The formation and function of extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus

Journal of General Virology

Volumn 83, Issue 12, 2002, Pages 2915-2931

  Smith, Geoffrey L ^a   Vanderplasschen, Alain ^b   Law, Mansun ^a  

^a Wright Fleming Institute   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACTIN; NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY; VIRUS PROTEIN;

CELL CULTURE; CELL SURFACE; CYTOLOGY; CYTOLYSIS; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANE; MICROTUBULE ASSEMBLY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; REVIEW; VACCINIA VIRUS; VIRION; VIRUS CELL INTERACTION; VIRUS ENVELOPE; VIRUS MORPHOGENESIS; VIRUS NEUTRALIZATION; VIRUS PARTICLE; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

DNA VIRUSES; VACCINIA VIRUS;

EID: 0036932713     PISSN: 00221317     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-12-2915     Document Type: Review

References (177)

1. Afonso, C. L., Tulman, E. R., Lu, Z., Zsak, L., Sandybaev, N. T., Kerembekova, U. Z., Zaitsev, V. L., Kutish, G. F. & Rock, D. L. (2002). The genome of camelpox virus. Virology 295, 1-9.
2. Aguado, B., Selmes, I. P. & Smith, G. L. (1992). Nucleotide sequence of 21.8 kbp of variola major virus strain Harvey and comparison with vaccinia virus. Journal of General Virology 73, 2887-2902.
3. Amies, C. R. (1961). Loss of immunogenic properties of vaccinia virus inactivated by formaldehyde. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 7, 141-152.
4. Appleyard, G. & Andrews, C. (1974). Neutralizing activities of antisera to poxvirus soluble antigens. Journal of General Virology 23, 197-200.
5. Appleyard, G., Hapel, A. J. & Boulter, E. A. (1971). An antigenic difference between intracellular and extracellular rabbitpox virus. Journal of General Virology 13, 9-17.
6. Armstrong, J. A., Metz, D. H. & Young, M. R. (197 3). The mode of entry of vaccinia virus into L cells. Journal of General Virology 21, 533-537.
7. Baek, S. H., Kwak, J. Y., Lee, S. H., Lee, T., Ryu, S. H., Uhlinger, D. J. & Lambeth, J. D. (1997). Lipase activities of p37, the major envelope protein of vaccinia virus. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 32042-32049.
8. Bednarek, S. Y., Orci, L. & Schekman, R. (1996). Traffic COPS and the formation of vesicle coats. Trends in Cell Biology 6, 468-473.
9. Blackman, K. E. & Bubel, H. C. (1972). Origin of the vaccinia virus hemagglutinin. Journal of Virology 9, 290-296.
10. Blasco, R. & Moss, B. (1991). Extracellular vaccinia virus formation and cell-to-cell virus transmission are prevented by deletion of the gene encoding the 37,000-Dalton outer envelope protein. Journal of Virology 65, 5910-5920.
11. Blasco, R. & Moss, B. (1992). Role of cell-associated enveloped vaccinia virus in cell-to-cell spread. Journal of Virology 66, 4170-4179.
12. Blasco, R., Cole, N. B. & Moss, B. (1991). Sequence analysis, expression, and deletion of a vaccinia virus gene encoding a homolog of profilin, a eukaryotic actin-binding protein. Journal of Virology 65, 4598-4608.
13. Blasco, R., Sisler, J. R. & Moss, B. (1993). Dissociation of progeny vaccinia virus from the cell membrane is regulated by a viral envelope glycoprotein: effect of a point mutation in the lectin homology domain of the A34R gene. Journal of Virology 67, 3319-3325.
14. Boulter, E. A. (1969). Protection against poxviruses. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 62, 295-297.
15. Boulter, E. A. & Appleyard, G. (1973). Differences between extracellular and intracellular forms of poxviruses and their implications. Progress in Medical Virology 16, 86-108.
16. Boulter, E. A., Zwartouw, H. T., Titmuss, D. H. I. & Maber, H. B. (1971). The nature of the immune state produced by inactivated vaccinia virus in rabbits. American Journal of Epidemiology 94, 612-620.
