European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) dieback - A conservation biology challenge

Biological Conservation

Volumn 158, Issue , 2013, Pages 37-49

  Pautasso, Marco ^a   Aas, Gregor ^b   Queloz, Valentin ^c   Holdenrieder, Ottmar ^c  

^a CNRS   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BAYREUTH   (Germany)

^c ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Assisted migration; Biodiversity loss; Decline of common species; Emerging diseases; Forest pathology; Fungal pathogens; Geographical genetics; Invasion biology; Riparian woodland; Tree breeding

Indexed keywords

AGE CLASS; BIODIVERSITY; BIOLOGICAL INVASION; CONSERVATION GENETICS; DEAD WOOD; DECIDUOUS FOREST; DIEBACK; DISEASE SEVERITY; DISPERSAL; EPIDEMIC; FUNGAL DISEASE; GERMPLASM; KEYSTONE SPECIES; LANDSCAPE PLANNING; LITERATURE REVIEW; MORTALITY; NEW SPECIES; PATHOLOGY; PLANT BREEDING; RIPARIAN VEGETATION; STAKEHOLDER; TEMPERATE ENVIRONMENT; WOODLAND;

EUROPE;

ASCOMYCOTA; CHALARA; FRAXINUS; FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR; HYMENOSCYPHUS;

EID: 84869869047     PISSN: 00063207     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2012.08.026     Document Type: Review

References (286)

1. Aksoy A., Demirezen D. Fraxinus excelsior as a biomonitor of heavy metal pollution. Polish J. Enviro. Stud. 2006, 15:27-33.
2. Albrecht M.A., Guerrant E.O., Maschinski J., Kennedy K.L. A long-term view of rare plant reintroduction. Biol. Conserv. 2011, 144:2557-2558.
3. Alexander J., Lee C.A. Lessons learned from a decade of Sudden Oak Death in California: evaluating local management. Environ. Manage. 2010, 46:315-328.
4. Alfaro, R.I., Battisti, A., Carroll, A., Fleming, R., Hantula, J., Francis, D., Hennon, P.E., Lanfranco, D., Lilja, A., Mueller, M., Ramos, M., Woods, A., 2010. Forest health in a changing environment. In: Mery, G., Katila, P., Galloway, G., Alfaro, R.I., Kanninen, M., Lobovikov, M., Varjo, J. (Eds.), Forest and Society - Responding to Global Drivers of Change. IUFRO World Series vol. 25, pp. 113-134.
5. Amar A., Smith K.W., Butler S., Lindsell J.A., Hewson C.M., Fuller R.J., Charman E.C. Recent patterns of change in vegetation structure and tree composition of British broadleaved woodland: evidence from large-scale surveys. Forestry 2010, 83:345-356.
6. Anagnostakis S.L. Chestnut breeding in the United States for disease and inseact resistance. Plant Disease 2012, 96:1392-1403.
7. Anon, 2010. First finding of Chalara fraxinea on Fraxinus sp. in the Netherlands. Plant Protection Service of the Netherlands, Wageningen. <> (accessed November 2011). http://www.vwa.nl/txmpub/files/?p_file_id=2001566.
8. Anon, 2011a. Securing tree health in a changing environment. Background Paper for a Research Workshop of the Forestry Commission, UK. <> (accessed November 2011). http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/backgroundpapertreehealth6may2011.pdf/$FILE/backgroundpapertreehealth6may2011.pdf.
9. Anon, 2011b. Vorkommen von Chalara fraxinea. LFW Bayerische Landesanstalt für Wald- und Forstwirtschaft. (accessed November 2011). http://www.lwf.bayern.de/waldbewirtschaftung/waldschutz/schaedlinge-und-baumkrankheiten/verzeichnis/eschentriebsterben/vorkommen/35011/index.php.
10. APHIS, 2009. Chalara fraxinea report. USDA, 8 pp. (accessed April 2012). http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/cphst/npag/downloads/Chalara-fraxinea.pdf.
11. Arana M.V., Gallo L.A., Vendramin G.G., Pastorino M.J., Sebastiani F., Marchelli P. High genetic variation in marginal fragmented populations at extreme climatic conditions of the Patagonian Cypress Austrocedrus chilensis. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 2010, 54:941-949.
12. Araújo M.B., Rozenfeld A., Rahbek C., Marquet P.A. Using species co-occurrence networks to assess the impacts of climate change. Ecography 2011, 34:897-908.
13. Arca M., Hinsinger D.D., Cruaud C., Tillier A., Bousquet J., Frascaria-Lacoste N. Deciduous trees and the application of universal DNA barcodes: a case study on the circumpolar Fraxinus. PLoS One 2012, 7:e34089.
14. Aukema J.E., McCullough D.G., Von Holle B., Liebhold A.M., Britton K., Frankel S.J. Historical accumulation of nonindigenous forest pests in the continental United States. BioScience 2010, 60:886-897.
15. Aydin-Schmidt B., Thorsell W., Wahlgren M. Carolus Linnaeus, the ash, worm-wood and other anti-malarial plants. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 2010, 42:941-942.
16. Bacles C.F.E., Ennos R.A. Paternity analysis of pollen-mediated gene flow for Fraxinus excelsior L. in a chronically fragmented landscape. Heredity 2008, 101:368-380.
17. Bacles C.F.E., Burczyk J., Lowe A.J., Ennos R.A. Historical and contemporary mating patterns in remnant populations of the forest tree Fraxinus excelsior L. Evolution 2005, 59:979-990.
18. Bacles C.F.E., Lowe A.J., Ennos R.A. Effective seed dispersal across a fragmented landscape. Science 2006, 311:628.
19. Bakys R., Vasaitis R., Barklund P., Ihrmark K., Stenlid J. Investigations concerning the role of Chalara fraxinea in declining Fraxinus excelsior. Plant Pathol. 2009, 58:284-292.
20. Bakys R., Vasiliauskas A., Ihrmark K., Stenlid J., Menkis A., Vasaitis R. Root rot, associated fungi and their impact on health condition of declining Fraxinus excelsior stands in Lithuania. Scand. J. For. Res. 2011, 26:128-135.
21. Ballian D., Monteleone I., Ferrazzini D., Kajba D., Belletti P. Genetic characterization of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) populations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Periodicum Biologorum 2008, 10:323-328.
22. Balmford A., Green R., Phalan B. What conservationists need to know about farming. Proc. Roy. Soc. B 2012, 279:2714-2724.
23. Bell, S., McLoughlin, J., Reeg, T., Gavaland, A., Muehlthaler, U., Makinen, K., Castro, J., Carvalho, A.M., Cziesewzka, A., Borowski, J., Ferrini, F., Pennati, L., Dini-Papanastasi, O., Ispikoudis, I., 2008. Cultural aspects of the trees in selected European countries. VALBRO, COST Action E42: Valuable broadleaved tree species in Europe. COST Office, 104 pp. (accessed November 2011). http://bibliotecadigital.ipb.pt/handle/10198/3913.
24. Bengtsson S.B.K., Vasaitis R., Kirisits T., Solheim H., Stenlid J. Population structure of Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus and its genetic relationship to Hymenoscyphus albidus. Fung. Ecol. 2012, 5:147-153.
25. Bieker D., Kehr R., Weber G., Rust S. Non-destructive monitoring of early stages of white rot by Trametes versicolor in Fraxinus excelsior. Ann. For. Sci. 2010, 67:210.
26. Bochenek G.M., Eriksen B. First come, first served: delayed fertilization does not enhance pollen competition in a wind-pollinated tree, Fraxinus excelsior L. (Oleaceae). Int. J. Plant Sci. 2011, 172:60-69.
