Orthopoxvirus targets for the development of new antiviral agents

Antiviral Research

Volumn 94, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 111-125

  Prichard, Mark N ^a   Kern, Earl R ^a  

^a University of Alabama at Birmingham   (United States)

Author keywords

Cidofovir; CMX001; Drug targets; Nucleoside analog; Orthopoxvirus; ST 246

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; CIDOFOVIR; CIDOFOVIR 3 HEXADECYLOXYPROPYL ESTER; DNA POLYMERASE; DOUBLE STRANDED DNA; GENOMIC DNA; MESSENGER RNA; NUCLEOSIDE DERIVATIVE; PHOSPHATASE; PROTEIN KINASE; THIOSEMICARBAZONE DERIVATIVE; VIRUS DNA; VIRUS ENVELOPE PROTEIN;

ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; ANTIVIRAL RESISTANCE; CHORDOPOXVIRINAE; DNA SYNTHESIS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SYNTHESIS; DRUG TARGETING; ORTHOPOXVIRUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RNA PROCESSING; RNA TRANSLATION; STRUCTURAL GENOMICS; TANDEM REPEAT; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; TRANSCRIPTION TERMINATION; VACCINIA VIRUS; VIRION; VIRUS ASSEMBLY; VIRUS ENVELOPE; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS RELEASE; VIRUS REPLICATION;

ANIMALS; ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; DRUG DISCOVERY; HUMANS; ORTHOPOXVIRUS; VIRUS REPLICATION;

ORTHOPOXVIRUS; POXVIRIDAE; VACCINIA VIRUS;

EID: 84860272496     PISSN: 01663542     EISSN: 18729096     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.02.012     Document Type: Review

References (237)

1. Adams M.M., Rice A.D., Moyer R.W. Rabbitpox virus and vaccinia virus infection of rabbits as a model for human smallpox. J. Virol. 2007, 81:11084-11095.
2. Aldaz-Carroll L., Xiao Y., Whitbeck J.C., de Leon M.P., Lou H., Kim M., Yu J., Reinherz E.L., Isaacs S.N., Eisenberg R.J., Cohen G.H. Major neutralizing sites on vaccinia virus glycoprotein B5 are exposed differently on variola virus ortholog B6. J. Virol. 2007, 81:8131-8139.
3. Andrei G., Snoeck R. Cidofovir activity against poxvirus infections. Viruses 2010, 2:2803-2830.
4. Andrei G., Gammon D.B., Fiten P., De Clercq E., Opdenakker G., Snoeck R., Evans D.H. Cidofovir resistance in vaccinia virus is linked to diminished virulence in mice. J. Virol. 2006, 80:9391-9401.
5. Ansarah-Sobrinho C., Moss B. Vaccinia virus G1 protein, a predicted metalloprotease, is essential for morphogenesis of infectious virions but not for cleavage of major core proteins. J. Virol. 2004, 78:6855-6863.
6. Auvynet C., Topalis D., Caillat C., Munier-Lehmann H., Seclaman E., Balzarini J., Agrofoglio L.A., Kaminski P.A., Meyer P., Deville-Bonne D., El Amri C. Phosphorylation of dGMP analogs by vaccinia virus TMP kinase and human GMP kinase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2009, 388:6-11.
7. Baker R.O., Bray M., Huggins J.W. Potential antiviral therapeutics for smallpox, monkeypox and other orthopoxvirus infections. Antiviral Res. 2003, 57:13-23.
8. Balzarini J., Pannecouque C., Naesens L., Andrei G., Snoeck R., De Clercq E., Hockova D., Holy A. 6-[2-Phosphonomethoxy)alkoxy]-2,4-diaminopyrimidines: a new class of acyclic pyrimidine nucleoside phosphonates with antiviral activity. Nucleosides, Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2004, 23:1321-1327.
9. Beadle J.R., Wan W.B., Ciesla S.L., Keith K.A., Hartline C., Kern E.R., Hostetler K.Y. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of alkoxyalkyl derivatives of 9-(S)-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)adenine against cytomegalovirus and orthopoxviruses. J. Med. Chem. 2006, 49:2010-2015.
10. Becker M.N., Obraztsova M., Kern E.R., Quenelle D.C., Keith K.A., Prichard M.N., Luo M., Moyer R.W. Isolation and characterization of cidofovir resistant vaccinia viruses. Virol. J. 2008, 5:58.
11. Bell E., Shamim M., Whitbeck J.C., Sfyroera G., Lambris J.D., Isaacs S.N. Antibodies against the extracellular enveloped virus B5R protein are mainly responsible for the EEV neutralizing capacity of vaccinia immune globulin. Virology 2004, 325:425-431.
12. Black E.P., Condit R.C. Phenotypic characterization of mutants in vaccinia virus gene G2R, a putative transcription elongation factor. J. Virol. 1996, 70:47-54.
13. Black M.E., Hruby D.E. A single amino acid substitution abolishes feedback inhibition of vaccinia virus thymidine kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 1992, 267:9743-9748.
14. Blasco R., Moss B. Extracellular vaccinia virus formation and cell-to-cell virus transmission are prevented by deletion of the gene encoding the 37,000-Dalton outer envelope protein. J. Virol. 1991, 65:5910-5920.
15. Blasco R., Sisler J.R., Moss B. Dissociation of progeny vaccinia virus from the cell membrane is regulated by a viral envelope glycoprotein: effect of a point mutation in the lectin homology domain of the A34R gene. J. Virol. 1993, 67:3319-3325.
16. Bond A., Reichert Z., Stivers J.T. Novel and specific inhibitors of a poxvirus type I topoisomerase. Mol. Pharmacol. 2006, 69:547-557.
17. Boyle K.A., Arps L., Traktman P. Biochemical and genetic analysis of the vaccinia virus d5 protein: Multimerization-dependent ATPase activity is required to support viral DNA replication. J. Virol. 2007, 81:844-859.
18. Boyle K.A., Stanitsa E.S., Greseth M.D., Lindgren J.K., Traktman P. Evaluation of the role of the vaccinia virus uracil DNA glycosylase and A20 proteins as intrinsic components of the DNA polymerase holoenzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 2011, 286:24702-24713.
19. Bray M., Martinez M., Smee D.F., Kefauver D., Thompson E., Huggins J.W. Cidofovir protects mice against lethal aerosol or intranasal cowpox virus challenge. J. Infect. Dis. 2000, 181:10-19.
20. Bray M. Pathogenesis and potential antiviral therapy of complications of smallpox vaccination. Antiviral Res. 2003, 58:101-114.
21. Breman J.G., Henderson D.A. Poxvirus dilemmas-monkeypox, smallpox, and biologic terrorism. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998, 339:556-559.
22. Brown N.G., Nick Morrice D., Beaud G., Hardie G., Leader D.P. Identification of sites phosphorylated by the vaccinia virus B1R kinase in viral protein H5R. BMC Biochem. 2000, 1:2.
