In Vitro regulatory effect of epididymal serpin CRES on protease activity of proprotein convertase PC4/PCSK4

Current Molecular Medicine

Volumn 12, Issue 8, 2012, Pages 1050-1067

  Mishra, P ^a   Qiu, Q ^a,b   Gruslin, A ^a,b   Hidaka, Y ^c   Mbikay, M ^a,d   Basak, A ^a,d  

^a OTTAWA HOSPITAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^b Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine   (Canada)

^c KINKI UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^d UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cystatin related epididymal spermatogenic; Epididymal fluid; Inhibitor; Proprotein convertase 4; Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 4; Proprotein processing; Protein aggregation; Serpin

Indexed keywords

CYSTATIN RELATED EPIDIDYMAL SPERMATOGENIC RECOMBINANT PROTEIN; DIMER; KEXIN; MONOMER; PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE 4; RECOMBINANT PROTEIN; SERINE PROTEINASE; SERINE PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; SUBTILISIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACROSOME REACTION; ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENZYME ACTIVITY; EPIDIDYMIS; FERTILIZATION IN VITRO; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; IN VITRO STUDY; MALE; MALE INFERTILITY; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; BINDING, COMPETITIVE; CELL LINE; CHROMATOGRAPHY, HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID; CYSTATINS; EPIDIDYMIS; HUMANS; MALE; MICE; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN MULTIMERIZATION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY; PROTEOLYSIS; RECOMBINANT PROTEINS; SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES; SERINE PROTEINASE INHIBITORS; SPECTROMETRY, MASS, MATRIX-ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION-IONIZATION;

MAMMALIA; MUS;

EID: 84866531888     PISSN: 15665240     EISSN: 18755666     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/156652412802480961     Document Type: Article

References (161)

1. Reinstein E, Ciechanover A. Narrative review: protein degradation and human diseases: the ubiquitin connection. Ann Intern Med 2006; 145(9): 676-84.
2. Salmena L, Pandolfi PP. Changing venues for tumour suppression: balancing destruction and localization by monoubiquitylation. Nat Rev Cancer 2007; 7(6): 409-13.
3. Glickman MH, Adir N. The proteasome and the delicate balance between destruction and rescue. PLoS Biol 2004; 2: E13.
4. Sixt SU, Adamzik M, Spyrka D, et al. Alveolar extracellular 20S proteasome in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 179: 1098-1106.
5. Kisselev AF, Goldberg A. Proteasome inhibitors: from research tools to drug candidates. Chem Biol 2001; 8: 739-58.
6. Eldridge AG, O'Brien T. Therapeutic strategies within the ubiquitin proteasome system. Cell Death Differ 2010; 17: 4-13.
7. Richardson PG, Barlogie B, Berenson J, et al. A phase 2 study of bortezomib in relapsed, refractory myeloma. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2609-17.
8. Nawaz Z, Lonard DM, Dennis AP, Smith CL, O'Malley BW. Proteasome-dependent degradation of the human estrogen receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96(5): 1858-62.
9. Wijayaratne AL, McDonnell DP. The human estrogen receptor-alpha is a ubiquitinated protein whose stability is affected differentially by agonists, antagonists, and selective estrogen receptor modulators. J Biol Chem 2001; 276(38): 35684-92.
10. Marsaud V, Gougelet A, Maillard S, Renoir JM. Various phosphorylation pathways, depending on agonist and antagonist binding to endogenous estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha), differentially affect ERalpha extractability, proteasome-mediated stability, and transcriptional activity in human breast cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 2003; 17(10): 2013-27.
11. Reid G, Hubner MR, Metivier R, et al. Cyclic, proteasomemediated turnover of unliganded and liganded ERalpha on responsive promoters is an integral feature of estrogen signaling. Mol Cell 2003; 11(3): 695-707.
12. Sato K, Rajendra E, Ohta T. The UPS: a promising target for breast cancer treatment. BMC Biochemistry 2008; 9 (Suppl 1), S2: doi: 10.1186/1471-2091-9-S1-S2.
