Phylogeographical patterns shed light on evolutionary process in South America

Molecular Ecology

Volumn 22, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 1193-1213

  Turchetto Zolet, A C ^a   Pinheiro, F ^b   Salgueiro, F ^c   Palma Silva, Clarisse ^b  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL   (Brazil)

^b Pós graduação em Biodiversidade Vegetal e Meio Ambiente   (Brazil)

^c FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF RIO DE JANEIRO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

biodiversity; microevolution; neotropics; phylogeography; population structure; species diversification

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; BIODIVERSITY; CLIMATE; ECOSYSTEM; EVOLUTION; FACTUAL DATABASE; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; PLANT; REVIEW; RIVER; SOUTH AMERICA; TREE;

ANIMALS; BIODIVERSITY; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; CLIMATE; DATABASES, FACTUAL; ECOSYSTEM; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; PLANTS; RIVERS; SOUTH AMERICA; TREES;

EID: 84874450122     PISSN: 09621083     EISSN: 1365294X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/mec.12164     Document Type: Review

References (261)

1. Ab'Saber AN, (1977) Os domínios morfoclimáticos na América do Sul: primeira aproximação. Geomorfologia, 53, 1-23.
2. Acosta MC, Premoli AC, (2010) Evidence of chloroplast capture in South American Nothofagus (subgenus Nothofagus, Nothofagaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 54, 235-242.
3. Albino AM, (2011) Evolution of Squamata Reptiles in Patagonia based on the fossil record. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 103, 441-457.
4. Aleixo A, (2004) Historical diversification of a Terra-firme forest bird superspecies: a phylogeographic perspective on the role of different hypotheses of Amazonian diversification. Evolution, 58, 1303-1317.
5. Aleixo A, Rossetti DF, (2007) Avian gene trees, landscape evolution, and geology: towards a modern synthesis of Amazonian historical biogeography? Journal of Ornithology, 148, S443-S453.
6. Allnutt TR, Newton AC, Lara A, et al,. (1999) Genetic variation in Fitzroya cupressoides (alerce), a threatened South American conifer. Molecular Ecology, 8, 975-987.
7. Amico GC, Nickrent DL, (2009) Population structure and phylogeography of the mistletoes Tristerix corymbosus and T. aphyllus (Loranthaceae) using chloroplast DNA sequence variation. American Journal of Botany, 96, 1571-1580.
8. Antonelli A, (2008) Higher level phylogeny and evolutionary trends in Campanulaceae subfam. Lobelioideae: molecular signal overshadows morphology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 46, 1-18.
9. Antonelli A, Sanmartin I, (2011) Why are there so many plant species in the Neotropics? Taxon, 60, 403-414.
10. Antonelli JA, Quijada-Mascareñas A, Crawford JA, Bates JM, Velazco PM, Wuster W, (2010) Molecular studies and paleogeography of Amazonian tetrapods and their relation to geological and climatic models. In: Amazonia, Landscape and Species Evolution (eds, Hoorn C, Wesselingh F,), pp. 386-404. Wiley-Blackwell.
11. Aragon E, Goin FJ, Aguilera YE, Woodburne MO, Carlini AA, Roggiero MF, (2011) Palaeogeography and palaeoenvironments of northern Patagonia from the Late Cretaceous to the Miocene: the Palaeogene Andean gap and the rise of the North Patagonian High Plateau. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 103, 305-315.
12. Arana MV, Gallo LA, Vendramin GG, Pastorino MJ, Sebastiane F, Marchelli P, (2010) High genetic variation in marginal fragmented populations at extreme climatic conditions of the Patagonian cypress Austrocedrus chilensis. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 54, 941-949.
13. Avila LJ, Morando M, Sites JW, (2006) Congeneric phylogeography: hypothesizing species limits and evolutionary processes in Patagonian lizards of the Liolaemus boulengeri group (Squamata: Liolaemini). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 89, 241-275.
14. Avise JC, (2000) Phylogeography: The History and Formation of Species Harvard University Press. Massachusetts, Cambridge.
15. Avise JC, (2009) Phylogeography: retrospect and prospect. Journal of Biogeography, 36, 3-15.
16. Avise JC, Wollenberg K, (1997) Phylogenetics and the origin of species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94, 7748-7755.
17. Avise JC, Arnold J, Ball RM Jr, et al,. (1987) Intraspecific phylogeography: the mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 18, 489-522.
18. Ayres JM, Clutton-Brock TH, (1992) River boundaries and species range size in Amazonian primates. American Naturalist, 140, 531-537.
19. Azpilicueta MM, Marchelli P, Gallo LA, (2009) The effects of Quaternary glaciations in Patagonia as evidenced by chloroplast DNA phylogeography of Southern beech Nothofagus obliqua. Tree Genetics & Genomes, 5, 561-571.
20. Banguera-Hinestroza E, Cardenas H, Ruiz-Garcia M, et al,. (2002) Molecular identification of evolutionarily significant units in the Amazon River dolphin Inia sp (Cetacea: Iniidae). Journal of Heredity, 93, 312-322.
21. Bartlein PJ, Prentice IC, (1989) Orbital variations, climate and palaeoecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 4, 195-199.
22. Beheregaray LB, (2008) Twenty years of phylogeography: the state of the field and the challenges for the Southern Hemisphere. Molecular Ecology, 17, 3754-3774.
23. Behling H, (2002) South and southeast Brazilian grasslands during Late Quaternary times: a synthesis. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 177, 19-27.
24. Bennett KD, (2004) Continuing the debate on the role of Quaternary environmental change for macroevolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 359, 295-303.
25. Bennett KD, Provan J, (2008) What do we mean by refugia? Quaternary Science Reviews, 27, 2449-2455.
26. Berger A, Loutre MF, (1989) Pre-Quaternary Milankovitch frequencies. Nature, 332, 133.
27. Bermingham E, Moritz C, (1998) Comparative phylogeography: concepts and applications. Molecular Ecology, 7, 367-369.
28. Bickford D, Lohman DJ, Sodhi NS, et al,. (2007) Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 22, 148-155.
29. Boisselier-Dubayle MC, Leblois R, Samadi S, Lambourdiere J, Sarthou C, (2010) Genetic structure of the xerophilous bromeliad Pitcairnia geyskesii on inselbergs in French Guiana-a test of the forest refuge hypothesis. Ecography, 33, 175-184.
30. Bonvicino CR, Goncalves PR, de Oliveira JA, de Oliveira LFB, Mattevi MS, (2009) Divergence in Zygodontomys (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae) and distribution of Amazonian Savannas. Journal of Heredity, 100, 322-328.
31. Breitman MF, Avila LJ, Sites JW Jr, Morando M, (2011) Lizards from the end of the world: phylogenetic relationships of the Liolaemus lineomaculatus section (Squamata: Iguania: Liolaemini). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 59, 364-376.