23. Brown E., Senkevich T.G., Moss B. Vaccinia virus F9 virion membrane protein is required for entry but not virus assembly, in contrast to the related L1 protein. J. Virol. 2006, 80:9455-9464.
24. Broyles S.S. Vaccinia virus transcription. J. Gen. Virol. 2003, 84:2293-2303.
25. Buller R.M., Owens G., Schriewer J., Melman L., Beadle J.R., Hostetler K.Y. Efficacy of oral active ether lipid analogs of cidofovir in a lethal mousepox model. Virology 2004, 318:474-481.
26. Byrd C.M., Hruby D.E. Vaccinia virus proteolysis - a review. Rev. Med. Virol. 2006, 16:187-202.
27. Byrd C.M., Bolken T.C., Hruby D.E. The vaccinia virus I7L gene product is the core protein proteinase. J. Virol. 2002, 76:8973-8976.
28. Byrd C.M., Bolken T.C., Mjalli A.M., Arimilli M.N., Andrews R.C., Rothlein R., Andrea T., Rao M., Owens K.L., Hruby D.E. New class of orthopoxvirus antiviral drugs that block viral maturation. J. Virol. 2004, 78:12147-12156.
29. Caillat C., Topalis D., Agrofoglio L.A., Pochet S., Balzarini J., Deville-Bonne D., Meyer P. Crystal structure of poxvirus thymidylate kinase: an unexpected dimerization has implications for antiviral therapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105:16900-16905.
30. Carter G.C., Law M., Hollinshead M., Smith G.L. Entry of the vaccinia virus intracellular mature virion and its interactions with glycosaminoglycans. J. Gen. Virol. 2005, 86:1279-1290.
31. Cassetti M.C., Merchlinsky M., Wolffe E.J., Weisberg A.S., Moss B. DNA packaging mutant: repression of the vaccinia virus A32 gene results in noninfectious, DNA-deficient, spherical, enveloped particles. J. Virol. 1998, 72:5769-5780.
32. Charity J.C., Katz E., Moss B. Amino acid substitutions at multiple sites within the vaccinia virus D13 scaffold protein confer resistance to rifampicin. Virology 2007, 359:227-232.
33. Chen N., Li G., Liszewski M.K., Atkinson J.P., Jahrling P.B., Feng Z., Schriewer J., Buck C., Wang C., Lefkowitz E.J., Esposito J.J., Harms T., Damon I.K., Roper R.L., Upton C., Buller R.M. Virulence differences between monkeypox virus isolates from West Africa and the Congo basin. Virology 2005, 340:46-63.
34. Chen Y., Honeychurch K.M., Yang G., Byrd C.M., Harver C., Hruby D.E., Jordan R. Vaccinia virus p37 interacts with host proteins associated with LE-derived transport vesicle biogenesis. Virol. J. 2009, 6:44.
35. Chen N., Bellone C.J., Schriewer J., Owens G., Fredrickson T., Parker S., Buller R.M. Poxvirus interleukin-4 expression overcomes inherent resistance and vaccine-induced immunity: pathogenesis, prophylaxis, and antiviral therapy. Virology 2011, 409:328-337.
36. Child S.J., Palumbo G.J., Buller R.M., Hruby D.E. Insertional inactivation of the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase encoded by vaccinia virus is associated with reduced virulence in vivo. Virology 1990, 174:625-629.
37. Chiu W.L., Lin C.L., Yang M.H., Tzou D.L., Chang W. Vaccinia virus 4c (A26L) protein on intracellular mature virus binds to the extracellular cellular matrix laminin. J. Virol. 2007, 81:2149-2157.
38. Ciesla S.L., Trahan J., Wan W.B., Beadle J.R., Aldern K.A., Painter G.R., Hostetler K.Y. Esterification of cidofovir with alkoxyalkanols increases oral bioavailability and diminishes drug accumulation in kidney. Antiviral Res. 2003, 59:163-171.
39. Condit R.C., Niles E.G. Regulation of viral transcription elongation and termination during vaccinia virus infection. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2002, 1577:325-336.
40. Condit R.C., Easterly R., Pacha R.F., Fathi Z., Meis R.J. A vaccinia virus isatin-beta-thiosemicarbazone resistance mutation maps in the viral gene encoding the 132-kDa subunit of RNA polymerase. Virology 1991, 185:857-861.
41. Condit R.C., Moussatche N., Traktman P. In a nutshell: structure and assembly of the vaccinia virion. Adv. Virus Res. 2006, 66:31-124.
42. Condit R.C. Vaccinia, Inc. - probing the functional substructure of poxviral replication factories. Cell Host Microbe 2007, 2:205-207.
43. Cresawn S.G., Condit R.C. A targeted approach to identification of vaccinia virus postreplicative transcription elongation factors: genetic evidence for a role of the H5R gene in vaccinia transcription. Virology 2007, 363:333-341.
44. Cresawn S.G., Prins C., Latner D.R., Condit R.C. Mapping and phenotypic analysis of spontaneous isatin-beta-thiosemicarbazone resistant mutants of vaccinia virus. Virology 2007, 363:319-332.
45. Culyba M.J., Minkah N., Hwang Y., Benhamou O.M., Bushman F.D. DNA branch nuclease activity of vaccinia A22 resolvase. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:34644-34652.
46. Cundy K.C., Bidgood A.M., Lynch G., Shaw J.P., Griffin L., Lee W.A. Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, metabolism, and tissue distribution of cidofovir (HPMPC) and cyclic HPMPC in rats. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1996, 24:745-752.
47. Da Fonseca F., Moss B. Poxvirus DNA topoisomerase knockout mutant exhibits decreased infectivity associated with reduced early transcription. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100:11291-11296.
48. da Fonseca F.G., Wolffe E.J., Weisberg A., Moss B. Characterization of the vaccinia virus H3L envelope protein: topology and posttranslational membrane insertion via the C-terminal hydrophobic tail. J. Virol. 2000, 74:7508-7517.
49. Da Silva M., Upton C. Using purine skews to predict genes in AT-rich poxviruses. BMC Genomics 2005, 6:22.
50. De Clercq E., Neyts J. Therapeutic potential of nucleoside/nucleotide analogues against poxvirus infections. Rev. Med. Virol. 2004, 14:289-300.
51. De Clercq E., Luczak M., Shugar D., Torrence P.F., Waters J.A., Witkop B. Effect of cytosine, arabinoside, iododeoxyuridine, ethyldeoxyuridine, thiocyanatodeoxyuridine, and ribavirin on tail lesion formation in mice infected with vaccinia virus. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1976, 151:487-490.
52. De Clercq E., Andrei G., Balzarini J., Leyssen P., Naesens L., Neyts J., Pannecouque C., Snoeck R., Ying C., Hockova D., Holy A. Antiviral potential of a new generation of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates, the 6-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)alkoxy]-2,4-diaminopyrimidines. Nucleosides, Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2005, 24:331-341.