13. Joazeiro CAP, Anderson KC, Hunter T. Proteasome Inhibitor Drugs on the Rise. Cancer Res 2006; 66(16): 7840-2.
14. Fenteany G, Standaert RF, Lane WS, Choi S, Corey EJ, Schreiber SL. Inhibition of proteasome activities and subunitspecific amino-terminal threonine modification by lactacystin. Science 1995; 268: 726-731.
15. Chauhan D, Catley L, Li G, et al. A novel orally active proteasome inhibitor induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells with mechanisms distinct from bortezomib. Cancer Cell 2005; 8: 407-19.
16. Stapnes C, Doskeland AP, Hatfield K, et al. The proteasome inhibitors bortezomib and PR-171 have antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects on primary human acute myeloid leukaemia cells. Br J Haematol 2007; 136(6): 814-28.
17. Iozzo RV. Matrix proteoglycans: from molecular design to cellular function. Annu Rev Biochem 1998; 67: 609-52.
18. Schaefer L, Schaefer RM. Proteoglycans: from structural compounds to signaling molecules. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 339(1): 237-46.
19. Karamanos NK, Tzanakakis GN. Glycosaminoglycans: from "cellular glue" to novel therapeutical agents. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; doi:10.1016/j.coph.2011.12.003
20. Iozzo RV, Karamanos N. Proteoglycans in health and disease: emerging concepts and future directions. FEBS J 2010; 277(19): 3863.
21. Theocharis AD, Skandalis SS, Tzanakakis GN, Karamanos NK. Proteoglycans in health and disease: novel roles for proteoglycans in malignancy and their pharmacological targeting. FEBS J 2010; 277(19): 3904-23.
22. Nagase H, Karamanos N. Metalloproteinases in health and disease: challenges and the future prospects. FEBS J 2011; 278(1): 1.
23. Murphy G, Nagase H. Localizing matrix metalloproteinase activities in the pericellular environment. FEBS J 2011; 278(1): 2-15.
24. Border WA, Noble NA, Yamamoto T, et al. Natural inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta protects against scarring in experimental kidney disease. Nature 1992; 360: 361-4.
25. Brandan E, Cabello-Verrugio C, Vial C. Novel regulatory mechanisms for the proteoglycans decorin and biglycan during muscle formation and muscular dystrophy. Matrix Biol 2008; 27: 700-8.
26. Schaefer L. Small leucine-rich proteoglycans in kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22: 1200-7.
27. Schaefer L, Macakova K, Raslik I, et al. Absence of decorin adversely influences tubulointerstitial fibrosis of the obstructed kidney by enhanced apoptosis and increased inflammatory reaction. Am J Pathol 2002; 160: 1181-91.
28. Yamaguchi Y, Mann DM, Ruoslahti E. Negative regulation of transforming growth factor-beta by the proteoglycan decorin. Nature 1990; 346: 281-4.
29. Theocharis AD. Human colon adenocarcinoma is associated with specific post-translational modifications of versican and decorin. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002; 1588: 165-72.
30. Nash MA, Deavers MT, Freedman RS. The expression of decorin in human ovarian tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2002; 8: 1754-60.
31. Theocharis AD, Vynios DH, Papageorgakopoulou N, Skandalis SS, Theocharis DA. The gastric carcinoma glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans undergo marked alterations in their content, composition and chemical structure. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2003; 35: 376-90.
32. Skandalis SS, Kletsas D, Kyriakopoulou D, Stavropoulos M, Theocharis DA. The greatly increased amounts of accumulated versican and decorin with specific posttranslational modifications may be closely associated with the malignant phenotype of pancreatic cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006; 1760: 1217-25.
33. Zafiropoulos A, Nikitovic D, Katonis P, Tsatsakis A, Karamanos NK, Tzanakakis GN. Decorin-induced growth inhibition is overcome through protracted expression and activation of epidermal growth factor receptors in osteosarcoma cells. Mol Cancer Res 2008; 6(5): 785-94.
34. Iozzo RV, Chakrani F, Perrotti D, et al. Cooperative action of germline mutations in decorin and p53 accelerates lymphoma tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 3092-7.
35. Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Proteoglycans in health and disease: novel regulatory signaling mechanisms evoked by the small leucine-rich proteoglycans. FEBS J 2010; 277(19): 3864-75.
36. Goldoni S, Iozzo RV. Tumor microenvironment: Modulation by decorin and related molecules harboring leucine-rich tandem motifs. Int J Cancer 2008; 123: 2473-9.