27. Boshier D., Stewart J. How local is local? Identifying the scale of adaptive variation in ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.): results from the nursery. Forestry 2005, 78:135-143.
28. Brändle M., Brandl R. Species richness of insects and mites on trees: expanding Southwood. J. Anim. Ecol. 2001, 70:491-504.
29. Brasier C.M. Ophiostoma novo-ulmi sp.-nov, causative agent of current Dutch Elm Disease pandemics. Mycopathologia 1991, 115:151-161.
30. Brasier C.M. The biosecurity threat to the UK and global environment from international trade in plants. Plant Pathol. 2008, 57:792-808.
31. Brasier C., Webber J. Sudden larch death. Nature 2010, 466:824-825.
32. Brasier C.M., Kirk S.A., Delcan J., Cooke D.E.L., Jung T., Man in't Veld W.A. Phytophthora alni sp nov and its variants: designation of emerging heteroploid hybrid pathogens spreading on Alnus trees. Mycol. Res. 2004, 108:1172-1184.
33. Brenn N., Menkis A., Grünig C.R., Sieber T.N., Holdenrieder O. Community structure of Phialocephala fortinii s.l. in European tree nurseries and assessment of the potential role of the seedlings as distribution vehicles. Mycol. Res. 2008, 112:650-662.
34. British Ecological Society, 2012. Ecology and Policy Blog. 11.06.12. (accessed June 2012). http://britishecologicalsociety.org/blog/blog/tag/chalara-fraxinea/.
35. Brown J.K.M., Tellier A. Plant-parasite coevolution: bridging the gap between genetics and ecology. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 2011, 49:345-367.
36. Brukas V., Sallnäs O. Forest management plan as a policy instrument: carrot, stick or sermon?. Land Use Pol. 2012, 29:605-613.
37. Burgess, R., 2009. Present status of current biosecurity issues. Information paper for the Forestry Commission Biosecurity Programme Board, 10 pp. (accessed November 2011). http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/InfoPapercurrentissues.pdf/$FILE/InfoPapercurrentissues.pdf.
38. Burley J., Kanowski P.J. Breeding strategies for temperate hardwoods. Forestry 2005, 78:199-208.
39. Carroll S.P. Conciliation biology: the eco-evolutionary management of permanently invaded biotic systems. Evol. Appl. 2011, 4:184-199.
40. Castello J.D., Silverborg S.B., Manion P.D. Intensification of ash decline in New York State from 1962 through 1980. Plant Dis. 1985, 69:243-246.
41. Chadfield V., Pautasso M. Phytophthora ramorum in England and Wales: which environmental variables predict county disease incidence?. For. Pathol. 2012, 42:150-159.
42. Chandelier A., Andre F., Laurent F. Detection of Chalara fraxinea in common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) using real time PCR. For. Pathol. 2010, 40:87-95.
43. Chandelier A., Delhaye N., Helson M. First report of the ash dieback pathogen Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus (Anamorph Chalara fraxinea) on Fraxinus excelsior in Belgium. Plant Dis. 2011, 95:220.
44. Chiari C., Dinetti M., Licciardello C., Licitra G., Pautasso M. Urbanization and the more-individuals hypothesis. J. Anim. Ecol. 2010, 79:366-371.
45. Cruickshank M.G., Jaquish B., Nemec A.F.L. Resistance of half-sib interior Douglas-fir families to Armillaria ostoyae in British Columbia following artificial inoculation. Can. J. For. Res. 2010, 40:155-166.
46. Dacasa-Rüdinger M.C., Dounavi A. Underwater germination potential of common ash seed (Fraxinus excelsior L.) originating from flooded and non-flooded sites. Plant Biol. 2008, 10:382-387.
47. Dacasa-Rüdinger M.C., Glaeser J., Hebel I., Dounavi A. Genetic structures of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) populations in Germany at sites differing in water regimes. Can. J. For. Res. 2008, 38:1199-1210.
48. Dahlberg A., Genney D.R., Heilmann-Clausen J. Developing a comprehensive strategy for fungal conservation in Europe: current status and future needs. Fung. Ecol. 2010, 3:50-64.
49. Dalgleish H.J., Swihart R.K. American chestnut past and future: implications of restoration for resource pulses and consumer populations of Eastern U.S. For. Rest. Ecol. 2012, 20:490-497.
50. Dehnen-Schmutz K., Holdenrieder O., Jeger M.J., Pautasso M. Structural change in the international horticultural industry: some implications for plant health. Sci. Hortic. 2010, 125:1-15.
51. Denzler L. Inventarisierung und Schutz bemerkenswerter Bäume - Kriterien, Wirkungen. Nutzen. Schweiz. Z. Forstw. 1998, 149:441-462.
52. Dobrowolska D., Hein S., Oosterbaan A., Wagner S., Clark J., Skovsgaard J.P. A review of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.): implications for silviculture. Forestry 2011, 84:133-148.
53. Drenkhan R., Hanso M. New host species for Chalara fraxinea. New Dis. Rep. 2010, 22:16.
54. Driscoll D.A., Felton A., Gibbons P., Felton A.M., Munro N.T., Lindenmayer D.B. Priorities in policy and management when existing biodiversity stressors interact with climate-change. Clim. Change 2012, 111:533-557.
55. Dufour S., Piégay H. Geomorphological controls of Fraxinus excelsior growth and regeneration in floodplain forests. Ecology 2008, 89:205-215.
56. Dumont D.J. The ash tree in Indo-European culture. Mankind Quarterly 1992, 32:323-336.
57. EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH) Guidance on the environmental risk assessment of plant pests. EFSA J. 2011, 9(12):2460.
58. Ellenberg H. Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen in ökologischer, dynamischer und historischer Sicht 2010, Ulmer, Stuttgart.
59. Ellison A.M., Bank M.S., Clinton B.D., Colburn E.A., Elliott K., Ford C.R., Foster D.R., Kloeppel B.D., Knoepp J.D., Lovett G.M., Mohan J., Orwig D.A., Rodenhouse N.L., Sobczak W.V., Stinson K.A., Stone J.K., Swan C.M., Thompson J., Von Holle B., Webster J.R. Loss of foundation species: consequences for the structure and dynamics of forested ecosystems. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2005, 3:479-486.
60. Ellison A.M., Barker-Plotkin A.A., Foster D.R., Orwig D.A. Experimentally testing the role of foundation species in forests: the Harvard Forest Hemlock Removal Experiment. Meth. Ecol. Evol. 2010, 1:168-179.
61. Emborg J., Christensen M., Heilmann-Clausen J. The structural dynamics of Suserup Skov, a near-natural temperate deciduous forest in Denmark. For. Ecol. Manage. 2000, 126:173-189.
62. Engesser R., Queloz V., Meier F., Kowalski T., Holdenrieder O. Das Triebsterben der Esche in der Schweiz. Wald u. Holz 2009, 6(09):24-27.
63. Essl F., Dullinger S., Rabitsch W., Hulme P.E., Hulber K., Jarosik V., Kleinbauer I., Krausmann F., Kuhn I., Nentwig W., Vila M., Genovesi P., Gherardi F., Desprez-Loustau M.-L., Roques A., Pysek P. Socioeconomic legacy yields an invasion debt. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2011, 108:203-207.
64. Fernandez-Manjarres J.F., Gérard P.R., Dufour J., Raquin C., Frascaria-Lacoste N. Differential patterns of morphological and molecular hybridization between Fraxinus excelsior L. and Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl (Oleaceae) in eastern and western France. Mol. Ecol. 2006, 15:3245-3257.
