An Organizing Framework for Collective Identity: Articulation and Significance of Multidimensionality

Psychological Bulletin

Volumn 130, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 80-114

  Ashmore, Richard D ^b   Deaux, Kay ^a,c   McLaughlin Volpe, Tracy ^a,d  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^b RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; CONTROL; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; INDIVIDUALITY; INDIVIDUALIZATION; REVIEW; SELF EVALUATION; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIALIZATION;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; INDIVIDUATION; INTERNAL-EXTERNAL CONTROL; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; SELF ASSESSMENT (PSYCHOLOGY); SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION; SOCIALIZATION;

EID: 0346937392     PISSN: 00332909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.130.1.80     Document Type: Review

References (216)

1. Abrams, D. (2000, July). Is social identity an organizational asset? Paper presented at the EAESP Small Group Meeting on Social Identity Processes in Organizations, Amsterdam.
2. Abrams, D., Ando, K., & Hinkle, S. (1998). Psychological attachment to the group: Cross-cultural differences in organizational identification and subjective norms as predictors of workers' turnover intentions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1027-1039.
3. Andersen, S. M., & Chen, S. (2002). The relational self: An interpersonal social-cognitive theory. Psychological Review, 109, 619-645.
4. Aron, A., Aron, E. N., Tudor, M., & Nelson, G. (1991). Close relationships as including other in the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 241-253.
5. Aron, A., & McLaughlin-Volpe, T. (2001). Including others in the self: Extensions to own and partner's group memberships. In M. Brewer & C. Sedikides (Eds.), Individual self, relational self, and collective self: Partners, opponents, or strangers (pp. 89-108). Mahwah. NJ: Erlbaum.
6. Ashfort, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14, 20-39.
7. Ashmore, R. D. (1990). Sex, gender, and the individual. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 486-526). New York: Guilford Press.
8. Ashmore, R. D., & Del Boca, F. K. (1987, August). Thinking about physical attractiveness: Superficial? Perhaps; Simple? Not at all. Paper presented at the 95th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, New York.
9. Ashmore, R. D., Jussim, L., Wilder, D., & Heppen, J. (2001). Toward a social identity framework for intergroup conflict. In R. D. Ashmore, L. Jussim, & D. Wilder (Eds.), Social identity, intergroup conflict, and conflict reduction (pp. 213-249). New York: Oxford University Press.
10. Barber, B., Eccles, J., & Stone, M. (2001). Whatever happened to the jock, the brain, and the princess? Young adult pathways linked to adolescent activity involvement and social identity. Journal of Adolescent Research, 16, 429-455.
11. Baumeister, R. (1998). The self. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (Vol. 1, 4th ed., pp. 680-740). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
12. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. K. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
13. Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103, 5-33.
14. Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155-162.
15. Bem, S. L. (1981). Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review, 88, 354-364.
16. Bergami, M., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2000). Self-categorization, affective commitment and group self-esteem as distinct aspects of social identity in the organization. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 555-577.
17. Berry, J. W. (1990). Psychology of acculturation. In R. N. Dienstbier & J. J. Berman (Eds.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 37. Cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 201-234). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
18. Berscheid, E. (1985). Interpersonal attraction. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, 3rd ed., pp. 413-484). New York: Random House.
19. Branscombe, N. R., Spears, R., Ellemers, N., & Doosje, B. (2002). Intra-group and intergroup evaluation effects on group behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 744-753.
20. Breakwell, G. M. (2001). Social representational constraints upon identity processes. In K. Deaux & G. Philogène (Eds.), Representations of the social: Bridging theoretical traditions (pp. 271-284). Oxford, England: Blackwell.
21. Brewer, M. B. (1979). Ingroup bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 17, 475-482.
22. Brewer, M. B. (2001). Ingroup identification and intergroup conflict: When does ingroup love become outgroup hate? In R. D. Ashmore, L. Jussim, & D. Wilder (Eds.), Social identity, intergroup conflict, and conflict reduction (Rutgers Series on Self and Social Identity, Vol. 3, pp. 17-41). New York: Oxford University Press.
