Phylogeography of the bushmaster (Lachesis muta: Viperidae): Implications for neotropical biogeography, systematics, and conservation

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

Volumn 62, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 421-442

  Zamudio, Kelly R ^a,b   Greene, Harry W ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Conservation; Genetic differentiation; Molecular clock; Serpentes; Species concepts; Vicariance

Indexed keywords

BUSHMASTER; CONSERVATION; SYSTEMATICS; ZOOGEOGRAPHY;

CENTRAL AMERICA; SOUTH AMERICA;

LACHESIS MELANOCEPHALA; LACHESIS MUTA; LACHESIS STENOPHRYS;

EID: 0031472784     PISSN: 00244066     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/bijl.1997.0162     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Arévalo E, Davis SK, Sites Jr JW. 1994. Mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence and phylogenetic relationships among eight chromosome races of the Sceloporus grammicus complex (Phrynosomatidae) in central Mexico. Systematic Biology 43: 387-418.
2. Avise JC, Bowen BW, Lamb T, Meylan AB, Bermingham E. 1992. Mitochondrial DNA evolution at a turtle's pace: evidence for low genetic variability and reduced microevolutionary rate in the Testudines. Molecular Biology and Evolution 9: 457-473.
3. Ayres JM, Clutton-Brock TH. 1992. River boundaries and species range size in Amazonian primates. American Naturalist 140: 531-537.
4. Boulenger GA. 1896. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). London: British Museum of Natural History.
5. Brown KS. 1982. Historical and ecological factors in the biogeography of aposematic neotropical butterflies. American Zoologist 22: 453-471.
6. Brown WM, George M, Wilson AC. 1979. Rapid evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 76: 1967-1971.
7. Brumfield RT, Capparella AP. 1996. Historical diversification of birds in northwestern South America: a molecular perspective on the role of vicariant events. Evolution 50: 1607-1624.
8. Bush MB. 1994. Amazonian speciation: a necessarily complex model. Journal of Biogeography 21: 5-17.
9. Cadle JE. 1984a. Molecular systematics of Neotropical xenodontine snakes: I. South American xenodontines. Herpetologica 40: 8-20.
10. Cadle JE. 1984b. Molecular systematics of Neotropical xenodontine snakes: II. Central American xenodontines. Herpetologica 40: 21-30.
11. Cadle JE. 1984c. Molecular systematics of Neotropical xenodontine snakes. III. Overview of xenodontine phylogeny and the history of New World snakes. Copeia 1984: 641-652.
12. Cadle JE. 1985. The neotropical colubrid snake fauna (Serpentes: Colubridae): lineage components and biogeography. Systematic Zoology 34: 1-20.
13. Cadle JE. 1987. Geographic distribution: problems in phylogeny and zoogeography. In: Seigel RA, Collins JT, Novak SS, eds. Snakes: Ecology and evolutionary biology. New York: McMillan Publ. Co., 77-105.
14. Cadle JE, Greene HW. 1993. Phylogenetic patterns, biogeography, and the ecological structure of neotropical snake assemblages. In: Ricklefs RE, Schluter D, eds. Species diversity in ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 281-293.
15. Cadle JE, Sarich VM. 1981. An immunological assessment of the phylogentic position of New World coral snakes. Journal of Zoology 195: 157-167.
16. Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 1989. The venomous reptiles of Latin America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
17. Chapman FM. 1917. The distribution of bird-life in Colombia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 36: 1-729.
18. Coates AG, Obando JA. 1996. The geologic evolution of the Central American Isthmus. In: Jackson JBC, Budd AF, Coats AG, eds. Evolution and environment in tropical America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 21-56.
19. Colinvaux PA, De Oliveira PE, Moreno JE, Miller MC, Bush MB. 1996. A long pollen record from lowland Amazonia: forest and cooling in glacial times. Science 274: 85-88.
20. Collins T. 1996. Molecular comparisons of transisthmian species pairs: rates and patterns of evolution. In: Jackson JBC, Budd AF, Coats AG, eds. Evolution and environment in tropical America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 303-334.
21. Cope ED. 1875. On the Batrachia and Reptilia of Costa Rica, with notes on the herpetology and ichthyology of Nicaragua and Peru. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 2: 93-154.
22. Cracraft J. 1994. Species diversity, biogeography, and the evolution of biotas. American Zoologist 34: 33-47.