65. Ferrazzini D., Monteleone I., Belletti P. Genetic variability and divergence among Italian populations of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). Ann. For. Sci. 2007, 64:159-168.
66. Fischer, R., Lorenz, M. (Eds.), 2011. Forest Condition in Europe. 2011 Technical Report of ICP Forests and FutMon. Institute for World Forestry, Hamburg, Germany.
67. Fischer, R., Lorenz, M., Granke, O., Mues, V., Iost, S., van Dobben, H., Reinds, G.J., de Vries, W., 2010. Forest Condition in Europe. 2010 Technical Report of ICP Forests. Institute for World Forestry, Hamburg, Germany.
68. Fisher M.C., Henk D.A., Briggs C.J., Brownstein J.S., Madoff L.C., McCraw S.L., Gurr S.J. Emerging fungal threats to animal, plant and ecosystem health. Nature 2012, 484:186-194.
69. Floran V., Mihalte L. The variability of peculiarities of samaras and seeds belonging to different genotypes of Fraxinus excelsior L. Agric. Agric. Pract. Sci. J. 2010, 73(1-2):52-60.
70. Foster D.R., Orwig D.A. Preemptive and salvage harvesting of New England forests: when doing nothing is a viable alternative. Conserv. Biol. 2006, 20:959-970.
71. FRAXIGEN Ash Species in Europe: Biological Characteristics and Practical Guidelines for Sustainable Use 2005, Oxford Forestry Institute, Oxford, UK.
72. Freese A., Benes J., Bolz R., Cizek O., Dolek M., Geyer A., Gros P., Konvicka M., Liegl A., Stettmer C. Habitat use of the endangered butterfly Euphydryas maturna and forestry in Central Europe. Anim. Conserv. 2006, 9:388-397.
73. Fritz R.S., Moulia C., Newcombe G. Resistance of hybrid plants and animals to herbivores, pathogens, and parasites. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1999, 30:565-591.
74. Gamkrelidze T.V., Ivanov V.V. The early history of Indo-European languages. Sci. Am. 1990, 262:110-116.
75. Gandhi K.J.K., Herms D.A. North American arthropods at risk due to widespread Fraxinus mortality caused by the Alien Emerald ash borer. Biol. Invas. 2010, 12:1839-1846.
76. Gange A.C., Gange E.G., Mohammad A.B., Boddy L. Host shifts in fungi caused by climate change?. Fung. Ecol. 2011, 4:184-190.
77. Garbelotto M., Pautasso M. Impacts of exotic forest pathogens on Mediterranean ecosystems: four case studies. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 2012, 133:101-116.
78. Gardner G. The reproductive capacity of Fraxinus excelsior on the Derbyshire limestone. J. Ecol. 1977, 65:107-118.
79. Garnas J.R., Ayres M.P., Liebhold A.M., Evans C. Subcontinental impacts of an invasive tree disease on forest structure and dynamics. J. Ecol. 2011, 99:532-541.
80. Gaston K.J. Common ecology. BioScience 2011, 61:354-362.
81. Gaston K.J., Fuller R.A. Commonness, population depletion and conservation biology. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2008, 23:14-19.
82. Gérard P.R., Fernandez-Manjarres J.F., Frascaria-Lacoste N. Temporal cline in a hybrid zone population between Fraxinus excelsior L. and Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl. Mol. Ecol. 2006, 15:3655-3667.
83. Gérard P.R., Fernandez-Manjarres J.F., Bertolino P., Dufour J., Raouin C., Frascaria-Lacoste N. New insights in the recognition of the European ash species Fraxinus excelsior L. and Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl as useful tools for forest management. Ann. For. Sci. 2006, 63:733-738.
84. Gérard P.R., Klein E.K., Austerlitz F., Fernández-Manjarrés J.F., Frascaria-Lacoste N. Assortative mating and differential male mating success in an ash hybrid zone population. BMC Evol. Biol. 2006, 6:96.
85. Gibon A., Sheeren D., Monteil C., Ladet S., Balent G. Modelling and simulating change in reforesting mountain landscapes using a social-ecological framework. Landsc. Ecol. 2010, 25:267-285.
86. Gil, W., Lukaszewicz, J., Paluch, R., Zachara, T., 2006. An analysis of regional and temporal aspects of ash dieback in Poland. In: Oszako, T., Woodward, S. (Eds.), Possible Limitation of Decline Phenomena in Broadleaved Stands. Proceedings of the Symposium on Broadleaved Trees Decline in Europe, Puszczykowo, Poland, pp. 91-96.
87. Giraud T., Gladieux P., Gavrilets S. Linking the emergence of fungal plant diseases with ecological speciation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2010, 25:387-395.
88. Glenz C., Schlaepfer R., Iorgulescu I., Kienast F. Flooding tolerance of Central European tree and shrub species. For. Ecol. Manage. 2006, 235:1-13.
89. Godefroid S., Vanderborght T. Plant reintroductions: the need for a global database. Biodiv. Conserv. 2011, 20:3683-3688.
90. Godefroid S., Piazza C., Rossi G., Buord S., Stevens A.D., Aguraiuja R., Cowell C., Weekley C.W., Vogg G., Iriondo J.M., Johnson I., Dixon B., Gordon D., Magnanon S., Valentin B., Bjureke K., Koopman R., Vicens M., Virevaire M., Vanderborght T. How successful are plant species reintroductions?. Biol. Conserv. 2011, 144:672-682.
91. Gonzalez-Martinez S.C., Krutovsky K.V., Neale D.B. Forest-tree population genomics and adaptive evolution. New Phytol. 2006, 170:227-238.
92. Goudet M., Piou D. La chalarose du frêne. Que sait-on?. Rev. For. Fr. 2012, 64:27-40.
93. Gross A., Grünig C.R., Queloz V., Holdenrieder O. A molecular toolkit for population genetic investigations of the ash dieback pathogen Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus. For. Pathol. 2012, 42:252-264.
94. Gross, A., Zaffarano, P.L., Duo, A., Grünig, C.R., in press. Reproductive mode and life cycle of the ash dieback pathogen Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus. Fung. Genet. Biol.
95. Gurnell A., Thompson K., Goodson J., Moggridge H. Propagule deposition along river margins: linking hydrology and ecology. J. Ecol. 2008, 96:553-565.
96. Haas J.N. 6000years of tree pollarding and leaf-hay foddering of livestock in the Alpine Area. Ctbl. ges. Forstw. 2002, 119(3/4):231-240.
97. Halmschlager E., Kirisits T. First report of the ash dieback pathogen Chalara fraxinea on Fraxinus excelsior in Austria. Plant Pathol. 2008, 57:1177.
98. Harbourne M.E., Douglas G.C., Waldren S., Hodkinson T.R. Characterization and primer development for chloroplast microsatellite regions of Fraxinus excelsior. J. Plant Res. 2005, 118:339-341.
99. Harper D., Witkowski F., KempMcCarthy D., Crabb J. The distribution and abundance of riparian trees in English lowland floodplains. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. Lett. 1997, 6:297-306.
100. Harwood T.D., Xu X.M., Pautasso M., Jeger M.J., Shaw M. Epidemiological risk assessment using linked network and grid based modelling: Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae in the UK. Ecol. Model. 2009, 220:3353-3361.
101. Hebel I., Haas R., Dounavi A. Genetic variation of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) populations from provenance regions in Southern Germany by using nuclear and chloroplast microsatellites. Silva Genet. 2006, 55:38-44.
102. Heilmann-Clausen J., Læssøe T. On species richness estimates, climate change and host shifts in wood-inhabiting fungi. Fung. Ecol. 2012, 5:641-646.
