Magnetic nanoparticles: An update of application for drug delivery and possible toxic eVects

Archives of Toxicology

Volumn 86, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 685-700

  Kim, Ji Eun ^a,b   Shin, Ji Young ^a   Cho, Myung Haing ^a,b  

^a Seoul National University   (South Korea)

^b Seoul National University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Drug delivery; Magnetic nanoparticle; Review; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; DOXORUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; INDIUM 111; IODINE 125; IODINE 131; IRON OXIDE; MACROGOL; MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLE; MAGNETITE; METHOTREXATE; MICROSPHERE; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; PACLITAXEL; PARVOVIRUS VECTOR; RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL AGENT; RHENIUM 188; SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE; SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLE; TECHNETIUM 99M; TRASTUZUMAB; TRIPALMITIN; ULTRASMALL SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE;

ALOPECIA; BACKACHE; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BIODEGRADABILITY; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; CONTROLLED DRUG RELEASE; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DRUG COATING; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; EMBRYOTOXICITY; ENCAPSULATION; GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; HUMAN; HYDROPHILICITY; IMMUNOTOXICITY; INTERNALIZATION; IRON BALANCE; IRON OVERLOAD; KIDNEY CLEARANCE; LIVER TOXICITY; LUNG TOXICITY; MAGNETIC FIELD; MAGNETISM; MUCOSA INFLAMMATION; NANOTOXICOLOGY; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARTICLE SIZE; PLASMA HALF LIFE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIOTHERAPY; REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY; RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SURFACE CHARGE; SURFACE PROPERTY; THROMBOSIS; VASODILATATION;

ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; FEMALE; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; IRON; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MAGNETITE NANOPARTICLES; MALE; NANOPARTICLES; OLIGONUCLEOTIDES; PLACENTA; PREGNANCY; TESTIS; TOXICITY TESTS;

EID: 84862850519     PISSN: 03405761     EISSN: 14320738     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0773-3     Document Type: Review

References (183)

1. Alexiou C, Arnold W, Klein RJ, Parak FG, Hulin P, Bergemann C, Erhardt W, Wagenpfeil S, Lübbe AS (2000) Locoregional cancer treatment with magnetic drug targeting. Cancer Res 60(23):6641-6648
2. Alley SC, Okeley NM, Senter PD (2010) Antibody-drug conjugates: targeted drug delivery for cancer. Curr Opin Chem Biol 14(4):529-537
3. Ambrogio MW, Thomas CR, Zhao YL, Zink JI, Stoddart JF (2011) Mechanized silica nanoparticles: a new frontier in theranostic nanomedicine. Acc Chem Res 44(10):903-913
4. Andrews PA (1999) Disorders of iron metabolism. N Engl J Med 342(17):1986-1995
5. Anzai Y, Piccoli CW, Outwater EK, Stanford W, Bluemke DA, Nurenberg P, Saini S, Maravilla KR, Feldman DE, Schmiedl UP, Brunberg JA, Francis IR, Harms SE, Som PM, Tempany CM (2003) Evaluation of neck and body metastases to nodes with ferumoxtran 10-enhanced MR imaging: phase III safety and eYcacy study1. Radiology 228(3):777-788
6. Arruebo M, Fernández-Pacheco R, Ibarra MR, Santamaría J (2007) Magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery. Nano Today 2(3):22-32
7. Babincova M, Babinec P (2009) Magnetic drug delivery and targeting: principles and applications. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 153(4):243-250
8. Babincová M, Altanerová V, Lampert M, Altaner C, Machová E, Srámka M, Babinec P (2000) Site-speciWc in vivo targeting of magnetoliposomes using externally applied magnetic Weld. Z Naturforsch C 55(3-4):278-281
9. Barisani D, Conte D (2002) Transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and putative stimulator of Fe transport (SFT) expression in iron deWciency and overload: an overview. Blood Cells Mol Dis 29(3):498-505
10. Boyer C, Whittaker M, Bulmus V, Liu J, Davis T (2010) The design and utility of polymer-stabilized iron-oxide nanoparticles for nanomedicine applications. NPGA Mater 2(1):23-30
11. Braydich-Stolle L, Hussain S, Schlager JJ, Hofmann MC (2005) In vitro cytotoxicity of nanoparticles in mammalian germline stem cells. Toxicol Sci 88(2):412-419
12. Brewer GJ (2009) Risks of copper and iron toxicity during aging in humans. Chem Res Toxicol 23(2):319-326
