Does transformational leadership facilitate technological innovation? The moderating roles of innovative culture and incentive compensation

Asia Pacific Journal of Management

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 239-264

  Chen, Mavis Yi Ching ^a   Lin, Carol Yeh Yun ^b   Lin, Hsing Er ^c   McDonough III, Edward F ^d  

^a NATIONAL TAIWAN NORMAL UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^b NATIONAL CHENGCHI UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^c NATIONAL SUN YAT SEN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^d NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Incentive compensation; Innovative culture; Taiwan; Technological innovation; Transformational leadership

Indexed keywords

EID: 84862777434     PISSN: 02174561     EISSN: 15729958     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10490-012-9285-9     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. Ahlstrom, D., Chen, S.-j., & Yeh, K. 2010. Managing in ethnic Chinese communities: Cultures, institutions, and context. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 27(3): 341-354.
2. Aiken, L., & West, S. 1991. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
3. Aldas-Manzano, J., Kuster, I., & Vila, N. 2005. Market orientation and innovation: An inter-relationship analysis. European Journal of Innovation Management, 8(4): 437-452.
4. Amabile, T. M. 1998. How to kill creativity. Harvard Business Review, 76(5): 76-87.
5. Amabile, T. M., Goldfarb, P., & Brackfield, S. C. 1990. Social influences on creativity: Evaluation, coaction, and surveillance. Creativity Research Journal, 3: 6-21.
6. Antonakis, J., Avolio, B. J., & Sivasubramaniam, N. 2003. Context and leadership: An examination of the nine-factor full-range leadership theory using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Leadership Quarterly, 14: 261-295.
7. Appelbaum, S., & Kamal, R. 2000. An analysis of the utilization and effectiveness of non-financial incentives in small business. Journal of Management Development, 19(9): 733-763.
8. Appelbaum, S., & Mackenzie, L. 1996. Compensation in the year 2000: Pay for performance. Health Manpower Management, 22(3): 31-39.
9. Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. 1988. Transformational leadership, charisma, and beyond. In J. G. Hunt, B. R. Baliga, H. P. Dachler & C. A. Schriesheim (Eds.). Emerging leadership vitas: 29-49. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
10. Avolio, B., Bass, B., & Jung, D. I. 1999. Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72: 441-462.
11. Bagozzi, R. P., & Phillip, L. W. 1980. Representing and testing organizational theories: A holistic construct. Administrative Science Quarterly, 27: 459-489.
12. Balkin, D. B., Markman, G. D., & Gomez-Mejia, L. R. 2000. Is CEO pay in high-technology firms related to innovation?. Academy of Management Journal, 43(6): 1118-1129.
13. Bandura, A. 1986. Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
14. Bantel, K., & Jackson, S. 1989. Top management and innovations in banking: Does the composition of the top team make a difference?. Strategic Management Journal, 10(Summer Special Issue): 107-124.
15. Bass, B. 1985. Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press.
16. Bass, B., & Avolio, B. 1994. Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
17. Bass, B., & Avolio, B. 1995. Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden.
18. Bass, B., Avolio, B., Jung, D., & Berson, Y. 2003. Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88: 207-218.
19. Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. 2006. Transformational leadership, 2nd ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
20. Bhagat, R. S., McDevitt, A., & McDevitt, I. 2010. On improving the robustness of Asian management theories: Theoretical anchors in the era of globalization. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 27(2): 179-192.
21. Blau, B. M. 1964. Exchange and power in social life. New York: John Wiley.
22. Bliese, P. 2000. Within-group agreement, nonindependence, and reliability: Implications for data aggregation and analysis. In K. J. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.). Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions: 349-381. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
23. Bloor, G., & Dawson, P. 1994. Understanding professional culture in organizational context. Organization Studies, 15(2): 275-295.
24. Bubshait, A. A. 2003. Incentives/disincentives contracts and its effects on industrial projects. International Journal of Project Management, 21(1): 63-70.