53. De Clercq E. Inhibition of the replication of DNA viruses by phosphonylmethoxyalkyl-purines and -pyrimidines. J. Chemother. 1989, 1:1074-1076.
54. De Clercq E. Vaccinia virus inhibitors as a paradigm for the chemotherapy of poxvirus infections. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2001, 14:382-397.
55. De Clercq E. Clinical potential of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates cidofovir, adefovir, and tenofovir in treatment of DNA virus and retrovirus infections. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2003, 16:569-596.
56. De Clercq E. The acyclic nucleoside phosphonates from inception to clinical use: historical perspective. Antiviral Res. 2007, 75:1-13.
57. De Clercq E. Historical Perspectives in the Development of Antiviral Agents Against Poxviruses. Viruses 2010, 2:1322-1339.
58. De Clercq E. Historical perspectives in the development of antiviral agents against poxviruses. Viruses 2010, 2:1322-1339.
59. De Silva F.S., Moss B. Vaccinia virus uracil DNA glycosylase has an essential role in DNA synthesis that is independent of its glycosylase activity: catalytic site mutations reduce virulence but not virus replication in cultured cells. J. Virol. 2003, 77:159-166.
60. DeMasi J., Du S., Lennon D., Traktman P. Vaccinia virus telomeres: interaction with the viral I1, I6, and K4 proteins. J. Virol. 2001, 75:10090-10105.
61. Deng L., Shuman S. Vaccinia NPH-I, a DExH-box ATPase, is the energy coupling factor for mRNA transcription termination. Genes Dev. 1998, 12:538-546.
62. Deng L., Dai P., Ciro A., Smee D.F., Djaballah H., Shuman S. Identification of novel antipoxviral agents: mitoxantrone inhibits vaccinia virus replication by blocking virion assembly. J. Virol. 2007, 81:13392-13402.
63. Derrien M., Punjabi A., Khanna M., Grubisha O., Traktman P. Tyrosine phosphorylation of A17 during vaccinia virus infection: involvement of the H1 phosphatase and the F10 kinase. J. Virol. 1999, 73:7287-7296.
64. Domi A., Beaud G. The punctate sites of accumulation of vaccinia virus early proteins are precursors of sites of viral DNA synthesis. J. Gen. Virol. 2000, 81:1231-1235.
65. Domi A., Weisberg A.S., Moss B. Vaccinia virus E2L null mutants exhibit a major reduction in extracellular virion formation and virus spread. J. Virol. 2008, 82:4215-4226.
66. Dower K., Filone C.M., Hodges E.N., Bjornson Z.B., Rubins K.H., Brown L.E., Schaus S., Hensley L., Connor J.H. Identification of a pyridopyrimidinone inhibitor of orthopoxviruses from a diversity-oriented synthesis library. J. Virol. 2011.
67. Eckert D., Williams O., Meseda C.A., Merchlinsky M. Vaccinia virus nicking-joining enzyme is encoded by K4L (VACWR035). J. Virol. 2005, 79:15084-15090.
68. El Omari K., Solaroli N., Karlsson A., Balzarini J., Stammers D.K. Structure of vaccinia virus thymidine kinase in complex with dTTP: insights for drug design. BMC Struct. Biol. 2006, 6:22.
69. Esposito J., Fenner F. Poxviruses. Fields' virology 2001, 3087. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. fourth ed. B.N. Fields, D.M. Knipe, P.M. Howley, D.E. Griffin (Eds.).
70. Esposito J.J., Sammons S.A., Frace A.M., Osborne J.D., Olsen-Rasmussen M., Zhang M., Govil D., Damon I.K., Kline R., Laker M., Li Y., Smith G.L., Meyer H., Leduc J.W., Wohlhueter R.M. Genome sequence diversity and clues to the evolution of variola (smallpox) virus. Science 2006, 313:807-812.
71. Evans E., Traktman P. Characterization of vaccinia virus DNA replication mutants with lesions in the D5 gene. Chromosoma 1992, 102:S72-82.
72. Fan X., Zhang X., Zhou L., Keith K.A., Prichard M.N., Kern E.R., Torrence P.F. Toward orthopoxvirus countermeasures: a novel heteromorphic nucleoside of unusual structure. J. Med. Chem. 2006, 49:4052-4054.
73. Frischknecht F., Moreau V., Rottger S., Gonfloni S., Reckmann I., Superti-Furga G., Way M. Actin-based motility of vaccinia virus mimics receptor tyrosine kinase signalling. Nature 1999, 401:926-929.
74. Fujimoto D.F., Pinilla C., Segall A.M. New peptide inhibitors of type IB topoisomerases: similarities and differences vis-a-vis inhibitors of tyrosine recombinases. J. Mol. Biol. 2006, 363:891-907.
75. Gammon D.B., Snoeck R., Fiten P., Krecmerova M., Holy A., De Clercq E., Opdenakker G., Evans D.H., Andrei G. Mechanism of antiviral drug resistance of vaccinia virus: identification of residues in the viral DNA polymerase conferring differential resistance to antipoxvirus drugs. J. Virol. 2008, 82:12520-12534.
76. Gammon D.B., Gowrishankar B., Duraffour S., Andrei G., Upton C., Evans D.H. Vaccinia virus-encoded ribonucleotide reductase subunits are differentially required for replication and pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog. 2010, 6:e1000984.
77. Garcia A.D., Moss B. Repression of vaccinia virus Holliday junction resolvase inhibits processing of viral DNA into unit-length genomes. J. Virol. 2001, 75:6460-6471.
78. Garcia A.D., Otero J., Lebowitz J., Schuck P., Moss B. Quaternary structure and cleavage specificity of a poxvirus holliday junction resolvase. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:11618-11626.
79. Gershon P.D., Moss B. Stimulation of poly(A) tail elongation by the VP39 subunit of the vaccinia virus-encoded poly(A) polymerase. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268:2203-2210.
80. Grosenbach D.W., Ulaeto D.O., Hruby D.E. Palmitylation of the vaccinia virus 37-kDa major envelope antigen. Identification of a conserved acceptor motif and biological relevance. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272:1956-1964.
81. Grubisha O., Traktman P. Genetic analysis of the vaccinia virus I6 telomere-binding protein uncovers a key role in genome encapsidation. J. Virol. 2003, 77:10929-10942.
82. Guan K., Hakes D.J., Wang Y., Park H.D., Cooper T.G., Dixon J.E. A yeast protein phosphatase related to the vaccinia virus VH1 phosphatase is induced by nitrogen starvation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992, 89:12175-12179.
83. Hakes D.J., Martell K.J., Zhao W.G., Massung R.F., Esposito J.J., Dixon J.E. A protein phosphatase related to the vaccinia virus VH1 is encoded in the genomes of several orthopoxviruses and a baculovirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993, 90:4017-4021.
84. Hamilton M.D., Nuara A.A., Gammon D.B., Buller R.M., Evans D.H. Duplex strand joining reactions catalyzed by vaccinia virus DNA polymerase. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007, 35:143-151.
