The role of lactate besides the lactic acidosis;Il ruolo del lattato oltre l'acidosi lattica

Clinica Terapeutica

Volumn 164, Issue SUPPL.3, 2013, Pages

  Brucculeri, S ^a   Urso, C ^a   Caimi, G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PALERMO   (Italy)

Author keywords

Inflammatory cytokines; Lactate; Lactic acidosis; Shock; Sodium bicarbonate

Indexed keywords

BICARBONATE; CARBICARB; CYTOKINE; DICHLOROACETIC ACID; LACTIC ACID; METFORMIN; PROTEIN INHIBITOR; PYRUVIC ACID; SODIUM PROTON EXCHANGE PROTEIN 1 SELECTIVE INHIBITOR; TROMETAMOL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; SODIUM PROTON EXCHANGE PROTEIN 1;

ANGIOGENESIS; ARTICLE; CARDIOGENIC SHOCK; CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECT; CELL DAMAGE; DISEASE COURSE; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; HEART PERFORMANCE; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; LACTATE BLOOD LEVEL; LACTIC ACIDOSIS; MORTALITY; NEOPLASM; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RISK FACTOR; SHOCK; SYNTHESIS; TISSUE LEVEL; TUMOR GROWTH; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PROGNOSIS; ALCOHOL INTOXICATION; CRITICAL ILLNESS; DIABETES MELLITUS; METABOLISM; REVIEW;

ACIDOSIS, LACTIC; ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION; CRITICAL ILLNESS; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; DIABETES MELLITUS; HUMANS; LACTIC ACID; NEOPLASMS;

EID: 84883745546     PISSN: 00099074     EISSN: 19726007     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7417/CT.2013.1572     Document Type: Article

References (165)

1. Stacpoole P W. Lactic Acidosis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1993; 22:221-45
2. Timbrell S, Wilboum G, Harper J, et al. Lactic acidosis secondary to metformin overdose: a case report. J Med Case Reports 2012; 6:230
3. Lim S. Metabolic acidosis. Acta Med Indones-Indones J Intern Med 2007; 39:145-50
4. Forsythe SM, Schmidt GA. Sodium bicarbonate for the treatment of lactic acidosis. Chest 2000; 117:260-67
5. Madias NE. Lactic acidosis. Kidney Int 1986; 29:752-74
6. Relman AS : Metabolic consequences of acid-base disorders. Kidney 1972; 1:347-59
7. Halperin ML, Connors HP, Relman AS, et al. Factors that control the effect of pH on glycolysis in leukocytes. J Biol Chem 1969; 244:384-90
8. Dawson AG. Contribution of pH sensitive metabolic processes to pH homeostasis in isolated rat kidney tubules. Biochim Biophys Acta 1977; 499: 85-98
9. Moon VL, Tannen RL. pH control of lactic acid and ketoacid production: a mechanism of acid-base regulation. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1983; 9:317-25
10. Trivedi B, Danforth WH. Effect of pH on the kinnetcs of frog muscle phosphofructokinase. J Biol Chem 1966; 241: 4110-12
11. De Baker D. Lactic acidosis. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29: 699-702
12. Brooks GA. Intra and extra-cellular lactate shuttles. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32:790-99
13. Cohen R, Woods H. Clinical and biochemical aspects of lactic acidosis. Oxford Blackwell Scientific Publications 1976
14. Oh M, Alveranga D, Lazar I, et al. Metabolic utilization and renal handling of D-lactate in men. Metabolism 1985; 34: 621-5
15. De Vrese M, Koppenhoefer B, Barth CA. D-lactic acid metabolism after an oral load of DL-lactate. Clin Nutr 1990; 9: 23-8
16. Uribarri J, Oh M, Carroll H. D-Lactic acidosis. Medicine 1998; 77:73-82
17. Hove H, Mortensen PB. Colonic lactate metabolism and Dlactic acidosis. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40:320-30
18. Coronado BE, Opal SM, Yoburn DC. Antibiotic-induced D-lactic acidosis. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122:839-42
19. Ewaschuk JB, Naylor JM, Zello GA. D-lactate in human and ruminant metabolism. J Nutr 2005; 135:1619-25
20. Gehlbach BK, Schmidt GA. Bench-to-bedside review: treating acid-base abnormalities in the intensive care unit - the role of buffers. Crit Care 2004; 8:259-65
