Emotion display norms in virtual teams

Journal of Personnel Psychology

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 22-32

  Glikson, Ella ^a   Erez, Miriam ^a  

^a TECHNION ISRAEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Israel)

Author keywords

Emotions; Norms; Virtual teams

Indexed keywords

EID: 84876957925     PISSN: 18665888     EISSN: 21905150     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1027/1866-5888/a000078     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Anderson, C. A., Lindsay, J. J., & Bushman, B. J. (1999). Research in the psychological laboratory truth or triviality? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 3-1.
2. Arnett, J. J. (2002). The psychology of globalization. American Psychologist, 57, 774-783.
3. Ashmore, R. D., Deaux, K., & McLaughlin-Volpe, T. (2004). An organizing framework for collective identity: Articulation and significance of multidimensionality. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 80-114.
4. Barsade, S. G., Brief, A. P., & Spataro, S. E. (2003). The affective revolution in organizational behavior: The emergence of a paradigm. Organizational Behavior: The State of the Science, 2, 3-52.
5. Barsade, S. G., & Gibson, D. E. (2012). Group affect its influence on individual and group outcomes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21, 119-123.
6. Bell, B. S., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. (2002). A typology of virtual teams implications for effective leadership. Group & Organization Management, 27, 14-49.
7. Brewer, M. B., & Gardner, W. (1996). Who is this "we"? Levels of collective identity and self representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 83-93.
8. Brewer, M. B., & Kramer, R. M. (1985). The psychology of intergroup attitudes and behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 36, 219-243.
9. Brotheridge, C. M., & Grandey, A. A. (2002). Emotional labor and burnout: Comparing two perspectives of "people work". Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60, 17-39.
10. Byrne, D. E. (1971). The attraction paradigm. New York, NY: Academic Press.
11. Byron, K. (2008). Carrying too heavy a load? the communication and miscommunication of emotion by email. The Academy of Management Review, 33, 309-327.
12. Byron, K., & Baldridge, D. C. (2007). E-mail recipients' impressions of senders' likability the interactive effect of nonverbal cues and recipients' personality. Journal of Business Communication, 44, 137-160.
13. Cheshin, A., Rafaeli, A., & Bos, N. (2011). Anger and happiness in virtual teams: Emotional influences of text and behavior on others' affect in the absence of non-verbal cues. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 116, 2-16.
14. Cole, M. S., Walter, F., & Bruch, H. (2008). Affective mechanisms linking dysfunctional behavior to performance in work teams: A moderated mediation study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 945-958.
15. Connaughton, S. L., & Shuffler, M. (2007). Multinational and multicultural distributed teams. Small Group Research, 38, 387-412.
16. Cramton, C. D. (2001). The mutual knowledge problem and its consequences for dispersed collaboration. Organization Science, 12, 346-371.
17. Dennis, A. R., Fuller, R. M., & Valacich, J. S. (2008). Media, tasks, and communication processes: A theory of media synchronicity. MIS Quarterly, 32, 575-600.
18. Derks, D., Bos, A. E. R., & Grumbkow, J. (2007). Emoticons and social interaction on the Internet: The importance of social context. Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 842-849.
19. Diefendorff, J. M., Erickson, R. J., Grandey, A. A., & Dahling, J. J. (2011). Emotional display rules as work unit norms: A multilevel analysis of emotional labor among nurses. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16, 170-186.
20. Earley, P. C., & Mosakowski, E. (2000). Creating hybrid team cultures: An empirical test of transnational team functioning. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 26-49.
21. Eid, M., & Diener, E. (2001). Norms for experiencing emotions in different cultures: Inter-and intranational differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 869-885.
22. Elfenbein, H. A., & Shirako, A. (2006). An emotion process model for multicultural teams. In B. Mannix, M. Neale, & Y. Chen (Eds.), Research of managing groups and teams: National culture and groups (pp. 263-297). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
23. Erez, M., & Earley, P. C. (1993). Culture, self-identity, and work. USA: Oxford University Press.
24. Erez, M., & Gati, E. (2004). A dynamic, multi-level model of culture: From the micro level of the individual to the macro level of a global culture. Applied Psychology, 53, 583-598.
25. Erez, M., Lisak, A., Harush, R., Glikson, E., Nouri, R., & Shokef, E. (2012). Going global: Developing management students' global characteristics through a multicultural team project. Working paper. Technion.
26. Gelfand, M. J., Lyons, S. L., & Lun, J. (2011). Toward a psychological science of globalization. Journal of Social Issues, 67, 841-853.