37. Iozzo RV, Sanderson RD. Proteoglycans in cancer biology, tumour microenvironment and angiogenesis. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15: 1013-31.
38. Csordas G, Santra M, Reed CC, et al. Sustained downregulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor by decorin. A mechanism for controlling tumor growth in vivo. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 32879-87.
39. De Luca A, Santra M, Baldi A, Giordano A, Iozzo RV. Decorin-induced growth suppression is associated with upregulation of p21, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 18961-5.
40. Moscatello DK, Santra M, Mann DM, McQuillan DJ, Wong AJ, Iozzo RV. Decorin suppresses tumor cell growth by activating the epidermal growth factor receptor. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 406-12.
41. Santra M, Reed CC, Iozzo RV. Decorin binds to a narrow region of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, partially overlapping but distinct from the EGF-binding epitope. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 35671-81.
42. Zhu JX, Goldoni S, Bix G, et al. Decorin evokes protracted internalization and degradation of the epidermal growth factor receptor via caveolar endocytosis. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 32468-79.
43. Goldoni S, Humphries A, Nystrom A, et al. Decorin is a novel antagonistic ligand of the Met receptor. J Cell Biol 2009; 185: 743-54.
44. Buraschi S, Pal N, Tyler-Rubinstein N, Owens RT, Neill T, Iozzo RV. Decorin antagonizes Met receptor activity and down-regulates {beta}-catenin and Myc levels. J Biol Chem 2010; 285: 42075-85.
45. Hu Y, Sun H, Owens RT, et al. Decorin suppresses prostate tumor growth through inhibition of epidermal growth factor and androgen receptor pathways. Neoplasia 2009; 11: 1042-53.
46. Reed CC, Waterhouse A, Kirby S, et al. Decorin prevents metastatic spreading of breast cancer. Oncogene 2005; 24: 1104-10.
47. Seidler DG, Goldoni S, Agnew C, et al. Decorin protein core inhibits in vivo cancer growth and metabolism by hindering epidermal growth factor receptor function and triggering apoptosis via caspase-3 activation. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 26408-18.
48. Tralhao JG, Schaefer L, Micegova M, et al. In vivo selective and distant killing of cancer cells using adenovirus-mediated decorin gene transfer. FASEB J 2003; 17: 464-6.
49. Hascall V, Karamanos N. Regulatory roles of hyaluronan in health and disease. FEBS J 2011; 278(9): 1411.
50. Tammi RH, Kultti A, Kosma VM, Pirinen R, Auvinen P, Tammi MI. Hyaluronan in human tumors: pathobiological and prognostic messages from cell-associated and stromal hyaluronan. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 18: 288-295.
51. Itano N, Zhuo L, Kimata K. Impact of the hyaluronan-rich tumor microenvironment on cancer initiation and progression. Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 1720-25.
52. Heldin P, Karousou E, Bernert B., Porsch H, Nishitsuka K, Skandalis SS. Importance of hyaluronan-CD44 interactions in inflammation and tumorigenesis. Connect Tissue Res 2008; 49(3): 215-8.
53. Misra S, Heldin P, Hascall VC, et al. Hyaluronan-CD44 interactions as potential targets for cancer therapy. FEBS J 2011; 278(9): 1429-43.
54. Auvinen P, Tammi R, Parkkinen J, et al. Hyaluronan in peritumoral stroma and malignant cells associates with breast cancer spreading and predicts survival. Am J Pathol 2000; 156: 529-36.
55. Ropponen K, Tammi M, Parkkinen J, et al. Tumor cellassociated hyaluronan as an unfavorable prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 342-7.
56. Toole BP. Hyaluronan in morphogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2001; 12: 79-87.
57. de la Torre M, Wells AF, Bergh J, Lindgren A. Localization of hyaluronan in normal breast tissue, radial scar, and tubular breast carcinoma. Hum Pathol 1993; 24: 1294-7.
58. Boregowda RK, Appaiah HN, Siddaiah M, et al. Expression of hyaluronan in human tumor progression. J Carcinog 2006; 5: 2.