32. Brower AVZ, (1994) Rapid morphological radiation and convergence among races of the butterfly Heliconius erato inferred from patterns of mitochondrial DNA evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91, 6491-6495.
33. Brunes TO, Sequeira F, Haddad CFB, Alexandrino J, (2010) Gene and species trees of a Neotropical group of treefrogs: genetic diversification in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and the origin of a polyploid species. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 57, 1120-1133.
34. Brunsfeld SJ, Sullivan J, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, (2001) A comparative phylogeography of northwestern North America: a synthesis. In: Integrating Ecology and Evolution in a Spatial Context (eds, Silvertown J, &, Antonovics J,), pp. 319-340. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
35. Bush MB, (1994) Amazonian speciation-a necessarily complex model. Journal of Biogeography, 21, 5-17.
36. Bush MB, de Oliveira PE, (2006) The rise and fall of the refugial hypothesis of Amazonian speciation: a paleoecological perspective. Biota Neotropica, 6, 1-17.
37. Byrne M, (2008) Evidence for multiple refugia at different time scales during Pleistocene climatic oscillations in southern Australia inferred from phylogeography. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27, 2576-2585.
38. Cabanne GS, Santos FR, Miyaki CY, (2007) Phylogeography of Xiphorhynchus fuscus (Passeriformes, Dendrocolaptidae): vicariance and recent demographic expansion in southern Atlantic forest. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 91, 73-84.
39. Cabanne GS, d'Horta FM, Sari EHR, Santos FR, Miyaki CY, (2008) Nuclear and mitochondrial phylogeography of the Atlantic forest endemic Xiphorhynchus fuscus (Aves: Dendrocolaptidae): biogeography and systematics implications. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 49, 760-773.
40. Cabrera AL, Willink A, (1973) Biogeografia de America Latina. Secretaria General de la Organizaciõn de los Estados Americanos, Washington.
41. Cadena CD, Klicka J, Ricklefs RE, (2007) Evolutionary differentiation in the Neotropical montane region: molecular phylogenetics and phylogeography of Buarremon brush-finches (Aves, Emberizidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 44, 993-1016.
42. Cadena CD, Gutierrez-Pinto N, Davila N, Chesser RT, (2011) No population genetic structure in a widespread aquatic songbird from the Neotropics. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 58, 540-545.
43. Caetano S, Prado D, Pennington RT, et al,. (2008) The history of Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests in eastern South America: inferences from the genetic structure of the tree Astronium urundeuva (Anacardiaceae). Molecular Ecology, 17, 3147-3159.
44. Camargo A, De Sa RO, Heyer WR, (2006) Phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA sequences reveal three cryptic lineages in the widespread neotropical frog Leptodactylus fuscus (Schneider, 1799) (Anura, Leptodactylidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 87, 325-341.
45. Canon C, D'Elia G, Pardinas UFJ, Lessa EP, (2010) Phylogeography of Loxodontomys micropus with comments on the alpha taxonomy of Loxodontomys (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae). Journal of Mammalogy, 91, 1449-1458.
46. Caparroz R, Miyaki CY, Baker AJ, (2009) Contrasting phylogeographic patterns in mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites: evidence of female philopatry and male-biased gene flow among regional populations of the blue-and-yellow macaw (Psittaciformes: Ara ararauna) in Brazil. The Auk, 126, 359-370.
47. Capparella AP, (1992) Neotropical avian diversity and riverine barriers. Acta Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici, 20, 307-316.
48. Cardoso YP, Montoya-Burgos JI, (2009) Unexpected diversity in the catfish Pseudancistrus brevispinis reveals dispersal routes in a Neotropical center of endemism: the Guyanas Region. Molecular Ecology, 18, 947-964.
49. Carnaval A, (2002) Phylogeography of four frog species in forest fragments of Northeastern Brazil-a preliminary study. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 42, 913-921.
50. Carnaval AC, Bates JM, (2007) Amphibian DNA shows marked genetic structure and tracks Pleistocene climate change in northeastern Brazil. Evolution, 61, 2942-2957.
51. Carnaval AC, Moritz C, (2008) Historical climate modeling predicts patterns of current biodiversity in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Journal of Biogeography, 35, 1187-1201.
52. Carnaval AC, Hickerson MJ, Haddad CFB, Rodrigues MT, Moritz C, (2009) Stability predicts genetic diversity in the Brazilian Atlantic forest hotspot. Science, 323, 785-789.
53. Casado F, Bonvicino CR, Seuánez HN, (2007) Phylogeographic analyses of Callicebus lugens (Platyrrhini, primates). Journal of Heredity, 98, 88-92.
54. Cavallotto LJ, Violante AR, Hernandez-Molina JF, (2011) Geological aspects and evolution of the Patagonian continental margin. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 103, 346-362.
55. Chaves JA, Smith TB, (2011) Evolutionary patterns of diversification in the Andean hummingbird genus Adelomyia. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 60, 207-218.
56. Chaves JA, Pollinger JP, Smith TB, LeBuhn G, (2007) The role of geography and ecology in shaping the phylogeography of the speckled hummingbird (Adelomyia melanogenys) in Ecuador. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 43, 795-807.
57. Chek AA, Lougheed SC, Bogart JP, Boag PT, (2001) Perception and history: molecular phylogeny of a diverse group of neotropical frogs, the 30-chromosome Hyla (Anura: Hylidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 18, 370-385.
58. Cheviron ZA, Hackett SJ, Capparella AP, (2005) Complex evolutionary history of a Neotropical lowland forest bird (Lepidothrix coronata) and its implications for historical hypotheses of the origin of Neotropical avian diversity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 36, 338-357.
59. Clapperton CM, (1993) Quaternary Geology and Geomorphology of South America. Elsevier, New York.
60. Colinvaux PA, De Oliveira PE, Moreno JE, Miller MC, Bush MB, (1996) A long pollen record from lowland Amazonia: forest and cooling in glacial times. Science, 274, 85-88.
61. Colinvaux PA, De Oliveira PE, Bush MB, (2000) Amazonian and neotropical plant communities on glacial time-scales: the failure of the aridity and refuge hypotheses. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19, 141-169.
62. Collevatti RG, Rabelo SG, Vieira RF, (2009) Phylogeography and disjunct distribution in Lychnophora ericoides (Asteraceae), an endangered cerrado shrub species. Annals of Botany, 104, 655-664.
63. Colombi VH, Lopes SR, Fagundes V, (2010) Testing the Rio Doce as a riverine barrier in shaping the Atlantic rainforest population divergence in the rodent Akodon cursor. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 33, 785-789.
64. Compagnucci HR, (2011) Atmospheric circulation over Patagonia from the Jurassic to present: a review through proxy data and climatic modelling scenarios. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 103, 229-249.
65. Confalonieri VA, Sequeira AS, Todaro L, Vilardi JC, (1998) Mitochondrial DNA and phylogeography of the grasshopper Trimerotropis pallidipennis in relation to clinal distribution of chromosome polymorphisms. Heredity, 81, 444-452.