25. Burns, J. M. 1978. Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.
26. Cabrales, A., Medina, C., Lavado, A., & Cabrera, R. 2008. Managing functional diversity, risk taking and incentives for teams to achieve radical innovations. R& D Management, 38(1): 35-50.
27. Carmen, C., & Maria Jose, G. 2008. The role of technological and organizational innovation in the relation between market orientation and performance in cultural organizations. European Journal of Innovation Management, 11(3): 413-434.
28. Chen, M. J., & Miller, D. 2010. West meets East: Toward an ambicultural approach to management. Academy of Management Perspectives, 24(4): 17-24.
29. Damanpour, F. 1991. Organizational innovation: A meta-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators. Academy of Management Journal, 34(3): 555-590.
30. de Castro, M., Verde, D., Sáez, L., & López, N. 2010. Technological innovation: An intellectual capital based view. Palgrave Macmillan.
31. De Luca, L., & Atuahene-Gima, K. 2007. Market knowledge dimensions and cross-functional collaboration: Examining the different routes to product innovation performance. Journal of Marketing, 71(1): 95-112.
32. Dean, J. W., & Snell, S. A. 1991. Integrated manufacturing and job design: Moderating effects of organizational inertia. Academy of Management Journal, 34: 774-804.
33. Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M. 1999. A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 125: 627-668.
34. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. 1985. Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum Press.
35. Deshpande, R., Farley, J., & Webster, F. 1993. Corporate culture, customer orientation, and innovativeness in Japanese firms: A quadrad analysis. Journal of Marketing, 57: 23-37.
36. Dionne, S. D., Yammarino, F. J., Howell, J. P., & Villa, J. R. 2005. Substitutes for leadership, or not?. Leadership Quarterly, 16(1): 169-193.
37. Dorfman, P. W., & Howell, J. P. 1988. Dimensions of national culture and effective leadership patterns: Hofstede revisited. In E. G. McGoun (Ed.). Advances in international comparative management, 3: 127-149. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
38. Dubinsky, A. J., Yammarino, F., Jolson, M. A., & Spangler, W. D. 1995. Transformational leadership: An initial investigation in sales. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 15(2): 17-31.
39. Economist. 2010. Hybrid vigour: Taiwan's tech firms are conquering the world-and turning Chinese. May 29: 68-69.
40. Eisenbeiss, S., van Knippenberg, D., & Boerner, S. 2008. Transformational leadership and team innovation: Integrating team climate principles. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6): 1438-1446.
41. Elenkov, D., Judge, W., & Wright, P. 2005. Strategic leadership and executive innovation influence: An international multi-cluster comparative study. Strategic Management Journal, 26: 665-682.
42. Erez, M., Gopher, D., & Arzi, N. 1990. Effects of goal difficulty, self-set goals, and monetary rewards on dual task performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 47: 247-269.
43. Ettlie, J. E., Bridges, W. P., & O'Keefe, R. D. 1984. Organizational strategy and structural differences for radical versus incremental innovation. Management Science, 30: 682-95.
44. Fey, C., & Furu, P. 2008. Top management incentive compensation and knowledge sharing in multinational corporations. Strategic Management Journal, 29: 1301-1323.
45. Fu, P. P., Tsui, A. S., Liu, J., & Li, L. 2010. Pursuit of whole happiness? Executive leaders' transformational behaviors and personal value. Administrative Science Quarterly, 55: 222-254.
46. Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. 2005. Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26: 331-362.
47. Garcia-Morales, V., Matias-Reche, F., & Hurtado-Torres, N. 2008. Influence of transformational leadership on organizational innovation and performance depending on the level of organizational learning in the pharmaceutical sector. Journal of Organizational Change, 21(2): 188-212.
48. Gatignon, H., & Xuereb, J. 1997. Strategic orientation of the firm new product performance. Journal of Marketing Research, 34(1): 77-90.
