOX2. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 156, 167-171.
151. Schepers, G. E., Teasdale, R. D. and Koopman, P. (2002). Twenty pairs of sox: extent, homology, and nomenclature of the mouse and human sox transcription factor gene families. Dev. Cell 3, 167-170.
152. Schilham, M. W., Oosterwegel, M. A., Moerer, P., Ya, J., de Boer, P. A., van de Wetering, M., Verbeek, S., Lamers, W. H., Kruisbeek, A. M., Cumano, A. et al. (1996). Defects in cardiac outflow tract formation and pro-B-lymphocyte expansion in mice lacking Sox-4. Nature 380, 711-714.
153. Schlosser, G., Awtry, T., Brugmann, S. A., Jensen, E. D., Neilson, K., Ruan, G., Stammler, A., Voelker, D., Yan, B., Zhang, C. et al. (2008). Eya1 and Six1 promote neurogenesis in the cranial placodes in a SoxB1-dependent fashion. Dev. Biol. 320, 199-214.
154. Schnetz, M. P., Handoko, L., Akhtar-Zaidi, B., Bartels, C. F., Pereira, C. F., Fisher, A. G., Adams, D. J., Flicek, P., Crawford, G. E., Laframboise, T. et al. (2010). CHD7 targets active gene enhancer elements to modulate ES cellspecific gene expression. PLoS Genet. 6, e1001023.
155. Scott, C. E., Wynn, S. L., Sesay, A., Cruz, C., Cheung, M., Gomez Gaviro, M. V., Booth, S., Gao, B., Cheah, K. S., Lovell-Badge, R. et al. (2010). SOX9 induces and maintains neural stem cells. Nat. Neurosci. 13, 1181-1189.
156. Sekido, R. (2010). SRY: A transcriptional activator of mammalian testis determination. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 42, 417-420.
157. Sekido, R. and Lovell-Badge, R. (2008). Sex determination involves synergistic action of SRY and SF1 on a specific Sox9 enhancer. Nature 453, 930-934.
158. Shih, Y. H., Kuo, C. L., Hirst, C. S., Dee, C. T., Liu, Y. R., Laghari, Z. A. and Scotting, P. J. (2010). SoxB1 transcription factors restrict organizer gene expression by repressing multiple events downstream of Wnt signalling. Development 137, 2671-2681.
159. Sinclair, A. H., Berta, P., Palmer, M. S., Hawkins, J. R., Griffiths, B. L., Smith, M. J., Foster, J. W., Frischauf, A. M., Lovell-Badge, R. and Goodfellow, P. N. (1990). A gene from the human sex-determining region encodes a protein with homology to a conserved DNA-binding motif. Nature 346, 240-244.
160. Smith, A. N., Miller, L. A., Radice, G., Ashery-Padan, R. and Lang, R. A. (2009). Stage-dependent modes of Pax6-Sox2 epistasis regulate lens development and eye morphogenesis. Development 136, 2977-2985.
161. Smits, P., Li, P., Mandel, J., Zhang, Z., Deng, J. M., Behringer, R. R., de Crombrugghe, B. and Lefebvre, V. (2001). The transcription factors L-Sox5 and Sox6 are essential for cartilage formation. Dev. Cell 1, 277-290.
162. Sock, E., Pagon, R. A., Keymolen, K., Lissens, W., Wegner, M. and Scherer, G. (2003). Loss of DNA-dependent dimerization of the transcription factor SOX9 as a cause for campomelic dysplasia. Hum. Mol. Genet. 12, 1439-1447.
163. Sock, E., Rettig, S. D., Enderich, J., Bösl, M. R., Tamm, E. R. and Wegner, M. (2004). Gene targeting reveals a widespread role for the high-mobility-group transcription factor Sox11 in tissue remodeling. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 6635-6644.
164. Srivastava, M., Begovic, E., Chapman, J., Putnam, N. H., Hellsten, U., Kawashima, T., Kuo, A., Mitros, T., Salamov, A., Carpenter, M. L. et al. (2008). The Trichoplax genome and the nature of placozoans. Nature 454, 955-960.
165. Stolt, C. C. and Wegner, M. (2010). SoxE function in vertebrate nervous system development. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 42, 437-440.
166. Stolt, C. C., Rehberg, S., Ader, M., Lommes, P., Riethmacher, D., Schachner, M., Bartsch, U. and Wegner, M. (2002). Terminal differentiation of myelinforming oligodendrocytes depends on the transcription factor Sox10. Genes Dev. 16, 165-170.