21. Poole-Wilson PA, Langer GA. Effect of pH on ionic exchange and function in rat and rabbit myocardium. Am J Physiol 1975; 229:570-81
22. Shapiro JI. Functional and metabolic responses of isolated hearts to acidosis: effects of sodium bicarbonate and Carbicarb. Am J Physiol 1990; 258:1835-9
23. Wildenthal K, Mierzwiak DS, Myers RW, Mitchell JH. Effects of acute lactic acidosis on left ventricular performance. Am J Physiol 1968; 214:1352-9
24. Cingolani HE, Faulkner SL, Mattiazzi AR, et al. Depression of human myocardial contractility with 'respiratory' and 'metabolic' acidosis. Surgery 1975; 77:427-32
25. Kellum JA, Song MC, Li JY. Extracellular acidosis and the immune response: clinica and physiologic implications. Crit Care 2004; 8:331-6
26. Wu D. Potential role of NHE1 (sodium-hydrogen exchanger 1) in the cellular dysfunction of lactic acidosis: implications for treatment. Am J Kidney Dis 2011; 57:781-87
27. Halperin ML, Cheema-Dhadli S, Halperin FA, et al. Rationale for the use of sodium bicarbonate in a patient with lactic acidosis due to a poor cardiac output. Nephron 1994; 66: 258-61
28. Mitchell JH, Wildenthal K, Johnson RLJr. The effects of acid-base disturbances on cardiovascular and pulmonary fuction. Kidney Int 1972; 1:375-89
29. Gores GJ, Nieminen A-L, Wray BE, et al. Intracellular pH during "chemical hypoxia" in cultured rat hepatocytes. J Clin Invest 1989; 83:386-96
30. Preckel B, Schlack W, Obal D, et al. Effect of acidotic blood reperfusion on reperfusion injury after coronary artery occlusion in the dog heart. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1998; 31: 179-86
31. Kitakaze M, Takashima S, Funaya H, et al. Temporary acidosis during reperfusion limits myocardial infarct size in dogs. Am J Physiol 1997; 272:2071-9
32. Kraut JA, Madias NE. Treatment of acute metabolic acidosis: a pathophysiologic approach. Nat Rev Nephrol 2012; 8:589-601
33. Oster JR, Perez GO, Vaamonde CA: Relationship between blood pH and potassium and phosphorus during acute metabolic acidosis. Am J Physiol 1978; 235:345-51
34. Marliss EB, Aoki TT, Toews CJ, et al. Amino acid metabolism in lactic acidosis. Am J Med 1972; 52:474-81
35. Weil MH, Rackow EC, Trevino R, et al. Difference in acidbase state between venous and arterial blood during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med 1986; 315:153-6
36. Kyu Yun. Acid base disorders in ICU patients. Electrolyte Blood Press 2010; 8:66-71
37. Mizock BA. Lactic acidosis. Dis Mon 1989; 35:233-300
38. Nichol AD, Moritoki E, Pettilla V, et al. Relative hyperlactatemia and hospital mortality in critically ill patients: a retrospective multi-centre study. Crit Care 2011; 15(5):R242. doi: 10.1186/cc10497. Epub 2011 Oct 20
39. Scott S, Antonaglia V, Guiotto G, et al. Two hour lactate clearance predicts negative outcome in patients with cardiorespiratory insufficiency. Crit Care Res Practice 2010; article ID 917053
40. Bakker J, Pinto De Lima A. Increased blood lactate levels: an important warning signal in surgical practice. Crit Care 2004; 8:96-8
41. Rimachi R, Bruzzi De Carvahlo F, Orellano-Jimenez C, et al. Lactate piruvate ratio as a marker of tissue hypoxia in circulatory and septic shock. Anaesth Intensive Care 2012; 40:427-32
42. Shahryar S, Carlson RW. Type A lactic acidosis in cardiogenic shock. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:3932
43. Levy B. Lactate and shock state: the metabolic view. Curr Opin Crit Care 2006; 12:315-21
44. Luchette FA, Robinson DR, Friend LA, et al. Adrenergic antagonist reduce lactic acidosis in response to hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma 1999; 46:873-80
45. Fall PJ, Szerlip HM. Lactic acidosis: from sour milk to septic shock. J Intensive Care Med 2005; 20:255-71
46. Michaeli B, Martinez A, Revelly JP, et al. Effects of endotoxin on lactate metabolism in humans. Crit Care 2012; 16:139