13. Britton RS (1996) Metal-induced hepatotoxicity. Semin Liver Dis 16(1):3-12
14. Brown DM, Wilson MR, MacNee W, Stone V, Donaldson K (2001) Size-dependent proinXammatory eVects of ultraWne polystyrene particles: a role for surface area and oxidative stress in the enhanced activity of ultraWnes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 175(3):191-199
15. Brzozowska M, Krysinski P (2009) Synthesis and functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles with covalently bound electroactive compound doxorubicin. Electrochim Acta 54(22):5065-5070
16. Chen HH, Yu C, Ueng TH, Chen S, Chen BJ, Huang KJ, Chiang LY (1998) Acute and subacute toxicity study of water-soluble polyalkylsulfonated C-60 in rats. Toxicol Pathol 26(1):143-151
17. Chen J, Wu H, Han D, Xie C (2006) Using anti-VEGF McAb and magnetic nanoparticles as double-targeting vector for the radioimmunotherapy of liver cancer. Cancer Lett 231(2):169-175
18. 4 on immune function in normal ICR mice. Int J Nanomed 7(5):593-599
19. Chithrani BD, Ghazani AA, Chan WC (2006) Determining the size and shape dependence of gold nanoparticle uptake into mammalian cells. Nano Lett 6(4):662-668
20. Chorny M, Fishbein I, Yellen BB, Alferiev IS, Bakay M, Ganta S, Adamo R, Amiji M, Friedman G, Levy RJ (2010) Targeting stents with local delivery of paclitaxel-loaded magnetic nanoparticles using uniform Welds. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(18):8346-8351
21. Chouly C, Pouliquen D, Lucet I, Jeune JJ, Jallet P (1996) Development of superparamagnetic nanoparticles for MRI: eVect of particle size, charge and surface nature on biodistribution. J Microencapsul 13(3):245-255
22. Conner SD, Schmid SL (2003) Regulated portals of entry into the cell. Nature 422(6927):37-44
23. Dames P, Gleich B, Flemmer A, Hajek K, Seidl N, Wiekhorst F, Eberbeck D, Bittmann I, Bergemann C, Weyh T, Trahms L, Rosenecker J, Rudolph C (2007) Targeted delivery of magnetic aerosol droplets to the lung. Nat Nanotechnol 2(8):495-499
24. Dave SR, Gao X (2009) Monodisperse magnetic nanoparticles for biodetection, imaging, and drug delivery: a versatile and evolving technology. Wires Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 1(6):583-609
25. De Jong WH, Borm PJ (2008) Drug delivery and nanoparticles: applications and hazards. Int J Nanomed 3(2):133-149
26. Deka SR, Quarta A, Di Corato R, Riedinger A, Cingolani R, Pellegrino T (2011) Magnetic nanobeads decorated by thermo-responsive PNIPAM shell as medical platforms for the eYcient delivery of doxorubicin to tumour cells. Nanoscale 3(2):619-629
27. 4/P(MAA-co-NVP) magnetic microspheres with controllable core-shell architecture. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 22(4-6):557-676
28. Dilnawaz F, Singh A, Mohanty C, Sahoo SK (2010) Dual drug loaded superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for targeted cancer therapy. Biomaterials 31(13):3694-3706
29. Dumestre F, Chaudret B, Amiens C, Fromen MC, Casanove MJ, Renaud P, Zurcher P (2002) Shape control of thermodynamically stable cobalt nanorods through organometallic chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 41(22):4286-4289
30. 2. Science 303(5659):821-823
31. Eaton JW, Qian M (2002) Molecular bases of cellular iron toxicity. Free Radic Biol Med 32(9):833-840
32. Elias A, Tsourkas A (2009) Imaging circulating cells and lymphoid tissues with iron oxide nanoparticles. Hepatol Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2009(1):720-726
33. Fattahi H, Laurent S, Liu F, Arsalani N, Vander Elst L, Muller RN (2011) Magnetoliposomes as multimodal contrast agents for molecular imaging and cancer nanotheragnostics. Nanomedicine 6(3):529-544
34. Feng J, Liu H, Zhang L, Bhakoo K, Lu L (2010) An insight into the metabolic responses of ultra-small superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide using metabonomic analysis of bioXuids. Nanotechnology 21(39):395101. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/21/39/395101
35. Feng J, Liu H, Bhakoo KK, Lu L, Chen Z (2011) A metabonomic analysis of organ speciWc response to USPIO administration. Biomaterials 32(27):2558-2569
36. Fernandez-Pacheco R, Marquina C, Valdivia JG, Gutierrez M, Romero MS, Cornudella R, Laborda A, Viloria A, Higuera T, Garcia A, de Jalon JAG, Ibarra MR (2007) Magnetic nanoparticles for local drug delivery using magnetic implants. J Magn Magn Mater 311(1):318-322
37. Ferrari M (2005a) Cancer nanotechnology: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Cancer 5(3):161-171