59. Camenisch TD, Spicer AP, Brehm-Gibson T, et al. Disruption of hyaluronan synthase-2 abrogates normal cardiac morphogenesis and hyaluronan-mediated transformation of epithelium to mesenchyme. J Clin Invest 2000; 106: 349-60.
60. Li Y, Heldin P. Hyaluronan production increases the malignant properties of mesothelioma cells. Br J Cancer 2001; 85: 600-7.
61. Zoltan-Jones A, Huang L, Ghatak S, Toole BP. Elevated hyaluronan production induces mesenchymal and transformed properties in epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 45801-10.
62. Jacobson A, Rahmanian M, Rubin K, Heldin P. Expression of hyaluronan synthase 2 or hyaluronidase 1 differentially affect the growth rate of transplantable colon carcinoma cell tumors. Int J Cancer 2002; 102: 212-9.
63. Koyama H, Hibi T, Isogai Z, et al. Hyperproduction of hyaluronan in neu-induced mammary tumor accelerates angiogenesis through stromal cell recruitment: possible involvement of versican/PG-M. Am J Pathol 2007; 170: 1086-99.
64. Koyama H, Kobayashi N, Harada M, et al. Significance of tumor-associated stroma in promotion of intratumoral lymphangiogenesis: pivotal role of a hyaluronan-rich tumor microenvironment. Am J Pathol 2008; 172: 179-93.
65. Udabage L, Brownlee GR, Waltham M, et al. Antisensemediated suppression of hyaluronan synthase 2 inhibits the tumorigenesis and progression of breast cancer. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 6139-50.
66. Li Y, Li L, Brown TJ, Heldin P. Silencing of hyaluronan synthase 2 suppresses the malignant phenotype of invasive breast cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 2557-67.
67. Kleeff J, Ishiwata T, Kumbasar A, et al. The cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan glypican-1 regulates growth factor in pancreatic carcinoma cells and is overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer. J Clin Invest 1998; 102: 1662-73.
68. Matsuda K, Maruyama H, Guo F, et al. Glypican-1 is overexpressed in human breast cancer and modulates the mitogenic effects of multiple heparin-binding growth factors in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2001; 61(14): 5562-9.
69. Aikawa T, Whipple CA, Lopez ME, et al. Glypican-1 modulates the angiogenic and metastatic potential of human and mouse cancer cells. J Clin Invest 2008; 118: 89-99.
70. Su G, Meyer K, Nandini CD, Qiao D, Salamat S, Friedl A. Glypican-1 is frequently overexpressed in human gliomas and enhances FGF-2 signaling in glioma cells. Am J Pathol 2006; 168: 2014-26.
71. Pilia G, Hughes-Benzie RM, MacKenzie A, et al. Mutations in GPC3, a glypican gene, cause the Simpson-Golabi-Behmel overgrowth syndrome. Nat Genet 1996; 12(3): 241-7.
72. Shapiro SD. Matrix metalloproteinase degradation of extracellular matrix: biological consequences. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1998; 10: 602-8.
73. van der Slot AJ, van Dura EA, de Wit EC, et al. Elevated formation of pyridinoline cross-links by profibrotic cytokines is associated with enhanced lysyl hydroxylase 2b levels. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005; 1741: 95-102.
74. Colpaert CG, Vermeulen PB, Fox SB, Harris AL, Dirix LY, Van Marck EA. The presence of a fibrotic focus in invasive breast carcinoma correlates with the expression of carbonic anhydrase IX and is a marker of hypoxia and poor prognosis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2003; 81: 137-47.
75. Decock J, Hendrickx W, Vanleeuw U, et al. Plasma MMP1 and MMP8 expression in breast cancer: protective role of MMP8 against lymph node metastasis. BMC Cancer 2008; 8: 77.
76. Deryugina EI, Quigley JP. Matrix metalloproteinases and tumor metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2006; 25(1): 9-34.
77. Korpi JT, Kervinen V, Mäklin H, et al. Collagenase-2 (matrix metalloproteinase-8) plays a protective role in tongue cancer. Br J Cancer 2008; 98(4): 766-75.
78. Préaux AM, Mallat A, Nhieu JT, D'Ortho MP, Hembry RM, Mavier P. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 activation in human hepatic fibrosis regulation by cell-matrix interactions. Hepatology 1999; 30(4): 944-50.