167. Stolt, C. C., Lommes, P., Sock, E., Chaboissier, M. C., Schedl, A. and Wegner, M. (2003). The Sox9 transcription factor determines glial fate choice in the developing spinal cord. Genes Dev. 17, 1677-1689.
168. Stolt, C. C., Schmitt, S., Lommes, P., Sock, E. and Wegner, M. (2005). Impact of transcription factor Sox8 on oligodendrocyte specification in the mouse embryonic spinal cord. Dev. Biol. 281, 309-317.
169. Stolt, C. C., Schlierf, A., Lommes, P., Hillgärtner, S., Werner, T., Kosian, T., Sock, E., Kessaris, N., Richardson, W. D., Lefebvre, V. et al. (2006). SoxD proteins influence multiple stages of oligodendrocyte development and modulate SoxE protein function. Dev. Cell 11, 697-709.
170. Suh, H., Consiglio, A., Ray, J., Sawai, T., D'Amour, K. A. and Gage, F. H. (2007). In vivo fate analysis reveals the multipotent and self-renewal capacities of Sox2+ neural stem cells in the adult hippocampus. Cell Stem Cell 1, 515-528.
171. Takahashi, K. and Yamanaka, S. (2006). Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 126, 663-676.
172. Takemoto, T., Uchikawa, M., Yoshida, M., Bell, D. M., Lovell-Badge, R., Papaioannou, V. E. and Kondoh, H. (2011). Tbx6-dependent Sox2 regulation determines neural or mesodermal fate in axial stem cells. Nature 470, 394-398.
173. Tanaka, S., Kamachi, Y., Tanouchi, A., Hamada, H., Jing, N. and Kondoh, H. (2004). Interplay of SOX and POU factors in regulation of the Nestin gene in neural primordial cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 8834-8846.
174. Taylor, K. M. and Labonne, C. (2005). SoxE factors function equivalently during neural crest and inner ear development and their activity is regulated by SUMOylation. Dev. Cell 9, 593-603.
175. Thevenet, L., Méjean, C., Moniot, B., Bonneaud, N., Galéotti, N., Aldrian-Herrada, G., Poulat, F., Berta, P., Benkirane, M. and Boizet-Bonhoure, B. (2004). Regulation of human SRY subcellular distribution by its acetylation/deacetylation. EMBO J. 23, 3336-3345.
176. Tomioka, M., Nishimoto, M., Miyagi, S., Katayanagi, T., Fukui, N., Niwa, H., Muramatsu, M. and Okuda, A. (2002). Identification of Sox-2 regulatory region which is under the control of Oct-3/4-Sox-2 complex. Nucleic Acids Res. 30, 3202-3213.
177. Tsuruzoe, S., Ishihara, K., Uchimura, Y., Watanabe, S., Sekita, Y., Aoto, T., Saitoh, H., Yuasa, Y., Niwa, H., Kawasuji, M. et al. (2006). Inhibition of DNA binding of Sox2 by the SUMO conjugation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 351, 920-926.
178. Uchikawa, M., Kamachi, Y. and Kondoh, H. (1999). Two distinct subgroups of Group B Sox genes for transcriptional activators and repressors: their expression during embryonic organogenesis of the chicken. Mech. Dev. 84, 103-120.
179. Uchikawa, M., Yoshida, M., Iwafuchi-Doi, M., Matsuda, K., Ishida, Y., Takemoto, T. and Kondoh, H. (2011). B1 and B2 Sox gene expression during neural plate development in chicken and mouse embryos: universal versus species-dependent features. Dev. Growth Differ. 53, 761-771.
180. Uwanogho, D., Rex, M., Cartwright, E. J., Pearl, G., Healy, C., Scotting, P. J. and Sharpe, P. T. (1995). Embryonic expression of the chicken Sox2, Sox3 and Sox11 genes suggests an interactive role in neuronal development. Mech. Dev. 49, 23-36.
181. Van Hoof, D., Muñoz, J., Braam, S. R., Pinkse, M. W., Linding, R., Heck, A. J., Mummery, C. L. and Krijgsveld, J. (2009). Phosphorylation dynamics during early differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 5, 214-226.
182. Verger, A. and Duterque-Coquillaud, M. (2002). When Ets transcription factors meet their partners. BioEssays 24, 362-370.