38. Ferrari M (2005b) Nanovector therapeutics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 9(4):343-346
39. Fleming RE, Bacon BR (2005) Orchestration of iron homeostasis. N Engl J Med 352(17):1741-1744
40. Frank MM, Fries LF (1991) The role of complement in inXammation and phagocytosis. Immunol Today 12(9):322-326
41. Funovics MA, Kapeller B, Hoeller C, Su HS, Kunstfeld R, Puig S, Macfelda K (2004) MR imaging of the her2/neu and 9.2.27 tumor antigens using immunospeciWc contrast agents. Magn Reson Imaging 22(6):843-850
42. Gehr P, Bachofen M, Weibel ER (1978) The normal human lung: ultrastructure and morphometric estimation of diVusion capacity. Respir Physiol 32(2):121-140
43. Gerber DE (2008) Targeted therapies: a new generation of cancer treatments. Am Fam Physician 77(3):311-319
44. Gersting SW, Schillinger U, Lausier J, Nicklaus P, Rudolph C, Plank C, Reinhardt D, Rosenecker J (2004) Gene delivery to respiratory epithelial cells by magnetofection. J Gene Med 6(8):913-922
45. Gordon T, Kannel WB, Hjortland MC, McNamara PM (1978) Menopause and coronary heart-disease-Framingham study. Ann Intern Med 89(2):157-161
46. Gould P (2006) Nanomagnetism shows in vivo potential. Nano Today 1(4):34-39
47. Graham RM, Chua AC, Herbison CE, Olynyk JK, Trinder D (2007) Liver iron transport. World J Gastroenterol 13(35):4725-4736
48. Grief AD, Richardson G (2005) Mathematical modelling of magnetically targeted drug delivery. J Magn Magn Mater 293(1):455-463
49. GriYn JL, Walker LA, Troke J, Osborn D, Shore RF, Nicholson JK (2000) The initial pathogenesis of cadmium induced renal toxicity. FEBS Lett 478(1-2):147-150
50. Gupta AK, Gupta M (2005) Synthesis and surface engineering of iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Biomaterials 26(18):3995-4021
51. Gupta AK, Naregalkar RR, Vaidya VD, Gupta M (2007) Recent advances on surface engineering of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and their biomedical applications. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2(1):23-39
52. Gwinn MR, Vallyathan V (2006) Nanoparticles: health eVects-pros and cons. Environ Health Persp 114(12):1818-1825
53. Häfeli UO, Sweeney SM, Beresford BA, Humm JL, Macklis RM (1995) EVective targeting of magnetic radioactive 90Y-microspheres to tumor cells by an externally applied magnetic Weld. Preliminary in vitro and in vivo results. Nucl Med Biol 22(2):147-155
54. Häfeli UO, RiZe JS, Harris-Shekhawat L, Carmichael-Baranauskas A, Mark F, Dailey JP, Bardenstein D (2009) Cell uptake and in vitro toxicity of magnetic nanoparticles suitable for drug delivery. Mol Pharm 6(5):1417-1428
55. Harivardhan Reddy L, Sharma RK, Chuttani K, Mishra AK, Murthy RS (2005) InXuence of administration route on tumor uptake and biodistribution of etoposide loaded solid lipid nanoparticles in Dalton's lymphoma tumor bearing mice. J Control Release 105(3):185-198
56. Heckl S (2007) Future contrast agents for molecular imaging in stroke. Curr Med Chem 14(16):1713-1728
57. Herrington DM, Reboussin DM, Brosnihan KB, Sharp PC, Shumaker SA, Snyder TE, Furberg CD, Kowalchuk GJ, Stuckey TD, Rogers WJ, Givens DH, Waters D (2000) EVects of estrogen replacement on the progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 343(8):522-529
58. Ho D, Sun X, Sun S (2011) Monodisperse magnetic nanoparticles for theranostic applications. Acc Chem Res 44(10):875-882
59. Hofmann-Amtenbrink M, Von Rechenberg B, Hofmann H (2009) Superparamagnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications, vol 37. Trans Research Network, Kerala
60. Hsiao JK, Chu HH, Wang YH, Lai CW, Chou PT, Hsieh ST, Wang JL, Liu HM (2008) Macrophage physiological function after superparamagnetic iron oxide labeling. NMR Biomed 21(8):820-829
61. Hu YL, Gao JQ (2010) Potential neurotoxicity of nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 394(1-2):115-121
62. Hua MY, Yang HW, Chuang CK, Tsai RY, Chen WJ, Chuang KL, Chang YH, Chuang HC, Pang ST (2010) Magnetic-nanoparticlemodiWed paclitaxel for targeted therapy for prostate cancer. Biomaterials 31(28):7355-7363
63. Huang J, Bu L, Xie J, Chen K, Cheng Z, Li X, Chen X (2010) EVects of nanoparticle size on cellular uptake and liver MRI with polyvinylpyrrolidone- coated iron oxide nanoparticles. ACS Nano 4(12):7151-7160
64. Hyeon T, Lee SS, Park J, Chung Y, Na HB (2001) Synthesis of highly crystalline and monodisperse maghemite nanocrystallites without a size-selection process. J Am Chem Soc 123(51):12798-12801