17. Brown, C. K., Bloom, D. C. & Moyer, R. W. (1991a). The nature of naturally occurring mutations in the hemagglutinin gene of vaccinia virus and the sequence of immediately adjacent genes. Virus Genes 5, 235-242.
18. Brown, C. K., Turner, P. C. & Moyer, R. W. (1991b). Molecular characterization of the vaccinia virus hemagglutinin gene. Journal of Virology 65, 3598-3606.
19. Cavallaro, K. F. & Esposito, J. J. (1992). Sequences of the raccoon poxvirus hemagglutinin protein. Virology 190, 434-439.
20. Chang, A. & Metz, D. H. (1976). Further investigations on the mode of entry of vaccinia virus into cells. Journal of General Virology 32, 275-282.
21. Chang, W., Hsiao, J. C., Chung, C. S. & Bair, C. H. (1995). Isolation of a monoclonal antibody which blocks vaccinia virus infection. Journal of Virology 69, 517-522.
22. Child, S. J. & Hruby, D. E. (1992). Evidence for multiple species of vaccinia virus-encoded palmitylated proteins. Virology 191, 262-271.
23. Chu, C. M. (1948). Studies on the vaccinia haemagglutinin. I. Some physiochemical properties. Journal of Hygiene 46, 42-48.
24. Chung, C. S., Hsiao, J. C., Chang, Y. S. & Chang, W. (1998). A27L protein mediates vaccinia virus interaction with cell surface heparan sulfate. Journal of Virology 72, 1577-1585.
25. Colley, W. C., Sung, T. C., Roll, R., Hammond, S. M., Altshuller, Y. M., Bar-Sagi, D., Morris, A. J. & Frohman, M. A. (1997). Phospholipase D2, a distinct phospoholipase D isoform with novel regulatory properties that provokes cyloskeletal reorganisation. Current Biology 7, 191-201.
26. Collier, L. H., McClean, D. & Vallet, L. (1955). The antigenicity of ultraviolet irradiated vaccinia virus. Journal of Hygiene 53, 513-534.
27. Cudmore, S., Cossart, P., Griffiths, G. & Way, M. (1995). Actin-based motility of vaccinia virus. Nature 378, 636-638.
28. Cudmore, S., Reckmann, I., Griffiths, G. & Way, M. (1996). Vaccinia virus: a model system for actin-membrane interactions. Journal of Cell Science 109, 1739-1747.
29. Dales, S. (1963). The uptake and development of vaccinia virus in strain L cells followed with labeled viral deoxyribonucleic acid. Journal of Cell Biology 18, 51-72.
30. Dales, S. (1965). Penetration of animal viruses into cells. Progress in Medical Virology 7, 1-43.
31. Dales, S. & Mosbach, E. H. (11968). Vaccinia as a model for membrane biogenesis. Virology 35, 564-583.
32. Dales, S. & Siminovitch, L. (1961). The development of vaccinia virus in Earles L strain cells as examined by electron microscopy. Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology 10, 475-503.
33. Doms, R. W., Blumenthal, R. & Moss, B. (1990). Fusion of intra- and extracellular forms of vaccinia virus with the cell membrane. Journal of Virology 64, 4884-4892.
34. Downie, A. W. (1939). Immunological relationship of the virus of spontaneous cowpox to vaccinia virus. British Journal of Experimental Pathology 20, 158-176.
35. Duncan, S. A. & Smith, G. L. (1992). Identification and characterization of an extracellular envelope glycoprotein affecting vaccinia virus egress. Journal of Virology 66, 1610-1621.
36. Engelstad, M. & Smith, G. L. (1993). The vaccinia virus 42 kDa envelope protein is required for envelopment and egress of extracellular virus and for virulence. Virology 194, 627-637.
37. Engelstad, M., Howard, S. T. & Smith, G. L. (1992). A constitutively expressed vaccinia virus gene encodes a 42 kDa glycoprotein related to complement control factors that forms part of the extracellular envelope. Virology 188, 801-810.
38. Eppstein, D. A., Marsh, Y. V., Schreiber, A. B., Newman, S. R., Todaro, G. J. & Nestor, J. J., Jr (1985). Epidermal growth factor receptor occupancy inhibits vaccinia virus infection. Nature 318, 663-665.
39. Fenner, F., Anderson, D. A., Arita, L, Jezek, Z. & Ladnyi, I. D. (1988). Smallpox and its Eradication. Geneva: World Health Organization.
40. Fenner, F., Wittek, R. & Dumbell, K. R. (1989). The Orthopoxviruses, chapter 4. London: Academic Press.