85. Heymann D.L., Szczeniowski M., Esteves K. Re-emergence of monkeypox in Africa: a review of the past six years. Br. Med. Bull. 1998, 54:693-702.
86. Hiller G., Eibl H., Weber K. Characterization of intracellular and extracellular vaccinia virus variants: N1-isonicotinoyl-N2-3-methyl-4-chlorobenzoylhydrazine interferes with cytoplasmic virus dissemination and release. J. Virol. 1981, 39:903-913.
87. Honeychurch K.M., Yang G., Jordan R., Hruby D.E. The vaccinia virus F13L YPPL motif is required for efficient release of extracellular enveloped virus. J. Virol. 2007, 81:7310-7315.
88. Hostetler K.Y. Alkoxyalkyl prodrugs of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates enhance oral antiviral activity and reduce toxicity: current state of the art. Antiviral Res. 2009, 82:A84-98.
89. Hruby D.E., Ball L.A. Mapping and identification of the vaccinia virus thymidine kinase gene. J. Virol. 1982, 43:403-409.
90. Husain M., Moss B. Similarities in the induction of post-Golgi vesicles by the vaccinia virus F13L protein and phospholipase D. J. Virol. 2002, 76:7777-7789.
91. Husain M., Moss B. Intracellular trafficking of a palmitoylated membrane-associated protein component of enveloped vaccinia virus. J. Virol. 2003, 77:9008-9019.
92. Hutin Y.J., Williams R.J., Malfait P., Pebody R., Loparev V.N., Ropp S.L., Rodriguez M., Knight J.C., Tshioko F.K., Khan A.S., Szczeniowski M.V., Esposito J.J. Outbreak of human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996 to 1997. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2001, 7:434-438.
93. Ishii K., Moss B. Mapping interaction sites of the A20R protein component of the vaccinia virus DNA replication complex. Virology 2002, 303:232-239.
94. Jesus D.M., Costa L.T., Goncalves D.L., Achete C.A., Attias M., Moussatche N., Damaso C.R. Cidofovir inhibits genome encapsidation and affects morphogenesis during the replication of vaccinia virus. J. Virol. 2009, 83:11477-11490.
95. Jordan R., Goff A., Frimm A., Corrado M.L., Hensley L.E., Byrd C.M., Mucker E., Shamblin J., Bolken T.C., Wlazlowski C., Johnson W., Chapman J., Twenhafel N., Tyavanagimatt S., Amantana A., Chinsangaram J., Hruby D.E., Huggins J. ST-246 antiviral efficacy in a nonhuman primate monkeypox model: determination of the minimal effective dose and human dose justification. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2009, 53:1817-1822.
96. Jordan R., Leeds J.M., Tyavanagimatt S., Hruby D.E. Development of ST-246(R) for Treatment of Poxvirus Infections. Viruses 2010, 2:2409-2435.
97. Julien O., Beadle J.R., Magee W.C., Chatterjee S., Hostetler K.Y., Evans D.H., Sykes B.D. Solution structure of a DNA duplex containing the potent anti-poxvirus agent cidofovir. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133:2264-2274.
98. Kamau E., Grove A. Fluoroquinolone-dependent DNA supercoiling by Vaccinia topoisomerase I. J. Mol. Biol. 2004, 342:479-487.
99. Kane E.M., Shuman S. Adenosine N1-oxide inhibits vaccinia virus replication by blocking translation of viral early mRNAs. J. Virol. 1995, 69:6352-6358.
100. Katritch V., Byrd C.M., Tseitin V., Dai D., Raush E., Totrov M., Abagyan R., Jordan R., Hruby D.E. Discovery of small molecule inhibitors of ubiquitin-like poxvirus proteinase I7L using homology modeling and covalent docking approaches. J. Comput. Aided Mol. Des. 2007, 21:549-558.
101. Katsafanas G.C., Moss B. Colocalization of transcription and translation within cytoplasmic poxvirus factories coordinates viral expression and subjugates host functions. Cell Host Microbe 2007, 2:221-228.
102. Keck J.G., Baldick C.J., Moss B. Role of DNA replication in vaccinia virus gene expression: a naked template is required for transcription of three late trans-activator genes. Cell 1990, 61:801-809.
103. Kern E.R., Hartline C., Harden E., Keith K., Rodriguez N., Beadle J.R., Hostetler K.Y. Enhanced inhibition of orthopoxvirus replication in vitro by alkoxyalkyl esters of cidofovir and cyclic cidofovir. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2002, 46:991-995.
104. Kern E.R., Prichard M.N., Quenelle D.C., Keith K.A., Tiwari K.N., Maddry J.A., Secrist J.A. Activities of certain 5-substituted 4'-thiopyrimidine nucleosides against orthopoxvirus infections. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2009, 53:572-579.
105. Kern E.R. In vitro activity of potential anti-poxvirus agents. Antiviral Res. 2003, 57:35-40.
106. Klemperer N., McDonald W., Boyle K., Unger B., Traktman P. The A20R protein is a stoichiometric component of the processive form of vaccinia virus DNA polymerase. J. Virol. 2001, 75:12298-12307.
107. Koksal A.C., Cingolani G. Dimerization of Vaccinia virus VH1 is essential for dephosphorylation of STAT1 at tyrosine 701. J. Biol. Chem. 2011, 286:14373-14382.
108. Kornbluth R.S., Smee D.F., Sidwell R.W., Snarsky V., Evans D.H., Hostetler K.Y. Mutations in the E9L polymerase gene of cidofovir-resistant vaccinia virus strain WR are associated with the drug resistance phenotype. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2006, 50:4038-4043.
109. Lackner C.A., Condit R.C. Vaccinia virus gene A18R DNA helicase is a transcript release factor. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275:1485-1494.
110. Lanier R., Trost L., Tippin T., Lampert B., Robertson A., Foster S., Rose M., Painter W., O'Mahony R., Almond M., Painter G. Development of CMX001 for the Treatment of Poxvirus Infections. Viruses 2010, 2:2740-2762.
111. Latner D.R., Xiang Y., Lewis J.I., Condit J., Condit R.C. The vaccinia virus bifunctional gene J3 (nucleoside-2'-O-)-methyltransferase and poly(A) polymerase stimulatory factor is implicated as a positive transcription elongation factor by two genetic approaches. Virology 2000, 269:345-355.
112. Latner D.R., Thompson J.M., Gershon P.D., Storrs C., Condit R.C. The positive transcription elongation factor activity of the vaccinia virus J3 protein is independent from its (nucleoside-2'-O-) methyltransferase and poly(A) polymerase stimulatory functions. Virology 2002, 301:64-80.
113. Law M., Carter G.C., Roberts K.L., Hollinshead M., Smith G.L. Ligand-induced and nonfusogenic dissolution of a viral membrane. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103:5989-5994.