65. Jain TK, Reddy MK, Morales MA, Leslie-Pelecky DL, Labhasetwar V (2008) Biodistribution, clearance, and biocompatibility of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles in rats. Mol Pharm 5(2):316-327
66. Jeong JM, Chung JK (2003) Therapy with 188Re-labeled radiopharmaceuticals: an overview of promising results from initial clinical trials. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 18(5):707-717
67. Jordan A, Scholz R, Maier-HauV K, Johannsen M, Wust P, Nadobny J, Schirra H, Schmidt H, Deger S, Loening S, Lanksch W, Felix R (2001) Presentation of a new magnetic Weld therapy system for the treatment of human solid tumors with magnetic Xuid hyperthermia. J Magn Magn Mater 225(1-2):118-126
68. Karapidaki I, Bakopoulou A, Papageorgiou A, Iakovidou Z, Mioglou E, Nikolaropoulos S, Mourelatos D, Lialiaris T (2009) Genotoxic, cytostatic, antineoplastic and apoptotic eVects of newly synthesized antitumour steroidal esters. Mutat Res-Genet Toxicol Environ Mutag 675(1-2):51-59
69. Karlsson HL, Gustafsson J, Cronholm P, Möller L (2009) Size-dependent toxicity of metal oxide particles-a comparison between nano-and micrometer size. Toxicol Lett 188(2):112-118
70. Karmali PP, Simberg D (2011) Interactions of nanoparticles with plasma proteins: implication on clearance and toxicity of drug delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Del 8(3):343-357
71. 4 nanoparticles and thermosensitive block copolymers. Small 7(12):1683-1689
72. Kievit FM, Veiseh O, Bhattarai N, Fang C, Gunn JW, Lee D, Ellenbogen RG, Olson JM, Zhang M (2009) PEI-PEG-chitosan copolymer coated iron oxide nanoparticles for safe gene delivery: synthesis, complexation, and transfection. Adv Funct Mater 19(14):2244-2251
73. Kim JS, Yoon TJ, Yu KN, Kim BG, Park SJ, Kim HW, Lee KH, Park SB, Lee JK, Cho MH (2006a) Toxicity and tissue distribution of magnetic nanoparticles in mice. Toxicol Sci 89(1):338-347
74. Kim JS, Yoon TJ, Yu KN, Noh MS, Woo M, Kim BG, Lee KH, Sohn BH, Park SB, Lee JK, Cho MH (2006b) Cellular uptake of magnetic nanoparticle is mediated through energy-dependent endocytosis in A549 cells. J Vet Sci 7(4):321-326
75. Kim BY, Rutka JT, Chan WC (2010a) Nanomedicine. N Engl J Med 363(25):2434-2443
76. Kim JE, Lim HT, Minai-Tehrani A, Kwon JT, Shin JY, Woo CG, Choi M, Baek J, Jeong DH, Ha YC, Chae CH, Song KS, Ahn KH, Lee JH, Sung HJ, Yu IJ, Beck GR Jr, Cho MH (2010b) Toxicity and clearance of intratracheally administered multiwalled carbon nanotubes from murine lung. J Toxicol Environ Health A 73(21-22):1530-1543
77. Kohler N, Sun C, Fichtenholtz A, Gunn J, Fang C, Zhang M (2006) Methotrexate immobilized poly (ethylene glycol) magnetic nanoparticles for MR imaging and drug delivery. Small 2(6):785-792
78. Komatsu T, Tabata M, Kubo-Irie M, Shimizu T, Suzuki K, Nihei Y, Takeda K (2008) The eVects of nanoparticles on mouse testis Leydig cells in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 22(8):1825-1831
79. Koziara JM, Lockman PR, Allen DD, Mumper RJ (2006) The blood-brain barrier and brain drug delivery. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 9(10):2712-2735
80. Krötz F, de Wit C, Sohn HY, Zahler S, Gloe T, Pohl U, Plank C (2003) Magnetofection-a highly eYcient tool for antisense oligonucleotide delivery in vitro and in vivo. Mol Ther 7(5):700-710
81. Kwon JT, Hwang SK, Jin H, Kim DS, Minai-Tehrani A, Yoon HJ, Choi M, Yoon TJ, Han DY, Kang YW, Yoon BI, Lee JK, Cho MH (2008) Body distribution of inhaled Xuorescent magnetic nanoparticles in the mice. J Occup Health 50(1):1-6
82. Kwon JT, Kim DS, Minai-Tehrani A, Hwang SK, Chang SH, Lee ES, Xu CX, Lim HT, Kim JE, Yoon BI, An GH, Lee KH, Lee JK, Cho MH (2009) Inhaled Xuorescent magnetic nanoparticles induced extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen of mice. J Occup Health 51(5):423-431
83. Lacava LM, Garcia VAP, Kuckelhaus S, Azevedo RB, Sadeghiani N, Buske N, Morais PC, Lacava ZGM (2004) Long-term retention of dextran-coated magnetite nanoparticles in the liver and spleen. J Magn Magn Mater 272-276:2434-2435
84. Langer R (2000) Biomaterials in drug delivery and tissue engineering: one laboratory's experience. Acc Chem Res 33(2):94-101
85. Lankester KJ, Maxwell RJ, Pedley RB, Dearling JL, Qureshi UA, El-Emir E, Hill SA, Tozer GM (2007) Combretastatin A-4-phosphate eVectively increases tumor retention of the therapeutic antibody, 131I-A5B7, even at doses that are sub-optimal for vascular shut-down. Int J Oncol 30(2):453-460
86. Lattuada M, Hatton TA (2007) Functionalization of monodisperse magnetic nanoparticles. Langmuir 23(4):2158-2168