41. Flexner, C., Hugin, A. & Moss, B. (1987). Prevention of vaccinia virus infection in immunodeficient mice by vector-directed IL-2 expression. Nature 330, 259-262.
42. Frischknecht, F., Cudmore, S., Moreau, V., Reckmann, I., Rottger, S. & Way, M. (1999a). Tyrosine phosphorylation is required for actin-based motility of vaccinia but not Listeria and Shigella. Current Biology 9, 89-92.
43. Frischknecht, F., Moreau, V., Röttger, S., Gonfloni, S., Rechmann, I., Superti-Furga, G. & Way, M. (1999b). Actin-based motility of vaccinia virus mimics receptor tyrosine kinase signalling. Nature 401, 926-929.
44. Galmiche, M. C., Rindisbacher, L., Weis, W., Wittek, R. & Buchegger, F. (1997). Expression of a functional single chain antibody on the surface of extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus as a step towards selective tumour cell targeting. Journal of General Virology 78, 3019-3027.
45. Galmiche, M. C., Goenaga, J., Wittek, R. & Rindisbacher, L. (1999). Neutralizing and protective antibodies directed against vaccinia virus envelope antigens. Virology 254, 71-80.
46. Garon, C. F. & Moss, B. (1971). Glycoprotein synthesis in cells infected with vaccinia virus. II. A glycoprotein component of the virion. Virology 46, 233-246.
47. Geada, M. M., Galindo, I., Lorenzo, M. M., Perdiguero, B. & Blasco, R. (2001). Movements of vaccinia virus infracellular enveloped virions with GFP tagged to the F13L envelope protein. Journal of General Virology 82, 2747-2760.
48. Goebel, S. J., Johnson, G. P., Perkus, M. E., Davis, S. W., Winslow, J. P. & Paoletti, E. (1990). The complete DNA sequence of vaccinia virus. Virology 179, 247-266.
49. Goldberg, M. B. & Theriot, J. A. (1995). Shigella flexneri surface protein IcsA is sufficient to direct actin-based motility. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 92, 6572-6576.
50. Griffiths, G., Wepf, R., Wendt, T., Locker, J. K., Cyrklaff, M. & Roos, N. (2001). Structure and assembly of intracellular mature vaccinia virus: isolated-particle analysis. Journal of Virology 75, 11034-11055.
51. Grosenbach, D. W. & Hruby, D. E. (1998). Analysis of a vaccinia virus mutant expressing a nonpalmitylated form of p37, a mediator of virion envelopment. Journal of Virology 72, 5108-5120.
52. Grosenbach, D. W., Ulaeto, D. O. & Hruby, D. E. (1997). Palmitylation of the vaccinia virus 37-kDa major envelope antigen. Identification of a conserved acceptor motif and biological relevance. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 1956-1964.
53. Grosenbach, D. W., Hansen, S. G. & Hruby, D. E. (2000). Identification and analysis of vaccinia virus palmitylproteins. Virology 275, 193-206.
54. Gubser, C. M. & Smith, G. L. (2002). The sequence of camelpox virus shows it is most closely related to variola virus, the cause of smallpox. Journal of General Virology 83, 855-872.
55. Hashizume, S., Yoshizawa, H., Morita, M. & Suzuki, K. (1985). Properties of attenuated mutant of vaccinia virus, LC16m8, derived from Lister strain. In Vaccinia Viruses as Vectors for Vaccine Antigens, pp. 87-99. Edited by G. V. Quinnan. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Co.
56. Herrera, E., del Mar Lorenzo, M., Blasco, R. & Isaacs, S. N. (1998). Functional analysis of vaccinia virus B5R protein: essential role in virus envelopment is independent of a large portion of the extracellular domain. Journal of Virology 72, 294-302.
57. Hiller, G. & Weber, K. (1985). Golgi-derived membranes that contain an acylated viral polypeptide are used for vaccinia virus envelopment. Journal of Virology 55, 651-659.
58. Hiller, G., Weber, K., Schneider, L., Parajsz, C. & Jungwirth, C. (1979). Interaction of assembled progeny pox viruses with the cellular cytoskeleton. Virology 98, 142-153.
59. 2-3-methyl-4-chlorobenzoylhydrazine interferes with cytoplasmic virus dissemination and release. Journal of Virology 39, 903-913.