47. Howell MD, Donnino M, Clandy P, et al. Occult hypoperfusion and mortality in patients with suspected infection. Int Care Med 2007; 33:1892-99
48. Levy B, Gibot S, Franck P, et al. Relation between muscle Na+K+ ATPase activity and raised lactate concentrations in septic shock: a prospective study. Lancet 2005; 36:871-5
49. Levy B, Perez P, Gibot S, et al. Increased muscle to serum lactate gradient predicts progression toward septic shock in septic patients. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36:1703-9
50. Regueira T, Djafarzadeh S, Brandt S, et al. Oxygen transport and mitochondrial function in porcine septic shock, cardiogenic shock, and hypoxaemia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2012; 56:846-59
51. Vary TC. Sepsis-induced alterations in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity in rat skeletal muscle: effects on plasma lactate. Shock 1996; 6:89-94
52. Iscra F, Biolo G, Randino A, et al. Transpulmonary lactate fluxin ALI/ARDS patients. Int Care Med 1999; 25:133
53. Kellum JA, Kramer DJ, Lee K, et al. Release of lactate by the lung injury. Chest 1997; 111:1301-5
54. Iscra F, Gullo A, Biolo G. Bench-to-bedside review: lactate and lung. Critical Care 2002; 6:327-9
55. Duke T. Dysoxia and lactate. Arch Dis Child 1999; 81:343-50
56. Fink MP. Bench to bedside review: cytopathic hypoxia. Critical Care 2002; 6:491-9
57. Kothari N, Bogra J, Kohli M, et al. Role of active nitrogen molecules in progression of septic shock. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2012; 56:307-15
58. Matejovic M, Radermacher P, Tugtekin I, et al. Effects of selective iNOS inhibition on gut and liver O2-exchange and energy metabolism during hyperdynamic porcine endotoxemia. Shock 2001; 16:203-10
59. Severin PN, Uhing MR, Beno DW, et al. Endotoxin-induced hyperlactatemia results from decreased lactate clearance in hemodynamically stable rats. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:2509-14
60. Mikkelsen ME, Miltiades AN, Gaieski DF, et al. Serum lactate is associated with mortality in severe sepsis independent of organ failure and shock. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:1670-7
61. Hisamuddin NA, Azlan K. The use of laboratory and physiological parameters in predicting mortality in sepsis induced hypotension and septic shock patients attending the emergency department. Med J Malaysia 2012; 67:259-64
62. Kopterides P, Theodorakopoulou M, Ilias I, et al. Interrelationship between blood and tissue lactate in a general intensive care unit: a subcutaneous adipose tissue microdialysis study on 162 critically ill patients. J Crit Care 2012; 27(6):742. e9-18. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2012.08.003. Epub 2012 Oct 22
63. Walenta S, Wetterling M, Lehrke M, et al. High lactate levels predict likelihood of metastases, tumor recurrence, and restricted patient survival in human cervical cancers. Cancer Res 2000; 60:916-21
64. Brizel DM, Schroeder T, Scher RL, et al. Elevated tumor lactate concentrations predict for an increased risk of metastases in head and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001; 51:349-53
65. Yokota H, Guo J, Matoba M, et al. Lactate, choline, and creatine levels measured by vitro 1H-MRS as prognostic parameters in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 25:992-9
66. Field M, Block JB, Rall DP. Lactic acidosis in acute leukemia. Clin Res 1963; 11:193-7
67. Sillos EM, Shenep JL, Burghen GA, et al. Lactic acidosis: a metabolic complication of hematologic malignancies. Case report and review of the literature. Cancer 2001; 92: 2237-46
68. Thakur V, Sander G, Rab ST. Hodgkin's disease and lactic acidosis. Nephron 2001; 88:276-7
69. Ustun C, Fall P, Szerlip HM, Jillella A, et al. Multiple myeloma associated with lactic acidosis. Leuk Lymphoma 2002; 43:2395-7
70. Ohtsubo K, Imamura R, Seki R, et al. Blastoid variant of mantle cell lymphoma with lactic acidosis: a case report. Int J Hematol 2004; 80:428-31