66. Cook JA, Bidlack AL, Conroy CJ, et al,. (2001) A phylogeographic perspective on endemism in the Alexander Archipelago of southeast Alaska. Biological Conservation, 97, 215-227.
67. Cooke GM, Chao NL, Beheregaray LB, (2009) Phylogeography of a flooded forest specialist fish from central Amazonia based on intron DNA: the cardinal tetra Paracheirodon axelrodi. Freshwater Biology, 54, 1216-1232.
68. Cosacov A, Sersic AN, Sosa V, Johnson LA, Cocucci AA, (2010) Multiple periglacial refugia in the Patagonian steppe and post-glacial colonization of the Andes: the phylogeography of Calceolaria polyrhiza. Journal of Biogeography, 37, 1463-1477.
69. Costa LP, (2003) The historical bridge between the Amazon and the Atlantic Forest of Brazil: a study of molecular phylogeography with small mammals. Journal of Biogeography, 30, 71-86.
70. Culver M, Johnson WE, Pecon-Slattery J, O'Brien SJ, (2000) Genomic ancestry of the American puma (Puma concolor). Journal of Heredity, 91, 186-197.
71. Da Silva MNF, Patton JL, (1998) Molecular phylogeography and the evolution and conservation of Amazonian mammals. Molecular Ecology, 7, 475-486.
72. De Carvalho CJB, Almeida EAB, (2010) Biogeografia da America do Sul: Padrões e Processos. Rocca, São Paulo.
73. De Thoisy B, da Silva AG, Ruiz-Garcia M, et al,. (2010) Population history, phylogeography, and conservation genetics of the last Neotropical mega-herbivore, the lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10, 278.
74. Dick CW, Heuertz M, (2008) The complex biogeographic history of a widespread tropical tree species. Evolution, 62, 2760-2774.
75. Dick CW, Abdul-Salim K, Bermingham E, (2003) Molecular systematic analysis reveals cryptic tertiary diversification of a widespread tropical rain forest tree. American Naturalist, 162, 691-703.
76. Dick CW, Roubik DW, Gruber KF, Bermingham E, (2004) Long-distance gene flow and cross-Andean dispersal of lowland rainforest bees (Apidae: Euglossini) revealed by comparative mitochondrial DNA phylogeography. Molecular Ecology, 13, 3775-3785.
77. Dinerstein E, Olson DM, Graham DJ, Ledec G, Webster AL, (1995) Una evaluacion del estado de conservacion de las ecoregiones terrestres de America Latina y el Caribe. Banco Mundial/WWF, Washington, DC.
78. Diniz-Filho JAF, de Campos Telles MP, Bonatto SL, et al,. (2008) Mapping the evolutionary twilight zone: molecular markers, populations and geography. Journal of Biogeography, 35, 753-763.
79. Ditchfield AD, (2000) The comparative phylogeography of Neotropical mammals: patterns of intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation among bats contrasted to nonvolant small mammals. Molecular Ecology, 9, 1307-1318.
80. Do Nascimento FF, Pereira LG, Geise L, Bezerra AM, D'Andrea PS, Bonvicino CR, (2011) Colonization process of the Brazilian common vesper mouse, Calomys expulsus (Cricetidae, Sigmodontinae): a biogeographic hypothesis. Journal of Heredity, 102, 260-268.
81. Edwards SV, Bensch S, (2009) Looking forwards or looking backwards in avian phylogeography? A comment on Zink and Barrowclough 2008. Molecular Ecology, 18, 2930-2933.
82. Eizirik E, Bonatto SL, Johnson WE, et al,. (1998) Phylogeographic patterns and evolution of the mitochondrial DNA control region in two neotropical cats (Mammalia, Felidae). Journal of Molecular Evolution, 47, 613-624.
83. Eizirik E, Kim JH, Menotti-Raymond M, Crawshaw PG Jr, O'Brien SJ, Johnson WE, (2001) Phylogeography, population history and conservation genetics of jaguars (Panthera onca, Mammalia, Felidae). Molecular Ecology, 10, 65-79.
84. Ekblom R, Galindo J, (2010) Applications of next generation sequencing in molecular ecology of non-model organisms. Heredity, 107, 1-15.
85. Elmer KR, Davila JA, Lougheed SC, (2007) Cryptic diversity and deep divergence in an upper Amazonian leaflitter frog, Eleutherodactylus ockendeni. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 7, 247.
86. Escalona T, Engstrom TN, Hernandez OE, et al,. (2009) Population genetics of the endangered South American freshwater turtle, Podocnemis unifilis, inferred from microsatellite DNA data. Conservation Genetics, 10, 1683-1696.
87. Fairley TL, Povoa MM, Conn JE, (2002) Evaluation of the Amazon River delta as a barrier to gene flow for the regional malaria vector, Anopheles aquasalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in northeastern Brazil. Journal of Medical Entomology, 39, 861-869.
88. Fittkau EJ, Illies J, Klinge H, Schwabe GH, Sioli H, (1969) Biogeography and Ecology in South-America. Junk, The Hague.
89. Fitzpatrick SW, Brasileiro CA, Haddad CFB, Zamudio KR, (2009) Geographical variation in genetic structure of an Atlantic Coastal Forest frog reveals regional differences in habitat stability. Molecular Ecology, 18, 2877-2896.
90. Folguera A, Orts D, Spagnuolo M, et al,. (2011) A review of Late Cretaceous to Quaternary palaeogeography of the southern Andes. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 103, 250-268.
91. Fouquet A, Vences M, Salducci MD, et al,. (2007) Revealing cryptic diversity using molecular phylogenetics and phylogeography in frogs of the Scinax ruber and Rhinella margaritifera species groups. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 43, 567-582.
92. Fregonezi JN, Turchetto C, Bonatto SL, Freitas LB, (2012) Biogeographical history and diversification of Petunia and Calibrachoa (Solanaceae) in the Neotropical Pampas grassland. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, in press. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01292.x.
93. Garcia G, (2006) Multiple simultaneous speciation in killifishes of the Cynolebias adloffi species complex (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae) from phylogeography and chromosome data. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 44, 75-87.
94. Garcia MG, Silva RS, Carniello MA, Veldman JW, Rossi AA, de Oliveira LO, (2011) Molecular evidence of cryptic speciation, historical range expansion, and recent intraspecific hybridization in the Neotropical seasonal forest tree Cedrela fissilis (Meliaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 61, 639-649.
95. Garzione CN, Hoke GD, Libarkin JC, et al,. (2008) Rise of the Andes. Science, 320, 1304-1307.
96. Gascon C, Malcolm JR, Patton JL, et al,. (2000) Riverine barriers and the geographic distribution of Amazonian species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97, 13672-13677.
97. Gentry AH, (1982) Neotropical floristic diversity-phytogeographical connections between Central and South America, pleistocene climatic fluctuations, or an accident of the Andean orogeny. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 69, 557-593.