79. Silletti S, Kessler T, Goldberg J, Boger DL, Cheresh DA. Disruption of matrix metalloproteinase 2 binding to integrin alpha v beta 3 by an organic molecule inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98(1): 119-24.
80. Gialeli C, Theocharis AD, Karamanos NK. Roles of matrix metalloproteinases in cancer progression and their pharmacological targeting. FEBS J 2011; 278(1): 16-27.
81. Brandan E, Retamal C, Cabello-Verrugio C, Marzolo MP. The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein functions as an endocytic receptor for decorin. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 31562-71.
82. Feugaing DD, Tammi R, Echtermeyer FG, et al. Endocytosis of the dermatan sulfate proteoglycan decorin utilizes multiple pathways and is modulated by epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. Biochimie 2007; 89: 637-57.
83. Mailand N, Bekker-Jensen S, Faustrup H, et al. RNF8 ubiquitylates histones at DNA double-strand breaks and promotes assembly of repair proteins. Cell 2007; 131(5): 887-900.
84. Wu H, Jiang W, Zhang Y, et al. Regulation of intracellular decorin via proteasome degradation in rat mesangial cells. J Cell Biochem 2010; 111(4): 1010-9.
85. Wu H, Wang S, Xue A, et al. Overexpression of decorin induces apoptosis and cell growth arrest in cultured rat mesangial cells in vitro. Nephrology 2008; 13: 607-15.
86. Skandalis SS, Theocharis AD, Papageorgakopoulou N, Vynios DH, Theocharis DA. The increased accumulation of structurally modified versican and decorin is related with the progression of laryngeal cancer. Biochimie 2006; 88(9): 1135-43.
87. Jacobson A, Brinck J, Briskin MJ, Spicer AP, Heldin P. Expression of human hyaluronan synthases in response to external stimuli. Biochem J 2000; 348 Pt 1: 29-35.
88. Yamada Y, Itano N, Hata K, Ueda M, Kimata K. Differential regulation by IL-1beta and EGF of expression of three different hyaluronan synthases in oral mucosal epithelial cells and fibroblasts and dermal fibroblasts: quantitative analysis using real-time RT-PCR. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 122: 631-9.
89. Vigetti D, Rizzi M, Viola M, et al. The effects of 4-methylumbelliferone on hyaluronan synthesis, MMP2 activity, proliferation, and motility of human aortic smooth muscle cells. Glycobiology 2009; 19: 537-46.
90. Sugiura K, Su YQ, Eppig JJ. Targeted suppression of Has2 mRNA in mouse cumulus cell-oocyte complexes by adenovirus-mediated short-hairpin RNA expression. Mol Reprod Dev 2009; 76: 537-47.
91. Tammi RH, Passi AG, Rilla K, et al. Transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of hyaluronan synthesis. FEBS J 2011; 278(9): 1419-28.
92. Kultti A, Pasonen-Seppanen S, Jauhiainen M, et al. 4-Methylumbelliferone inhibits hyaluronan synthesis by depletion of cellular UDP-glucuronic acid and downregulation of hyaluronan synthase 2 and 3. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315: 1914-23.
93. Jokela TA, Jauhiainen M, Auriola S, et al. Mannose inhibits hyaluronan synthesis by down-regulation of the cellular pool of UDP-N-acetylhexosamines. J Biol Chem 2008; 283: 7666-73.
94. Vigetti D, Ori M, Viola M, et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase from the amphibian Xenopus laevis and its involvement in hyaluronan synthesis. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 8254-63.
95. Jones S, Phillips AO. Regulation of renal proximal tubular epithelial cell hyaluronan generation: implications for diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2001; 59: 1739-49.
96. Wang A, Hascall VC. Hyaluronan structures synthesized by rat mesangial cells in response to hyperglycemia induce monocyte adhesion. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 10279-85.
97. Wang A, de la Motte C, Lauer M, Hascall V. Hyaluronan matrices in pathobiological processes. FEBS J 2011; 278(9): 1412-8.
98. Schleicher ED, Weigert C. Role of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int Suppl 2000; 77: S13-S18.
99. Hazel M, Cooksey RC, Jones D, et al. Activation of the hexosamine signaling pathway in adipose tissue results in decreased serum adiponectin and skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Endocrinology 2004; 145: 2118-28.