23. Brewer, M. B., & Brown, R. J. (1998). Intergroup relations. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, 4th ed., pp. 554-594). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
24. Brewer, M. B., & Gardner W. (1996). Who is this "we"? Levels of collective identity and self representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 83-93.
25. Brockmeier, J., & Carbaugh, D. (2001). Introduction. In J. Brockmeier & D. Carbaugh (Eds.), Narrative and identity: Studies in autobiography, self and culture (pp. 1-22). Philadelphia: Benjamins.
26. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
27. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1994). Developmental ecology through space and time: A future perspective. In P. Moen, G. H. Elder Jr., & K. Lüscher (Eds.), Examining lives in context: Perspectives on the ecology of human development (pp. 619-647). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
28. Brown, R. (2000). Social identity theory: Past achievements, current problems and future challenges. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 745-778.
29. Brown, R. J., Condor, F., Mathews, A., Wade, G., & Williams, J. A. (1986). Explaining intergroup differentiation in an industrial organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 22, 78-92.
30. Brubaker, R., & Cooper, F. (2000). Beyond "identity." Theory and Society, 29, 1-47.
31. Burke, P. J., (1980). The self: Measurement implications from a symbolic interactionist perspective. Social Psychology Quarterly, 43, 18-29.
32. Burke, P. J., & Tully, J. (1977). The measurement of role/identity. Social Forces, 55, 881-897.
33. Cacioppo, J. T., Berntson, G. G., Sheridan, J. F., & McClintock, M. K. (2000). Multilevel integrative analysis of human behavior: Social neuroscience and the complementing nature of social and biological approaches. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 829-843.
34. Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Losch, M. E., & Crites, S. L. (1994). Psychophysiological approaches to attitudes: Detecting affective dispositions when people won't say, can't say, or don't even know. In S. Shavitt & T. C. Brock (Eds.), Persuasion: Psychological insights and perspectives (pp. 43-69). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
35. Cameron, J. E., & Lalonde, R. N. (2001). Social identification and gender-related ideology in women and men. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 59-77.
36. Cassidy, C., & Trew, K. (2001). Assessing identity change: A longitudinal study of the transition from school to college. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 4, 49-60.
37. Cerullo, K. A. (1997). Identity construction: New issues, new directions. Annual Review of Sociology, 23, 385-409.
38. Chatman, C. M., Malanchuk, O., & Eccles, J. S. (2001, April). Ethnic identity configurations among African American early adolescents. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research on Child Development, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
39. Chatman, C. M., Malanchuk, O., & Eccles, J. S. (2003). Implicit and explicit racial centrality and their differential implications for behavior, Unpublished manuscript, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
40. Coats, S., Smith, E. R., Claypool, H. M., & Banner, M. J. (1999). Overlapping mental representations of self and in-group: Reaction time evidence and its relationship with explicit measures of group identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 304-315.
41. Contrada, R. J., Ashmore, R. D., Gary, M. L., Coups, E., Egeth, J. D., Sewell, A., et al. (2001). Measures of ethnicity-related stress: Psychometric properties, ethnic group differences, and associations with well-being. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31, 1775-1820.
42. Cook, S. W., & Selltiz, C. (1964). A multiple-indicator approach to attitude measurement. Psychological Bulletin, 62, 36-55.
43. Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order. New York: Scribner.
44. Crenshaw, K., Gotanda, N., Peller, G., & Thomas, K. (Eds.). (1995). Critical race theory. New York: Free Press.
45. Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R., Blaine, B., & Broadnax, S. (1994). Collective self-esteem and psychological well-being among White, Black, and Asian college students. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 503-513.
46. Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96, 608-630.
47. Crocker, J., Major, B., & Steele, C. (1998). Social stigma. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, 4th ed., pp. 504-553). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
48. Cross, W. E., Jr. (1971). The Negro-to-Black conversion experience. Black World, 20(9), 13-27.
49. Cross, W. E., Jr. (1993). Shades of Black: Diversity in African-American identity. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
50. Cross, W. E., Jr. (1995). The psychology of nigrescence: Revising the Cross model. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, & C. M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (pp. 93-122). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
51. De Boeck, P., & Rosenberg, S. (1988). Hierarchical classes: Model and data analysis, Psychometrika, 53, 361-381.
52. De Boeck, P., Rosenberg, S., & Van Mechelen, I. (1993). The hierarchical classes approach: A review. In I. Van Mechelen, J. Hampton, R. Michalski, & P. Theuns (Eds.), Categories and concepts: Theoretical views and inductive data analysis (pp. 265-286). London: Academic Press.