23. Cracraft J, Prum RO. 1988. Patterns and processes of diversification: speciation and historical congruence in some neotropical birds. Evolution 42: 603-620.
24. Crother BI, Campbell JA, Hillis DM. 1992. Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the palm-pitvipers, genus Bothriechis: biochemical and morphological evidence. In: Campbell JA, Brodie Jr ED. eds. Biology of the pitvipers. Tyler: Selva, 1-20.
25. Crother BI, Guyer C. 1996. Caribbean historical biogeography: was the dispersal-vicariance debate eliminated by an extraterrestrial bolide? Herpetologica 52: 440-465.
26. Duellman WE. 1979. The South American herpetofauna: a panoramic view. Monographs of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas 7: 1-28.
27. Estes R, Baez A. 1985. Herpetofaunas of North and South America during the late Creataceous and Cenozoic: evidence for interchange? In: Stehli FG, Webb SD, eds. The Great American Biotic Interchange. New York: Plenum Press, 139-197.
28. Felsenstein J. 1981. Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: a maximum likelihood approach. Journal of Molecular Evolution 17: 368-376.
29. Felsenstein J. 1985. Confidence limits on phytogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783-781.
30. Felsenstein J. 1993. PHYLIP: phylogeny inference package. Version 3.5 University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
31. Frost DR, Kluge AG, Hillis DM. 1992. Species in contemporary herpetology: comments on phylogenetic inference and taxonomy. Herpetological Review 23: 46-54.
32. Gentry AH. 1982a. Neotropical floristic diversity: phytogeographical connections between Central and South America. Pleistocene climatic fluctuations, or an accident of the Andean orogeny? Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 69: 557-593.
33. Gentry AH. 1982b. Phytogcographic patterns as evidence for a Chocó refuge. In: Prance GT, ed. Biological diversification in the tropics. New York: Columbia University Press, 112-136.
34. Good DA. 1994. Species limits in the genus Gerrhonotus (Squamata: Anguidae). Herpetological Monographs 8: 180-202.
35. Greene HW, Campbell JA. 1992. The future of pitvipers. In: Cambell JA, Brodie ED Jr, eds. Biology of the pitvipers. Tyler, Texas: Selva, 421-427.
36. Guerrero J. 1993. Magnetostratigraphy of the upper part of the Honda Group and Neiva Formation. Miocene uplift of the Colombian Andes. D.Phil. Thesis, Duke University.
37. Haffer J. 1967. Speciation in Colombian forest birds west of the Andes. American Museum Novitates 294: 1-57.
38. Haffer J. 1969. Speciation in Amazonian forest birds. Science 165: 131-137.
39. Hanken J, Wake DB. 1982. Genetic differentiation among plethodontid salamanders (genus Bolitoglossa) in Central and South America: implications for the South American invasion. Herpetologica 38: 272-287.
40. Hedges SB. 1996. Vicariance and dispersal in Caribbean biogeography. Herpetologica 52: 466-473.
41. Hedges SB, Bezy RL, Maxson LR. 1991. Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of xantusiid lizards, inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 8: 767-780.
42. Henderson RW, Hedges SB. 1995. Origin of West Indian populations of the geographically widespread boa Corallus enydris inferred from mitochrondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4: 88-92.
43. Hillis DM, Bull JJ. 1993. An empirical test of boot strapping as a method for assessing confidence in phylogenetic analysis. Systematic Biology 42: 182-192.
44. Hillis DM, Mable BK, Moritz C. 1996. Applications of molecular systematics: the state of the field and a look to the future. In: Hillis DM, Moritz C, Mable BK, eds. Molecular Systematics. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, 515-543.
45. Hoge AR, Romano-Hoge SARWL. 1978. Poisonous snakes of the world. Part I. Check list of the pit vipers Viperoidea, Viperidae, Crotalidae. Memórias do Instituto Butantan 42: 179-310.
46. Hoorne C. 1993. Marine incursions and the influence of Andean tectonics on the Miocene depositional history of northwestern Amazonia: results of a palynostratigraphic study. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 105: 267-309.
47. Hoorne C. 1994. An environmental reconstruction of the palaeo-Amazon River system (middle-late Miocene, NW Amazonia). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 112: 187-238.
48. Kluge AG. 1989. A concern for evidence and a phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships among Epicrates (Boidae, Serpentes). Systematic Zoology 38: 7-25.
49. Kraus F, Mink DG, Brown WM. 1996. Crotaline intergeneric relationships based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Copeia 1996: 763-773.