49. Gong, Y., Huang, J.-C., & Farh, J.-L. 2009. Employee learning orientation, transformational leadership, and employee creativity: The mediating role of employee creative self-efficacy. Academy of Management Journal, 52(4): 765-778.
50. Gumusluoglu, L., & Ilsev, A. 2009. Transformational leadership and organizational innovation: The roles of internal and external support for innovation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 26: 264-277.
51. Harris, L., & Ogbonna, E. A. 1998. Three perspective approach to understanding culture in retail organizations. Personnel Review, 27: 104-123.
52. Ho, Y. C., Lai, C. S., & Tai, C. L. 2010. The roles of reward structures and project characteristics in Taiwan's high-tech new product development team performance. International Journal of Business Performance Management, 12(1): 1-20.
53. Hofstede, G. 1998. Attitudes, values and organizational culture: Disentangling the concepts. Organization Studies, 19(3): 477-493.
54. Howell, J. P. 1997. Substitutes for leadership: Their meaning and measurement-A historical assessment. Leadership Quarterly, 8(2): 113-116.
55. Howell, J., & Avolio, B. 1993. Transformational leadership, transactional leadership, locus of control, and support for innovation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(6): 891-902.
56. Howell, J. P., Dorfman, P. W., & Kerr, S. 1986. Moderator variables in leadership research. Academy of Management Review, 11(1): 88-102.
57. Howell, J., & Higgins, C. 1990. Champions of technological innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35: 317-341.
58. Huff, C. 2006. Recognition that resonates. Workforce Management, 11: 25-29.
59. Hur, Y., van Den Berg, P. T., & Wilderom, C. P. M. 2011. Transformational leadership as a mediator between emotional intelligence and team outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(4): 591-603.
60. Hurley, R., & Hult, G. 1998. Innovation, market orientation, and organizational learning: An integration and empirical examination. Journal of Marketing, 62(3): 42-54.
61. Iles, P. 2001. Leadership and leadership development: Time for a new direction?. British Journal of Administrative Management, 27: 22-23.
62. Ireland, R. D., & Hitt, M. A. 2005. Achieving and maintaining strategic competitiveness in the 21st century: The role of strategic leadership. Academy of Management Executive, 19(4): 63-77.
63. James, L., Demaree, R., & Wolf, G. 1984. Estimating within-group interrater reliability with and without response bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(1): 85-98.
64. Jasen, J., Vera, D., & Crossan, M. 2009. Strategic leadership for exploration and exploitation: The moderating role of environmental dynamism. Leadership Quarterly, 20: 5-18.
65. Jaussi, K. S., & Dionne, S. D. 2003. Leading for creativity: The role of unconventional leader behavior. Leadership Quarterly, 14(4-5): 475-498.
66. Jimenez-Jimenez, D., Sanz Valle, R., & Hernandez-Espallardo, M. 2008. Fostering innovation: The role of market orientation and organizational learning. European Journal of Innovation Management, 11(3): 389-412.
67. Josephberg, K., Pollack, J., Victoriano, J., & Gitig, O. 2003. Japanese companies consider greater reward for employee innovation. Intellectual Property & Technology Law, 15(6): 18.
68. Judge, T. A., & Piccolo, R. F. 2004. Transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic test of their relative validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(5): 755-768.
69. Jung, D. 2001. Transformational leadership and transactional leadership and their effect on creativity in groups. Creativity Research Journal, 13(2): 185-195.
70. Jung, D., Chow, C., & Wu, A. 2003. The role of transformational leadership in enhancing organizational innovation: Hypotheses and some preliminary findings. Leadership Quarterly, 14: 525-544.
71. Jung, D., Wu, A., & Chow, C. 2008. Towards understanding the direct and indirect effects of CEO's transformational leadership on firm innovation. Leadership Quarterly, 19: 582-594.
72. Keller, R. T. 2006. Transformational leadership, initiating structure, and substitutes for leadership: A longitudinal study of research and development project team performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(1): 202-210.