100. Comer FI, Hart GW. O-Glycosylation of nuclear and cytosolic proteins. Dynamic interplay between O-GlcNAc and Ophosphate. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 29179-82.
101. Slawson C, Hart GW. O-GlcNAc signalling: implications for cancer cell biology. Nat Rev Cancer 2011; 11(9): 678-84.
102. Jokela TA, Makkonen KM, Oikari S, et al. Cellular content of UDP-N-acetylhexosamines controls hyaluronan synthase 2 expression and correlates with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification of transcription factors YY1 and SP1. J Biol Chem 2011; 286(38): 33632-40.
103. Zhang F, Su K, Yang X, Bowe DB, Paterson AJ, Kudlow JE. O-GlcNAc modification is an endogenous inhibitor of the proteasome. Cell 2003; 115(6): 715-25.
104. Goldberg AL, Rock K. Not just research tools--proteasome inhibitors offer therapeutic promise. Nat Med 2002; 8(4): 338-40.
105. Kisselev AF, Goldberg AL. Proteasome inhibitors: from research tools to drug candidates. Chem Biol 2001; 8(8): 739-58.
106. Nagyova E, Scsukova S, Nemcova L, et al. Inhibition of proteasomal proteolysis affects expression of extracellular matrix components and steroidogenesis in porcine oocytecumulus complexes. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2012; 42(1): 50-62.
107. Karousou E, Kamiryo M, Skandalis SS, et al. The activity of hyaluronan synthase 2 is regulated by dimerization and ubiquitination. J Biol Chem 2010; 285(31): 23647-54.
108. Mani K, Cheng F, Fransson LA. Heparan sulfate degradation products can associate with oxidized proteins and proteasomes. J Biol Chem 2007; 282(30): 21934-44.
109. Goedert M, Jakes R, Spillantini MG, Hasegawa M, Smith MJ, Crowther RA. Assembly of microtubule-associated protein tau into Alzheimer-like filaments induced by sulphated glycosaminoglycans. Nature 1996; 383: 550-3.
110. Yogalingam G, Hopwood JJ. Molecular genetics of mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA and IIIB: Diagnostic, clinical, and biological implications. Hum Mutat 2001; 18: 264-81.
111. Watanabe N, Araki W, Chui D-H, Makifuchi T, Ihara Y, Tabira T. Glypican-1 as an Abeta binding HSPG in the human brain: its localization in DIG domains and possible roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2004; 18: 1013-5.
112. Mani K, Jonsson, M, Edgren G, Belting M, Fransson LA. A novel role for nitric oxide in the endogenous degradation of heparan sulfate during recycling of glypican-1 in vascular endothelial cells. Glycobiology 2000; 10: 577-86.
113. Ding K, Mani K, Cheng F, Belting M, Fransson LA. Copperdependent autocleavage of glypican-1 heparan sulfate by nitric oxide derived from intrinsic nitrosothiols. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 33353-60.
114. Cheng F, Mani K, van den Born J, Ding K, Belting M, Fransson LA. Nitric oxide-dependent processing of heparan sulfate in recycling S-nitrosylated glypican-1 takes place in caveolin-1-containing endosomes. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 44431-9.
115. Vilar RE, Ghael D, Li M, et al. Nitric oxide degradation of heparin and heparan sulphate. Biochem J 1997; 324: 473-9.
116. Vitry S, Ausseil J, Hocquemiller M, Bigou S, Dos Santos Coura R, Heard JM. Enhanced degradation of synaptophysin by the proteasome in mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB. Mol Cell Neurosci 2009; 41(1): 8-18.
117. Chejfec G, Falkmer S, Grimelius L, et al. Synaptophysin. A new marker for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 1987; 11(4): 241-7.
118. Jodele S, Blavier L, Yoon JM, DeClerck, YA. Modifying the soil to affect the seed: role of stromal-derived matrix metalloproteinases in cancer progression. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2006; 25: 35-43.
119. Page-McCaw A, Ewald AJ, Werb Z. Matrix metalloproteinases and the regulation of tissue remodelling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007; 8: 221-33.
120. Sternlicht MD, Lochter A, Sympson CJ, et al. The stromal proteinase MMP3/stromelysin-1 promotes mammary carcinogenesis. Cell 1999; 98: 137-46.