53. De la Garza, M. F., Newcomb, M. D., & Myers, H. F. (1995). A multidimensional measure for cultural identity for Latino and Latina adolescents. In A. M. Padilla (Ed.), Hispanic psychology: Critical issues in theory and research (pp. 26-42). London: Sage.
54. Deaux, K. (1996). Social identification. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 777-798). New York: Guilford Press.
55. Deaux, K., & Lewis, L. L. (1984). The structure of gender stereotypes: Interrelationships among components and gender label. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 991-1004.
56. Deaux, K., & Martin, D. (2003). Interpersonal networks and social categories: Specifying levels of context in identity processes. Social Psychology Quarterly, 66, 101-117.
57. Deaux, K., & Reid, A. (2000). Contemplating collectivism. In S. Stryker, T. J. Owens, & R. W. White (Eds.), Self, identity, and social movements (Vol. 13, pp. 172-190). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
58. Deaux, K., Reid, A., Martin, D., & Bikmen, N. (2003). Diversity or hierarchy: Predicting collective action in groups varying in ethnic and immigrant status. Manuscript in preparation.
59. Deaux, K., Steele, C., Gilkes, A., Bikmen, N., Ventumeac, A., Joseph, Y., & Payne, Y. (2003). Becoming American: Stereotype threat effects in Black immigrant groups. Manuscript in preparation.
60. Der-Karabetian, A. (1980). Relation of two cultural identities of Armenian-Americans. Psychological Reports, 47, 123-128.
61. Diehl, M. (1989). Justice and discrimination between minimal groups: The limits of equity. British Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 227-238.
62. Diehl, M. (1990). The minimal group paradigm: Theoretical explanations and empirical findings, In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 263-292). Chichester, England: Wiley.
63. Doosje, B., Ellemers, N., & Spears, R. (1999). Commitment and intergroup behaviour. In N. Ellemers, R. Spears. & B. Doosje (Eds.), Social identity: Context, commitment, content (pp. 84-106). London: Blackwell.
64. Downing, N. E., & Roush, K. L. (1985). From passive acceptance to active commitment: A model of feminist development for women. Counseling Psychologist, 13, 695-709.
65. Dray, P. (2002). At the hands of persons unknown. New York: Random House.
66. Duveen, G. (2001). Representations, identities, resistance. In K. Deaux & G. Philogène (Eds.), Representations of the social: Bridging theoretical traditions (pp. 257-270). Oxford, England: Blackwell.
67. Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.
68. Eccles, J. S., & Barber, B. L. (1999). Student council, volunteering, basketball, or marching band: What kind of extracurricular involvement matters? Journal of Adolescent Research, 14, 10-43.
69. Ellemers, N., Kortekaas, P., & Ouwerkerk, J. W. (1999). Self-categorization, commitment to the group, and group self-esteem as related but distinct aspects of social identity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 371-389.
70. Eriksen, T. H. (2001). Ethnic identity, national identity, and intergroup conflict: The significance of personal experiences. In R. D. Ashmore, L. Jussim, & D. Wilder (Eds.), Social identity, intergroup conflict, and conflict reduction (Rutgers Series on Self and Social Identity, Vol. 3. pp. 42-68). New York: Oxford University Press.
71. Ethier, K. A., & Deaux, K. (1994). Negotiating social identity when contexts change: Maintaining identification and responding to threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 243-251.
72. Evans, N. J., & Jarvis, P. A. (1986). Group Attitude Scale. Small Group Behavior, 17, 203-216.
73. Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
74. Funder, D. C., & Colvin, R. C. (1991). Explorations in behavioral consistency: Properties of persons, situations, and behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 773-794.
75. Gecas, V. (1982). The self-concept. Annual Review of Sociology, 8, 1-33.
76. Gergen, K. J., & Gergen, M. M. (1988). Narrative and the self as relationship. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 17-56.