103. Helfer W., Blaschke M. Pilze an Esche. Esche Baum des Jahres 2001. LWF Wissen 2001, 34:53-55.
104. Hemery G.E., Clark J.R., Aldinger E., Claessens H., Malvolti M.E., O'Connor E., Raftoyannis Y., Savill P.S., Brus R. Growing scattered broadleaved tree species in Europe in a changing climate: a review of risks and opportunities. Forestry 2010, 83:65-81.
105. Heuertz M., Carnevale S., Fineschi S., Sebastiani F., Hausman J.F., Paule L., Vendramin G.G. Chloroplast DNA phylogeography of European ashes, Fraxinus sp. (Oleaceae): roles of hybridization and life history traits. Mol. Ecol. 2006, 15:2131-2140.
106. Heuertz M., Fineschi S., Anzidei M., Pastorelli R., Salvini D., Paule L., Frascaria-Lacoste N., Hardy O.J., Vekemans X., Vendramin G.G. Chloroplast DNA variation and postglacial recolonization of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) in Europe. Mol. Ecol. 2004, 13:3437-3452.
107. Heuertz M., Hausman J.-F., Hardy O.J., Vendramin G.G., Frascaria-Lacoste N., Vekemans X. Nuclear microsatellites reveal contrasting patterns of genetic structure between Western and Southeastern European populations of the common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). Evolution 2004, 58:976-988.
108. Heuertz M., Hausman J.F., Tsvetkov I., Frascaria-Lacoste N., Vekemans X. Assessment of genetic structure within and among Bulgarian populations of the common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). Mol. Ecol. 2001, 10:1615-1623.
109. Hewitt N., Klenk N., Smith A.L., Bazely D.R., Yan N., Wood S., MacLellan J.I., Lipsig-Mumme C., Henriques I. Taking stock of the assisted migration debate. Biol. Conserv. 2011, 144:2560-2572.
110. Hobbs R.J., Hallett L.M., Ehrlich P.R., Mooney H.A. Intervention ecology: applying ecological science in the twenty-first century. BioScience 2011, 61:442-450.
111. Hofmeister J., Mihaljevič M., HoŠek J. The spread of ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in some European oak forests: an effect of nitrogen deposition or successional change?. For. Ecol. Manage. 2004, 203:35-47.
112. Holdenrieder O., Pautasso M., Weisberg P.J., Lonsdale D. Tree diseases and landscape processes: the challenge of landscape pathology. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2004, 19:446-452.
113. Holeksa J., Saniga M., Szwagrzyk J., Czerniak M., Staszynska K., Kapusta P. A giant tree stand in the West Carpathians - an exception or a relic of formerly widespread mountain European forests?. For. Ecol. Manage. 2009, 257:1577-1585.
114. Höltken A.M., Tahtinen J., Pappinen A. Effects of discontinuous marginal habitats on the genetic structure of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). Silvae Genet. 2003, 52:206-211.
115. Holzmüller E.J., Jose S., Jenkins M.A. Ecological consequences of an exotic fungal disease in eastern US hardwood forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 2010, 259:1347-1353.
116. Houston, D.R., 1981. Stress Triggered Tree Diseases. The Diebacks and Declines. USDA Forest Service NE-INF-41-81, 38 pp.
117. Hull, S.K., Gibbs, J.N., 1991. Ash Dieback. A Survey of Non-woodland Trees. Forestry Commission Bulletin, 93.
118. Hultén E. Studien über Fraxinus excelsior L. Acta Bot. Fenn. 1941, 28:1-250.
119. Husson C., Scala B., Cael O., Frey P., Feau N., Ioos R., Marçais B. Chalara fraxinea is an invasive pathogen in France. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 2011, 130:311-324.
120. Ingwell L.L., Preisser E.L. Using citizen science programs to identify host resistance in pest-invaded forests. Conserv. Biol. 2011, 25:182-188.
121. Ioos R., Fourrier C. Validation and accreditation of a duplex real-time PCR test for reliable in planta detection of Chalara fraxinea. EPPO Bull. 2011, 41:21-26.
122. Ioos R., Kowalski T., Husson C., Holdenrieder O. Rapid in planta detection of Chalara fraxinea by a real-time PCR assay using a dual-labelled probe. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 2009, 125:329-335.
123. Jacob M., Leuschner C., Thomas F.M. Productivity of temperate broad-leaved forest stands differing in tree species diversity. Ann. For. Sci. 2010, 67:503.
124. Jacobs D.F. Toward development of silvical strategies for forest restoration of American chestnut (Castanea dentata) using blight-resistant hybrids. Biol. Conserv. 2007, 137:497-506.
125. James E.O. The tree of life. Folklore 1968, 79:241-249.
126. Jankovsy L., Holdenrieder O. Chalara fraxinea - ash dieback in the Czech Republic. Plant Protect. Sci, 2009, 45:74-78.
127. Jarni K., Westergren M., Kraigher H., Brus R. Morphological variability of Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl in the north-western Balkans. Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae 2011, 80:245-252.
128. Jarolimek I. Contribution to knowledge of forest communities along the Morava river. Ekologia 1994, 13:115-124.
129. Jeger M.J., Pautasso M., Holdenrieder O., Shaw M.W. Modelling disease spread and control in networks: implications for plant sciences. New Phytol. 2007, 174:179-197.
130. Jenouvrier S., Visser M.E. Climate change, phenological shifts, eco-evolutionary responses and population viability: toward a unifying predictive approach. Int. J. Biomet. 2011, 55:909-919.
131. Jinks R.L., Willoughby I., Baker C. Direct seeding of ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.): the effects of sowing date, pre-emergent herbicides, cultivation, and protection on seedling emergence and survival. For. Ecol. Manage. 2006, 237:373-386.
132. Johansson S.B.K., Vasaitis R., Ihrmark K., Barklund P., Stenlid J. Detection of Chalara fraxinea from tissue of Fraxinus excelsior using species-specific ITS primers. For. Path. 2010, 40:111-115.
133. Jung T., Blaschke H., Oßwald W. Involvement of soilborne Phytophthora species in Central European oak decline and the effect of site factors on the disease. Plant Pathol. 2000, 49:706-718.
134. Jüriado I., Liira J., Paal J. Diversity of epiphytic lichens in boreo-nemoral forests on the North-Estonian limestone escarpment: the effect of tree level factors and local environmental conditions. Lichenologist 2009, 41:81-96.
135. Jüriado I., Liira J., Paal J., Suija A. Tree and stand level variables influencing diversity of lichens on temperate broad-leaved trees in boreo-nemoral floodplain forests. Biodiv. Conserv. 2009, 18:105-125.
136. Kaminska M., Berniak H. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' in Fraxinus excelsior and its association with ash yellows newly reported in Poland. Plant Pathol. 2009, 58:788.
137. Kárpáti Z.E. Eine kritisch-taxonomische übersicht der in Europa wildwachsenden Eschen-Arten und deren Unterarten. Feddes Repert 1970, 81:171-186.
138. Kass G.S., Shaw R.F., Tew T., Macdonald D.W. Securing the future of the natural environment: using scenarios to anticipate challenges to biodiversity, landscapes and public engagement with nature. J. Appl. Ecol. 2011, 48:1518-1526.
139. Keller R.P., Geist J., Jeschke J.M., Kühn I. Invasive species in Europe: ecology, status, and policy. Environ. Sci. Europe 2011, 23:23.
140. Kelly M., Ferranto S., Lei S., Ueda K.-I., Huntsinger L. Expanding the table: the web as a tool for participatory adaptive management in California forests. J. Environ. Manage. 2012, 109:1-11.