114. Lawrence S.J., Lottenbach K.R., Newman F.K., Buller R.M., Bellone C.J., Chen J.J., Cohen G.H., Eisenberg R.J., Belshe R.B., Stanley S.L., Frey S.E. Antibody responses to vaccinia membrane proteins after smallpox vaccination. J. Infect. Dis. 2007, 196:220-229.
115. LeDuc J.W., Jahrling P.B. Strengthening national preparedness for smallpox: an update. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2001, 7:155-157.
116. LeDuc J.W., Damon I., Relman D.A., Huggins J., Jahrling P.B. Smallpox research activities: US interagency collaboration, 2001. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2002, 8:743-745.
117. Lefkowitz E.J., Upton C., Changayil S.S., Buck C., Traktman P., Buller R.M. Poxvirus Bioinformatics Resource Center: a comprehensive Poxviridae informational and analytical resource. Nucleic Acids Res. 2005, 33:D311-316.
118. Li G., Chen N., Roper R.L., Feng Z., Hunter A., Danila M., Lefkowitz E.J., Buller R.M., Upton C. Complete coding sequences of the rabbitpox virus genome. J. Gen. Virol. 2005, 86:2969-2977.
119. Likos A.M., Sammons S.A., Olson V.A., Frace A.M., Li Y., Olsen-Rasmussen M., Davidson W., Galloway R., Khristova M.L., Reynolds M.G., Zhao H., Carroll D.S., Curns A., Formenty P., Esposito J.J., Regnery R.L., Damon I.K. A tale of two clades: monkeypox viruses. J. Gen. Virol. 2005, 86:2661-2672.
120. Lin S., Broyles S.S. Vaccinia protein kinase 2: a second essential serine/threonine protein kinase encoded by vaccinia virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994, 91:7653-7657.
121. Liu K., Lemon B., Traktman P. The dual-specificity phosphatase encoded by vaccinia virus, VH1, is essential for viral transcription in vivo and in vitro. J. Virol. 1995, 69:7823-7834.
122. Magee W.C., Hostetler K.Y., Evans D.H. Mechanism of inhibition of vaccinia virus DNA polymerase by cidofovir diphosphate. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2005, 49:3153-3162.
123. Magee W.C., Aldern K.A., Hostetler K.Y., Evans D.H. Cidofovir and (S)-9-[3-hydroxy-(2-phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine are highly effective inhibitors of vaccinia virus DNA polymerase when incorporated into the template strand. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2008, 52:586-597.
124. Mann B.A., Huang J.H., Li P., Chang H.C., Slee R.B., O'Sullivan A., Anita M., Yeh N., Klemsz M.J., Brutkiewicz R.R., Blum J.S., Kaplan M.H. Vaccinia virus blocks Stat1-dependent and Stat1-independent gene expression induced by type I and type II interferons. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 2008, 28:367-380.
125. Maruri-Avidal L., Domi A., Weisberg A.S., Moss B. Participation of vaccinia virus l2 protein in the formation of crescent membranes and immature virions. J. Virol. 2011, 85:2504-2511.
126. McDonald W.F., Traktman P. Vaccinia virus DNA polymerase. In vitro analysis of parameters affecting processivity. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269:31190-31197.
127. McLean D.M. Vaccinia complications and methisazone therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2006, 42:1653.
128. Meis R.J., Condit R.C. Genetic and molecular biological characterization of a vaccinia virus gene which renders the virus dependent on isatin-beta-thiosemicarbazone (IBT). Virology 1991, 182:442-454.
129. Meiser A., Sancho C., Krijnse Locker J. Plasma membrane budding as an alternative release mechanism of the extracellular enveloped form of vaccinia virus from HeLa cells. J. Virol. 2003, 77:9931-9942.
130. Melnick, et al. Multistate outbreak of monkeypox - Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin, 2003. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2003, 52:537-540.
131. Mercer J., Traktman P. Genetic and cell biological characterization of the vaccinia virus A30 and G7 phosphoproteins. J. Virol. 2005, 79:7146-7161.
132. Mohamed M.R., Latner D.R., Condit R.C., Niles E.G. Interaction between the J3R subunit of vaccinia virus poly(A) polymerase and the H4L subunit of the viral RNA polymerase. Virology 2001, 280:143-152.
133. Morgan G.W., Hollinshead M., Ferguson B.J., Murphy B.J., Carpentier D.C., Smith G.L. Vaccinia protein F12 has structural similarity to kinesin light chain and contains a motor binding motif required for virion export. PLoS Pathog. 2010, 6:e1000785.
134. Moss B. Poxviridae: the viruses and their replication. Fields' Virology 2001, 3087. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. fourth ed. B.N. Fields, D.M. Knipe, P.M. Howley, D.E. Griffin (Eds.).
135. Moss B. Poxvirus entry and membrane fusion. Virology 2006, 344:48-54.
136. Moss B. Poxviridae: The viruses and Their Replication. Fields Virology 2007, 2905-2946. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer Business, Philadelphia, PA. D.M. Knipe, P.M. Howley (Eds.).
137. Moure C.M., Bowman B.R., Gershon P.D., Quiocho F.A. Crystal structures of the vaccinia virus polyadenylate polymerase heterodimer: insights into ATP selectivity and processivity. Mol. Cell 2006, 22:339-349.
138. Moussatche N., Damaso C.R., McFadden G. When good vaccines go wild: Feral Orthopoxvirus in developing countries and beyond. J. Infect. Dev. Ctries 2008, 2:156-173.
139. Myskiw C., Deschambault Y., Jefferies K., He R., Cao J. Aurintricarboxylic acid inhibits the early stage of vaccinia virus replication by targeting both cellular and viral factors. J. Virol. 2007, 81:3027-3032.
140. Myskiw C., Piper J., Huzarewich R., Booth T.F., Cao J., He R. Nigericin is a potent inhibitor of the early stage of vaccinia virus replication. Antiviral Res. 2010, 88:304-310.
141. Naesens L., Snoeck R., Andrei G., Balzarini J., Neyts J., De Clercq E. HPMPC (cidofovir), PMEA (adefovir) and related acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues: a review of their pharmacology and clinical potential in the treatment of viral infections. Antiviral Chem. Chemother. 1997, 8:1-23.
142. Nelson G.E., Sisler J.R., Chandran D., Moss B. Vaccinia virus entry/fusion complex subunit A28 is a target of neutralizing and protective antibodies. Virology 2008, 380:394-401.
143. Nettleton P.F., Gilray J.A., Reid H.W., Mercer A.A. Parapoxviruses are strongly inhibited in vitro by cidofovir. Antiviral Res. 2000, 48:205-208.
144. Newsome T.P., Scaplehorn N., Way M. SRC mediates a switch from microtubule- to actin-based motility of vaccinia virus. Science 2004, 306:124-129.
145. Neyts J., De Clercq E. Efficacy of (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine for the treatment of lethal vaccinia virus infections in severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) mice. J. Med. Virol. 1993, 41:242-246.
