Hyperlenses and metalenses for far-field super-resolution imaging

Nature Communications

Volumn 3, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Lu, Dylan ^a   Liu, Zhaowei ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DIFFRACTION; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; THEORETICAL STUDY;

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION; FOURIER TRANSFORMATION; HYPERLENS; LENS; METALENS; OPTICAL RESOLUTION; PHYSICS; REVIEW;

EID: 84870844259     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20411723     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2176     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Betzig, E. & Trautman, J. K. Near-field optics: microscopy, spectroscopy, and surface modification beyond the diffraction limit. Science 257, 189-195 (1992).
2. Hell, S. W. Far-field optical nanoscopy. Science 316, 1153-1158 (2007).
3. Huang, B., Wang, W., Bates, M. & Zhuang, X. Three-dimensional superresolution imaging by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy. Science 319, 810-813 (2008).
4. Mansfield, S. M. & Kino, G. S. Solid immersion microscope. Appl. Phys. Lett. 57, 2615-2616 (1990).
5. Soukoulis, C. M., Linden, S. & Wegener, M. Negative refractive index at optical wavelengths. Science 315, 47-49 (2007).
6. Shelby, R. A., Smith, D. R. & Schultz, S. Experimental verification of a negative index of refrraction. Science 292, 77-79 (2001).
7. Podolskiy, V. A. & Narimanov, E. E. Strongly anisotropic waveguide as a nonmagnetic left-handed system. Phys. Rev. B 71, 201101(R) (2005).
8. Podolskiy, V. A., Alekseyev, L. V. & Narimanov, E. E. Strongly anisotropic media: the THz perspectives of left-handed materials. J. Mod. Opt. 52, 2343-2349 (2005).
9. Zhang, X. & Liu, Z. Superlenses to overcome the diffraction limit. Nat. Mater. 7, 435-441 (2008).
10. Pendry, J. B. Negative refraction makes a perfect lens. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3966-3969 (2000).
11. Fang, N., Lee, H., Sun, C. & Zhang, X. Sub-diffraction-limited optical imaging with a silver superlens. Science 308, 534-537 (2005).
12. First experimental demonstration of the superlens with a subwavelength resolution.
13. Taubner, T., Korobkin, D., Urzhumov, Y., Shvets, G. & Hillenbrand, R. Near-field microscopy through a SiC superlens. Science 313, 1595 (2006).
14. Liu, Z., Lee, H., Xiong, Y., Sun, C. & Zhang, X. Far-field optical hyperlens magnifying sub-diffraction-limited objects. Science 315, 1686-1701 (2007). First experimental demonstration of the 1D hyperlens with a subwavelength resolution at ultraviolet frequencies.
15. Smolyaninov, I. I., Hung, Y.-J. & Davis, C. C. Magnifying superlens in the visible frequency range. Science 315, 1699-1701 (2007). Experimental demonstration of the cylindrical magnifying superlens using surface plasmon waves at visible frequencies.
16. Jacob, Z., Alekseyev, L. V. & Narimanov, E. Optical hyperlens: Far-field imaging beyond the diffraction limit. Opt. Express 14, 8247-8256 (2006).
17. Liu, Z. et al. Far-field optical superlens. Nano Lett. 7, 403-408 (2007).
18. Rho, J. et al. Spherical hyperlens for two-dimensional sub-diffractional imaging at visible frequencies. Nat. Commun. 1, 143 (2010).
19. Experimental demonstration of the 2D hyperlens with a subwavelength resolution at visible frequencies.
20. Ma, C. B. & Liu, Z. W. A super resolution metalens with phase compensation mechanism. Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 183103 (2010).
21. Proposal and numerical demonstration of the metalens with deep subwavelength resolution by utilizing plasmonic waveguide coupler.
22. Ma, C. B. & Liu, Z. W. Focusing light into deep subwavelength using metamaterial immersion lenses. Opt. Express 18, 4838-4844 (2010).
23. Ma, C. B., Escobar, M. A. & Liu, Z. W. Extraordinary light focusing and Fourier transform properties of gradient-index metalenses. Phys. Rev. B 84, 195142 (2011).