121. Martin MD, Carter KJ, Jean-Philippe SR, et al. Effect of ablation or inhibition of stromal matrix metalloproteinase-9 on lung metastasis in a breast cancer model is dependent on genetic background. Cancer Res 2008; 68: 6251-9.
122. Coussens LM, Fingleton B, Matrisian LM. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors and cancer: trials and tribulations. Science 2002; 295: 2387-92.
123. Atsawasuwan P, Mochida Y, Katafuchi M, et al. Lysyl oxidase binds transforming growth factor-beta and regulates its signaling via amine oxidase activity. J Biol Chem 2008; 283: 34229-40.
124. Csiszar K. Lysyl oxidases: a novel multifunctional amine oxidase family. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 2001; 70: 1-32.
125. Szauter KM, Cao T, Boyd CD, Csiszar K. Lysyl oxidase in development, aging and pathologies of the skin. Pathol Biol (Paris) 2005; 53: 448-56.
126. Butcher DT, Alliston T, Weaver VM. A tense situation: forcing tumour progression. Nat Rev Cancer 2009; 9: 108-22.
127. Sinkus R, Lorenzen J, Schrader D, Lorenzen M, Dargatz M, Holz D. High-resolution tensor MR elastography for breast tumour detection. Phys Med Biol 2000; 45: 1649-64.
128. Lo CM, Wang HB, Dembo M, Wang YL. Cell movement is guided by the rigidity of the substrate. Biophys J 2000; 79: 144-52.
129. Wang HB, Dembo M, Wang YL. Substrate flexibility regulates growth and apoptosis of normal but not transformed cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2000; 279: C1345-50.
130. Semler EJ, Ranucci CS, Moghe PV. Mechanochemical manipulation of hepatocyte aggregation can selectively induce or repress liver-specific function. Biotechnol Bioeng 2000; 69: 359-69.
131. Saha K, Keung AJ, Irwin EF, et al. Substrate modulus directs neural stem cell behavior. Biophys J 2008; 95: 4426-38.
132. Paszek MJ, Zahir N, Johnson KR, et al. Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype. Cancer Cell 2005; 8: 241-54.
133. Kolacna L, Bakesova J, Varga F, et al. Biochemical and biophysical aspects of collagen nanostructure in the extracellular matrix. Physiol Res 2007; 56: S51-60.
134. Ramaswamy S, Ross KN, Lander ES, Golub TR. A molecular signature of metastasis in primary solid tumors. Nat Genet 2003; 33: 49-54.
135. Martin LJ, Boyd NF. Mammographic density. Potential mechanisms of breast cancer risk associated with mammographic density: hypotheses based on epidemiological evidence. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10: 201.
136. Hasebe T, Sasaki S, Imoto S, Mukai K, Yokose T, Ochiai A. Prognostic significance of fibrotic focus in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast: a prospective observational study. Mod Pathol 2002; 15: 502-16.
137. Van den Eynden GG, Smid M, Van Laere SJ, et al. Gene expression profiles associated with the presence of a fibrotic focus and the growth pattern in lymph node-negative breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 2944-52.
138. Jensen BV, Johansen JS, Skovsgaard T, Brandt J, Teisner B. Extracellular matrix building marked by the N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I reflect aggressiveness of recurrent breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2002; 98: 582-9.
139. Levental KR, Yu H, Kass L, et al. Matrix crosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling. Cell 2009; 139(5): 891-906.
140. Fineschi S, Reith W, Guerne PA, Dayer JM, Chizzolini C. Proteasome blockade exerts an antifibrotic activity by coordinately down-regulating type I collagen and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and up-regulating metalloproteinase-1 production in human dermal fibroblasts. FASEB J 2006; 20(3): 562-4.
141. Goffin L, Seguin-Estévez Q, Alvarez M, Reith W, Chizzolini C. Transcriptional regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and collagen 1A2 explains the anti-fibrotic effect exerted by proteasome inhibition in human dermal fibroblasts. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12(2): R73.
142. Benbow U, Brinckerhoff CE. The AP-1 site and MMP gene regulation: what is all the fuss about? Matrix Biol 1997; 15: 519-26.