146. Neyts J., De Clercq E. Efficacy of 2-amino-7-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)purine for treatment of vaccinia virus (orthopoxvirus) infections in mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2001, 45:84-87.
147. Neyts J., De Clercq E. Therapy and short-term prophylaxis of poxvirus infections: historical background and perspectives. Antiviral Res. 2003, 57:25-33.
148. Neyts J., Verbeken E., De Clercq E. Effect of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine on vaccinia virus (orthopoxvirus) infections in mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2002, 46:2842-2847.
149. Ojeda S., Senkevich T.G., Moss B. Entry of vaccinia virus and cell-cell fusion require a highly conserved cysteine-rich membrane protein encoded by the A16L gene. J. Virol. 2006, 80:51-61.
150. Parker S., Touchette E., Oberle C., Almond M., Robertson A., Trost L.C., Lampert B., Painter G., Buller R.M. Efficacy of therapeutic intervention with an oral ether-lipid analogue of cidofovir (CMX001) in a lethal mousepox model. Antiviral Res. 2008, 77:39-49.
151. Parker S., Siddiqui A.M., Painter G., Schriewer J., Buller R.M. Ectromelia virus infections of mice as a model to support the licensure of anti-orthopoxvirus therapeutics. Viruses 2010, 2:1918-1932.
152. Parrish S., Resch W., Moss B. Vaccinia virus D10 protein has mRNA decapping activity, providing a mechanism for control of host and viral gene expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104:2139-2144.
153. Payne L.G., Kristensson K. Extracellular release of enveloped vaccinia virus from mouse nasal epithelial cells in vivo. J. Gen. Virol. 1985, 66(Pt 3):643-646.
154. Pedersen K., Snijder E.J., Schleich S., Roos N., Griffiths G., Locker J.K. Characterization of vaccinia virus intracellular cores: implications for viral uncoating and core structure. J. Virol. 2000, 74:3525-3536.
155. Pennington H. Smallpox and bioterrorism. Bull. World Health Organ. 2003, 81:762-767.
156. Perdiguero B., Blasco R. Interaction between vaccinia virus extracellular virus envelope A33 and B5 glycoproteins. J. Virol. 2006, 80:8763-8777.
157. Perdiguero B., Lorenzo M.M., Blasco R. Vaccinia virus A34 glycoprotein determines the protein composition of the extracellular virus envelope. J. Virol. 2008, 82:2150-2160.
158. Pirrung M.C., Pansare S.V., Sarma K.D., Keith K.A., Kern E.R. Combinatorial optimization of isatin-beta-thiosemicarbazones as anti-poxvirus agents. J. Med. Chem. 2005, 48:3045-3050.
159. Pollara J.J., Laster S.M., Petty I.T. Inhibition of poxvirus growth by Terameprocol, a methylated derivative of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. Antiviral Res. 2010, 88:287-295.
160. Prichard M.N., Kern E.R. Orthopoxvirus targets for the development of antiviral therapies. Curr. Drug Targets Infect. Disord. 2005, 5:17-28.
161. Prichard M.N., Kern E.R. Antiviral targets in orthopoxviruses. Antiviral research: strategies in antiviral drug discovery 2009, 167-186. ASM Press, Washington, DC. R.L. LaFemina (Ed.).
162. Prichard M.N., Kern E.R. Antiviral Activity of 4'-thioIDU and Thymidine Analogs against Orthopoxviruses. Viruses 2010, 2:1968-1983.
163. Prichard M.N., Keith K.A., Quenelle D.C., Kern E.R. Activity and mechanism of action of N-methanocarbathymidine against herpesvirus and orthopoxvirus infections. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2006, 50:1336-1341.
164. Prichard M.N., Keith K.A., Johnson M.P., Harden E.A., McBrayer A., Luo M., Qiu S., Chattopadhyay D., Fan X., Torrence P.F., Kern E.R. Selective phosphorylation of antiviral drugs by vaccinia virus thymidine kinase. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2007, 51:1795-1803.
165. Punjabi A., Traktman P. Cell biological and functional characterization of the vaccinia virus F10 kinase: implications for the mechanism of virion morphogenesis. J. Virol. 2005, 79:2171-2190.
166. Qin L., Upton C., Hazes B., Evans D.H. Genomic analysis of the vaccinia virus strain variants found in Dryvax vaccine. J. Virol. 2011.
167. Quenelle D.C., Collins D.J., Kern E.R. Efficacy of multiple- or single-dose cidofovir against vaccinia and cowpox virus infections in mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2003, 47:3275-3280.
168. Quenelle D.C., Collins D.J., Kern E.R. Cutaneous infections of mice with vaccinia or cowpox viruses and efficacy of cidofovir. Antiviral Res. 2004, 63:33-40.
169. Quenelle D.C., Collins D.J., Wan W.B., Beadle J.R., Hostetler K.Y., Kern E.R. Oral treatment of cowpox and vaccinia virus infections in mice with ether lipid esters of cidofovir. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2004, 48:404-412.
170. Quenelle D.C., Keith K.A., Kern E.R. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of isatin-beta-thiosemicarbazone and marboran against vaccinia and cowpox virus infections. Antiviral Res. 2006, 71:24-30.
171. Quenelle D.C., Buller R.M., Parker S., Keith K.A., Hruby D.E., Jordan R., Kern E.R. Efficacy of delayed treatment with ST-246 given orally against systemic orthopoxvirus infections in mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2007, 51:689-695.
172. Quenelle D.C., Prichard M.N., Keith K.A., Hruby D.E., Jordan R., Painter G.R., Robertson A., Kern E.R. Synergistic efficacy of the combination of ST-246 with CMX001 against orthopoxviruses. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2007, 51:4118-4124.
173. Quenelle D.C., Lampert B., Collins D.J., Rice T.L., Painter G.R., Kern E.R. Efficacy of CMX001 against herpes simplex virus infections in mice and correlations with drug distribution studies. J. Infect. Dis. 2010, 202:1492-1499.
174. Reed K.D., Melski J.W., Graham M.B., Regnery R.L., Sotir M.J., Wegner M.V., Kazmierczak J.J., Stratman E.J., Li Y., Fairley J.A., Swain G.R., Olson V.A., Sargent E.K., Kehl S.C., Frace M.A., Kline R., Foldy S.L., Davis J.P., Damon I.K. The detection of monkeypox in humans in the Western Hemisphere. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004, 350:342-350.
175. Reeves P.M., Bommarius B., Lebeis S., McNulty S., Christensen J., Swimm A., Chahroudi A., Chavan R., Feinberg M.B., Veach D., Bornmann W., Sherman M., Kalman D. Disabling poxvirus pathogenesis by inhibition of Abl-family tyrosine kinases. Nat. Med. 2005, 11:731-739.
176. Reeves P.M., Smith S.K., Olson V.A., Thorne S.H., Bornmann W., Damon I.K., Kalman D. Variola and monkeypox viruses utilize conserved mechanisms of virion motility and release that depend on abl and SRC family tyrosine kinases. J. Virol. 2011, 85:21-31.