77. Giles, H. (Ed.). (1977). Language, ethnicity and intergroup relations. London: Academic Press.
78. Gitlin, T. (1995). The twilight of common dreams: Why America is wracked by culture wars. New York: Holt.
79. Gleason, P. (1983). Identifying identity: A semantic history. Journal of American History, 69, 910-931.
80. Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Oxford, England: Doubleday.
81. Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
82. Gordon, C. (1994). Self-systems: Five current social psychological approaches. In G. M. Platt & C. Gordon (Eds.), Self, collective behavior and society: Essays honoring the contributions of Ralph H. Turner (pp. 193-231). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
83. Goslinga, S., & Ouwerkerk, J. W. (2000, July). The fourth dimension: Self-categorization as a prerequisite for different forms of organizational commitment. Paper presented at the EAESP Small Group Meeting on Social Identity Processes in Organizations, Amsterdam.
84. Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. A., & Mellott, D. S. (2002). A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. Psychological Review, 109, 3-25.
85. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
86. Gumperz, J. J. (Ed.). (1982). Language and social identity. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
87. Gurin, P., Miller, A. R., & Gurin, G. (1980). Stratum identification and consciousness. Social Psychology Quarterly, 43, 30-47.
88. Gurin, P., & Townsend, A. (1986). Properties of gender identity and their implications for gender consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 139-148.
89. Henderson-King, D., & Stewart, A. (1994). Women or feminists? Assessing women's group consciousness. Sex Roles, 31, 505-516.
90. Henderson-King, D., & Stewart, A. J. (1997). Feminist consciousness: Perspectives on women's experience. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 415-426.
91. Henley, N. M., Meng, K., O'Brien, D., McCarthy, W. J., & Sockloskie, R. (1998). Developing a scale to measure the diversity of feminist attitudes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22, 317-348.
92. Hinkle, S., Taylor. L. A., Fox-Cardamone, D. L., & Crook, K. F. (1989). Intragroup identification and intergroup differentiation: A multi-component approach. British Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 305-317.
93. Hirsch, J. M. (2002). Riot and remembrance: The Tulsa race war and its legacy. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
94. Hogg, M. A. (1992). The social psychology of group cohesiveness: From attraction to social identity. New York: New York University Press.
95. Hogg, M. A., & Terry, D. J. (Eds.). (2001). Social identity processes in organizational contexts. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
96. Hogg, M. A., Terry, D. J., & White, K. M. (1995). A tale of two theories: A critical comparison of identity theory with social identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 58, 255-269.
97. Holland, D. (1997). Selves as cultured: As told by an anthropologist who lacks a soul. In R. D. Ashmore & L. Jussim (Eds.), Self and identity: Fundamental issues (Rutgers Series on Self and Social Identity, Vol. 1, pp. 160-190). New York: Oxford University Press.
98. Howard, J. A. (2000). Social psychology of identities. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 367-393
99. Huddy, L. (2001). From social to political identity: A critical examination of social identity theory. Political Psychology, 22, 127-156.
100. Hughes, D., & Chen, L. (1999). The nature of parents' race-related communications to children: A developmental perspective. In L. Balter & C. S. Tamis-LeMonda (Eds.), Child psychology (pp. 468-490). Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
101. Huo, Y. J., Smith, H. J., Tyler, T. R., & Lind, E. A. (1996). Superordinate identification, subgroup identification, and justice concerns: Is separatism the problem; is assimilation the answer? Psychological Science, 7, 40-45.
102. Jackson, J. W. (2002). Intergroup attitudes as a function of different dimensions of group identification and perceived intergroup conflict. Self and Identity, 1, 11-33.
103. Jackson, J. W., & Smith, E. (1999). Conceptualizing social identity: A new framework and evidence for the impact of different dimensions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 120-135.
104. James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York: Holt.
105. Jessor, R. (1993). Successful adolescent development among youth in high-risk settings. American Psychologist, 48, 117-126.
106. Karasawa, M. (1991). Toward an assessment of social identity: The structure of group identification and its effects on in-group evaluations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 293-307.