143. Wu HM, Chi KH, Lin WW. Proteasome inhibitors stimulate activator protein-1 pathway via reactive oxygen species production. FEBS Lett 2002; 526(1-3): 101-5.
144. Catalgol B, Ziaja I, Breusing N, et al. The proteasome is an integral part of solar ultraviolet a radiation-induced gene expression. J Biol Chem 2009; 284(44): 30076-86.
145. Reunanen N, Li SP, Ahonen M, Foschi M, Han J, Kähäri VM. Activation of p38 alpha MAPK enhances collagenase-1 (matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1) and stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) expression by mRNA stabilization. J Biol Chem 2002; 277(35): 32360-8.
146. Nakayama K, Furusu A, Xu Q, Konta T, Kitamura M. Unexpected transcriptional induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 by proteasome inhibition: involvement of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase-activator protein 1 pathway. J Immunol 2001; 167(3): 1145-50.
147. Sakai T, Kambe F, Mitsuyama H, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha induces expression of genes for matrix degradation in human chondrocyte-like HCS-2/8 cells through activation of NF-kappaB: abrogation of the tumor necrosis factor alpha effect by proteasome inhibitors. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16(7): 1272-80.
148. Meiners S, Hocher B, Weller A, et al. Downregulation of matrix metalloproteinases and collagens and suppression of cardiac fibrosis by inhibition of the proteasome. Hypertension 2004; 44(4): 471-7.
149. Kamat AM, Karashima T, Davis DW, et al. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib synergizes with gemcitabine to block the growth of human 253JB-V bladder tumors in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2004; 3(3): 279-90.
150. Small GW, Shi YY, Edmund NA, Somasundaram S, Moore DT, Orlowski RZ. Evidence that mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 induction by proteasome inhibitors plays an antiapoptotic role. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 66(6): 1478-90.
151. Schrader J, Gordon-Walker TT, Aucott RL, et al. Matrix stiffness modulates proliferation, chemotherapeutic response, and dormancy in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Hepatology 2011; 53(4): 1192-205.
152. Barkan D, El Touny LH, Michalowski AM, et al. Metastatic growth from dormant cells induced by a col-I-enriched fibrotic environment. Cancer Res 2010; 70(14): 5706-16.
153. Ulrich TA, de Juan Pardo EM, Kumar S. The mechanical rigidity of the extracellular matrix regulates the structure, motility, and proliferation of glioma cells. Cancer Res 2009; 69(10): 4167-74.
154. Järveläinen H, Sainio A, Koulu M, Wight TN, Penttinen R. Extracellular matrix molecules: potential targets in pharmacotherapy. Pharmacol Rev 2009; 61(2): 198-223.
155. Meiners S, Heyken D, Weller A, et al. Inhibition of proteasome activity induces concerted expression of proteasome genes and de novo formation of Mammalian proteasomes. J Biol Chem 2003; 278(24): 21517-25.
156. Fuchs D, Berges C, Opelz G, Daniel V, Naujokat C. Increased expression and altered subunit composition of proteasomes induced by continuous proteasome inhibition establish apoptosis resistance and hyperproliferation of Burkitt lymphoma cells. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103(1): 270-83.
157. Kraft DC, Deocaris CC, Wadhwa R, Rattan SI. Preincubation with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 enhances proteasome activity via the Nrf2 transcription factor in aging human skin fibroblasts. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1067: 420-4.
158. Kwak MK, Kensler TW. Induction of 26S proteasome subunit PSMB5 by the bifunctional inducer 3-methylcholanthrene through the Nrf2-ARE, but not the AhR/Arnt-XRE, pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 345(4): 1350-7.
159. Pickering AM, Linder RA, Zhang H, Forman HJ, Davies KJ. Nrf2-dependent induction of proteasome and Pa28__ regulator are required for adaptation to oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 2012; 287(13): 10021-31.
160. Wang XJ, Hayes JD, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR. Identification of retinoic acid as an inhibitor of transcription factor Nrf2 through activation of retinoic acid receptor alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104(49): 19589-94.
161. Tang X, Wang H, Fan L, et al. Luteolin inhibits Nrf2 leading to negative regulation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway and sensitization of human lung carcinoma A549 cells to therapeutic drugs. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50(11): 1599-609.