177. Rempel R.E., Traktman P. Vaccinia virus B1 kinase: phenotypic analysis of temperature-sensitive mutants and enzymatic characterization of recombinant proteins. J. Virol. 1992, 66:4413-4426.
178. Resch W., Weisberg A.S., Moss B. Vaccinia virus nonstructural protein encoded by the A11R gene is required for formation of the virion membrane. J. Virol. 2005, 79:6598-6609.
179. Roberts K.L., Smith G.L. Vaccinia virus morphogenesis and dissemination. Trends Microbiol. 2008, 16:472-479.
180. Rosel J.L., Earl P.L., Weir J.P., Moss B. Conserved TAAATG sequence at the transcriptional and translational initiation sites of vaccinia virus late genes deduced by structural and functional analysis of the HindIII H genome fragment. J. Virol. 1986, 60:436-449.
181. Saccucci L., Crance J.M., Colas P., Bickle M., Garin D., Iseni F. Inhibition of vaccinia virus replication by peptide aptamers. Antiviral Res. 2009, 82:134-140.
182. Safrin S., Cherrington J., Jaffe H.S. Clinical uses of cidofovir. Rev. Med. Virol. 1997, 7:145-156.
183. Sanderson C.M., Hollinshead M., Smith G.L. The vaccinia virus A27L protein is needed for the microtubule-dependent transport of intracellular mature virus particles. J. Gen. Virol. 2000, 81:47-58.
184. Santos C.R., Vega F.M., Blanco S., Barcia R., Lazo P.A. The vaccinia virus B1R kinase induces p53 downregulation by an Mdm2-dependent mechanism. Virology 2004, 328:254-265.
185. Santos C.R., Blanco S., Sevilla A., Lazo P.A. Vaccinia virus B1R kinase interacts with JIP1 and modulates c-Jun-dependent signaling. J. Virol. 2006, 80:7667-7675.
186. Sauerbrei A., Meier C., Meerbach A., Schiel M., Helbig B., Wutzler P. In vitro activity of cycloSal-nucleoside monophosphates and polyhydroxycarboxylates against orthopoxviruses. Antiviral Res. 2005, 67:147-154.
187. Sauerbrei A., Meier C., Meerbach A., Wutzler P. Inhibitory efficacy of cyclosal-nucleoside monophosphates of aciclovir and brivudin on DNA synthesis of orthopoxvi ruses. Antiviral Chem. Chemother. 2006, 17:25-31.
188. Schmutz C., Payne L.G., Gubser J., Wittek R. A mutation in the gene encoding the vaccinia virus 37,000-M(r) protein confers resistance to an inhibitor of virus envelopment and release. J. Virol. 1991, 65:3435-3442.
189. Schormann N., Sommers C.I., Prichard M.N., Keith K.A., Noah J.W., Nuth M., Ricciardi R.P., Chattopadhyay D. Identification of protein-protein interaction inhibitors targeting vaccinia virus processivity factor for development of antiviral agents. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2011, 55:5054-5062.
190. Schwer B., Shuman S. Genetic analysis of poxvirus mRNA cap methyltransferase: suppression of conditional mutations in the stimulatory D12 subunit by second-site mutations in the catalytic D1 subunit. Virology 2006, 352:145-156.
191. Sekiguchi J., Shuman S. Nick sensing by vaccinia virus DNA ligase requires a 5' phosphate at the nick and occupancy of the adenylate binding site on the enzyme. J. Virol. 1997, 71:9679-9684.
192. Sekiguchi J., Shuman S. Novobiocin inhibits vaccinia virus replication by blocking virus assembly. Virology 1997, 235:129-137.
193. Senkevich T.G., White C.L., Koonin E.V., Moss B. Complete pathway for protein disulfide bond formation encoded by poxviruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99:6667-6672.
194. Senkevich T.G., Ojeda S., Townsley A., Nelson G.E., Moss B. Poxvirus multiprotein entry-fusion complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102:18572-18577.
195. Sidwell R.W., Huffman J.H., Khare G.P., Allen L.B., Witkowski J.T., Robins R.K. Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of Virazole: 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. Science 1972, 177:705-706.
196. Sieczkarski S.B., Whittaker G.R. Viral entry. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2005, 285:1-23.
197. Slabaugh M.B., Mathews C.K. Hydroxyurea-resistant vaccinia virus: overproduction of ribonucleotide reductase. J. Virol. 1986, 60:506-514.
198. Smee D.F., Bailey K.W., Wong M., Sidwell R.W. Intranasal treatment of cowpox virus respiratory infections in mice with cidofovir. Antiviral Res. 2000, 47:171-177.
199. Smee D.F., Bailey K.W., Wong M.H., Sidwell R.W. Effects of cidofovir on the pathogenesis of a lethal vaccinia virus respiratory infection in mice. Antiviral Res. 2001, 52:55-62.
200. Smee D.F., Sidwell R.W., Kefauver D., Bray M., Huggins J.W. Characterization of wild-type and cidofovir-resistant strains of camelpox, cowpox, monkeypox, and vaccinia viruses. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2002, 46:1329-1335.
201. Smee D.F., Hurst B.L., Wong M.H., Glazer R.I., Rahman A., Sidwell R.W. Efficacy of N-methanocarbathymidine in treating mice infected intranasally with the IHD and WR strains of vaccinia virus. Antiviral Res. 2007, 76:124-129.
202. Smee D.F., Wandersee M.K., Bailey K.W., Wong M.H., Chu C.K., Gadthula S., Sidwell R.W. Cell line dependency for antiviral activity and in vivo efficacy of N-methanocarbathymidine against orthopoxvirus infections in mice. Antiviral Res. 2007, 73:69-77.
203. Smee D.F., Humphreys D.E., Hurst B.L., Barnard D.L. Antiviral activities and phosphorylation of 5-halo-2'-deoxyuridines and N-methanocarbathymidine in cells infected with vaccinia virus. Antiviral Chem. Chemother. 2008, 19:15-24.
204. Smee D.F., Hurst B.L., Wong M.H. Lack of efficacy of aurintricarboxylic acid and ethacrynic acid against vaccinia virus respiratory infections in mice. Antiviral Chem. Chemother. 2010, 20:201-205.
205. Smee D.F., Bailey K.W., Wong M.H., Tarbet E.B. Topical treatment of cutaneous vaccinia virus infections in immunosuppressed hairless mice with selected antiviral substances. Antiviral Chem. Chemother. 2011, 21:201-208.
206. Smith G.L., Law M. The exit of vaccinia virus from infected cells. Virus Res. 2004, 106:189-197.
207. Smith G.L., Vanderplasschen A., Law M. The formation and function of extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus. J. Gen. Virol. 2002, 83:2915-2931.
208. Spisakova M., Cizek Z., Melkova Z. Ethacrynic and alpha-lipoic acids inhibit vaccinia virus late gene expression. Antiviral Res. 2009, 81:156-165.