27. Gibson, C. B., & Gibbs, J. L. (2006). Unpacking the concept of virtuality: The effects of geographic dispersion, electronic dependence, dynamic structure, and national diversity on team innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 51, 451-495.
28. Grandey, A. A. (2000). Emotional regulation in the workplace: A new way to conceptualize emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 95-110.
29. Grandey, A. A., Fisk, G. M., & Steiner, D. D. (2005). Must "service with a smile" be stressful? The moderating role of personal control for American and French employees. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 893-904.
30. Grandey, A. A., Rafaeli, A., Ravid, S., Wirtz, J., & Steiner, D. D. (2010). Emotion display rules at work in the global service economy: The special case of the customer. Journal of Service Management, 21, 388-412.
31. Grawitch, M. J., Munz, D. C., & Kramer, T. J. (2003). Effects of member mood states on creative performance in temporary workgroups. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 7, 41-54.
32. Hechter, M., & Opp, K. D. (2001). Social norms. New York, NY: Russell Sage.
33. Hinds, P. J., & Bailey, D. E. (2003). Out of sight, out of sync: Understanding conflict in distributed teams. Organization Science, 14, 615-632.
34. Hinds, P. J., & Mortensen, M. (2005). Understanding conflict in geographically distributed teams: The moderating effects of shared identity, shared context, and spontaneous communication. Organization Science, 16, 290-307.
35. Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
36. Hogg, M. A., & Reid, S. A. (2006). Social identity, selfcategorization, and the communication of group norms. Communication Theory, 16, 7-30.
37. House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P., & Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, leadership and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
38. Huber, G. P., & Lewis, K. (2010). Cross-understanding: Implications for group cognition and performance. Academy of Management Review, 35, 6-26.
39. Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Leidner, D. E. (1999). Communication and trust in global virtual teams. Organization Science, 10, 791- 815.
40. Jehn, K. A., Greer, L., Levine, S., & Szulanski, G. (2008). The effects of conflict types, dimensions, and emergent states on group outcomes. Group Decision and Negotiation, 17, 465- 495.
41. Jehn, K. A., Northcraft, G. B., & Neale, M. A. (1999). Why differences make a difference: A field study of diversity, conflict and performance in workgroups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 741-763.
42. Jetten, J., Postmes, T., & McAuliffe, B. J. (2002). "We're all individuals": Group norms of individualism and collectivism, levels of identification and identity threat. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 189-207.
43. Kasper-Fuehrer, E. C., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2001). Communicating trustworthiness and building trust in interorganizational virtual organizations. Journal of Management, 27, 235-254.
44. Kirkman, B. L., & Mathieu, J. E. (2005). The dimensions and antecedents of team virtuality. Journal of Management, 31, 700-718.
45. Kçhler, T. (2010). Team development in internationally distributed teams - a grounded theory approach. Presented at the Annual Conference of the Academy of Management in Montreal, 2010.
46. Lea, M., & Spears, R. (1992). Paralanguage and social perception in computer-mediated communication. Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 2, 321-341.
47. Leung, K., Bhagat, R. S., Buchan, N. R., Erez, M., & Gibson, C. B. (2005). Culture and international business: Recent advances and their implications for future research. Journal of International Business Studies, 36, 357-378.
48. Lisak, A., & Erez, M. (2009). Leaders and followers in multicultural teams: Their effects on team communication, team identity and team effectiveness. In Proceeding of the 2009 International Workshop on Intercultural Collaboration (pp. 81-88). New York, NY: ACM.
49. Martins, L. L., Gilson, L. L., & Maynard, M. T. (2004). Virtual teams: What do we know and where do we go from here? Journal of Management, 30, 805-835.
50. Matsumoto, D., Yoo, S. H., & Fontaine, J. (2008). Mapping expressive differences around the world the relationship between emotional display rules and individualism versus collectivism. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39, 55-74.
51. Mehrabian, A. (2007). Nonverbal communication. New Brunswick, USA and London, UK: Aldine Transaction. Mehu, M., Grammer, K., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2007). Smiles when sharing. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 415-422.
52. Mehu, M., Grammer, K., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2007). Smiles when sharing. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 415-422.