141. Kenis M., Bacher S., Baker R.H.A., Branquart E., Brunel S., Holt J., Hulme P.E., MacLeod A., Pergl J., Petter F., PyŠek P., Schrader G., Sissons A., Starfinger U., Schaffner U. New protocols to assess the environmental impact of pests in the EPPO decision-support scheme for pest risk analysis. EPPO Bull. 2012, 42:21-27.
142. Kennedy C.E.J., Southwood T.R.E. The number of species of insects associated with British trees: a re-analysis. J. Anim. Ecol. 1984, 53:455-478.
143. Kessler M., Cech T.L., Brandstetter M., Kirisits T. Dieback of ash (Fraxinus excelsior and Fraxinus angustifolia) in Eastern Austria: disease development on monitoring plots from 2007 to 2010. J. Agr. Ext. Rural Dev. 2012, 4:223-226.
144. King J.N., David A., Noshad D., Smith J. A review of genetic approaches to the management of blister rust in white pines. For. Pathol. 2010, 40:292-313.
145. Kirisits T. Eschentriebsterben in Vorarlberg und Tirol. Forstschutz Aktuell 2011, 51:14-18.
146. Kirisits, T., 2011b. österreichweites Eschentriebsterben. Der Waldbauer, 06.06.11. (accessed November 2011). http://www.der-waldbauer.at/?id=2500,4974030.
147. Kirisits, T., Cech, T.L., 2011. Eschentriebsterben in Baumschulen. Der Waldbauer, 21.4.11. (accessed November 2011). http://www.der-waldbauer.at/?id=2500%2C4960869%2C%2C.
148. Kirisits T., Kritsch P., Kraeutler K., Matlakova M., Halmschlager E. Ash dieback associated with Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus in forest nurseries in Austria. J. Agr. Ext. Rural Dev. 2012, 4(9):230-235.
149. Kirisits, T., Matlakova, M., Mottinger-Kroupa, S., Cech, T.L., Halmschlager, E., 2009a. The Current Situation of Ash Dieback Caused by Chalara fraxinea in Austria. SDU Faculty of Forestry Journal A, Special Issue, pp. 97-119.
150. Kirisits, T., Matlakova, M., Mottinger-Kroupa, S., Halmschlager, E., Lakatos, F., 2009b. Chalara fraxinea Associated with Dieback of Narrow-leafed Ash (Fraxinus angustifolia). New Disease Reports, 12.06.09. http://www.bspp.org.uk/publications/new-disease-reports/ndr.php?id=019043.
151. Kirisits T., Matlakova M., Mottinger-Kroupa S., Halmschlager E., Lakatos F. Chalara fraxinea associated with dieback of narrow-leafed ash (Fraxinus angustifolia). Plant Pathol. 2010, 59:411.
152. Kjær E.D., McKinney L.V., Nielsen L.R., Hansen L.N., Hansen J.K. Adaptive potential of ash (Fraxinus excelsior) populations against the novel emerging pathogen Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus. Evol. Appl. 2012, 5:219-228.
153. Knight A.T., Sarkar S., Smith R.J., Strange N., Wilson K.A. Engage the hodgepodge: management factors are essential when prioritizing areas for restoration and conservation action. Divers. Dist. 2011, 17:1234-1238.
154. Koch J.L., Carey D.W., Mason M.E., Nelson C.D. Assessment of beech scale resistance in full- and half-sibling American beech families. Can. J. For. Res. 2010, 40:265-272.
155. Koch, J.L., Carey, D.W., Mason, M.E., Islam-Faridi, M.N., 2010b. Overcoming obstacles to interspecies hybridization of ash. In: Proceedings Symposium on Ash in North, America, GTR-NRS-P-72, pp. 41-44.
156. Koltay A., Szabo I., Janik G. Chalara fraxinea incidence in Hungarian ash (Fraxinus excelsior) forests. J. Agr. Ext. Rural Dev. 2012, 4:236-238.
157. Kou X., Li Q., Liu S. Quantifying species' range shifts in relation to climate change: a case study of Abies spp. in China. PLoS One 2011, 6:e23115.
158. Kowalski T. Chalara fraxinea sp nov associated with dieback of ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in Poland. For. Pathol. 2006, 36:264-270.
159. Kowalski T., Bartnik C. Morphological variation in colonies of Chalara fraxinea isolated from ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) stems with symptoms of dieback and effects of temperature on colony growth and structure. Acta Agrobot. 2010, 63:99-106.
160. Kowalski T., Holdenrieder O. Eine neue Pilzkrankheit an Esche in Europa. Schweiz. Z. Forstwes. 2008, 159:45-50.
161. Kowalski T., Holdenrieder O. Pathogenicity of Chalara fraxinea. For. Pathol. 2009, 39:1-7.
162. Kowalski T., Holdenrieder O. The teleomorph of Chalara fraxinea, the causal agent of ash dieback. For. Pathol. 2009, 39:304-308.
163. Krackler, V., Keunecke, D., Niemz, P., 2010. Verarbeitung und Verwendungsmöglichkeiten von Laubholz und Laubholzresten. ETH Zürich Institut für Baustoffe, 155 S. http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:1557/eth-1557-01.pdf.
164. Kräutler, K., Kirisits, T., 2011. The ash dieback pathogen Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus is associated with leaf symptoms on ash species (Fraxinus spp.). IUFRO 2011 WP 7.02.02 Global Change and Forest Diseases: New Threats, New Strategies: 102.
165. Kräutler K., Kirisits T. The ash dieback pathogen Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus is associated with leaf symptoms on ash species (Fraxinus spp.). J. Agr. Ext. Rural Dev. 2012, 4:261-265.
166. Kraj W., Zarek M., Kowalski T. Genetic variability of Chalara fraxinea, dieback cause of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). Mycol. Prog. 2012, 11:37-45.
167. Kunca A., Leontovyč R., Zúbrik M., Gubka A. Bark beetle outbreak on weakened ash trees and applied control measures. EPPO Bull. 2011, 41:11-13.
168. Kuussaari M., Bommarco R., Heikkinen R.K., Helm A., Krauss J., Lindborg R., öckinger R., Pärtel M., Pino J., Rodà F., Stefanescu C., Teder T., Zobel M., Steffan-Dewenter I. Extinction debt: a challenge for biodiversity conservation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2009, 24:564-571.
169. Laine A.L., Burdon J.J., Dodds P.N., Thrall P.H. Spatial variation in disease resistance: from molecules to metapopulations. J. Ecol. 2011, 99:96-112.
170. Lang C., Pohle A. Ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity, tree diversity and root nutrient relations in a mixed Central European forest. Tree Phys. 2011, 31:531-538.
171. Lang C., Seven J., Polle A. Host preferences and differential contributions of deciduous tree species shape mycorrhizal species richness in a mixed Central European forest. Mycorrhiza 2011, 21:297-308.
172. Lassauce A., Paillet Y., Jactel H., Bouget C. Deadwood as a surrogate for forest biodiversity: meta-analysis of correlations between deadwood volume and species richness of saproxylic organisms. Ecol. Indic. 2011, 11:1027-1039.
173. Lenz H., Strasser L., Petercord R. Eschentriebsterben begünstigt Auftreten sekundärer Schadorganismen. Forstschutz Aktuell 2012, 54:26-28.
174. Liebhold A.M., MacDonald W.L., Bergdahl D., Maestro V.C. Invasion by exotic forest pests: a threat to forest ecosystems. For. Sci. Monogr. 1995, 30:1-49.
175. Liebhold A.M., Brockerhoff E.G., Garrett L.J., Parke J.L., Britton K.O. Live plant imports: the major pathway for forest insect and pathogen invasions of the US. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2012, 10:135-143.