98. Geurgas SR, Rodrigues MT, (2010) The hidden diversity of Coleodactylus amazonicus (Sphaerodactylinae, Gekkota) revealed by molecular data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 54, 583-593.
99. Gibbard P, Cohen KM, (2008) Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years. Episodes, 31, 243-247.
100. Gonzalez J, Wink M, (2010) Genetic differentiation of the Thorn-tailed Rayadito Aphrastura spinicauda (Furnariidae: Passeriformes) revealed by ISSR profiles suggests multiple palaeorefugia and high recurrent gene flow. Ibis, 152, 761-774.
101. Gonzalez S, Maldonado JE, Leonard JA, et al,. (1998) Conservation genetics of the endangered Pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus). Molecular Ecology, 7, 47-56.
102. Gonzalez-Ittig RE, Rossi-Fraire HJ, Cantoni GE, et al,. (2010) Population genetic structure of long-tailed pygmy rice rats (Oligoryzomys longicaudatus) from Argentina and Chile based on the mitochondrial control region. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie, 88, 23-35.
103. Graham A, (2009) The Andes: a geological overview from a biological perspective. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 96, 371-385.
104. Grazziotin FG, Monzel M, Echeverrigaray S, Bonatto SL, (2006) Phylogeography of the Bothrops jararaca complex (Serpentes: Viperidae): past fragmentation and island colonization in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Molecular Ecology, 15, 3969-3982.
105. Guarnizo CE, Amezquita A, Bermingham E, (2009) The relative roles of vicariance versus elevational gradients in the genetic differentiation of the high Andean tree frog, Dendropsophus labialis. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 50, 84-92.
106. Haffer J, (1969) Speciation in Amazonian forests birds. Science, 165, 131-137.
107. Haffer J, (2008) Hypotheses to explain the origin of species in Amazonia. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 68, 917-947.
108. Hall JPW, Harvey DJ, (2002) A phylogenetic review of Charis and Calephelis (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 95, 407-421.
109. Harrington HJ, (1962) Paleogeographic development of South America. Aapg Bulletin-American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 46, 1773-1814.
110. Hayes FE, Sewlal JN, (2004) The Amazon River as a dispersal barrier to passerine birds: effects of river width, habitat and taxonomy. Journal of Biogeography, 31, 1809-1818.
111. Heusser CJ, (2010) Late-glacial of southern South America. Quaternary Science Reviews, 12, 345-350.
112. Heusser CJ, Heusser LE, Lowell TV, (1999) Paleoecology of the Southern Chilean Lake District-Isla Grande de Chiloé during middle-late Llanquihue glaciation and deglaciation. Geografiska Annaler, 81, 231-284.
113. Hewitt GM, (1996) Some genetic consequences of ice ages, and their role in divergence and speciation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 58, 247-276.
114. Hewitt GM, (2001) Speciation, hybrid zones and phylogeography-or seeing genes in space and time. Molecular Ecology, 10, 537-549.
115. Himes CMT, Gallardo MH, Kenagy GJ, (2008) Historical biogeography and post-glacial recolonization of South American temperate rain forest by the relictual marsupial Dromiciops gliroides. Journal of Biogeography, 35, 1415-1424.
116. Hoffmann FG, Baker RJ, (2003) Comparative phylogeography of short-tailed bats (Carollia: Phyllostomidae). Molecular Ecology, 12, 3403-3414.
117. Hollatz C, Vilaca ST, Redondo RAF, Marmontel M, Baker CS, Santos FR, (2011) The Amazon River system as an ecological barrier driving genetic differentiation of the pink dolphin (Inia geoffrensis). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 102, 812-827.
118. Hooghiemstra H, van der Hammen T, (1998) Neogene and Quaternary development of the neotropical rain forest: the forest refugia hypothesis, and a literature overview. Earth-Science Reviews, 44, 147-183.
119. Hoorn C, Guerrero J, Sarmiento GA, Lorente MA, (1995) Andean tectonics as a cause for changing drainage patterns in Miocene northern South America. Geology, 23, 237-240.
120. Hoorn C, Wesselingh FP, ter Steege H, et al,. (2010) Amazonia through time: Andean uplift, climate change, landscape evolution and biodiversity. Science, 330, 927-931.
121. Hubert N, Renno JF, (2006) Historical biogeography of South American freshwater fishes. Journal of Biogeography, 33, 1414-1436.
122. Hubert N, Duponchelle F, Nunez J, Rivera R, Bonhomme F, Renno JF, (2007) Isolation by distance and Pleistocene expansion of the lowland populations of the white piranha Serrasalmus rhombeus. Molecular Ecology, 16, 2488-2503.
123. Iglesias A, Artabe AE, Morel EM, (2011) The evolution of Patagonian climate and vegetation from the Mesozoic to the present. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 103, 409-422.
124. Jakob SS, Martinez-Meyer E, Blattner FR, (2009) Phylogeographic analyses and paleodistribution modeling indicate pleistocene in situ survival of Hordeum species (Poaceae) in southern patagonia without genetic or spatial restriction. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 26, 907-923.
125. Johnson WE, Culver M, Iriarte A, Eizirik E, Seymour KL, O'Brien SJ, (1998) Tracking the evolution of the elusive andean mountain cat (Oreailurus jacobita) from mitochondrial DNA. Journal of Heredity, 89, 227-232.
126. Johnson WE, Slattery JP, Eizirik E, et al,. (1999) Disparate phylogeographic patterns of molecular genetic variation in four closely related South American small cat species. Molecular Ecology, 8, S79-S94.
127. Jørgensen PM, Leõn-Yánez S, (1999) Results. In: Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador (eds, Jørgensen PM, &, Leõn-Yánez S,), pp. 42-106. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St Louis, MO.
128. Kim I, Phillips CJ, Monjeau JA, et al,. (1998) Habitat islands, genetic diversity, and gene flow in a Patagonian rodent. Molecular Ecology, 7, 667-678.
129. Koscinski D, Handford P, Tubaro PL, Sharp S, Lougheed SC, (2008) Pleistocene climatic cycling and diversification of the Andean treefrog, Hypsiboas andinus. Molecular Ecology, 17, 2012-2025.
130. Kuschel G, (1969) Biogeography and ecology of South American Coleoptera. In: Biogeography and Ecology in South America, Vol. 2 (eds, Fittkau E, Illies JJ, Klinge H, Schwabe GH, Sioli H,), pp. 709-722. Junk, The Hague.
131. Lara MC, Patton JL, (2000) Evolutionary diversification of spiny rats (genus Trinomys, Rodentia: Echimyidae) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 130, 661-686.
132. Lavina EL, Fauth G, (2011) Evolução Geolõgica da America do Sul nos últimos 250 Milhões de Anos. In: Biogeografia da América do Sul: padrões & processos (eds, de Carvalho CJB, Almeida EAB,), pp. 3-13. Roca Ltda, São Paulo.