73. Kerr, J., & Slocum, W., Jr. 2005. Managing corporate culture through reward systems. Academy of Management Executive, 19(4): 130-138.
74. Kerr, S., & Jermier, J. 1978. Substitutes for leadership: their meaning and measurement. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 22: 375-403.
75. Laursen, K. 2002. The importance of sectoral differences in the application of complementary HRM practices for innovation performance. International Journal of the Economics of Business, 9(1): 139-156.
76. Laursen, K., & Foss, N. J. 2003. New human resource management practices, complementarities and the impact on innovation performance. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 27(2): 243-263.
77. Liao, H., & Chuang, A. 2007. Transforming service employees and climate: A multi-level multi-source examination of transformational leadership in building long-term service relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92: 1006-1019.
78. Liaw, Y. J., Chi, N. W., & Chuang, A. C. 2010. Examining the mechanisms linking transformational leadership, employee customer orientation and service performance: The mediating roles of perceived supervisor and coworker support. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25: 477-492.
79. Liden, R. C. 2012. Leadership research in Asia: A brief assessment and suggestions for the future. Asia Pacific Journal of Management. doi: 10. 1007/s10490-011-9276-2.
80. Lin, H. C., & Hou, S. T. 2010. Managerial lessons from the East: An interview with Acer's Stan Shih. Academy of Management Perspectives, 24(4): 6-16.
81. Lin, Y. Y., & Chen, Y. C. 2007. Does innovation lead to performance? An empirical study of SEMs in Taiwan. Management Research News, 30(2): 115-132.
82. Liu, J., Siu, O. L., & Shi, K. 2010. Transformational leadership and employee well-being: The mediating role of trust in the leader and self-efficacy. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 59(3): 454-479.
83. Lok, P., Westwood, R., & Crawford, J. 2005. The significance of organizational subculture for organizational commitment. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 54(4): 491-515.
84. Lopez-Claros, A. 2011. The innovation for development report 2010-2011: Innovation as a driver of productivity and economic growth. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
85. Lowe, K., Kroeck, K., & Sivasubramaniam, N. 1996. Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analysis review. Leadership Quarterly, 7: 385-425.
86. Luo, C. -M., & Chang, H. -F. 2011. SME competitive strategy: Learning from Taiwan's ODM industry. Business Strategy Series, 12(3): 107-114.
87. Malhotra, N. K. 2004. Marketing research: An applied orientation, 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
88. Martins, E. C., & Terblanche, F. 2003. Building organisational culture that stimulates creativity and innovation. European Journal of Innovation Management, 6(1): 64-74.
89. McColl-Kennedy, J. R., & Anderson, R. D. 2002. Impact of leadership style and emotions on subordinate performance. Leadership Quarterly, 13: 545-559.
90. McKee, M. C., Driscoll, C., Kelloway, E. K., & Kelley, E. 2011. Exploring linkages among transformational leadership, workplace spirituality and well-being in health care workers. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 8(3): 233-255.
91. McKinnon, J. L., Harrison, G. L., Chow, C. W., & Wu, A. 2003. Organizational culture: Association with commitment, job satisfaction, propensity to remain, and information sharing in Taiwan. International Journal of Business Studies, 11(1): 25-44.
92. McLean, L. D. 2005. Organizational culture's influence on creativity and innovation: A review of the literature and implications for human resource development. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 7(2): 226-246.
93. Menzel, H. C., Aaltio, L., & Ulijn, J. M. 2007. On the way to creativity: Engineers as intrapreneurs in organizations. Technovation, 27: 732-743.
94. Mosley, D. C., & Patrick, D. K. 2011. Leadership and followership: The dynamic process of building high performance. Organization Development Journal, 29(2): 85-100.
95. Nahum-Shani, I., & Somech, A. 2011. Leadership, OCB and individual differences: Idiocentrism and Allocentrism as moderators of the relationship between transformational and transactional leadership and OCB. Leadership Quarterly, 22: 353-366.