87. 4 particles by precipitation in the presence of PVA at high pH. J Colloid Interface Sci 177(2):490-494
88. Lee CC, MacKay JA, Fréchet JM, Szoka FC (2005) Designing dendrimers for biological applications. Nat Biotechnol 23(12):1517-1526
89. Lee CM, Jeong HJ, Kim SL, Kim EM, Kim DW, Lim ST, Jang KY, Jeong YY, Nah JW, Sohn MH (2009) SPION-loaded chitosanlinoleic acid nanoparticles to target hepatocytes. Int J Pharm 371(1-2):163-169
90. Lee JH, Jang JT, Choi JS, Moon SH, Noh SH, Kim JW, Kim JG, Kim IS, Park KI, Cheon J (2011) Exchange-coupled magnetic nanoparticles for eYcient heat induction. Nat Nanotechnol 6(7):418-422
91. Li C, Taneda S, Taya K, Watanabe G, Li X, Fujitani Y, Nakajima T, Suzuki AK (2009) EVects of in utero exposure to nanoparticlerich diesel exhaust on testicular function in immature male rats. Toxicol Lett 185(1):1-8
92. Limbach LK, Li Y, Grass RN, Brunner TJ, Hintermann MA, Muller M, Gunther D, Stark WJ (2005) Oxide nanoparticle uptake in human lung Wbroblasts: eVects of particle size, agglomeration, and diVusion at low concentrations. Environ Sci Technol 39(23):9370-9376
93. Limbach LK, Wick P, Manser P, Grass RN, Bruinink A, Stark WJ (2007) Exposure of engineered nanoparticles to human lung epithelial cells: inXuence of chemical composition and catalytic activity on oxidative stress. Environ Sci Technol 41(11):4158-4163
94. Lin JJ, Chen JS, Huang SJ, Ko JH, Wang YM, Chen TL, Wang LF (2009) Folic acid-Pluronic F127 magnetic nanoparticle clusters for combined targeting, diagnosis, and therapy applications. Biomaterials 30(28):5114-5124
95. Liong M, Lu J, Kovochich M, Xia T, Ruehm SG, Nel AE, Tamanoi F, Zink JI (2008) Multifunctional inorganic nanoparticles for imaging, targeting, and drug delivery. ACS Nano 2(5):889-896
96. Longmire M, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H (2008) Clearance properties of nano-sized particles and molecules as imaging agents: considerations and caveats. Nanomedicine 3(5):703-717
97. Lu J, Yang S, Ng KM, Su CH, Yeh CS, Wu YN, Shieh DB (2006) Solid-state synthesis of monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticle based ferroXuid suitable for magnetic resonance imaging contrast application. Nanotechnology 17(23):5812-5820
98. Lu AH, Salabas EL, Schüth F (2007) Magnetic nanoparticles: synthesis, protection, functionalization, and application. Angew Chem Int Edit 46(8):1222-1244
99. Lu F, Wu SH, Hung Y, Mou CY (2009) Size eVect on cell uptake in well suspended, uniform mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Small 5(12):1408-1413
100. Lunov O, Syrovets T, Buchele B, Jiang X, Rocker C, Tron K, Nienhaus GU, Walther P, Mailander V, Landfester K, Simmet T (2010) The eVect of carboxydextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles on c-jun N-terminal kinase-mediated apoptosis in human macrophages. Biomaterials 31(19):5063-5071
101. Mah C, Fraites TJ Jr, Zolotukhin I, Song S, Flotte TR, Dobson J, Batich C, Byrne BJ (2002) Improved method of recombinant AAV2 delivery for systemic targeted gene therapy. Mol Ther 6(1):106-112
102. McBain SC, Yiu HH, Dobson J (2008) Magnetic nanoparticles for gene and drug delivery. Int J Nanomed 3(2):169-180
103. McFerrin MB, Sontheimer H (2006) A role for ion channels in glioma cell invasion. Neuron Glia biol 2(1):39-49
104. Medarova Z, Pham W, Farrar C, Petkova V, Moore A (2007) In vivo imaging of siRNA delivery and silencing in tumors. Nat Med 13(3):372-377
105. Ming W, Lin S, Wei B, Shao-lin L, Bi-bo L (2007) Preparation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and its acute toxicity to mice. Acad J Second Mil Med Univ 28(10):1104-1108
106. Moghimi SM, Hunter AC, Murray JC (2005) Nanomedicine: current status and future prospects. FASEB J 19(3):311-330
107. Monge-Fuentes V, Garcia MP, Tavares MC, Valois CR, Lima EC, Teixeira DS, Morais PC, Tomaz C, Azevedo RB (2011) Biodistribution and biocompatibility of DMSA-stabilized maghemite magnetic nanoparticles in nonhuman primates (Cebus spp.). Nanomedicine 6(4):1-16
108. Mornet S, Vasseur S, Grasset F, Duguet E (2004) Magnetic nanoparticle design for medical diagnosis and therapy. J Mater Chem 14(14):2161-2175
109. Muldoon LL, Sàndor M, Pinkston KE, Neuwelt EA (2005) Imaging, distribution, and toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide magnetic resonance nanoparticles in the rat brain and intracerebral tumor. Neurosurgery 57(4):785-796
110. Myllynen PK, Loughran MJ, Howard CV, Sormunen R, Walsh AA, Vähäkangas KH (2008) Kinetics of gold nanoparticles in the human placenta. Reprod Toxicol 26(2):130-137