133. Ledru MP, Rousseau DD, Cruz FW, Riccomini C, Karmann I, Martin L, (2005) Paleoclimate changes during the last 100,000 yr from a record in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest region and interhemispheric comparison. Quaternary Research, 64, 444-450.
134. Lessa EP, Cook JA, Patton JL, (2003) Genetic footprints of demographic expansion in North America, but not Amazonia, during the Late Quaternary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 10331-10334.
135. Lessa EP, D'Elia G, Pardiñas UFJ, (2010) Genetic footprints of late Quaternary climate change in the diversity of Patagonian-Fueguian rodents. Molecular Ecology, 19, 3031-3037.
136. Lorenzen ED, Heller R, Siegismund HR, (2012) Comparative phylogeography of African savannah ungulates. Molecular Ecology, 21, 3656-3670.
137. Lougheed SC, Gascon C, Jones DA, Bogart JP, Boag PT, (1999) Ridges and rivers: a test of competing hypotheses of Amazonian diversification using a dart-poison frog (Epipedobates femoralis). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 266, 1829-1835.
138. Lovejoy NR, de Araujo MLG, (2000) Molecular systematics, biogeography and population structure of Neotropical freshwater needlefishes of the genus Potamorrhaphis. Molecular Ecology, 9, 259-268.
139. Marchelli P, Gallo L, (2006) Multiple ice-age refugia in a southern beech of South America as evidenced by chloroplast DNA markers. Conservation Genetics, 7, 591-603.
140. Marchelli P, Gallo L, Scholz F, Ziegenhagen B, (1998) Chloroplast DNA markers reveal a geographical divide across Argentinean southern beech Nothofagus nervosa (Phil.) Dim. et Mil. distribution area. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 97, 642-646.
141. Marchelli P, Baier C, Mengel C, Ziegenhagen B, Gallo LA, (2010) Biogeographic history of the threatened species Araucaria araucana (Molina) K. Koch and implications for conservation: a case study with organelle DNA markers. Conservation Genetics, 11, 951-963.
142. Marin JC, Spotorno AE, Gonzalez BA, et al,. (2008) Mitochondrial DNA variation and systematics of the guanaco (Lama guanicoe, Artiodactyla: Camelidae). Journal of Mammalogy, 89, 269-281.
143. Markgraf V, McGlone M, Hope G, (1995) Neogene paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic change in southern temperate ecosystems-a southern perspective. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 10, 143-147.
144. Marquez A, Maldonado JE, Gonzalez S, Beccaceci MD, Garcia JE, Duarte JMB, (2006) Phylogeography and Pleistocene demographic history of the endangered marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) from the Rio de la Plata Basin. Conservation Genetics, 7, 563-575.
145. Martins FDM, (2011) Historical biogeography of the Brazilian Atlantic forest and the Carnaval-Moritz model of Pleistocene refugia: what do phylogeographical studies tell us? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 104, 499-509.
146. Martins FM, Templeton AR, Pavan ACO, Kohlbach BC, Morgante JS, (2009) Phylogeography of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus): marked population structure, Neotropical Pleistocene vicariance and incongruence between nuclear and mtDNA markers. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9, 294.
147. Masello JF, Quillfeldt P, Munimanda GK, et al,. (2011) The high Andes, gene flow and a stable hybrid zone shape the genetic structure of a wide-ranging South American parrot. Frontiers in Zoology, 8, 16.
148. Mathiasen P, Premoli AC, (2010) Out in the cold: genetic variation of Nothofagus pumilio (Nothofagaceae) provides evidence for latitudinally distinct evolutionary histories in austral South America. Molecular Ecology, 19, 371-385.
149. Mila B, Wayne RK, Fitze P, Smith TB, (2009) Divergence with gene flow and fine-scale phylogeographical structure in the wedge-billed woodcreeper, Glyphorynchus spirurus, a Neotropical rainforest bird. Molecular Ecology, 18, 2979-2995.
150. Mirabello L, Conn JE, (2008) Population analysis using the nuclear white gene detects Pliocene/Pleistocene lineage divergence within Anopheles nuneztovari in South America. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 22, 109-119.
151. Mittelbach GG, Schemske DW, Cornell HV, et al,. (2007) Evolution and the latitudinal diversity gradient: speciation, extinction and biogeography. Ecology Letters, 10, 315-331.
152. Morando M, Avila LJ, Turner CR, Sites JW, (2007) Molecular evidence for a species complex in the patagonian lizard Liolaemus bibronii and phylogeography of the closely related Liolaemus gracilis (Squamata: Liolaemini). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 43, 952-973.
153. Morando M, Avila LJ, Turner C, Sites JW, (2008) Phylogeography between valleys and mountains: the history of populations of Liolaemus koslowskyi (Squamata, Liolaemini). Zoologica Scripta, 37, 603-618.
154. Moritz C, (2002) Strategies to protect biological diversity and the evolutionary processes that sustain it. Systematic Biology, 51, 238-254.
155. Moritz C, Patton J, Schneider CJ, Smith TB, (2000) Diversification of rainforest faunas: an integrated molecular approach. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 31, 533-563.
156. Morrone JJ, (2004) Panbiogeografia, componentes biõticos y zonas de transiciõn. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 48, 149-162.
157. Morrone JJ, (2006) Biogeographic areas and transition zones of Latin America and the Caribbean islands based on panbiogeographic and cladistic analyses of the entomofauna. Annual Review of Entomology, 51, 467-494.
158. Morrone JJ, (2010a) Biogeografia de America Latina y el Caribe. Manuales & Tesis SEA, Zaragoza.
159. Morrone JJ, (2010b) América do Sul e geografia da vida: Comparação de algumas propostas de regionalização. In: Biogeografia da América do Sul: padrões & processos (eds, de Carvalho CJB, &, Almeida EAB,), pp. 14-40. Roca Ltda, São Paulo.
160. Muellner AN, Tremetsberger K, Stuessy T, Baeza CM, (2005) Pleistocene refugia and recolonization routes in the southern Andes: insights from Hypochaeris palustris (Asteraceae, Lactuceae). Molecular Ecology, 14, 203-212.
161. Müller P, (1973) The Dispersal Centres of Terrestrial Vertebrates in the Neotropical Realm: A Study in the Evolution of the Neotropical Biota and its Native Landscapes, Vol. 2, pp. 244. Junk, The Hague.
162. Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GAB, Kent J, (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403, 853-858.
163. Nieto Feliner G, (2011) Southern European glacial refugia: a tale of tales. Taxon, 60, 365-372.
164. Noonan BP, Gaucher P, (2005) Phylogeography and demography of Guianan harlequin toads (Atelopus): diversification within a refuge. Molecular Ecology, 14, 3017-3031.
165. Nullo F, Combina A, (2011) Patagonian continental deposits (Cretaceous-Tertiary). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 103, 289-304.