53. Mesmer-Magnus, J. R., DeChurch, L. A., Jimenez-Rodriguez, M., Wildman, J., & Shuffler, M. (2011). A meta-analytic investigation of virtuality and information sharing in teams. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115, 214-225.
54. Moran, C. M., Diefendorff, J. M., & Greguras, G. J. (2012). Understanding emotional display rules at work and outside of work: The effects of country and gender. Motivation and Emotion. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1007/ s11031-012-9301-x
55. Morris, J. A., & Feldman, D. C. (1996). The dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of emotional labor. Academy of Management Review, 21, 986-1010.
56. Opp, K. D. (2001). How do norms emerge? An outline of a theory. Mind and Society, 2, 101-128.
57. PeÇa, J., Walther, J. B., & Hancock, J. T. (2007). Effects of geographic distribution on dominance perceptions in com-puter-mediated groups. Communication Research, 34, 313-331.
58. Polzer, J. T., Crisp, C. B., Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Kim, J. W. (2006). Extending the faultline model to geographically dispersed teams: How colocated subgroups can impair group functioning. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 679-692.
59. Postmes, T., Spears, R., & Lea, M. (2000). The formation of group norms in computer-mediated communication. Human Communication Research, 26, 341-371.
60. Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161-1178.
61. Safdar, S., Friedlmeier, W., Matsumoto, D., Yoo, S. H., Kwantes, C. T., Kakai, H., & Shigemasu, E. (2009). Variations of emotional display rules within and across cultures: A comparison between Canada, USA, and Japan. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 41, 1-10.
62. Scherer, K. R., & Tran, V. (2001). Effects of emotion on the process of organizational learning. In M. Dierkes, J. Child, & I. Nonaka (Eds.), Handbook of organizational learning (pp. 369-392). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
63. Shokef, E., & Erez, M. (2006). Global work culture and global identity, as a platform for a shared understanding in multicultural teams. In B. Mannix, M. Neale, & Y. Chen (Eds.), National culture and groups: Research on managing groups and teams (Vol. 9, pp. 325-352). San Diego, CA: Elsevier JAI Press.
64. Shokef, E., & Erez, M. (2008). Cultural intelligence and global identity in multicultural teams. In S. Ang & L. Van Dyne (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 177-191). New York, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
65. Shore, L. M., Randel, A. E., Chung, B. G., Dean, M. A., Ehrhart, K. H., & Singh, G. (2011). Inclusion and diversity in work groups: A review and model for future research. Journal of Management, 37, 1262-1289.
66. Stahl, G. K., Maznevski, M. L., Voigt, A., & Jonsen, K. (2009). Unraveling the effects of cultural diversity in teams: A metaanalysis of research on multicultural work groups. Journal of International Business Studies, 41, 690-709.
67. Stouten, J., & De Cremer, D. (2010). "Seeing is believing": The effects of facial expressions of emotion and verbal communication in social dilemmas. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 23, 271-287.
68. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-48). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
69. Tausczik, Y. R., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2010). The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 29, 24-54.
70. Van Kleef, G. A. (2009). How emotions regulate social life: The emotions as social information (EASI) model. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 184-188.
71. Van Knippenberg, D., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Homan, A. C. (2004). Work group diversity and group performance: An integrative model and research agenda. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 1008-1022.
72. Van Knippenberg, D., & Schippers, M. C. (2007). Work group diversity. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 515-541.
73. Vashdi, D., Erez, M., & Bamberger, P. (2012). Can surgical teams ever learn? Towards a theory of transitive team learning in action teams. Academy of Management Journal. Advance online publication. doi: 10.5465/amj.2010.0501
74. Von Glinow, M. A., Shapiro, D. L., & Brett, J. M. (2004). Can we talk, and should we? Managing emotional conflict in multicultural teams. The Academy of Management Review, 29, 578-592.
75. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
76. West, B. J., Patera, J. L., & Carsten, M. K. (2009). Team level positivity: Investigating positive psychological capacities and team level outcomes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 249-267.
77. Wilk, S. L., & Moynihan, L. M. (2005). Display rule "regulators": The relationship between supervisors and worker emotional exhaustion. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 917-927.
78. Zou, X., Morris, M. W., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2008). Identity motives and cultural priming: Cultural (dis) identification in assimilative and contrastive responses. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1151-1159.