107. Kelman, H. C. (2001). The role of national identity in conflict reduction: Experiences from Israeli-Palestinian problem-solving workshops. In R. D. Ashmore, L. Jussim, & D. Wilder (Eds.), Social identity, intergroup conflict, and conflict reduction (pp. 187-213). New York: Oxford University Press.
108. Kernis, M. H., Paradise, A. W., Whitaker, D. J., Wheatman, S. R., & Goldman, B. N. (2000). Master of one's psychological domain? Not likely if one's self-esteem is unstable. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1297-1305.
109. Kernis, M. H., & Waschull, S. B. (1995). The interactive roles of stability and level of self-esteem: Research and theory. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 27, 93-141.
110. Kinkel, B., & Verkuyten, M. (1997). Levels of ethnic self-identification and social context. Social Psychology Quarterly, 60, 338-354.
111. Kinket, B., & Verkuyten, M. (1999). Intergroup evaluations and social context: A multilevel approach. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 219-237.
112. Kuhn, M. H., & McPartland, T. S. (1954). An empirical investigation of self-attitudes. American Sociological Review, 19, 68-76.
113. LaFromboise, T., Coleman, H. L. K., & Gerton, J. (1993). Psychological impact of biculturalism: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 395-412.
114. Lamont, M., & Molnar, V. (2002). The study of boundaries in the social sciences. Annual Review of Sociology, 28, 167-195.
115. Liebkind, K. (1992). Ethnic identity - Challenging the boundaries of social psychology. In G. M. Breakwell (Ed.), Social psychology of identity and the self-concept (pp. 147-185). London: Surrey University Press.
116. Liss, M., O'Connor, C., Morosky, E., & Crawford, M. (2001). What makes a feminist? Predictors and correlates of feminist social identity in college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25, 125-133.
117. Liu, J. H., Wilson, M. S., McClure, J., & Higgins, T. R. (1999). Social identity and the perception of history: Cultural representations of Aotearoa/New Zealand. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 1021-1047.
118. Locksley, A., Ortiz, V., & Hepburn, C. (1980). Social categorization and discriminatory behavior: Extinguishing the minimal intergroup discrimination effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 773-783.
119. Luhtanen, R., & Crocker, J. (1992). A collective self-esteem scale: Self-evaluation of one's social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 302-318.
120. Mael, F. A., & Tetrick, L. E. (1992). Identifying organizational identification. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52, 813-824.
121. McAdams, D. P. (1985). Power, intimacy, and the life story: Personological inquiries into identity. New York: Guilford Press.
122. McAdams, D. P. (1993). The stories we live by: Personal myths and the making of the self. New York: Morrow.
123. McAdams, D. P. (1997). The case for unity in the (post)modern self: A modest proposal. In R. D. Ashmore & L. Jussim (Eds.), Self and identity: Fundamental issues (pp. 46-78). New York: Oxford University Press.
124. McAdams, D. P., Diamond, A., de St. Aubin, E., & Mansfield, E. (1997). Stories of commitment: The psychosocial construction of generative lives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 678-694.
125. McCall, G. J., & Simmons, J. L. (1978). Identities and interactions: An examination of human associations in everyday life (Rev. ed.). New York: Free Press.
126. Mohr, J., & Fassinger, R. (2000). Measuring dimensions of lesbian and gay male experience. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 33, 66-90.
127. Myaskovsky. L., & Wittig, M. A. (1997). Predictors of feminist social identity among college women. Sex Roles, 37, 861-883.
128. Nagel, J. (1996). American Indian ethnic renewal: Red power and the resurgence of identity and culture. New York: Oxford University Press.
129. Noel, J. G., Wann, D. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1995). Peripheral ingroup membership, status and public negativity toward outgroups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 127-137.
130. Ochs, E., & Capps, L. (1996). Narrating the self, Annual Review of Anthropology, 25, 19.
131. Ochsner, K. N., & Lieberman, M. D. (2001). The emergence of social cognitive neuroscience. American Psychologist, 56, 717-734.
132. Patterson, M., & Monroe, K. R. (1998). Narrative in political science. Annual Review of Political Science, 1, 315-331.
133. Perreault, S., & Bourhis, R. Y. (1999). Ethnocentrism, social identification, and discrimination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 92-103.
134. Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Prejudice and discrimination on the college campus. In J. L. Eberhardt & S. T. Fiske (Eds.), Confronting racism: The problem and the response (pp. 263-279). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
135. Philogène, G. (1999). From Black to African American: A new social representation. Westport, CT: Praeger.
136. Phinney, J. S. (1989). Stages of ethnic identity development in minority group adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 9, 34-49.
137. Phinney, J. S. (1990). Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: A review of research. Psychological Bulletin, 180, 499-514.
138. Phinney, J. S. (1992). The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure: A new scale for use with diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 156-176.
139. Phinney, J. S. (1995). Ethnic identity and self-esteem: A review and integration. In A. M. Padilla (Ed.), Hispanic psychology: Critical issues in theory and research (pp. 57-70). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
140. Phinney, J. S. (1996). When we talk about American ethnic groups, what do we mean? American Psychologist, 51, 918-927.
141. Polletta, F., & Jasper, J. M. (2001). Collective identity and social movements. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 283-305.
142. Portes, A., & Rumbaut, R. G. (2001). Legacies: The story of the immigrant second generation. Berkeley: University of California Press; New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
143. Postmes, T., & Branscombe, N. R. (2002). Influence of long-term racial environmental composition on subjective well-being in African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 735-751.
144. Prentice, D., Miller, D., & Lightdale, J. R. (1994). Asymmetries in attachment to groups and to their members: Distinguishing between common identity and common-bond groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 484-493.
145. Rabbie, J. M. (1991). Determinants of instrumental intra-group cooperation. In R. A. Hinde & J. Groebel (Eds.), Cooperation and prosocial behaviour. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
146. Rabbie, J. M., & Horwitz, M. (1988). Categories versus groups as explanatory concepts in intergroup relations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 117-123.
147. Rabbie, J. M., & Schot, J. C. (1990). Group behaviour in the minimal group paradigm: Fact or fiction? In P. Drenth, J. Sergeant, & R. Takens (Eds.), European perspectives in psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 251-263). New York: Wiley.
148. Rabbie, J. M., Schot, J. C., & Visser, L. (1989). Social identity theory: A conceptual and empirical critique from the perspective of a behavioral interaction model. European Journal of Social Psychology, 19, 171-202.
149. Roccas, S., & Brewer, M. B. (2002). Social identity complexity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 88-106.
150. Romero, M., & Stewart, A. J. (1999). Women's untold stories: Breaking the silence, talking back, voicing complexity. New York: Routledge.
151. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
152. Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the self. New York: Basic Books.
153. Rosenberg. S. (1988). Self and others: Studies in social personality and autobiography. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 57-95). New York: Guilford Press.
154. Rosenberg, S. (1997). Multiplicity of selves. In R. D. Ashmore & L. Jussim (Eds.), Self and identity: Fundamental issues (Rutgers Series on Self and Social Identity, Vol. 1, pp. 23-45). New York: Oxford University Press.
155. Rosenberg, S., & Gara, M. A. (1985). The multiplicity of personal identity. In P. Shaver (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 6, pp. 87-113). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
156. Ruble, D., Alvarez, J. M., Bachman, M., Cameron, J. A., Fuligni, A. J., Garcia Coll, C., et al. (in press). The development of a sense of "we": The emergence and implications of children's collective identity. In M. Bennett & F. Sani (Eds.), The development of the social self. East Sussex, England: Psychology Press.
157. Sanders, J. M. (2002). Ethnic boundaries and identity in plural societies. Annual Review of Sociology, 28, 327-357.
158. Savin-Williams, R. C., & Demo, D. H. (1983). Situational and transsituational determinants of adolescent self-feelings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 824-833.
159. Schlenker, B. R., & Weigold, M. F. (1992). Interpersonal processes involving regulation and management. Annual Review of Psychology, 43, 133-168.
160. Schubert, T. W., & Otten, S. (2002). Overlap of self, ingroup, and outgroup: Pictorial measures of self-categorization. Journal of Self and Identity, 1, 353-376.