166. Nunez JJ, Wood NK, Rabanal FE, Fontanella FM, Sites JW, (2011) Amphibian phylogeography in the Antipodes: refugia and postglacial colonization explain mitochondrial haplotype distribution in the Patagonian frog Eupsophus calcaratus (Cycloramphidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 58, 343-352.
167. Olson DM, Dinerstein E, Wikramanayake ED, et al,. (2001) Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth. BioScience, 51, 933-938.
168. Palma RE, Rivera-Milla E, Salazar-Bravo J, et al,. (2005) Phylogeography of Oligoryzomys longicaudatus (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae) in temperate South America. Journal of Mammalogy, 86, 191-200.
169. Palma-Silva C, Lexer C, Paggi GM, Barbará T, Bered F, Bodanese-Zanettini MH, (2009) Range-wide patterns of nuclear and chloroplast DNA diversity in Vriesea gigantea (Bromeliaceae), a neotropical forest species. Heredity, 103, 503-512.
170. Palma-Silva C, Wendt T, Pinheiro F, et al,. (2011) Sympatric bromeliad species (Pitcairnia spp.) facilitate tests of mechanisms involved in species cohesion and reproductive isolation in Neotropical inselbergs. Molecular Ecology, 20, 3185-3201.
171. Pamilo P, Nei M, (1988) Relationships between gene trees and species trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 5, 568-583.
172. Pardiñas UFJ, Teta P, D'Elía G, Lessa EP, (2011) The evolutionary history of sigmodontine rodents in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 103, 495-513.
173. Patton JL, Dasilva MNF, Malcolm JR, (1994) Gene genealogy and differentiation among arboreal spiny rats (Rodentia: Echimyidae) of the Amazon basin: a test of the riverine barrier hypothesis. Evolution, 48, 1314-1323.
174. Patton JL, Da Silva MNF, Malcolm JR, (2000) Mammals of the Rio Jurua and the evolutionary and ecological diversification of Amazonia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 244, 2-304.
175. Peakall R, (2007) Speciation in the Orchidaceae: confronting the challenges. Molecular Ecology, 16, 2834-2837.
176. Pearse DE, Arndt AD, Valenzuela N, Miller BA, Cantarelli V, Sites JW Jr, (2006) Estimating population structure under nonequilibrium conditions in a conservation context: continent-wide population genetics of the giant Amazon river turtle, Podocnemis expansa (Chelonia; Podocnemididae). Molecular Ecology, 15, 985-1006.
177. Pedro PM, Sallum MAM, (2009) Spatial expansion and population structure of the neotropical malaria vector, Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 97, 854-866.
178. Pedro PM, Uezu A, Sallum MAM, (2010) Concordant phylogeographies of 2 malaria vectors attest to common spatial and demographic histories. Journal of Heredity, 101, 618-627.
179. Pellegrino KCM, Rodrigues MI, Waite AN, Morando M, Yassuda YY, Sites JW, (2005) Phylogeography and species limits in the Gymnodactylus darwinii complex (Gekkonidae, Squamata): genetic structure coincides with river systems in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 85, 13-26.
180. Pennington RT, Lavin M, Prado DE, Pendry CA, Pell SK, Butterworth CA, (2004) Historical climate change and speciation: neotropical seasonally dry forest plants show patterns of both tertiary and quaternary diversification. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 359, 515-537.
181. Pennington RT, Lavin M, Sarkinen T, Lewisd GP, Klitgaardd BB, Hughesc CE, (2010) Contrasting plant diversification histories within the Andean biodiversity hotspot. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 13783-13787.
182. Pickles RSA, Groombridge JJ, Zambrana Rojas VD, et al,. (2011) Evolutionary history and identification of conservation units in the giant otter, Pteronura brasiliensis. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 61, 616-627.
183. Piggott MP, Chao NL, Beheregaray LB, (2011) Three fishes in one: cryptic species in an Amazonian floodplain forest specialist. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 102, 391-403.
184. Pinheiro F, de Barros F, Palma-Silva C, Fay MF, Lexer C, Cozzolino S, (2011) Phylogeography and genetic differentiation along the distributional range of the orchid Epidendrum fulgens: a Neotropical coastal species not restricted to glacial refugia. Journal of Biogeography, 38, 1923-1935.
185. Porto TJ, Carnaval AC, Rocha PLB, (2012) Evaluating forest refugial models using species distribution models, model filling and inclusion: a case study with 14 Brazilian species. Diversity and Distribution, in press. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00944.x.
186. Prance GT, (1973) Phytogeographic support for the theory of Pleistocene forest refuges in the Amazon Basin, based upon evidence from distribution pattern in Caryocaraceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Dichapetalaceae and Lecythidaceae. Acta Amazon, 3, 5-28.
187. Premoli AC, Mathiassen P, Kitzberger T, (2010) Southernmost Nothofagus trees enduring ice ages: genetic evidence and ecological niche retrodiction reveal high latitude (54°S) glacial refugia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 298, 247-256.
188. Pulquerio MJF, Nichols RA, (2007) Dates from the molecular clock: how wrong can we be? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 22, 180-184.
189. Puorto G, Salomao MD, Theakston RDG, Thorpe RS, Warrell DA, Wüster W, (2001) Combining mitochondrial DNA sequences and morphological data to infer species boundaries: phylogeography of lanceheaded pitvipers in the Brazilian Atlantic forest, and the status of Bothrops pradoi (Squamata: Serpentes: Viperidae). Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 14, 527-538.
190. Quattrocchio ME, Volkheimer W, Borrromei AM, Martinez MA, (2011) Changes of the palynobiotas in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic of Patagonia: a review. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 103, 380-396.
191. Quiroga MP, Premoli AC, (2010) Genetic structure of Podocarpus nubigena (Podocarpaceae) provides evidence of Quaternary and ancient historical events. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 285, 186-193.
192. Rasanen ME, Salo JS, Kalliola RJ, (1987) Fluvial perturbance in the western Amazon Basin: regulation by long-term Sub-Andean tectonics. Science, 238, 1398-1401.
193. Raven PH, (1999) Foreword. In: Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador (eds, Jørgensen PM, Leõn-Yánez S,), pp. vii-viii. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St Louis, MO.
194. Remington CL, (1968) Suture-zones of hybrid interaction between recently joined biotas. In: Evolutionary Biology (eds, Dobzhansky T, Hecht MK, &, Steere WC,), pp. 321-428. Plenum Press, New York.
195. Ribeiro RA, Lemos JP, Ramos ACS, Lovato MB, (2011) Phylogeography of the endangered rosewood Dalbergia nigra (Fabaceae): insights into the evolutionary history and conservation of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Heredity, 106, 46-57.
196. Riddle BR, (1996) The molecular phylogeographic bridge between deep and shallow history in continental biotas. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 11, 207-211.