96. Naranjo-Valencia, J. C., Jiménez-Jimenez, D. Y., & Sanz-Valle, R. 2011. Innovation or imitation? The role of organizational culture. Management Decisions, 49(1): 55-72.
97. Narver, J., Slater, S., & MacLachlan, D. 2004. Responsive and proactive market orientation and new-product success. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 21(5): 334-347.
98. Narver, J., Slater, S., & Tietje, B. 1998. Creating a market orientation. Journal of Market-focused Managmenet, 2: 214-255.
99. Nelson, B. 2001. Please don't just do what I tell you, do what needs to be done: Every employee's guide to making work more rewarding. NewYork: Hyperion.
100. O'Cass, A., & Viet Ngo, L. 2007. Market orientation versus innovative culture: Two routes to superior brand performance. European Journal of Marketing, 41(7/8): 868-887.
101. O'Reilly, C., Chatman, J., & Caldwell, D. 1991. People and organizational culture: A profile comparison approach to assessing person-organization fit. Academy of Management Journal, 34(3): 487-516.
102. OECD. 2006. Oslo manual: Guidelines for collecting and interpreting innovation data, 3rd ed. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
103. Oke, A., Munshi, N., & Walumbwa, F. O. 2009. The influence of leadership on innovative processes and activities. Organizational Dynamics, 64-72.
104. Pawar, B. S., & Eastman, K. K. 1997. The nature and implications of contextual influences on transformational leadership: A conceptual examination. Academy of Management Review, 22: 80-109.
105. Peterson, S. J., & Luthans, F. 2006. The impact of financial and non-financial incentives on business unit outcomes over time. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91: 156-165.
106. Pittigrew, A. M., Ferlie, E., & McKee, L. 1992. Shaping strategic change: Making change in large organizations: The case of the National Health Service. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
107. Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. 1997. Impact of organizational citizenship behavior on organizational performance: A review and suggestion for future research. Human Performance, 10(2): 133-151.
108. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S., & Bommer, W. 1996. Transformational leader behaviors and substitutes for leadership as determinants of employee satisfaction, commitment, trust, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Management, 22(2): 259-298.
109. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Fetter, R. 1993. Substitutes for leadership and the management of professionals. Leadership Quarterly, 4: 1-44.
110. Porter, L. W., & Lawler, E. E. 1968. What job attitudes can tell us about employee motivation. Harvard Business Review, 46(1): 118-126.
111. Porter, M. E., & Stern, S. 2001. Innovation: Location matters. MIT Sloan Management Review, 42(4): 28-36.
112. Resick, C., Martin, G., Keating, M., Dickson, M., Kwan, H., & Peng, C. 2011. What ethical leadership means to me: Asian, American, and European perspectives. Journal of Business Ethics, 101: 435-457.
113. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. 2000. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55: 68-78.
114. Ryan, R. M., Mims, V., & Koestner, R. 1983. Relation of reward contingency and interpersonal context to intrinsic motivation: A review and test using cognitive evaluation theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45: 736-750.
115. Sarros, J. C., Cooper, B. K., & Santora, J. C. 2008. Building a climate for innovation through transformational leadership and organizational culture. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 15(2): 145-158.
116. Schein, E. 2004. Organizational culture and leadership, 3rd ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
117. Sergiovanni, T. J. 1992. Moral authority and the regeneration of supervision. In C. Glickman (Ed.). Supervision in transition: 1992 yearbook of the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development: 203-214. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
118. Shamir, B., House, R., & Arthur, M. 1993. The motivational effect of charismatic leadership: A self-concept based theory. Organization Science, 4(4): 577-594.
119. Shelton, R. 2009. Integrating product and service innovation. Research Technology Management, 38: 38-44.
120. Sherman, J. D., & Smith, H. L. 1984. The influence of organizational structure on intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation. Academy of Management Journal, 27(4): 877-885.