176. Lindbladh M., Foster D.R. Dynamics of long-lived foundation species: the history of Quercus in southern Scandinavia. J. Ecol. 2010, 98:1330-1345.
177. Lonsdale D., Pautasso M., Holdenrieder O. Wood-decaying fungi in the forest: conservation needs and management options. Eur. J. For. Res. 2008, 127:1-22.
178. Lorenz, M., Fischer, R., Becher, G., Granke, O., Seidling, W., Ferretti, M., Schaub, M., Calatayud, V., Bacaro, G., Gerosa, G., Rocchini, D., Sanz, M., 2008. Forest Condition in Europe. 2008 Technical Report of ICP Forests. Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institute Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Hamburg, Germany.
179. Lovett G.M., Canham C.D., Arthur M.A., Weathers K.C., Fitzhugh R.D. Forest ecosystem responses to exotic pests and pathogens in eastern North America. Bioscience 2006, 56:395-405.
180. Maclean I.M.D., Wilson R.J. Recent ecological responses to climate change support predictions of high extinction risk. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2011, 108:12337-12342.
181. MacLeod A., Pautasso M., Jeger M.J., Haines-Young R. Evolution of the international regulation of plant pests and challenges for future plant health. Food Secur. 2010, 2:49-70.
182. Marchin R.M., Sage E.L., Ward J.K. Population-level variation of Fraxinus americana (white ash) is influenced by precipitation differences across the native range. Tree Physiol. 2008, 28:151-159.
183. Marie-Pierre J., Didier A., Gérard B. Patterns of ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) colonization in mountain grasslands: the importance of management practices. Plant Ecol. 2006, 183:177-189.
184. Marigo G., Peltier J.-P., Girel J., Pautou G. Success in the demographic expansion of Fraxinus excelsior L. Trees 2000, 15:1-13.
185. Marzell H. Die deutschen Bäume in der Volkskunde. Mitt. Deut. Dendrol. Gesell. 1925, 37:75-86.
186. McKay J.K., Christian C.E., Harrison S., Rice K.J. ''How local is local?''-a review of practical and conceptual issues in the genetics of restoration. Rest. Ecol. 2005, 13:432-440.
187. McKinney L.V., Nielsen L.R., Hansen J.K., Kjaer E.D. Presence of natural genetic resistance in Fraxinus excelsior (Oleraceae) to Chalara fraxinea (Ascomycota): an emerging infectious disease. Heredity 2011, 106:788-797.
188. McKinney L.V., Thomsen I.M., Kjær E.D., Nielsen L.R. Genetic resistance to Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus limits fungal growth and symptom occurrence in Fraxinus excelsior. For. Pathol. 2012, 42:69-74.
189. McKinney, L.V., Thomsen, I.M., Kjær, E.D., Bengtsson, S.B.K., Nielsen, L.R., in press. Rapid invasion by an aggressive pathogenic fungus (Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus) replaces a native decomposer (Hymenoscyphus albidus): a case of local cryptic extinction? Fung. Ecol. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2012.05.004.
190. McRoberts N., Hall C., Madden L.V., Hughes G. Perceptions of disease risk: from social construction of subjective judgments to rational decision making. Phytopathology 2011, 101:654-665.
191. Menkis A., Vasiliauskas R., Taylor A.F.S., Stenstrom E., Stenlid J., Finlay R. Fungi in decayed roots of conifer seedlings in forest nurseries, afforested clear-cuts and abandoned farmland. Plant Pathol. 2006, 55:117-129.
192. Metzler, M., 2011. Eschentriebsterben weiter zunehmend. Waldschutzinfo 2, 1-4. http://www.fva-bw.de/publikationen/wsinfo/wsinfo_2011_02.pdf.
193. Michalcewicz J., Ciach M. Rosalia longicorn Rosalia alpina (L.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) uses roadside European ash trees Fraxinus excelsior L. - an unexpected habitat of an endangered species. Polish J. Entomol. 2012, 81:49-56.
194. Miller Z.J. Fungal pathogen species richness: why do some plant species have more pathogens than others?. Am. Nat. 2012, 179:282-292.
195. Mills P., Dehnen-Schmutz K., Ilbery B., Jeger M., Jones G., Little R., MacLeod A., Parker S., Pautasso M., Pietravalle S., Maye D. Integrating natural and social science perspectives on plant disease risk, management and policy formulation. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. B 2011, 366:2035-2044.
196. Miyamoto N., Fernández-Manjarrés J.F., Morand-Prieur M.-E., Bertolino P., Frascaria-Lacoste N. What sampling is needed for reliable estimations of genetic diversity in Fraxinus excelsior L. (Oleaceae)?. Ann. For. Sci. 2008, 65:403.
197. Moe B., Botnen A. A quantitative study of the epiphytic vegetation on pollarded trunks of Fraxinus excelsior at Havra, Osteroy, western Norway. Plant Ecol. 1997, 129:157-177.
198. Moelder A., Bernhardt-Romermann M., Schmidt W. Herb-layer diversity in deciduous forests: raised by tree richness or beaten by beech?. For. Ecol. Manage. 2008, 256:272-281.
199. Molina R., Horton T.R., Trappe J.M., Marcot B.G. Addressing uncertainty: how to conserve and manage rare or little-known fungi. Fung. Ecol. 2011, 4:134-146.
200. Morand M.E., Brachet S., Rossignol P., Dufour J., Frascaria-Lacoste N. A generalized heterozygote deficiency assessed with microsatellites in French common ash populations. Mol. Ecol. 2002, 11:377-385.
201. Moslonka-Lefebvre M., Finley A., Dorigatti I., Dehnen-Schmutz K., Harwood T., Jeger M.J., Xu X.M., Holdenrieder O., Pautasso M. Networks in plant epidemiology: from genes to landscapes, countries and continents. Phytopathology. 2011, 101:392-403.
202. Mostowy R., Engelstädter J. The impact of environmental change on host-parasite coevolutionary dynamics. Proc. Roy. Soc. B 2011, 278:2283-2292.
203. Mundt C.C., Sackett K.E., Wallace L.D., Cowger C., Dudley J.P. Aerial dispersal and multiple-scale spread of epidemic disease. EcoHealth 2009, 6:546-552.
204. Myking T. Evaluating genetic resources of forest trees by means of life history traits - a Norwegian example. Biodiv. Conserv. 2002, 11:1681-1696.
205. Newcombe G. A review of exapted resistance to diseases of Populus. Eur. J. For. Pathol. 1998, 28:209-216.
206. Newton A.C., Haigh J.M. Diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Britain: a test of the species-area relationship, and the role of host specificity. New Phytol. 1998, 138:619-627.
207. Ogris N., Hauptman T., Jurc D. Chalara fraxinea causing common ash dieback newly reported in Slovenia. Plant Pathol. 2009, 58:1173.
208. Ogris N., Hauptman T., Jurc D., Floreancig V., Marsich F., Montecchio L. First report of Chalara fraxinea on common ash in Italy. Plant Dis. 2010, 94:133.
209. Orlikowski L.B., Ptaszek M., Rodziewicz A., Nechwatal J., Thinggaard K., Jung T. Phytophthora root and collar rot of mature Fraxinus excelsior in forest stands in Poland and Denmark. For. Pathol. 2011, 41:510-519.
210. Orlowski G., Nowak L. The importance of marginal habitats for the conservation of old trees in agricultural landscapes. Landsc. Urb. Plan. 2007, 79:77-83.
211. Orwig D.A. Ecosystem to regional impacts of introduced pests and pathogens: historical context, questions and issues. J. Biogeogr. 2002, 29:1471-1474.