71. Friedenberg AS, Brandoff DE, Schiffman FJ. Type B lactic acidosis as a severe metabolic complication in lymphoma and leukemia: a case series from a single institution and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2007; 86:225-32
72. Wall BM, Mansour N, Cooke CR. Acute fulminant lactic acidosis complicating metastatic cholangiocarcinoma. Am J Med Sci 2000; 319:126-9
73. Manuel B, Suresh V, Saphwat E. Refractory metabolic acidosis in small cell cancer of the lung. South Med J 2006; 99: 782-3
74. Ruiz JP, Singh AK, Hart P. Type B lactic acidosis secondary to malignancy: case report, review of published cases, insights into pathogenesis, and prospects for therapy. Scientific World J 2011; 11:1316-24
75. De Groot R, Sprenger RA, Imholz ALT, et al. Type B lactic acidosis in solid malignancies. Netherlands J Medicine 2011; 69:120-3
76. Rovelli A, Bonomi M, Murano A, et al. Severe lactic acidosis due to thiamine deficiency after bone marrow transplantation in a child with acute monocytic leukemia. Haematologica 1990; 75:579-81
77. Block JB. Lactic acidosis in malignancy and observations on its possible pathogenesis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1974; 230: 94-102
78. Porporato PE, Dadhich RK, Dhup S, et al. Anticancer targets in the glycolytic metabolism of tumors: a comprehensive review. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:49
79. Vander Heiden MG, Cantley LC, Thompson CB. Understanding the Warburg Effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Science 2009; 324:1029-33
80. Semenza GL. Tumor metabolism: cancer cells give and take lactate. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:3835-7
81. Feron O. Pyruvate into lactate and back: from the Warburg effect to symbiotic energy fuel exchange in cancer cells. Radiother Oncol 2009; 92:329-33
82. Lu H, Forbes RA, Verma A. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 activation by aerobic glycolysis implicates the Warburg effect in carcinogenesis. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:23111-15
83. Lu H, Dalgard CL, Mohyeldin A, et al. Reversible inactivation of HIF-1 prolyl hydroxylases allows cell metabolism to control basal HIF-1. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:41928-39
84. Vegran F, Boidot R, Michiels C, et al. Lactate influx through the endothelial cell monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 supports an NF-kappaB/IL-8 pathway that drives tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Res 2011; 71:2550-60
85. Beckert S, Farrahi F, Aslam RS, et al. Lactate stimulates endothelial cell migration. Wound Repair Regen 2006; 14: 321-24
86. Hunt TK, Aslam R, Hussain Z, et al. Lactate, with oxygen, incites angiogenesis. Adv Exp Med Biol 2008; 614:73-80
87. Morris ME, Felmlee MA. Overview of the proton-coupled MCT (SLC16A) family of transporters: characterization, function and role in the transport of the drug of abuse gammahydroxybutyric acid. AAPS J 2008; 10:311-21
88. Dhup S, Dadhich RK, Porporato PE, et al. Multiple Biological Activities of Lactic Acid in Cancer: Influences on Tumor Growth, Angiogenesis and Metastasis. Curr Pharmaceutical Design 2012; 18:1319-30
89. Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Pavlides S, Howell A, et al. Stromalepithelial metabolic coupling in cancer: Integrating autophagy and metabolism in the tumor microenvironment. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:1045-51
90. Stubbs M, McSheehy PM, Griffiths JR, et al. Causes and consequences of tumour acidity and implications for treatment. Mol Med Today 2000; 6:15-9
91. Shi Q, Abbruzzese JL, Huang S, et al. Constitutive and inducible interleukin 8 expression by hypoxia and acidosis renders human pancreatic cancer cells more tumorigenic and metastatic. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5:3711-21
92. Shi Q, Le X, Wang B, et al. Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression by acidosis in human cancer cells. Oncogene 2001; 20:3751-6