197. Ringuelet RA, (1975) Zoogeografbox drawings light down and lefta y ecologbox drawings light down and lefta de los peces de aguas continentales de la Argentina y consideraciones sobre las areas ictiologicas de America del Sur. Ecosur, 2, 1-122.
198. Rivas-Martínez S, Navarro G, (1994) Modelo Biogeográfico Propuesto Para América del Sur. Memorias del VI Congreso Latinoámericano de Botánica, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
199. Rodriguez-Serrano E, Cancino RA, Palma RE, (2006) Molecular phylogeography of Abrothrix olivaceus (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae) in Chile. Journal of Mammalogy, 87, 971-980.
200. Rull V, (1999) Palaeofloristic and palaeovegetational changes across the Paleocene/Eocene boundary in northern South America. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 107, 83-95.
201. Rull V, (2006) Quaternary speciation in the Neotropics. Molecular Ecology, 15, 4257-4259.
202. Rull V, (2008) Speciation timing and neotropical biodiversity: the Tertiary-Quaternary debate in the light of molecular phylogenetic evidence. Molecular Ecology, 17, 2722-2729.
203. Rull V, (2009) Microrefugia. Journal of Biogeography, 36, 481-484.
204. Rull V, (2011) Neotropical biodiversity: timing and potential drivers. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 26, 508-513.
205. Rutschmann F, (2006) Molecular dating of phylogenetic trees: a brief review of current methods that estimate divergence times. Diversity and Distributions, 12, 35-48.
206. Ruzzante DE, Rabassa J, (2011) Palaeogeography and palaeoclimatology of Patagonia: effects on biodiversity. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 103, 221-228.
207. Ruzzante DE, Walde SJ, Cussac VE, et al,. (2006) Phylogeography of the Percichthyidae (Pisces) in Patagonia: roles of orogeny, glaciation, and volcanism. Molecular Ecology, 15, 2949-2968.
208. Ruzzante DE, Walde SJ, Gosse JC, et al,. (2008) Climate control on ancestral population dynamics: insight from Patagonian fish phylogeography. Molecular Ecology, 17, 2234-2244.
209. Ruzzante DE, Walde S, Macchi P, Alonso M, Barriga J, (2011) Phylogeography and phenotypic diversification in the Patagonian fish Percichthys trucha: the roles of Quaternary glacial cycles and natural selection. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 103, 514-529.
210. Sallaberry-Pincheira N, Garin CF, Gonzalez-Acuna D, Sallaberry MA, Vianna JA, (2011) Genetic divergence of Chilean long-tailed snake (Philodryas chamissonis) across latitudes: conservation threats for different lineages. Diversity and Distributions, 17, 152-162.
211. Salo J, Kalliola R, Hakkinen I, et al,. (1986) River dynamics and the diversity of Amazon lowland and forest. Nature, 322, 254-258.
212. Sauquet H, Ho SYW, Gandolfo MA, et al,. (2012) Testing the impact of calibration of molecular divergence times using a fossil-rich group: the case of Nothofagus (Fagales). Systematic Biololgy, 61, 289-313.
213. Schaal B, Olsen K, (2000) Gene genealogies and population variation in plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97, 7024-7029.
214. Sérsic AN, Cosacov A, Cocucci AA, et al,. (2011) Emerging phylogeographical patterns of plants and terrestrial vertebrates from Patagonia. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 103, 475-494.
215. Shafer ABA, Cullingham CI, Cote SD, Coltman DW, (2010) Of glaciers and refugia: a decade of study sheds new light on the phylogeography of northwestern North America. Molecular Ecology, 19, 4589-4621.
216. Silva SM, Moraes-Barros N, Ribas CC, Ferrand N, Morgante JS, (2012) Divide to conquer: a complex pattern of biodiversity depicted by vertebrate components in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 107, 39-55.
217. Sistrom MJ, Chao NL, Beheregaray LB, (2009) Population history of the Amazonian one-lined pencilfish based on intron DNA data. Journal of Zoology, 278, 287-298.
218. Sivasundar A, Bermingham E, Orti G, (2001) Population structure and biogeography of migratory freshwater fishes (Prochilodus: Characiformes) in major South American rivers. Molecular Ecology, 10, 407-417.
219. Slade RW, Moritz C, (1998) Phylogeography of Bufo marinus from its natural and introduced ranges. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biology Sciences, 265, 769-777.
220. Smith MF, Kelt DA, Patton JL, (2001) Testing models of diversification in mice in the Abrothrix olivaceus/xanthorhinus complex in Chile and Argentina. Molecular Ecology, 10, 397-405.
221. Solomon SE, Bacci Jr M, Martins Jr J, Vinha GG, Mueller UG, (2008) Paleodistributions and comparative molecular phylogeography of leafcutter ants (Atta spp.) provide new insight into the origins of amazonian diversity. PLoS ONE, 3, e2738.
222. Soltis DE, Morris AB, McLachlan JS, Manos PS, Soltis PS, (2006) Comparative phylogeography of unglaciated eastern North America. Molecular Ecology, 15, 4261-4293.
223. Souto CP, Premoli AC, (2007) Genetic variation in the widespread Embothrium coccineum (Proteaceae) endemic to Patagonia: effects of phylogeny and historical events. Australian Journal of Botany, 55, 809-817.
224. Souza FL, Cunha AF, Oliveira MA, Pereira GAG, Dos Reis SF, (2003) Preliminary phylogeographic analysis of the neotropical freshwater turtle Hydromedusa maximiliani (Chelidae). Journal of Herpetology, 37, 427-433.
225. Swenson NG, Howard DJ, (2004) Do suture zones exist? Evolution, 58, 2391-2397.
226. Sylvestre F, (2009) Moisture pattern during the Last Glacial Maximum in South America. In: Past Climate Variability in South America and Surrounding Regions, Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research (eds, Vimeux F, Sylvestre F, Khodri M,). Springer, Netherlands.
227. Symula R, Schulte R, Summers K, (2003) Molecular systematics and phylogeography of Amazonian poison frogs of the genus Dendrobates. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 26, 452-475.
228. Taberlet P, Fumagalli L, Wust-Saucy AG, Cosson JF, (1998) Comparative phylogeography and postglacial colonization routes in Europe. Molecular Ecology, 7, 453-464.
229. Tchaicka L, Eizirik E, De Oliveira TG, Candido JF, Freitas TRO, (2007) Phylogeography and population history of the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous). Molecular Ecology, 16, 819-838.
230. Tellier F, Meynard AP, Correa JA, Faugeron S, Valero M, (2009) Phylogeographic analyses of the 30 degrees S south-east Pacific biogeographic transition zone establish the occurrence of a sharp genetic discontinuity in the kelp Lessonia nigrescens: vicariance or parapatry? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 53, 679-693.
231. Thomé MTC, Zamudio KR, Giovanelli JGR, Haddada CFB, Baldissera FA, Alexandrino J, (2010) Phylogeography of endemic toads and post-Pliocene persistence of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 55, 1018-1031.