212. Paltto H., Nordberg A., Norden B., Snall T. Development of secondary woodland in oak wood pastures reduces the richness of rare epiphytic lichens. PLoS One 2011, 6:e24675.
213. Parke J.L., Grünwald N.J. A systems approach for management of pests and pathogens of nursery crops. Plant Dis. 2012, 96:1236-1244.
214. Parker I.M., Gilbert G.S. The evolutionary ecology of novel plant-pathogen interactions. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2004, 35:675-700.
215. Pautasso M. Geographical genetics and the conservation of forest trees. Persp. Plant Ecol. Syst. Evol. 2009, 11:157-189.
216. Pautasso M. Challenges in the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources. Biol. Lett. 2012, 8:321-323.
217. Pautasso M., Chiarucci A. A test of the scale-dependence of the species abundance - people correlation for veteran trees in Italy. Ann. Bot. 2008, 101:709-715.
218. Pautasso M., Dehnen-Schmutz K., Holdenrieder O., Pietravalle S., Salama N., Jeger M.J., Lange E., Hehl-Lange S. Plant health and global change - some implications for landscape management. Biol. Rev. 2010, 85:729-755.
219. Percival G.C., Keary I.P., Habsi S.A.L. An assessment of the drought tolerance of Fraxinus genotypes for urban landscape plantings. Urb. For. Urb. Green. 2006, 5:17-27.
220. Pezzi G., Maresi G., Conedera M., Ferrari C. Woody species composition of chestnut stands in the Northern Apennines: the result of 200 years of changes in land use. Landsc. Ecol. 2012, 26:1463-1476.
221. Pfister A. Aktuelle Schäden durch Eschenbastkäfer in der Steiermark. Forstschutz Aktuell 2012, 54:22-25.
222. Pihlgren A., Hallingback T., Aronsson M., Dahlberg A., Edqvist M., Johansson G., Krikorev M., Thor G. The new Swedish Red List 2010. Svensk Bot. Tidskrift 2010, 104:210-226.
223. Pliura A., Heuertz M. EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use for Common Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) 2003, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.
224. Pliura A., Lygis V., Suchockas V., Bartkevicius E. Performance of twenty four European Fraxinus excelsior populations in three Lithuanian progeny trials with a special emphasis on resistance to Chalara fraxinea. Baltic Forest. 2011, 17(1):17-34.
225. Pukacki P.M., Przybyl K. Frost injury as a possible inciting factor in bud and shoot necroses of Fraxinus excelsior L. J. Phytopathol. 2005, 153:512-516.
226. Przybyl K. Fungi associated with necrotic apical parts of Fraxinus excelsior shoots. For. Pathol. 2002, 32:387-394.
227. Queloz V., Grünig C.R., Berndt R., Kowalski T., Sieber T.N., Holdenrieder O. Cryptic speciation in Hymenoscyphus albidus. For. Pathol. 2011, 41:133-142.
228. Rackham O. Ancient woodlands: modern threats. New Phytol. 2008, 180:571-586.
229. Roberge J.-M., Bengtsson S.B.K., Wulff S., Snäll T. Edge creation and tree dieback influence the patch-tracking metapopulation dynamics of a red-listed epiphytic bryophyte. J. Appl. Ecol. 2011, 48:650-658.
230. Roloff, A., Pietzarka, U., 1997. Fraxinus excelsior Linne, 1753. Enzyklopaedie der Holzgewaechse, 1-15.
231. Rüetschi J. Weichtiere in Schweizer Eschenwäldern. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft (BUWAL), Switzerland. Umwelt-Materialien 1999, 102:1-62.
232. Ruiz-Labourdette D., Nogués-Bravo D., Ollero H.S., Schmitz M.F., Pineda F.D. Forest composition in Mediterranean mountains is projected to shift along the entire elevational gradient under climate change. J. Biogeogr. 2012, 39:162-176.
233. Rytkönen A., Lilja A., Drenkhan R., Gaitnieks T., Hantula J. First record of Chalara fraxinea in Finland and genetic variation among isolates sampled from Aland, mainland Finland, Estonia and Latvia. For. Pathol. 2011, 41:169-174.
234. Santamour F.S. Flavonoids and coumarins in Fraxinus and their potential utility in hybrid verification. Proceedings of the 27th Northeast Forest Tree Improvement Conference 1981, 42-46. University of Vermont, School of Natural Resources, Burlington, USA. D.H. Dehayes (Ed.).
235. Santini A., Pecori F., Pepori A., Brookes A. 'Morfeo' Elm: a new variety resistant to Dutch elm disease. For. Pathol. 2012, 42:171-176.
236. Scheer R. In Yggdrasils Schatten. Fraxinus excelsior - Baum des Jahres 2001. Stadt und Gruen 2001, 10:695-702.
237. Scherrer D., Bader M.K.F., Körner C. Drought-sensitivity ranking of deciduous tree species based on thermal imaging of forest canopies. Agr. For. Met. 2011, 151:1632-1640.
238. Schmiedel D. Fraxinus pennsylvanica in den Auenwälder der Mittelelbe: Invasionsbiologie und ökologisches Verhalten im naturschutzfachlichen Kontext 2010, Weissensee Verlag, Berlin.
239. Schraml, U., Volz, K.-R., 2009. Do species matter? Valuable broadleaves as an object of public perception and policy. In: Spiecker, H., Thies, M., Hein, S., Makkonen-Spiecker, K. (Eds.). Valuable Broadleaved Forests in Europe. European Forest Institute, pp. 213-238.
240. Schumacher J., Kehr R., Leonhard S. Mycological and histological investigations of Fraxinus excelsior nursery saplings naturally infected by Chalara fraxinea. For. Pathol. 2010, 40:419-429.
241. Schumacher J., Wulf A., Leonhard S. Erster Nachweis von Chalara fraxinea T. KOWALSKI sp. nov. in Deutschland - ein Verursacher neuartiger Schäden an Eschen. Nachbl. Deut. Pflanzenschutzdienst 2007, 59:121-123.
242. Scurfield G. The ashwoods of the Derbyshire carboniferous limestone: Monk's Dale. J. Ecol. 1959, 47:357-369.
243. Seabrook L., Mcalpine C.A., Bowen M.E. Restore, repair or reinvent: options for sustainable landscapes in a changing climate. Landsc. Urb. Plan. 2011, 100:407-410.
244. Seidl R., Schelhaas M.-J., Lexer M.J. Unraveling the drivers of intensifying forest disturbance regimes in Europe. Global Change Biol. 2011, 17:2842-2852.
245. Sharma T.R., Das A., Kumar S.P., Lodha M.L. Resistance gene analogues as a tool for rapid identification and cloning of disease resistance genes in plants - a review. J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol. 2009, 18:1-11.
246. Shaw M.W., Harwood T.D., Wilkinson M.J., Elliott L. Assembling spatially explicit landscape models of pollen and spore dispersal by wind for risk assessment. Proc. Roy. Soc. B 2006, 273:1705-1713.
247. Skovsgaard, J.P., Thomsen, I.M., Skovgaard, I.M., Martinussen, T., 2010. Associations among symptoms of dieback in even-aged stands of ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). For. Pathol. 40, 7-18. x.
248. Slippers B., Stenlid J., Wingfield M.J. Emerging pathogens: fungal host jumps following anthropogenic introduction. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2005, 8:420-421.
249. Smith G.F., Gittings T., Wilson M., French L., Oxbrough A., O'Donoghue S., O'Halloran J., Kelly D.L., Mitchell F.J.G., Kelly T., Iremonger S., Mckee A.M., Giller P. Identifying practical indicators of biodiversity for stand-level management of plantation forests. Biodiv. Conserv. 2008, 17:991-1015.