183. Vidal, V. P., Chaboissier, M. C., Lutzkendorf, S., Cotsarelis, G., Mill, P., Hui, C. C., Ortonne, N., Ortonne, J. P. and Schedl, A. (2005). Sox9 is essential for outer root sheath differentiation and the formation of the hair stem cell compartment. Curr. Biol. 15, 1340-1351.
184. Wagner, T., Wirth, J., Meyer, J., Zabel, B., Held, M., Zimmer, J., Pasantes, J., Bricarelli, F. D., Keutel, J., Hustert, E. et al. (1994). Autosomal sex reversal and campomelic dysplasia are caused by mutations in and around the SRYrelated gene SOX9. Cell 79, 1111-1120.
185. Wat, M. J., Beck, T. F., Hernández-García, A., Yu, Z., Veenma, D., Garcia, M., Holder, A. M., Wat, J. J., Chen, Y., Mohila, C. A. et al. (2012). Mouse model reveals the role of SOX7 in the development of congenital diaphragmatic hernia associated with recurrent deletions of 8p23.1. Hum. Mol. Genet. 21, 4115-4125.
186. Weiss, J., Meeks, J. J., Hurley, L., Raverot, G., Frassetto, A. and Jameson, J. L. (2003). Sox3 is required for gonadal function, but not sex determination, in males and females. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23, 8084-8091.
187. Wiebe, M. S., Nowling, T. K. and Rizzino, A. (2003). Identification of novel domains within Sox-2 and Sox-11 involved in autoinhibition of DNA binding and partnership specificity. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 17901-17911.
188. Wilhelm, D., Hiramatsu, R., Mizusaki, H., Widjaja, L., Combes, A. N., Kanai, Y. and Koopman, P. (2007). SOX9 regulates prostaglandin D synthase gene transcription in vivo to ensure testis development. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 10553-10560.
189. Williamson, K. A., Hever, A. M., Rainger, J., Rogers, R. C., Magee, A., Fiedler, Z., Keng, W. T., Sharkey, F. H., McGill, N., Hill, C. J. et al. (2006). Mutations in SOX2 cause anophthalmia-esophageal-genital (AEG) syndrome. Hum. Mol. Genet. 15, 1413-1422.
190. Wood, H. B. and Episkopou, V. (1999). Comparative expression of the mouse Sox1, Sox2 and Sox3 genes from pre-gastrulation to early somite stages. Mech. Dev. 86, 197-201.
191. Xu, J., Watts, J. A., Pope, S. D., Gadue, P., Kamps, M., Plath, K., Zaret, K. S. and Smale, S. T. (2009a). Transcriptional competence and the active marking of tissue-specific enhancers by defined transcription factors in embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Genes Dev. 23, 2824-2838.
192. Xu, N., Papagiannakopoulos, T., Pan, G., Thomson, J. A. and Kosik, K. S. (2009b). MicroRNA-145 regulates OCT4, SOX2, and KLF4 and represses pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells. Cell 137, 647-658.
193. Yuan, H., Corbi, N., Basilico, C. and Dailey, L. (1995). Developmental-specific activity of the FGF-4 enhancer requires the synergistic action of Sox2 and Oct-3. Genes Dev. 9, 2635-2645.
194. Zhao, Q., Eberspaecher, H., Lefebvre, V. and De Crombrugghe, B. (1997). Parallel expression of Sox9 and Col2a1 in cells undergoing chondrogenesis. Dev. Dyn. 209, 377-386.
195. Zhao, X., He, X., Han, X., Yu, Y., Ye, F., Chen, Y., Hoang, T., Xu, X., Mi, Q. S., Xin, M. et al. (2010). MicroRNA-mediated control of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Neuron 65, 612-626.
196. Zhao, H. Y., Zhang, Y. J., Dai, H., Zhang, Y. and Shen, Y. F. (2011). CARM1 mediates modulation of Sox2. PLoS ONE 6, e27026.
197. Zhao, L., Zevallos, S. E., Rizzoti, K., Jeong, Y., Lovell-Badge, R. and Epstein, D. J. (2012). Disruption of SoxB1-dependent Sonic hedgehog expression in the hypothalamus causes septo-optic dysplasia. Dev. Cell 22, 585-596.
198. Zhou, G., Zheng, Q., Engin, F., Munivez, E., Chen, Y., Sebald, E., Krakow, D. and Lee, B. (2006). Dominance of SOX9 function over RUNX2 during skeletogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 19004-19009.