209. Stanitsa E.S., Arps L., Traktman P. Vaccinia virus uracil DNA glycosylase interacts with the A20 protein to form a heterodimeric processivity factor for the viral DNA polymerase. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:3439-3451.
210. Stittelaar K.J., Neyts J., Naesens L., van Amerongen G., van Lavieren R.F., Holy A., De Clercq E., Niesters H.G., Fries E., Maas C., Mulder P.G., van der Zeijst B.A., Osterhaus A.D. Antiviral treatment is more effective than smallpox vaccination upon lethal monkeypox virus infection. Nature 2006, 439:745-748.
211. Stuart D.T., Upton C., Higman M.A., Niles E.G., McFadden G. A poxvirus-encoded uracil DNA glycosylase is essential for virus viability. J. Virol. 1993, 67:2503-2512.
212. Szajner P., Jaffe H., Weisberg A.S., Moss B. Vaccinia virus G7L protein Interacts with the A30L protein and is required for association of viral membranes with dense viroplasm to form immature virions. J. Virol. 2003, 77:3418-3429.
213. Szajner P., Jaffe H., Weisberg A.S., Moss B. A complex of seven vaccinia virus proteins conserved in all chordopoxviruses is required for the association of membranes and viroplasm to form immature virions. Virology 2004, 330:447-459.
214. Szajner P., Weisberg A.S., Lebowitz J., Heuser J., Moss B. External scaffold of spherical immature poxvirus particles is made of protein trimers, forming a honeycomb lattice. J. Cell Biol. 2005, 170:971-981.
215. Tian L., Shuman S. Vaccinia topoisomerase mutants illuminate roles for Phe59, Gly73, Gln69 and Phe215. Virology 2007, 359:466-476.
216. Tolonen N., Doglio L., Schleich S., Krijnse Locker J. Vaccinia virus DNA replication occurs in endoplasmic reticulum-enclosed cytoplasmic mini-nuclei. Mol. Biol. Cell 2001, 12:2031-2046.
217. Tomimori Y., Kawakami Y., McCausland M.M., Ando T., Koriazova L., Kato S., Kawakami T., Crotty S. Protective murine and human monoclonal antibodies against eczema vaccinatum. Antivir. Ther. 2011, 16:67-75.
218. Topalis D., Collinet B., Gasse C., Dugue L., Balzarini J., Pochet S., Deville-Bonne D. Substrate specificity of vaccinia virus thymidylate kinase. FEBS J. 2005, 272:6254-6265.
219. Traktman P., Boyle K. Methods for analysis of poxvirus DNA replication. Methods Mol. Biol. 2004, 269:169-186.
220. Traktman P., Sridhar P., Condit R.C., Roberts B.E. Transcriptional mapping of the DNA polymerase gene of vaccinia virus. J. Virol. 1984, 49:125-131.
221. Tulman E.R., Delhon G., Afonso C.L., Lu Z., Zsak L., Sandybaev N.T., Kerembekova U.Z., Zaitsev V.L., Kutish G.F., Rock D.L. Genome of horsepox virus. J. Virol. 2006, 80:9244-9258.
222. Upton C., Slack S., Hunter A.L., Ehlers A., Roper R.L. Poxvirus orthologous clusters: toward defining the minimum essential poxvirus genome. J. Virol. 2003, 77:7590-7600.
223. Vigne S., Germi R., Duraffour S., Larrat S., Andrei G., Snoeck R., Garin D., Crance J.M. Specific inhibition of orthopoxvirus replication by a small interfering RNA targeting the D5R gene. Antivir. Ther. 2008, 13:357-368.
224. Vigne S., Duraffour S., Andrei G., Snoeck R., Garin D., Crance J.M. Inhibition of vaccinia virus replication by two small interfering RNAs targeting B1R and G7L genes and their synergistic combination with cidofovir. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2009, 53:2579-2588.
225. Ward B.M., Weisberg A.S., Moss B. Mapping and functional analysis of interaction sites within the cytoplasmic domains of the vaccinia virus A33R and A36R envelope proteins. J. Virol. 2003, 77:4113-4126.
226. Webb T.J., Litavecz R.A., Khan M.A., Du W., Gervay-Hague J., Renukaradhya G.J., Brutkiewicz R.R. Inhibition of CD1d1-mediated antigen presentation by the vaccinia virus B1R and H5R molecules. Eur. J. Immunol. 2006, 36:2595-2600.
227. Wiebe M.S., Traktman P. Poxviral B1 kinase overcomes barrier to autointegration factor, a host defense against virus replication. Cell Host Microbe 2007, 1:187-197.
228. Wolffe E.J., Isaacs S.N., Moss B. Deletion of the vaccinia virus B5R gene encoding a 42-kilodalton membrane glycoprotein inhibits extracellular virus envelope formation and dissemination. J. Virol. 1993, 67:4732-4741.
229. Woodson B., Joklik W.K. The inhibition of vaccinia virus multiplication by isatin-beta-thiosemicarbazone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1965, 54:946-953.
230. Wright C.F., Oswald B.W., Dellis S. Vaccinia virus late transcription is activated in vitro by cellular heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:40680-40686.
231. Yakovleva L., Handy C.J., Sayer J.M., Pirrung M., Jerina D.M., Shuman S. Benzo[c]phenanthrene adducts and nogalamycin inhibit DNA transesterification by vaccinia topoisomerase. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:23335-23342.
232. Yang Z., Moss B. Interaction of the vaccinia virus RNA polymerase-associated 94-kilodalton protein with the early transcription factor. J. Virol. 2009, 83:12018-12026.
233. Yang G., Pevear D.C., Davies M.H., Collett M.S., Bailey T., Rippen S., Barone L., Burns C., Rhodes G., Tohan S., Huggins J.W., Baker R.O., Buller R.L., Touchette E., Waller K., Schriewer J., Neyts J., DeClercq E., Jones K., Hruby D., Jordan R. An orally bioavailable antipoxvirus compound (ST-246) inhibits extracellular virus formation and protects mice from lethal orthopoxvirus Challenge. J. Virol. 2005, 79:13139-13149.
234. Yoder J.D., Chen T.S., Gagnier C.R., Vemulapalli S., Maier C.S., Hruby D.E. Pox proteomics: mass spectrometry analysis and identification of Vaccinia virion proteins. Virol. J. 2006, 3:10.
235. Yoshizawa J.M., Li C., Gershon P.D. Saltatory forward movement of a poly(A) polymerase during poly(A) tail addition. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:19144-19151.
236. Zhang Y., Moss B. Immature viral envelope formation is interrupted at the same stage by lac operator-mediated repression of the vaccinia virus D13L gene and by the drug rifampicin. Virology 1992, 187:643-653.
237. Zheng S., Shuman S. Structure-function analysis of vaccinia virus mRNA cap (guanine-N7) methyltransferase. RNA 2008, 14:696-705.