250. Solla A., Bohnens J., Collin E., Diamandis S., Franke A., Gil L., Burón M., Santini A., Mittempergher L., Pinon J., Vanden Broeck A. Screening European elms for resistance to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. For. Sci. 2005, 51:134-141.
251. Stagoll K., Lindenmayer D.B., Knight E., Fischer J., Manning A.D. Large trees are keystone structures in urban parks. Conserv. Lett. 2012, 5:115-122.
252. Stenlid J., Oliva J., Boberg J.B., Hopkins A.J. Emerging diseases in European forest ecosystems and responses in society. Forests 2011, 2:486-504.
253. Stenlid J., Santini A., Vannini A., Capretti P., Vasiliauskas R. FORTHREATS: European network on emerging diseases and invasive species threats to European forest ecosystems. Alien Invasive Species and International Trade 2007, 72-79. Forest Research Institute, Warsaw. H. Evans, T. Oszako (Eds.).
254. Stöhr A., Lösch R. Xylem sap flow and drought stress of Fraxinus excelsior saplings. Tree Physiol. 2004, 24:169-180.
255. StřeŠtík S., Šamonil P. Ecological valence of expanding European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) in the Bohemian Karst (Czech Republic). J. For. Sci. 2006, 52:293-305.
256. Strong D.R., Levin D.A. Species richness of the parasitic fungi of British trees. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1975, 72:2116-2119.
257. Sutherland B.G., Belaj A., Nier S., Cottrell J.E., Vaughan S.P., Hubert J., Russell K. Molecular biodiversity and population structure in common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) in Britain: implications for conservation. Mol. Ecol. 2010, 19:2196-2211.
258. Szabo I. First report of Chalara fraxinea affecting common ash in Hungary. Plant Pathol. 2009, 58:797.
259. Talgø V., Sletten A., Brurberg M.B., Solheim H., Stensvand A. Chalara fraxinea isolated from diseased ash in Norway. Plant Dis. 2009, 93:548.
260. Tallmon D.A., Luikart G., Waples R.S. The alluring simplicity and complex reality of genetic rescue. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2004, 19:489-496.
261. Tapper P.-G. Irregular fruiting in Fraxinus excelsior. J. Veg. Sci. 1992, 3:41-46.
262. Thor G., Johansson P., Jonsson M.T. Lichen diversity and red-listed lichen species relationships with tree species and diameter in wooded meadows. Biodiv. Conserv. 2010, 19:2307-2328.
263. Thomas F.M., Blank R., Hartmann G. Abiotic and biotic factors and their interactions as causes of oak decline in Central Europe. For. Pathol. 2002, 32:277-307.
264. Timmermann V., Børja I., Hietala A.M., Kirisits T., Solheim H. Ash dieback: pathogen spread and diurnal patterns of ascospore dispersal, with special emphasis on Norway. EPPO Bull. 2011, 41:14-20.
265. Tobiessen P., Buchsbaum S. Ash dieback and drought. Can. J. Bot. 1976, 54:543-545.
266. Tubby K.V., Webber J.F. Pests and diseases threatening urban trees under a changing climate. Forestry 2010, 83:451-459.
267. Tulik M., Marciszewska K., Adamczyk J. Diminished vessel diameter as a possible factor in the decline of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). Ann. For. Sci. 2010, 67:103.
268. Turrini A., Giovannetti M. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in national parks, nature reserves and protected areas worldwide: a strategic perspective for their in situ conservation. Mycorrhiza 2012, 22:81-97.
269. Vakkari P., Rusanen M., Karkkainen K. High genetic differentiation in marginal populations of European white elm (Ulmus laevis). Silva Fenn. 2009, 43:185-196.
270. Verkeri P.J., Lindner M., Zanchi G., Zudin S. Assessing impacts of intensified biomass removal on deadwood in European forests. Ecol. Indic. 2011, 11:27-35.
271. Vigouroux A., Olivier R. First hybrid plane trees to show resistance against canker stain Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. platani). For. Pathol. 2004, 34:307-319.
272. Vilà M., Basnou C., Pysek P., Josefsson M., Genovesi P., Gollasch S., Nentwig W., Olenin S., Roques A., Roy D., Hulme P.E., DAISIE partners How well do we understand the impacts of alien species on ecosystem services? A pan-European, cross-taxa assessment. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2010, 8:135-144.
273. Volk H. Zur Natürlichkeit der Esche (Fraxinus excelsior L.) in Flussauen Mitteleuropas. Forstw. Centrbl. 2002, 121:128-137.
274. Walentowski H., Bussler H., Bergmeier E., Blaschke M., Finkeldey R., Gossner M.M., Litt T., Mueller-Kroehling S., Philippi G., Pop V.V., Reif A., Detlef-Schulze E., Straetz C., Wirth V. Sind die deutschen Waldnaturschutzkonzepte adäquat für die Erhaltung der buchenwaldtypischen Flora und Fauna? Eine kritische Bewertung basierend auf der Herkunft der Waldarten des mitteleuropäischen Tief- und Hügellandes. Forstarchiv 2010, 81:195-217.
275. Wallander, E., 2001. Evolution of Wind-pollination in Fraxinus (Oleaceae): An Ecophylogenetic Approach. PhD Thesis, Göteborg University, Sweden.
276. Wallander E. Systematics of Fraxinus (Oleaceae) and evolution of dioecy. Plant Syst. Evol. 2008, 273:25-49.
277. Wardle P. Biological flora of the British Isles: Fraxinus excelsior L. J. Ecol. 1961, 49:739-751.
278. Waring K.M., O'Hara K.L. Silvicultural strategies in forest ecosystems affected by introduced pests. For. Ecol. Manage. 2005, 209:27-41.
279. Webber, J., Hendry, S., 2012. Rapid Assessment of the Need for a Detailed Pest Risk Analysis for Chalara fraxinea. Forest Research, UK, 15 pp.
280. Widrlechner, M.P., 2011. Building a comprehensive collection of Ash germplasm. In: Proceedings of the 4th Global Botanic Gardens Congress, June 2010, 10 pp. http://hdl.handle.net/10113/48087.
281. Weber G., Claus M. The influence of chemical soil factors on the development of VA mycorrhizas of ash (Fraxinus excelsior) L. and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) in pot experiments. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2000, 163:609-616.
282. Weeks A.R., Sgro C.M., Young A.G., Frankham R., Mitchell N.J., Miller K.A., Byrne M., Coates D.J., Eldridge M.D.B., Sunnucks P., Breed M.F., James E.A., Hoffmann A.A. Assessing the benefits and risks of translocations in changing environments: a genetic perspective. Ecol. Appl. 2011, 4:709-725.
283. Wingen, L.U., Shaw, M.W., Brown, J.K.M., in press. Long-distance dispersal and its influence on adaptation to host resistance in a heterogeneous landscape. Plant Pathol. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02621.x.
284. Xhaard C., Barres B., Andrieux A., Bousset L., Halkett F., Frey P. Disentangling the genetic origins of a plant pathogen during disease spread using an original molecular epidemiology approach. Mol. Ecol. 2012, 21:2383-2398.
285. Xu X.M., Harwood T.D., Pautasso M., Jeger M.J. Spatio-temporal analysis of an invasive plant pathogen (Phytophthora ramorum) in England and Wales. Ecography 2009, 32:504-516.
286. Zhu K., Woodall C.W., Clark J.S. Failure to migrate: lack of tree range expansion in response to climate change. Global. Change Biol. 2012, 18:1042-1052.