24. Ma, C. & Liu, Z. Breaking the imaging symmetry in negative refraction lenses. Opt. Express 20, 2581-2586 (2012).
25. Characterization and equational description of the extraordinary imaging properties of the hyperbolic metalens.
26. Yao, J. et al. Optical negative refraction in bulk metamaterials of nanowires. Science 321, 930 (2008).
27. Ramakrishna, S. A., Pendry, J. B., Wiltshire, M. C. K. & Stewart, W. J. Imaging the near field. J. Mod. Opt. 50, 1419-1430 (2003).
28. Ma, C., Aguinaldo, R. & Liu, Z. Advances in the hyperlens. Chin. Sci. Bull. 55, 2618-2624 (2010).
29. Pendry, J. B. & Ramakrishna, S. A. Near-field lenses in two dimensions. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 14, 8463-8479 (2002).
30. Salandrino, A. & Engheta, N. Far-field subdiffraction optical microscopy using metamaterial crystals: theory and simulations. Phys. Rev. B 74, 075103 (2006).
31. Shvets, G., Trendafilov, S., Pendry, J. B. & Sarychev, A. Guiding, focusing, and sensing on the subwavelength scale using metallic wire arrays. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 053903 (2007).
32. Ono, A., Kato, J. & Kawata, S. Subwavelength optical imaging through a metallic nanorod array. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 267407 (2005).
33. Ikonen, P., Simovski, C., Tretyakov, S., Belov, P. & Hao, Y. Magnification of subwavelength field distributions at microwave frequencies using a wire medium slab operating in the canalization regime. Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 104102 (2007).
34. Zhao, Y. et al. Magnification of subwavelength field distributions using a tapered array of metallic wires with planar interfaces and an embedded dielectric phase compensator. New J. Phys. 12, 103045 (2010).
35. Han, S. et al. Ray optics at a deep-subwavelength scale: a transformation optics approach. Nano Lett. 8, 4243-4247 (2008).
36. Kildishev, A. V. & Shalaev, V. M. Engineering space for light via transformation optics. Opt. Lett. 33, 43-45 (2008).
37. Tsang, M. & Psaltis, D. Magnifying perfect lens and superlens design by coordinate transformation. Phys. Rev. B 77, 035122 (2008).
38. Li, J. S., Han, S., Zhang, S., Bartal, G. & Zhang, X. Designing the Fourier space with transformation optics. Opt. Lett. 34, 3128-3130 (2009).
39. Kildishev, A. V. & Narimanov, E. E. Impedance-matched hyperlens. Opt. Lett. 32, 3432-3434 (2007).
40. Smith, E. J., Liu, Z., Mei, Y. F. & Schmidt, O. G. System investigation of a rolled-up metamaterial optical hyperlens structure. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 083104 (2009).
41. Wang, W. et al. Far-field imaging device: planar hyperlens with magnification using multi-layer metamaterial. Opt. Express 16, 21142-21148 (2008).
42. Lee, H., Liu, Z., Xiong, Y., Sun, C. & Zhang, X. Development of optical hyperlens for imaging below the diffraction limit. Opt. Express 15, 15886-15891 (2007).
43. Xiong, Y., Liu, Z. W. & Zhang, X. A simple design of flat hyperlens for lithography and imaging with half-pitch resolution down to 20 nm. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 203108 (2009).
44. Li, G. X., Tam, H. L., Wang, F. Y. & Cheah, K. W. Half-cylindrical far field superlens with coupled Fabry-Perot cavities. J. Appl. Phys. 104, 096103 (2008).
45. Kerbst, J. et al. Enhanced transmission in rolled-up hyperlenses utilizing Fabry-Perot resonances. Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 191905 (2011).
46. Schwaiger, S. et al. Rolled-up three-dimensional metamaterials with a tunable plasma frequency in the visible regime. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 163903 (2009).
47. Mei, Y. F. et al. Versatile approach for integrative and functionalized tubes by strain engineering of nanomembranes on polymers. Adv. Mater. 20, 4085-4090 (2008).
48. Gibbons, N., Baumberg, J. J., Bower, C. L., Kolle, M. & Steiner, U. Scalable cylindrical metallodielectric metamaterials. Adv. Mater. 21, 3933-3936 (2009).
49. Yao, J. et al. Imaging visible light using anisotropic metamaterial slab lens. Opt. Express 17, 22380-22385 (2009).
50. Casse, B. D. F. et al. Super-resolution imaging using a three-dimensional metamaterials nanolens. Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 023114 (2010).
51. Kawata, S., Ono, A. & Verma, P. Subwavelength colour imaging with a metallic nanolens. Nat. Photonics 2, 438-442 (2008).