93. Gatenby RA, Gawlinski ET, Gmitro AF, et al. Acid-mediated tumor invasion: a multidisciplinary study. Cancer Res 2006; 66:5216-23
94. Smallbone K, Gatenby RA, Gillies RJ, et al. Metabolic changes during carcinogenesis: potential impact on invasiveness. J Theor Biol 2007; 244:703-13
95. Kato Y, Ozawa S, Tsukuda M, et al. Acidic extracellular pH increases calcium influx-triggered phospholipase D activity along with acidic sphingomyelinase activation to induce matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in mouse metastatic melanoma. FEBS J 2007; 274:3171-83
96. Hashimoto T, Hussien R, Oommen S, et al. Lactate sensitive transcription factor network in L6 cells: activation of MCT1 and mitochondrial biogenesis. FASEB J 2007; 21:2602-12
97. Izumi H, Takahashi M, Uramoto H, et al. Monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 4 are involved in the invasion activity of human lung cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:1007-13
98. Scale T, Harvey JN. Diabetes, metformin and lactic acidosis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011; 74:191-6
99. Cox K, Cocchi M, Salsiccioli J, et al. Prevalence and significance of lactic acidosis in diabnetc ketoacidosis. J Crit Care 2012; 27:132-7
100. Bolli G, Cartechini MG, Compagnucci P. Adrenergic activity and glycometabolic compensation in patients with diabetes mellitus. Min Med 1976; 70:3783-95
101. Stroe A. Elevated lactic acid levels are common but not predictive of mortality in patients with diabnetc ketoacidosis. Abstract Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2007
102. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKDPS 34). Lancet 1998; 352:854-65
103. Van Berlo-van de Laar Pharm D, Vermeij CG, et al. Metformin associated lactic acidosis: incidence and clinical correlation with metformin serum concentration measurements. J Clin Pharmacy Therapeutics 2011; 36:376-82
104. Kamber N, Davis WA, Bruce DG, et al. Metformin and lactic acidosis in an Australian community setting: the Fremantle Diabetes Study. Med J Australia 2008; 188:446-9
105. Salpeter SR, Greyber E, Pasternak GA, et al. Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Inter Med 2003; 163:2594-602
106. Lalau JD, Lacroix C, Compagnon P, et al. Role of metformin accumulation in metformin-associated lactic acidosis. Diabetes Care 1995; 18:779-84
107. Stades AME, Heikens JT, Erkelens DW, et al. Metformin and lactic acidosis: cause or coincidence? A review of case reports. J Int Med 2004; 255:179-87
108. Protti A, Russo R, Tagliabue P, et al. Oxygen consumption is depressed in patients with lactic acidosis due to biguanide intoxication. Crit Care 2010; 14:R22
109. Arroyo D, Melero R, Panizo N, et al. Metformin-associated acute kidney injury and lactic acidosis. Int J Nephrol 2011; Article ID 749653
110. Balogh Z, Matyus J. Proposal for the administration of metformin in patients with chronic kidney disease. Orv Hnetl 2012; 153:1527-35
111. Owen MR, Doran E, Halestrap AP. Evidence that metformin exerts its anti-diabnetc effects through inhibition of complex 1 of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Biochem J 2000; 348:607-14
112. Wang DS, Kusuhara H, Kato Y, et al. Involvement of organic cation transporter 1 in the lactic acidosis caused by metformin. Mol Pharmacol 2003; 63:844-4
113. Salpeter SR, Greyber E, Paternak GA, et al. Risk of fatal and non fatal lactic acidosis whit metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; (1): CD002967
114. Kraut JA, Kurtz I. Toxic alcohol ingestions: clinical features, diagnosis, and management. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3:208-25
115. Litovitz TL, Klein-Schwartz W, White S, et al. 1999 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 2000; 18:517-74
116. Shahangian S, Ash KO. Formic and lactic acidosis in a fatal case of methanol intoxication. Clin Chem 1986; 32:395-7