121. Silverthorne, C. 2004. The impact of organizational culture and person organization fit on organizational commitment and job satisfaction in Taiwan. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 25(7): 592-599.
122. Stajkovic, A. D., & Luthans, F. 2001. Differential effects of incentive motivators on work performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44: 580-590.
123. Stajkovic, A. D., & Luthans, F. 2003. Behavioral management and task performance in organizations: Conceptual background, meta-analysis, and test of alternative models. Personnel Psychology, 56: 155-194.
124. Sun, H. 2002. The relationship between organisational culture and its national culture: A case study. International Journal of Human Resource Development and Management, 2(1-2): 78-96.
125. Tejeda, M. J., Scandura, T. A., & Pillai, R. 2001. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire revisited: Psychometric properties and recommendations. Leadership Quarterly, 12(1): 31-52.
126. Tepper, B. J., & Percy, P. M. 1994. Structural validity of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54(3): 734-744.
127. Tichy, N. M., & Sherman, S. 1993. Control your destiny or someone else will. New York: Doubleday.
128. Tidd, J. 2001. Innovation management in context: Environment, organization and performance. International Journal of Management Review, 3(3): 169-183.
129. Tornatzky, L. G., & Fleischer, M. 1990. The processes of technological innovation. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
130. Tosi, H. L., & Banning, K. 1998. A need to reconceptualize "substitutes for leadership". In F. Dansereau & F. J. Yammarino (Eds.). Leadership: The multiple-level approaches: Contemporary and alternative: 271-276. Stamford, CT: JAI Press.
131. Tsai, W. 2001. Knowledge transfer in intraorganizational networks: Effects of network position and absorptive capacity on business unit innovation and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5): 996-1004.
132. Tseng, C. Y., & Goo, Y. J. J. 2005. Intellectual capital and corporate value in an emerging economy: Empirical study of Taiwanese manufacturers. R& D Management, 35(2): 187-201.
133. Waldman, D. A., & Bass, B. M. 1991. Transformational leadership at different phases of the innovation process. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 2: 169-180.
134. Wallach, E. J. 1983. Individual and organizations: The cultural match. Training and Development Journal, 37: 28-36.
135. Wang, C. L., & Ahmed, P. K. 2004. The development and validation of the organisational innovativeness construct using confirmatory factor analysis. European Journal of Innovation Management, 7(4): 303-313.
136. Wang, G., Oh, I., Courtright, S. H., & Colbert, A. E. 2011. Transformational leadership and performance across criteria and levels: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of research. Group & Organization Management, 36: 223-270.
137. Wei, L. Q., Liu, J., & Herndon, N. C. 2011. SHRM and product innovation: Testing the moderating effects of organizational culture and structure in Chinese firms. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(1): 19-33.
138. West, M. A. 2002. Sparking fountains or stagnant ponds: An integrative model of creativity and innovation implementation in work groups. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 51(3): 355-424.
139. Wiersma, U. J. 1992. The effects of extrinsic rewards in intrinsic motivation: A meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 65: 101-114.
140. Xenikou, A., & Simosi, M. 2006. Organizational culture and transformational leadership as predictor of business unit performance. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(6): 566-579.
141. Yukl, G. 2006. Leadership in organizations, 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
142. Zhang, X.-A., Cao, Q., & Tjosvold, D. 2011. Linking transformational leadership and team performance: A conflict management approach. Journal of Management Studies, 48: 1586-1611.
143. Zhou, K. Z., Yim, C. K., & Tse, D. K. 2005. The effects of strategic orientations on technology- and market-based breakthrough innovations. Journal of Marketing, 69: 42-60.
144. Zhou, Y., Zhang, Y., & Montoro-Sanchez, A. 2011. Utilitarianism or romanticism: The effect of rewards on employees' innovative behavior. International Journal of Manpower, 32(1): 81-98.