50. Kroonenberg SB, Bakker JGM, Van der Wiel AM. 1990. Late Cenozoic uplift and paleogeaography of the Colombian Andes: constraints on the development of high Andean biota. Geologie en Mijnbouw 69: 279-290.
51. Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M. 1993. MEGA: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis. Version 1.01. Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania.
52. Lamb T, Avise JC, Gibbons JW. 1989. Phylogeographic patterns in mitochondrial DNA of the desert tortoise (Xerobates agassizi), and evolutionary relationships among the North American gopher tortoises. Evolution 43: 76-87.
53. Lazell JD Jr. 1964. The Lesser Antillean representatives of Bothrops and Constrictor. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative zoology 132: 245-273.
54. Lundberg JG. 1997. Freshwater fishes and their paleobiotic implications. In: Kay RF, Madden RH, Cifelli RL, Flynn JJ, eds. Vertebrate paleontology in the neotropics: the Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 67-91.
55. Maddison DR. 1991. The discovery and importance of multiple islands of most-parsimonious trees. Systematic Zoology 40: 315-328.
56. Maniatis TE, Frisch EF, Sambrook J. 1982. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Publications.
57. Marshall LG, Webb SD, Sepkoski JJ, Raup DM. 1982. Mammalian evolution and the Great American Interchange. Science 215: 1351-1357.
58. Martin AP, Naylor GJP, Palumbi SR. 1992. Rates of mitochondrial DNA evolution in sharks are slow compared with mammals. Nature 357: 153-155.
59. Martin AP, Palumbi SR. 1993. Body size, metabolic rate, generation time, and the molecular clock. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90: 4087-4091.
60. Martínez V, Bolaños R. 1982. The bushmaster, Lachesis muta muta (Linnaeus) [Ophidia: Viperidae] in Panama. Revista de Biología Tropical 30: 100-101.
61. Meyer A, Kocher TD, Basasibwaki P, Wilson A. 1990. Monophyletic origin of Lake Victoria cichlid fishes suggested by mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mature 347: 550-553.
62. Monge-Nájera J. 1994. The forgotten banana connection: origin and evolution of environmental awareness in Costa Rica. In: Monje-Nájera J, ed. Sustainable development: the view from less industrialized countries. San Jose, Costa Rica: Universidad de Estatal a Distancia Press, 85-127.
63. Moritz C, Schneider CJ, Wake DB. 1992. Evolutionary relationships within the Ensatina eschscholtzii complex confirm the ring species interpretation. Systematic Biology 41: 273-291.
64. Patton JL. in press. Rivers, refuges, and ridges: the geography of speciation of Amazonian mammals. In: Betocher S, Howard D, eds. Endless forms: species and speciation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
65. Patton JL, da Silva MNF, Malcolm JR. 1996. Hierarchical genetic structure and gene flow in three sympatric species of Amazonian rodents. Molecular Ecology 5: 229-238.
66. Peters JA, Donoso-Barros R. 1970. Checklist of the neotropical Squamata, Part I, Snakes. Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum 297: 1-347.
67. Pindell JL, Barrett SF. 1990. Geological evolution of the Caribbean region; a plate tectonic perspective. In: Dengo G, Case JE, eds. The geology of North America, volume H. The Caribbean region. Boulder: The Geological Society of America, 405-432.
68. Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK. 1992. Late Cenozoic terrestrial ecosystems. In: Behrensmeyer AK, Damuth JD, DiMichele WA, Potts R, Sues H-D, Wing SL, eds. Terrestrial ecosystems through time - evolutionary paleoecology of terrestrial plants and animals. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 419-541.
69. Prance GT. 1982. A review of the phytogeographic evidences for pleistocene climate changes in the neotropics. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens 69: 594-624.
70. Prance GT. 1987. Biogeography of neotropical plants. In: Whitmore TC, Prance GT, eds. Biogeography and quaternary history in tropical America. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications, 46-65.
71. Rand DM. 1993. Endotherms, ectotherms, and mitochondrial genome-size variation. Journal of Molecular Evolution 37: 281-295.
72. Rand DM. 1994. Thermal habit, metabolic rate and the evolution of mitochondrial DNA. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9: 125-131.
73. Räsänen ME, Salo JS, Kalliola RJ. 1987. Fluvial perturbance in the Western Amazon Basin: regulation by long-term Andean tectonics. Science 238: 1398-1401.
74. Rassmann K. 1997. Evolutionary age of the Galapagos iguanas pre-dates the age of the present Galapagos islands. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 7: 158-172.