111. Nelson AL, Dhimolea E, Reichert JM (2010) Development trends for human monoclonal antibody therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 9(10):767-774
112. Nemmar A, Hoylaerts MF, Hoet PH, Vermylen J, Nemery B (2003) Size eVect of intratracheally instilled particles on pulmonary inXammation and vascular thrombosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 186(1):38-45
113. Neuberger T, Schöpf B, Hofmann H, Hofmann M, von Rechenberg B (2005) Superparamagnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications: possibilities and limitations of a new drug delivery system. J Magn Magn Mater 293(1):483-496
114. Nicod LP (1999) Pulmonary defence mechanisms. Respiration 66(1):2-11
115. Nigavekar SS, Sung LY, Llanes M, El-Jawahri A, Lawrence TS, Becker CW, Balogh L, Khan MK (2004) 3H dendrimer nanoparticle organ/tumor distribution. Pharm Res 21(3):476-483
116. Noori A, Parivar K, Modaresi M, Messripour M, YouseW MH, Amiri GR (2011) EVect of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles on pregnancy and testicular development of mice. Afr J Biotechnol 10(7):1221-1227
117. Ong WY, Halliwell B (2004) Iron, atherosclerosis, and neurodegeneration- a key role for cholesterol in promoting iron-dependent oxidative damage? Ann NY Acad Sci 1012:51-64
118. Pan B, Cui D, Sheng Y, Ozkan C, Gao F, He R, Li Q, Xu P, Huang T (2007) Dendrimer-modiWed magnetic nanoparticles enhance eYciency of gene delivery system. Cancer Res 67(17):8156-8163
119. Park SJ, Kim S, Lee S, Khim ZG, Char K, Hyeon T (2000) Synthesis and magnetic studies of uniform iron nanorods and nanospheres. J Am Chem Soc 122(35):8581-8582
120. Pileni MP (2003) The role of soft colloidal templates in controlling the size and shape of inorganic nanocrystals. Nat Mater 2(3):145-150
121. Plank C (2008) Nanomagnetosols: magnetism opens up new perspectives for targeted aerosol delivery to the lung. Trends Biotechnol 26(2):59-63
122. Pouponneau P, Leroux JC, Soulez G, Gaboury L, Martel S (2011) Co-encapsulation of magnetic nanoparticles and doxorubicin into biodegradable microcarriers for deep tissue targeting by vascular MRI navigation. Biomaterials 32(13):3481-3486
123. Pradhan P, Giri J, Rieken F, Koch C, Mykhaylyk O, Doblinger M, Banerjee R, Bahadur D, Plank C (2010) Targeted temperature sensitive magnetic liposomes for thermo-chemotherapy. J Control Release 142(1):108-121
124. Puntes VF, Krishnan KM, Alivisatos AP (2001) Colloidal nanocrystal shape and size control: the case of cobalt. Science 291(5511): 2115-2117
125. Reichert JM (2008) Monoclonal antibodies as innovative therapeutics. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 9(6):423-430
126. Roberts JC, Bhalgat MK, Zera RT (1996) Preliminary biological evaluation of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) starburst dendrimers. J Biomed Mater Res 30(1):53-65
127. Rockenberger J, Scher EC, Alivisatos AP (1999) A new nonhydrolytic single-precursor approach to surfactant-capped nanocrystals of transition metal oxides. J Am Chem Soc 121(49):11595-11596
128. Roco MC, Bainbridge WS (2005) Societal implications of nanoscience and nanotechnology: maximizing human beneWt. J Nanopart Res 7(1):1-13
129. Roney C, Kulkarni P, Arora V, Antich P, Bonte F, Wu A, Mallikarjuana NN, Manohar S, Liang HF, Kulkarni AR, Sung HW, Sairam M, Aminabhavi TM (2005) Targeted nanoparticles for drug delivery through the blood-brain barrier for Alzheimer's disease. J Control Release 108(2-3):193-214
130. Ross JS, Fletcher JA, Bloom KJ, Linette GP, Stec J, Symmans WF, Pusztai L, Hortobagyi GN (2004) Targeted therapy in breast cancer: the HER-2/neu gene and protein. Mol Cell Proteomics 3(4):379-398
131. Saunders M (2009) Transplacental transport of nanomaterials. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 1(6):671-684
132. Scherer F, Anton M, Schillinger U, Henke J, Bergemann C, Krüger A, Gänsbacher B, Plank C (2002) Magnetofection: enhancing and targeting gene delivery by magnetic force in vitro and in vivo. Gene Ther 9(2):102-109
133. Schipper ML, Cheng Z, Lee SW, Bentolila LA, Iyer G, Rao J, Chen X, Wu AM, Weiss S, Gambhir SS (2007) MicroPET-based biodistribution of quantum dots in living mice. J Nucl Med 48(9):1511-1518
134. Schrand AM, Rahman MF, Hussain SM, Schlager JJ, Smith DA, Syed AF (2010) Metal based nanoparticles and their toxicity assessment. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2(5):544-568