117. Wilson KC, Reardon C, Theodore AC, et al. Propylene glycol toxicity: a severe iatrogenic illness in ICU patients receiving IV benzodiazepines- a case series and prospective, observational pilot study. Chest 2005; 128:1674-81
118. Zosel A, Egelhoff E, Heard K. Severe lactic acidosis from iatrogenic propylene glycol overdose. Pharmacotherapy 2010; 30:219
119. Zar T, Yusufzai I, Sullivan A, et al. Acute kidney injury, hyperosmolality and metabolic acidosis associated with lorazepam. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2007; 3:515-20
120. Parker MG, Fraser GL, Watson DM, et al. Removal of propylene glycol and correction of increased osmolar gap by hemodialysis in a patient on high dose lorazepam infusion therapy. Intensive Care Med 2002; 28:81-4
121. Amrein K, Ribitsch W, Otto R, et al. Severe lactic acidosis reversed by thiamine within 24 hours. Crit Care 2011; 15: 457
122. Romanski SA, McMahon MM. Metabolic acidosis and thiamine deficiency Mayo Clin Proc 1999; 74:259-63
123. Freedman S, Cooke NT, Moxham J. Production of lactic acid by respiratory muscles. Thorax 1983; 38:50-4
124. Manthous CA. Lactic acidosis in status asthmaticus. Chest 2001; 119:1599-602
125. Mountain RD, Heffner JE, Brackett NC, et al. Acid-base disturbance in acute asthma. Chest 1990; 98:652-5
126. Chaulier K, Chalumeau S, Ber CE, et al. Acidose métabolique dans u context d'asthme aigu grave. Ann Franc Anesth Réanim 2007; 26:352-5
127. Manara A, Hantson P, Vanpee D, et al. Lactic acidosis following intentional overdose by inhalation of salmeterol and fluticasone. CJEM 2012; 14:1-4
128. Koh YI, Choi IS. Lactic acidosis associated with the usual theophylline dose in a patient with asthma. Korean J Int Med 2002; 17:147-9
129. Bolhaar MG, Karstaedt AS. A high incidence of lactic acidosis and symptomatic hyperlactatemia in women receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy in Soweto, South Africa. Clin Infectious Dis 2007; 45:254-60
130. Songa PM, Castelnuovo B, Mugasha EB, et al. Symptomatic hyperlactatemia associated with nucleoside analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitor use in HIV-infected patients: a report of 24 cases in a resource-limited setting (Uganda). Clin Infectious Dis 2007; 45:514-1
131. Stacpoole PW, Barnes CL, Hurbanis MD, et al. Treatment of congenital lactic acidosis with dichloroacetate. Arch Dis Child 1997; 77:535-41
132. Patel KP, O'Brien TW, Subramony SH, et al. The spectrum of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency: clinical, biochemical and gennetc features in 371 patients. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 106:385-94
133. Shoffner JM, Wallace DC. Oxidative phosphorylation diseases. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Vallee D, eds. The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease. 7th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995; 1535-609
134. Stacpoole PW. The pharmacology of dichloroacetate. Metabolism 1989; 38:1124-44
135. Stacpoole PW, Kerr DS, Barnes C, et al. A controlled clinical trial of dichloroacetate for treatment of congenital lactic acidosis in children. Pedriatics 2006; 117:1519-31
136. Berendzen K, Theriaque DS, Shuster J, et al. Therapeutic potential of dichloroacetate for pyruvate dehydrogenase compex deficiency. Mitochondrion 2006; 6:126-35
137. Arieff AI, Leach W, Park R, et al. Systemic effects of NaHCO3 in experimental lactic acidosis in dog. Am J Physiol 1982; 242: 586-91
138. Cooper DJ, Hebertaon MJ, Werner HA, et al. Bicarbonate does not increase left ventricular contractility during L-lactic academia in pigs. Am Rev Resp Dis 1993; 148:317-22
139. Mathieu D, Neviere R, Billard V, et al. Effects of bicarbonate therapy on hemodynamics and tissue oxygenation in patients with lactic acidosis: a prospective, controlled clinical study. Crit Care Med 1991; 19:1352-6
140. Sing RF, Branas CA. Bicarbonate therapy in the treatment of lactic acidosis: medicine or toxin? J Am Osteopath Assoc 1995; 95:52-7