75. Riddle BR. 1995. Molecular biogeography in the pocket mice (Perognathus and Chaetodipus) and grasshopper mice (Onychomys): the late Cenozoic development of a North American aridlands rodent guild. Journal of Mammalogy 76: 283-301.
76. Ripa D. 1994. Reproduction of the Central American bushmaster (Lachesis muta stenophrys) and the black-headed bushmaster (Lachesis muta melanocephala) for the first time in captivity. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 29: 165-183.
77. Roe BA, Ma D-P, Wilson RK, Wong JF-H. 1985. The complete nucleotide sequence of the Xenopus laevis mitochondrial DNA genome. Journal of Biological Chemistry 260: 9759-9774.
78. Rosen DE. 1975. A vicariance model of Caribbean biogeography. Systematic Zoology 24: 341-364.
79. Roze JA. 1966. La taxonomia y zoogeografia de los ofidios de Venezuela. Caracas: Imprima Universitaria.
80. Saiki RK, Gelfand DH, Stoffel S, Scharf SJ, Higuchi R, Horn GT, Mullis KB, Erlich HA. 1988. Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science 239: 487-491.
81. Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR. 1977. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 74: 5463-5467.
82. Savage JM. 1966. The origins and history of the Central American herpetofauna. Copeia 1966: 719-766.
83. Savage JM. 1982. The enigma of the Central American herpetofauna: dispersals or vicariance? Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens 69: 464-547.
84. Solórzano A, Cerdas L. 1986. A new subspecies of the Bushmaster, Lachesis muta, from southeastern Costa Rica. Journal of Herpetology 20: 463-466.
85. Stehli FG, Webb SD. 1985. The Great American Biotic Interchange. New York: Plenum Press.
86. Swofford DL. 1997. PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis using Parsimony, beta test version 4.0 53d-54d. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
87. Swofford DL, Olsen GJ, Waddell PJ, Hillis DM. 1996. Phylogenetic inference. In: Hillis DM, Moritz C, Mable BK, eds. Molecular systematic. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, 407-514.
88. Thorpe RS, McGregor DP, Cumming AM, Jordan WC. 1994. DNA Evolution and colonization sequence of island lizards in relation to geological history: mtDNA RFLP, cytochrome b, cytochrome oxidase, 12S RRNA sequence, and nuclear RAPD analysis. Evolution 48: 230-240.
89. Upholt WI, Dawid IB. 1977. Mapping of milochondrial DNA of individual sheep and goats: rapid evolution in the D loop region. Cell 11: 571-583.
90. Van der Hammen T. 1961. Late Cretaceous and Tertiary stratigraphy and tectogenesis of the Colombian Andes. Geologie en Mijnbouw 51: 181-188.
91. Van der Hammen T. 1989. History of the montane forests of the northern Andes. Plant Systematics and Evolution 162: 109-114.
92. Van der Hammen T, Absy ML. 1994. Amazonia during the last glacial. Palaeogeography, Polaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 109: 247-261.
93. Vanzolini PE, Heyer WR. 1985. The American herpetofauna and the interchange. In: Stehli F, Webb D, eds. The Great American Biotic Interchange. New York: Plenum Press, 475-487.
94. Vanzolini PE, Williams EE. 1970. South American anoles: geographic differentiation and evolution of Anolis chrysolepis species group (Sauria: Iguanidae). Arquivos de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo 19: 1-298.
95. Vial JL, Jímenez-Porras JM. 1967. The ecogeography of the bushmaster, Lachesis muta, in Central America. American Midland Naturalist 78: 182-187.
96. Vidai N, Lecointre G, Vie JC, Gasc J-P. 1997. Molecular systematics of pitvipers: paraphyly of the Bothrops complex. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Serie III, Sciences de la Vie 320: 95-101.
97. Villablanca FX. 1993. Population genetics and phylogenetics in kangaroo rats (Rodentia: Heteromyidae). D.Phil. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley.
98. Vitt LJ, Zani PA. 1996. Ecology of the South American lizard Norops chrysolepis (Polychrotidae). Copeia 1996: 56-68.
99. Wake DB, Lynch JF. 1976. The distribution, ecology, and evolutionary history of plethodontid salamanders in tropical America. Scientific Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Los Angeles County 25: 1-65.
100. Webb SD. 1991. Ecogeography and the Great American Interchange. Paleobiology 17: 266-280.
101. Webb SD, Rancy A. 1996. Late Cenozoic evolution of the neotropical mammal fauna. In: Jackson JBC, Budd AF, Coats AG, eds. Evolution and environment in tropical America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 335-358.