161. Sedikides, C., & Brewer, M. B. (2001). Individual self, relational self, and collective self: Partners, opponents, or strangers? In C. Sedikides & M. B. Brewer (Eds.), Individual self, relational self, collective self (pp. 1-4). Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
162. Sellers, R. M., Caldwell, C. H., Schmeelk-Cone, K., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2003). The role of racial identity and racial discrimination in the mental health of African American young adults. Manuscript submitted for publication.
163. Sellers, R. M., Chavous, T. M., & Cooke, D. Y. (2003). Racial ideology and racial centrality as predictors of African American college students' academic performance. Manuscript submitted for publication.
164. Sellers, R. M., Rowley, S. A. J., Chavous, T. M., Shelton, J. N., & Smith, M. A. (1997). Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity: A preliminary investigation of reliability and construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 805-815.
165. Sellers, R. M., Smith, M. A., Shelton. J. N., Rowley, S. A. J., & Chavous, T. M. (1998). Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity: A reconceptualization of African American racial identity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 18-39.
166. Shelton, J. N., & Sellers, R. M. (2000). Situational stability and variability in African American racial identity. Journal of Black Psychology, 26, 27-50.
167. Shelter, J., & Gergen, K. (Eds.). (1989). Texts of identity. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
168. Simon, B. (1997). Self and group in modern society: Ten theses on the individual self and the collective self. In R. Spears, P. J. Oakes, N. Ellemers, & S. A. Haslam (Eds.), The social psychology of stereotyping and group life (pp. 318-335). Oxford, England: Blackwell.
169. Simon, B., & Klandermans, B. (2001). Politicized collective identity: A social psychological analysis. American Psychologist, 56, 319-331.
170. Smith, E., Coats, S., & Walling, D. (1999). Overlapping mental representations of self, in-group, and partner: Further response time evidence and a connectionist model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 873-882.
171. Smith, E., & Henry, S. (1996). An ingroup becomes part of the self: Response time evidence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 635-642.
172. Smith, E. R., Murphy, J., & Coats, S. (1999). Attachment to groups: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 94-110.
173. Smith, J. A. (1996). Beyond the dividing line between cognition and discourse: Using interpretive phenomenological analysis in health psychology. Psychology and Health, 11, 261-271.
174. Snow, D. A. (2001). Collective identity and expressive forms. In N. J. Smelser & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences (pp. 2213-2219). London: Elsevier Science.
175. Snyder, M., & Ickes, W. (1985). Personality and social behavior. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, 3rd ed., pp. 883-948). New York: Random House.
176. Spence, J. T., & Helmreich, R. L. (1978). Masculinity & femininity: Their psychological dimensions, correlates, and antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press.
177. Staub, E. (2001). Individual and group identities in genocide and mass killing. In R. D. Ashmore, L. Jussim, & D. Wilder (Eds.), Social identity, intergroup conflict and conflict reduction (pp. 159-184). New York: Oxford University Press.
178. Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52, 613-629.
179. Steele, C. M., Spencer, S. J., & Aronson, J. (2002). Contending with group image: The psychology of stereotype and social identity threat. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 34, 379-440.
180. Stets, J. E., & Burke, P. J. (2000). Identity theory and social identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63, 224-237.
181. Stewart, A. J., & Healy, J. M. (1989). Linking individual development and social changes. American Psychologist, 44, 30-42.
182. Stokes, J. P. (1983). Components of group cohesion. Small Group Behavior, 14, 163-173.
183. Stryker, S. (1980). Symbolic interactionism: A social structural version. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings.
184. Stryker, S. (1987). Identity theory: Developments and extensions. In K. Yardley & T. Honess (Eds.), Self and identity: Psychosocial perspectives (pp. 89-103). New York: Wiley.
185. Stryker, S. (2000). Identity theory. In E. F. Borgatta & R. J. V. Montgomery (Eds.), Encyclopedia of sociology (Vol. 2, 2nd ed., pp. 1253-1258). New York: Macmillan References USA.
186. Stryker, S., & Serpe, R. T. (1982). Commitment, identity salience and role behavior. In W. Ickes & E. S. Knowles (Eds.), Personality, roles and social behavior (pp. 199-218). New York: Springer-Verlag.