135. Shander A, Cappellini MD, Goodnough LT (2009) Iron overload and toxicity: the hidden risk of multiple blood transfusions. Vox Sang 97(3):185-197
136. Shapira A, Livney YD, Broxterman HJ, Assaraf YG (2011) Nanomedicine for targeted cancer therapy: towards the overcoming of drug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 14(3):150-163
137. Shen CC, Wang CC, Liao MH, Jan TR (2011) A single exposure to iron oxide nanoparticles attenuates antigen-speciWc antibody production and T-cell reactivity in ovalbumin-sensitized BALB/c mice. Int J Nanomed 6:1229-1235
138. Shi D, Bedford NM, Cho HS (2011) Engineered multifunctional nanocarriers for cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. Small 7(18):2549-2567
139. Simberg D, Park JH, Karmali PP, Zhang WM, Merkulov S, McCrae K, Bhatia SN, Sailor M, Ruoslahti E (2009a) DiVerential proteomics analysis of the surface heterogeneity of dextran iron oxide nanoparticles and the implications for their in vivo clearance. Biomaterials 30(23-24):3926-3933
140. Simberg D, Zhang WM, Merkulov S, McCrae K, Park JH, Sailor MJ, Ruoslahti E (2009b) Contact activation of kallikrein-kinin system by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo. J Control Release 140(3):301-305
141. Simonsen CZ, Ostergaard L, Vestergaard-Poulsen P, Rohl L, Bjornerud A, Gyldensted C (1999) CBF and CBV measurements by USPIO bolus tracking: reproducibility and comparison with Gd-based values. J Magn Reson Imaging 9(2):342-347
142. Singh R, Lillard JW Jr (2009) Nanoparticle-based targeted drug delivery. Exp Mol Pathol 86(3):215-223
143. Singh N, Jenkins GJS, Asadi R, Doak SH (2010) Potential toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION). Nano Rev 1:1-15
144. Singh KP, Panwar P, Kohli P, Sanjesh RS (2011) Liposome-mesoporous silica nanoparticles fused cores: a safer mode of drug carrier. J Biomed Nanotechnol 7(1):60-62
145. Skaper SD, Floreani M, Ceccon M, Facci L, Giusti P (1999) Excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and the neuroprotective potential of melatonin. Ann NY Acad Sci 890(1):107-118
146. Song HP, Yang JY, Lo SL, Wang Y, Fan WM, Tang XS, Xue JM, Wang S (2010) Gene transfer using self-assembled ternary complexes of cationic magnetic nanoparticles, plasmid DNA and cell-penetrating Tat peptide. Biomaterials 31(4):769-778
147. Stern ST, McNeil SE (2008) Nanotechnology safety concerns revisited. Toxicol Sci 101(1):4-21
148. Sullivan JL (2003) Are menstruating women protected from heart disease because of, or in spite of, estrogen? Relevance to the iron hypothesis. Am Heart J 145(2):190-194
149. Sullivan JL (2004) Is stored iron safe? J Lab Clin Med 144(6):280-284
150. 4 (M = Fe, Co, Mn) nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 126(1):273-279
151. Sun J, Zheng W, Zhang H, Wu T, Yuan H, Yang X, Zhang S (2011) Development of nanoparticle based magnetic resonance colonography. Magn Reson Med 65(3):673-679
152. Swai H, Semete B, Kalombo L, Chelule P, Kisich K, Sievers B (2009) Nanomedicine for respiratory diseases. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 1(3):255-263
153. Tomanin R, Scarpa M (2004) Why do we need new gene therapy viral vectors? Characteristics, limitations and future perspectives of viral vector transduction. Curr Gene Ther 4(4):357-372
154. Torres Martin de Rosales R, Tavaré R, Glaria A, Varma G, Protti A, Blower PJ (2011) 99mTc-bisphosphonate-iron oxide nanoparticle conjugates for dual-modality biomedical imaging. Bioconjug Chem 22(3):455-465
155. Valois CR, Braz JM, Nunes ES, Vinolo MA, Lima EC, Curi R, Kuebler WM, Azevedo RB (2010) The eVect of DMSA-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles on transendothelial migration of monocytes in the murine lung via a [beta] 2 integrin-dependent pathway. Biomaterials 31(2):366-374
156. van den Hoven JM, Van Tomme SR, Metselaar JM, Nuijen B, Beijnen JH, Storm G (2011) Liposomal drug formulations in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Pharm 8(4):1002-1015
157. Veiseh O, Gunn JW, Kievit FM, Sun C, Fang C, Lee JS, Zhang M (2009a) Inhibition of tumor cell invasion with chlorotoxin-bound superparamagnetic nanoparticles. Small 5(2):256-264
158. Veiseh O, Kievit FM, Gunn JW, Ratner BD, Zhang M (2009b) A ligand-mediated nanovector for targeted gene delivery and transfection in cancer cells. Biomaterials 30(4):649-657
159. Veranth JM, Kaser EG, Veranth MM, Koch M, Yost GS (2007) Cytokine responses of human lung cells (BEAS-2B) treated with micron-sized and nanoparticles of metal oxides compared to soil dusts. Part Fibre Toxicol 4:2