52. Qin, L. D., Park, S., Huang, L. & Mirkin, C. A. On-wire lithography. Science 309, 113-115 (2005).
53. Aizpurua, J. et al. Optical properties of coupled metallic nanorods for field-enhanced spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. B 71, 235420 (2005).
54. Barnakov, Y. A. et al. Toward curvilinear metamaterials based on silver-filled alumina templates [Invited]. Opt. Mater. Express 1, 1061-1064 (2011).
55. Ma, C. B. & Liu, Z. W. Designing super-resolution metalenses by the combination of metamaterials and nanoscale plasmonic waveguide couplers. J. Nanophotonics 5, 051604 (2011).
56. Sun, Z. & Kim, H. K. Refractive transmission of light and beam shaping with metallic nano-optic lenses. Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 642-644 (2004).
57. Verslegers, L. et al. Planar lenses based on nanoscale slit arrays in a metallic film. Nano Lett. 9, 235-238 (2009).
58. Parazzoli, C. G. et al. Performance of a negative index of refraction lens. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 3232-3234 (2004).
59. Pendry, J. B., Schurig, D. & Smith, D. R. Controlling electromagnetic fields. Science 312, 1780-1782 (2006).
60. Shalaev, V. M. Transforming light. Science 322, 384-386 (2008).
61. Gómez-Reino, C., Pérez, M. & Bao, C. Gradient-Index Optics: Fundamentals and Applications (Springer Verlag, 2002).
62. Verslegers, L., Catrysse, P. B., Yu, Z. F. & Fan, S. Deep-subwavelength focusing and steering of light in an aperiodic metallic waveguide array. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 033902 (2009).
63. van Putten, E. G. et al. Scattering lens resolves sub-100 nm structures with visible light. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 193905 (2011).
64. Wu, Q., Feke, G. D., Grober, R. D. & Ghislain, L. P. Realization of numerical aperture 2.0 using a gallium phosphide solid immersion lens. Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 4064-4066 (1999).
65. Ippolito, S. B., Goldberg, B. B. & Ü nlü, M. S. High spatial resolution subsurface microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 4071-4073 (2001).
66. Levy, U. et al. Inhomogenous dielectric metamaterials with space-variant polarizability. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 243901 (2007).
67. Escobar, M. A., Berthome, M., Ma, C. B. & Liu, Z. W. Focusing surface waves with an inhomogeneous metamaterial lens. Appl. Optics 49, A18-A22 (2010).
68. Hecht, E. Optics (Addison-Wesley, 2002).
69. Lerosey, G., De Rosny, J., Tourin, A. & Fink, M. Focusing beyond the diffraction limit with far-field time reversal. Science 315, 1120-1122 (2007).
70. Lemoult, F., Lerosey, G., de Rosny, J. & Fink, M. Resonant metalenses for breaking the diffraction barrier. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 203901 (2010). Experimental demonstration of the resonant metalenses for far-field imaging in microwave frequencies based on time-reversal technique.
71. Sentenac, A., Chaumet, P. C. & Belkebir, K. Beyond the rayleigh criterion: grating assisted far-field optical diffraction tomography. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 243901 (2006).
72. Maire, G. et al. Experimental demonstration of quantitative imaging beyond abbe's limit with optical diffraction tomography. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 213905 (2009).
73. Gazit, S., Szameit, A., Eldar, Y. C. & Segev, M. Super-resolution and reconstruction of sparse sub-wavelength images. Opt. Express 17, 23920-23946 (2009).
74. Shechtman, Y., Eldar, Y. C., Szameit, A. & Segev, M. Sparsity based sub-wavelength imaging with partially incoherent light via quadratic compressed sensing. Opt. Express 19, 14807-14822 (2011).
75. Lerosey, G. et al. Time reversal of electromagnetic waves. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 193904 (2004).
76. Lemoult, F., Fink, M. & Lerosey, G. Far-field sub-wavelength imaging and focusing using a wire medium based resonant metalens. Waves Random Complex Media 21, 614-627 (2011).
77. Lemoult, F., Fink, M. & Lerosey, G. Revisiting the wire medium: an ideal resonant metalens. Waves Random Complex Media 21, 591-613 (2011).
78. Popoff, S. M. et al. Exploiting the time-reversal operator for adaptive optics, selective focusing, and scattering pattern analysis. Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 263901 (2011).