141. Kraut J, Kurtz I. Use of base in the treatment of acute severe organic acidosis by nephrologists and critical care physicians: results of a online survey. Clin Exp Nephrol 2006; 10:111-17
142. Valenza F, Pizzocri M, Chevallard G, et al. Sodium bicarbonate during transient or sustained lactic acidemia in normoxic and normotensive rats. Plos One 2012; 7:e46035
143. Graf H, Leach W, Arieff AI. Evidence for a detrimental effect of bicarbonate therapy in hypoxic lactic acidosis. Science 1985; 227:754-6
144. Sabatini S, Kurtzman NA. Bicarbonate therapy in severe metabolic acidosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:692-5
145. Halperin FA, Cheema-Dhadli S, Chen CB, et al. Alkali therapy extends the period of survival during hypoxia: studies in rats. Am J Physiol 1996; 271:381-7
146. Bettice JA. Effect of hypocapnia on intracellular pH during metabolic acidosis. Resp Physiol 1979; 38:257-66
147. Casagranda I, Guariglia A, Sbrojavacca R, et al. Acqua e sale- acidi e basi. Edizioni Medico Scientifiche, 2008
148. Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:296-327
149. Hoste EA, Colpaert K, Vanholder RC, et al. Sodium bicarbonate versus THAM in ICU patients with mild metabolic acidosis. J Nephrol 2005; 18:303-7
150. Kallet RH, Jasmer RM, Luce JM, et al. The treatment of acidosis in acute lung injury with tris-hydroxymethylaminomethane (THAM). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 1149-53
151. Bersin RM, Arieff AI. Improved hemodynamic function during hypoxis with carbicarb, a new agent for the management of acidosis. Circulation 1988; 77:227-33
152. Zhou FQ. Pyruvate in the correction of intracellular acidosis: a metabolic basis as a novel superior buffer. Am J Nephrol 2005; 25:55-63
153. Baró-Serra A, Guasch-Aragay B, Martin-Alemany N, et al. The importance of early haemodiafiltration in the treatment of lactic acidosis associated with the administration of metformin. Nefrologia 2012; 32:664-9
154. Heaney D, Majld A, Junor B. Bicarbonate haemodialisis as a treatment of metformin overdose. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997; 12:1046-7
155. Hilton PJ, Taylor LG, Forni LG, et al. Bicarbonate-based haemofiltration in the management of acute renal failure with lactic acidosis. Q J Med 1998; 91:279-83
156. Stacpoole PW, Wright EC, Baumgartner TG, et al. A controlled clinical trial of dichloroacetate for treatment of lactic acidosis in adults. N Engl J Med 1992; 327:1564-9
157. Shangraw RE, Jahoor F. Mechanism of dichloroacetateinduced hypolactatemia in humans with or without cirrhosis. Metabolism 2004; 53:1087-94
158. Jeppensen PB, Mortensen PB. Colonic digestion and absorption of energy from carbohydrates and medium-chain fat in small bowel failure. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1999; 23: 101-5
159. Gavazzi C, Stacchiotti S, Cavalletti R, et al. Confusion after antibiotics. Lancet 2001; 357:1410
160. Eizaguirre I, Urkia NG, Asensio AB, et al. Prebiotico supplementation reduces the risk of bacterial trans location in experimental short bowel syndrome. J Pediatr Surg 2002; 37: 699-702
161. Wu D, Bassuk J, Arias J. Cardiovascular effects of Na+/H+ exchanger inhibition with BIIB513 following hypovolemic circulatory shock. Shock 2005; 23:259-74
162. Wu D. Na+/H+ exchanger inhibition delays the onset of hypovolemic circulatory shock in pigs. Shock 2008; 29: 519-25
163. Soliman M. Dimnetl amiloride, a Na+-H+ exchange inhibitor and its cardioprotective effects in hemorrhagic shock in vivo resuscitated rats. J Physiol Sci 2009; 59:175-80
164. Zheng M, Reynolds C, Jo SH, et al. Intracellular acidosisactivated p38 MAPK signaling and its essential role in cardiomyocyte hypoxic injury. FASEB J 2005; 19:109-11
165. Shirakawa H, Yamaoka T, Sanpei K, et al. TRPV1 stimulation triggers apoptotic cell death of rat cortical neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:1211-5