160. Verma A, Stellacci F (2010) EVect of surface properties on nanoparticle-cell interactions. Small 6(1):12-21
161. Vonarbourg A, Passirani C, Saulnier P, Benoit JP (2006) Parameters inXuencing the stealthiness of colloidal drug delivery systems. Biomaterials 27(24):4356-4373
162. Wagner V, Dullaart A, Bock AK, Zweck A (2006) The emerging nanomedicine landscape. Nat Biotechnol 24(10):1211-1217
163. Wang H, Wang J, Deng X, Sun H, Shi Z, Gu Z, Liu Y, Zhao Y (2004) Biodistribution of carbon single-wall carbon nanotubes in mice. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 4(8):1019-1024
164. 3 particles into the brain: micro-distribution, chemical states, and histopathological observation. Biol Trace Elem Res 118(3):233-243
165. Wang L, Neoh KG, Kang ET, Shuter B (2011a) Multifunctional polyglycerol-grafted FeO@SiO nanoparticles for targeting ovarian cancer cells. Biomaterials 32(8):2166-2173
166. Wang YF, Fu CM, Chuang MH, Cham TM, Chung MI (2011b) Magnetically directed targeting aggregation of radiolabelled ferrite nanoparticles. J Nanomater. doi:10.1155/2011/851520
167. Wick P, Malek A, Manser P, Meili D, Maeder-Althaus X, Diener L, Diener PA, Zisch A, Krug HF, von Mandach U (2010) Barrier capacity of human placenta for nanosized materials. Environ Health Perspect 118(3):432-436
168. Wong RW, Richa DC, Hahn P, Green WR, Dunaief JL (2007) Iron toxicity as a potential factor in AMD. Retina 27(8):997-1003
169. Wuang SC, Neoh KG, Kang ET, Pack DW, Leckband DE (2008) HER-2-mediated endocytosis of magnetic nanospheres and the implications in cell targeting and particle magnetization. Biomaterials 29(14):2270-2279
170. Xia Z, Wang G, Tao K, Li J, Tian Y (2005) Preparation and acute toxicology of nano-magnetic ferroXuid. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technol Med Sci 25(1):59-61
171. 4 nanoparticles for reduced non-speciWc uptake by macrophage cells. Adv Mater 19(20):3163-3166
172. Yamaoka T, Tabata Y, Ikada Y (1994) Distribution and tissue uptake of poly(ethylene glycol) with diVerent molecular-weights after intravenous administration to mice. J Pharm Sci 83(4):601-606
173. Yamashita K, Yoshioka Y, Higashisaka K, Mimura K, Morishita Y, Nozaki M, Yoshida T, Ogura T, Nabeshi H, Nagano K, Abe Y, Kamada H, Monobe Y, Imazawa T, Aoshima H, Shishido K, Kawai Y, Mayumi T, Tsunoda S, Itoh N, Yoshikawa T, Yanagihara I, Saito S, Tsutsumi Y (2011) Silica and titanium dioxide nanoparticles cause pregnancy complications in mice. Nat Nanotechnol 6(5):321-328
174. Yang F, Hu J, Yang D, Long J, Luo G, Jin C, Yu X, Xu J, Wang C, Ni Q (2009) Pilot study of targeting magnetic carbon nanotubes to lymph nodes. Nanomedicine 4(3):317-330
175. Yauk C, Polyzos A, Rowan-Carroll A, Somers CM, Godschalk RW, Van Schooten FJ, Berndt ML, Pogribny IP, Koturbash I, Williams A, Douglas GR, Kovalchuk O (2008) Germ-line mutations, DNA damage, and global hypermethylation in mice exposed to particulate air pollution in an urban/industrial location. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(2):605-610
176. Yezhelyev MV, Qi L, O'Regan RM, Nie S, Gao X (2008) Protonsponge coated quantum dots for siRNA delivery and intracellular imaging. J Am Chem Soc 130(28):9006-9012
177. Yoon TJ, Kim JS, Kim BG, Yu KN, Cho MH, Lee JK (2005) Multifunctional nanoparticles possessing a "magnetic motor eVect" for drug or gene delivery. Angew Chem 117(7):1092-1095
178. Yoon TJ, Yu KN, Kim E, Kim JS, Kim BG, Yun SH, Sohn BH, Cho MH, Lee JK, Park SB (2006) SpeciWc targeting, cell sorting, and bioimaging with smart magnetic silica core-shell nanomateriats. Small 2(2):209-215
179. You SA, Wang Q (2005) Ferritin in atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 357(1):1-16
180. Zecca L, Youdim MB, Riederer P, Connor JR, Crichton RR (2004) Iron, brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 5(11):863-873
181. Zhang J, Misra RD (2007) Magnetic drug-targeting carrier encapsulated with thermosensitive smart polymer: core-shell nanoparticle carrier and drug release response. Acta Biomater 3(6):838-850
182. Zhu MT, Feng WY, Wang B, Wang TC, Gu YQ, Wang M, Wang Y, Ouyang H, Zhao YL, Chai ZF (2008) Comparative study of pulmonary responses to nano- and submicron-sized ferric oxide in rats. Toxicology 247(2-3):102-111
183. Zhu MT, Feng WY, Wang Y, Wang B, Wang M, Ouyang H, Zhao YL, Chai ZF (2009) Particokinetics and extrapulmonary translocation of intratracheally instilled ferric oxide nanoparticles in rats and the potential health risk assessment. Toxicol Sci 107(2):342-351