187. Stryker, S., & Serpe, R. T. (1994). Identity salience and
188. Swann, W. B., Jr. (1990). To be adored or to be known: The interplay of self-enhancement and self-verification. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Motivation and cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 408-448). New York: Guilford Press.
189. Tajfel, H. (1969). Cognitive aspects of prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 25, 79-97.
190. Tajfel, H. (1978). Social categorization, social identity, and social comparison. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 61-76). London: Academic Press.
191. Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
192. Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1-30.
193. Tajfel, H., Flament, C., Billig, M. G., & Bundy, R. P. (1971). Social categorization and intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 149-178.
194. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative. theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
195. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7-24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
196. Terry, D. J., Hogg, M. A., & White, K. M. (1999). The theory of planned behavior: Self-identity, social identity and group norms. British Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 225-244.
197. Thoits, P. A. (1991). On merging identity theory and stress research. Social Psychology Quarterly, 54, 101-112.
198. Thoits, P., & Virshup, L. (1997). Me's and we's: Forms and functions of social identities. In R. D. Ashmore & L. Jussim (Eds.), Self and identity: Fundamental issues (pp. 106-133). New York: Oxford University Press.
199. Timotijevic, L., & Breakwell, G. M. (2000). Migration and threat to identity. Journal of Community and Applied Psychology, 10, 355-372.
200. Tololyan, K. (1986). Narrative culture and the motivation of the terrorist. In J. Shotter & K. J. Gergen (Eds.), Texts of identity (pp. 99-118). London: Sage.
201. Triandis, H. C., McCusker, C., & Hui, C. H. (1990). Multimethod probes of individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1006-1020.
202. Tropp, L. R., & Wright, S. C. (2001). Ingroup identification as the inclusion of ingroup in the self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 585-600.
203. Turner, J. C. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford, England: Blackwell.
204. Turner, J. C. (1999). Some current issues in research on social identity and self-categorization theories. In N. Ellemers, R. Spears, & B. Doosje (Eds.), Social identity: Context, commitment, content (pp. 6-34). Oxford, England: Blackwell.
205. Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford, England: Blackwell.
206. Tyler, T. R., & Blader, S. L. (2001). Identity and cooperative behavior in groups. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 4, 207-226.
207. Van Dick, R., & Wagner, U. (2002). Social identification among school teachers: Dimensions, foci, and correlates. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 11, 129-149.
208. Vandiver, B. J., Cross, W. E., Jr., Worrell, F. C., & Fhagen-Smith, P. E. (2002). Validating the Cross Racial Identity Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49, 71-85.
209. Vandiver, B. J., Fhagen-Smith, P. E., Cokley, K. O., Cross, W. E., Jr., & Worrell, F. (2001). Cross's nigrescence model: From theory to scale to theory. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 29, 174-200.
210. Weinrich, P. (1983). Psychodynamics of personal and social identity. In A. Jacobson-Widding (Ed.), Identity: Personal and socio-cultural (pp. 159-185). Stockholm: Humanities Press.
211. White, R. W. (2001). Social and role identities and political violence: Identity as a window on violence in Northern Ireland. In R. D. Ashmore, L. Jussim, & D. Wilder (Eds.), Social identity, intergroup conflict, and conflict reduction (pp. 213-249). New York: Oxford University Press.
212. Williams, L. M., & Lawler, M. G. (2001). Religious heterogamy and religiosity: A comparison of interchurch and same-church individuals. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40, 465-478.
213. Wong, C. A., Eccles, J. S., & Sameroff, A. (in press). Ethnic discrimination and ethnic identification: The influence on African-Americans' and Whites' school and socio-emotional adjustment. Child Development.
214. Worrell, F. C., Cross, W. E., Jr., & Vandiver, B. J. (2001). Nigrescence theory: Current status and challenges for the future. Journal of Multi-cultural Counseling and Development, 29, 201-213.
215. Wright, R. (2001). Self-certainty and self-esteem. In T. J. Owens, S. Stryker, & N. Goodman (Eds.), Extending self-esteem theory and research: Sociological and psychological currents (pp. 101-134). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
216. Zucker, A. N. (2003). Disavowing social identities: What it means when women say, "I'm a feminist, but ... " Manuscript submitted for publication.