79. Mosk, A. P., Lagendijk, A., Lerosey, G. & Fink, M. Controlling waves in space and time for imaging and focusing in complex media. Nat. Photonics 6, 283-292 (2012).
80. Bartal, G., Lerosey, G. & Zhang, X. Subwavelength dynamic focusing in plasmonic nanostructures using time reversal. Phys. Rev. B 79, 201103 (2009).
81. Lemoult, F., Fink, M. & Lerosey, G. A polychromatic approach to far-field superlensing at visible wavelengths. Nat. Commun. 3, 889 (2012).
82. Turpin, T. M., Gesell, L. H., Lapides, J. & Price, C. H. Theory of the synthetic aperture microscope. Proc. SPIE 2566, 230-240 (1995).
83. Woodford, P., Turpin, T. M., Rubin, M. W., Lapides, J. & Price, C. H. The synthetic aperture microscope: experimental results. Proc. SPIE 2751, 230-240 (1996).
84. Lauer, V. New approach to optical diffraction tomography yielding a vector equation of diffraction tomography and a novel tomographic microscope. J. Microsc. 205, 165-176 (2002).
85. Alexandrov, S. A., Hillman, T. R., Gutzler, T. & Sampson, D. D. Synthetic aperture Fourier holographic optical microscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 168102 (2006).
86. Belkebir, K., Chaumet, P. C. & Sentenac, A. Superresolution in total internal reflection tomography. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 22, 1889-1897 (2005).
87. Girard, J. et al. Nanometric resolution using far-field optical tomographic microscopy in the multiple scattering regime. Phys. Rev. A 82, 061801(R) (2010).
88. Guenneau, S., Movchan, A., Petursson, G. & Ramakrishna, S. A. Acoustic metamaterials for sound focusing and confinement. New J. Phys. 9, 399 (2007).
89. Ao, X. Y. & Chan, C. T. Far-field image magnification for acoustic waves using anisotropic acoustic metamaterials. Phys. Rev. E 77, 025601(R) (2008).
90. Lee, H. J., Kim, H. W. & Kim, Y. Y. Far-field subwavelength imaging for ultrasonic elastic waves in a plate using an elastic hyperlens. Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 241912 (2011).
91. Li, J. S., Fok, L., Yin, X. B., Bartal, G. & Zhang, X. Experimental demonstration of an acoustic magnifying hyperlens. Nat. Materials 8, 931-934 (2009). Experimental demonstration of a 2D acoustic hyperlens for deep-subwavelength imaging over a broadband frequency range with low loss.
92. Torrent, D. & Sanchez-Dehesa, J. Anisotropic mass density by two-dimensional acoustic metamaterials. New J. Phys. 10, 023004 (2008).
93. Zhu, J. et al. A holey-structured metamaterial for acoustic deep-subwavelength imaging. Nat. Phys. 7, 52-55 (2011).
94. Christensen, J., Fernandez-Dominguez, A. I., De Leon-Perez, F., Martin-Moreno, L. & Garcia-Vidal, F. J. Collimation of sound assisted by acoustic surface waves. Nat. Phys. 3, 851-852 (2007).
95. Zhang, S., Xia, C. & Fang, N. Broadband acoustic cloak for ultrasound waves. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 024301 (2011).
96. Mei, J. et al. Dark acoustic metamaterials as super absorbers for low-frequency sound. Nat. Commun. 3, 756 (2012).
97. Lu, M.-H. et al. Extraordinary acoustic transmission through a 1D grating with very narrow apertures. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 174301 (2007).
98. Lemoult, F., Fink, M. & Lerosey, G. Acoustic resonators for far-field control of sound on a subwavelength scale. Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 064301 (2011).
99. de Rosny, J. & Fink, M. Overcoming the diffraction limit in wave physics using a time-reversal mirror and a novel acoustic sink. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 124301 (2002).
100. Xiao, S. M. et al. Loss-free and active optical negative-index metamaterials. Nature 466, 735-738 (2010).
101. Boltasseva, A. & Atwater, H. A. Low-loss plasmonic metamaterials. Science 331, 290-291 (2011).
102. Naik, G. V., Liu, J., Kildishev, A. V., Shalaev, V. M. & Boltasseva, A. Demonstration of Al:ZnO as a plasmonic component for near-infrared metamaterials. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 8834-8838 (2012).
103. Hu, H., Ma, C. & Liu, Z. Plasmonic dark field microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 113107 (2010).