232. Toews DPL, Brelsford A, (2012) The biogeography of mitochondrial and nuclear discordance in animals. Molecular Ecology, 21, 3907-3930.
233. Torres RA, Ribeiro J, (2009) The remarkable species complex Mimagoniates microlepis (Characiformes: Glandulocaudinae) from the Southern Atlantic Rain forest (Brazil) as revealed by molecular systematic and population genetic analyses. Hydrobiologia, 617, 157-170.
234. Torres-Perez F, Lamborot M, Boric-Bargetto D, Hernandez CE, Ortiz JC, Palma RE, (2007) Phylogeography of a mountain lizard species: an ancient fragmentation process mediated by riverine barriers in the Liolaemus monticola complex (Sauria: Liolaemidae). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 45, 72-81.
235. Tremetsberger K, Urtubey E, Terrab A, et al,. (2009) Pleistocene refugia and polytopic replacement of diploids by tetraploids in the Patagonian and Subantarctic plant Hypochaeris incana (Asteraceae, Cichorieae). Molecular Ecology, 18, 3668-3682.
236. Trenel P, Gustafsson MHG, Baker WJ, Asmussen-Langec CB, Dransfieldb J, Borchsenius F, (2007) Mid-Tertiary dispersal, not Gondwanan vicariance explains distribution patterns in the wax palm subfamily (Ceroxyloideae: Arecaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 45, 272-288.
237. Trenel P, Hansen MM, Normand S, Borchsenius F, (2008) Landscape genetics, historical isolation and cross-Andean gene flow in the wax palm, Ceroxylon echinulatum (Arecaceae). Molecular Ecology, 17, 3528-3540.
238. Turchetto-Zolet AC, da Cruz L, Vendramin GG, et al,. (2012) Large-scale phylogeography of the disjunct Neotropical tree species Schizolobium parahyba (Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 65, 174-182.
239. Turner TF, McPhee MV, Campbell P, Winemiller KO, (2004) Phylogeography and intraspecific genetic variation of prochilodontid fishes endemic to rivers of northern South America. Journal of Fish Biology, 64, 186-201.
240. Unmack PJ, Bennin AP, Habit EM, Victoriano PF, Johnson JB, (2009) Impact of ocean barriers, topography, and glaciation on the phylogeography of the catfish Trichomycterus areolatus (Teleostei: Trichomycteridae) in Chile. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 97, 876-892.
241. Vasconcelos WR, Hrbek T, Da Silveira R, De Thoisy B, Marioni B, Farias IP, (2006) Population genetic analysis of Caiman crocodilus (Linnaeus, 1758) from South America. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 29, 220-230.
242. Vasconcelos WR, Hrbek T, Da Silveira R, De Thoisy B, Ruffeil LA, Farias IP, (2008) Phylogeographic and conservation genetic analysis of the black caiman (Melanosuchus niger). Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A-Ecological Genetics and Physiology, 309A, 600-613.
243. Vegas-Vilarrubia T, Rull V, Montoya E, Safont E, (2011) Quaternary palaeoecology and nature conservation: a general review with examples from the neotropics. Quaternary Science Reviews, 30, 2361-2388.
244. Vergara J, Azpelicueta MdlM, Garcia G, (2008) Phylogeography of the Neotropical catfish Pimelodus albicans (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) from Rio de la Plata basin, South America, and conservation remarks. Neotropical Ichthyology, 6, 75-85.
245. Vianna JA, Medina-Vogel G, Chehebar C, Sielfeld W, Olavarría C, Faugeron S, (2011) Phylogeography of the Patagonian otter Lontra provocax: adaptive divergence to marine habitat or signature of southern glacial refugia? BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11, 53.
246. Vidal-Russell R, Souto CP, Premoli AC, (2011) Multiple Pleistocene refugia in the widespread Patagonian tree Embothrium coccineum (Proteaceae). Australian Journal of Botany, 59, 299-314.
247. Wallace AR, (1852) On the monkeys of the Amazon. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 20, 107-110.
248. Wallace AR, (1876) The Geographical Distribution of Animals. Macmillan, London.
249. Wallis GP, Trewick SA, (2009) New Zealand phylogeography: evolution on a small continent. Molecular Ecology, 18, 3548-3580.
250. Ward JV, Tockner K, Arscott DB, Claret C, (2002) Riverine landscape diversity. Freshwater Biology, 47, 517-539.
251. Weigt LA, Crawford AJ, Rand AS, Ryan MJ, (2005) Biogeography of the tungara frog, Physalaemus pustulosus: a molecular perspective. Molecular Ecology, 14, 3857-3876.
252. Werneck FP, (2011) The diversification of eastern South American open vegetation biomes: historical biogeography and perspectives. Quaternary Science Reviews, 30, 1630-1648.
253. Werneck FP, Costa GC, Colli GR, Prado DE, Sites JW Jr, (2011) Revisiting the historical distribution of seasonally dry tropical forests: new insights based on palaeodistribution modelling and palynological evidence. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 20, 272-288.
254. Werneck FP, Gamble T, Colli GR, Rodrigues MT, Sites JW Jr, (2012) Deep diversification and long-term persistence in the South American 'Dry Diagonal': integrating continent-wide phylogeography and distribution modeling of geckos. Evolution, 66, 3014-3034.
255. Willis SC, Nunes M, Montana CG, Farias IP, Ortí G, Lovejoy NR, (2010) The Casiquiare river acts as a corridor between the Amazonas and Orinoco river basins: biogeographic analysis of the genus Cichla. Molecular Ecology, 19, 1014-1030.
256. Xu JW, Perez-Losada M, Jara CG, Crandall KA, (2009) Pleistocene glaciation leaves deep signature on the freshwater crab Aegla alacalufi in Chilean Patagonia. Molecular Ecology, 18, 904-918.
257. Yoke MM, Morando M, Avila LJ, Sites JW, (2006) Phylogeography and genetic structure in the Cnemidophorus longicauda complex (Squamata, Teiidae). Herpetologica, 62, 420-434.
258. Zachos JC, Shackleton NJ, Revenaugh JS, Palike H, Flower BP, (2001) Climate response to orbital forcing across the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. Science, 292, 274-278.
259. Zamudio KR, Greene HW, (1997) Phylogeography of the bushmaster (Lachesis muta: Viperidae): implications for neotropical biogeography, systematics, and conservation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 62, 421-442.
260. Zemlak TS, Habit EM, Walde SJ, Battini MA, Adams ED, Ruzzante DE, (2008) Across the southern Andes on fin: glacial refugia, drainage reversals and a secondary contact zone revealed by the phylogeographical signal of Galaxias platei in Patagonia. Molecular Ecology, 17, 5049-5061.
261. Zemlak TS, Habit EM, Walde SJ, Carrea C, Ruzzante DE, (2010) Surviving historical Patagonian landscapes and climate: molecular insights from Galaxias maculatus. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10, 67.