60. Hiller, G., Jungwirth, C. & Weber, K. (1981b). Fluorescence microscopical analysis of the life cycle of vaccinia virus in chick embryo fibroblasts. Virus-cytoskeleton interactions. Experimental Cell Research 132, 81-87.
61. Hirt, P., Hiller, G. & Wittek, R. (1986). Localization and fine structure of a vaccinia virus gene encoding an envelope antigen. Journal of Virology 58, 757-764.
62. Hollinshead, M., Vanderplasschen, A., Smith, G. L. & Vaux, D. J. (1999). Vaccinia virus intracellular mature virions contain only one lipid membrane. Journal of Virology 73, 1503-1517.
63. Hollinshead, M., Rodger, G., van Eijl, H., Hollinshead, R., Law, M., Vaux, D. T. & Smith, G. L. (2001). Vaccinia virus utilizes microlubules for movement to the cell surface. Journal of Cell Biology 154, 389-402.
64. Holowczak, J. A. (1970). Glycopeptides of vaccinia virus. I. Preliminary characterization and hexosamine content. Virology 42, 87-99.
65. Hooper, J. W., Custer, D. M., Schmaljohn, C. S. & Schmaljohn, A. L. (2000). DNA vaccination with vaccinia virus L1R and A33R genes protects mice against a lethal poxvirus challenge. Virology 266, 329-339.
66. Hsiao, J. C., Chung, C. S. & Chang, W. (1999). Vaccinia virus envelope D8L protein binds to cell surface chondroitin sulfate and mediates the adsorption of intracellular mature virions to cells. Journal of Virology 73, 8750-8761.
67. Hügin, A. & Hauser, C. (1994). The epidermal growth factor receptor is not a receptor for vaccinia virus. Journal of Virology 68, 8409-8412.
68. Husain, M. & Moss, B. (2001). Vaccinia virus F13L protein with a conserved phospholipase catalytic motif induces colocalization of the B5R envelope glycoprolein in post-Golgi vesicles. Journal of Virology 75, 7528-7542.
69. Husain, M. & Moss, B. (2002). Similarities in the induction of post-Golgi vesicles by the vaccinia virus F13L protein and phospholipase D. Journal of Virology 76, 7777-7789.
70. Ichihashi, Y. (1996). Extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus escapes neutralization. Virology 217, 478-485.
71. Ichihashi, Y. & Dales, S. (1971). Biogenesis of poxviruses: interrelationship between hemagglutinin production and polykaryocytosis. Virology 46, 533-543.
72. Ichihashi, Y., Matsumoto, S. & Dales, S. (1971). Biogenesis of poxviruses: role of A-type inclusions and host cell membranes in virus dissemination. Virology 46, 507-532.
73. Isaacs, S. N., Wolffe, E. J., Payne, L. G. & Moss, B. (1992). Characterization of a vaccinia virus-encoded 42-kilodalton class I membrane glycoprotein component of the extracellular virus envelope. Journal of Virology 66, 7217-7224.
74. Janeczko, R. A., Rodriguez, J. F. & Esteban, M. (1987). Studies on the mechanism of entry of vaccinia virus in animal cells. Archives of Virology 92, 135-150.
75. Jenner, E. (1798). An Enquiry into the Causes and Effects of Variolae Vaccinae, a Disease Discovered in some Western Countries of England, particularly Gloucestershire and known by the Name of Cow Pox. London: Reprinted by Cassell, 1896.
76. Jin, D., Li, Z., Jin, Q., Yuwen, H. & Hou, Y. (1989). Vaccinia virus hemagglutinin. A novel member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Journal of Experimental Medicine 170, 571-576.
77. Kaplan, C. (1962). A non-infectious smallpox vaccine. Lancet ii, 1027-1028.
78. Kaplan, C., McLean, D. & Vallet, L. (1962). A note on the immunogenicity of ultraviolet irradiated vaccinia virus in man. Journal of Hygiene 60, 79-83.
79. Kaplan, C., Benson, P. F. & Butler, N. R. (1965). Immunogenicity of ultraviolet irradiated, non-infectious, vaccinia virus in infants and young children. Lancet i, 573-574.
80. 2-3-methyl-4-chlorobenzoylhydrazine. Journal of Experimental Medicine 129, 795-808.
81. Katz, E., Wolffe, E. J. & Moss, B. (1997). The cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains of the vaccinia virus B5R protein target a chimeric human immunodeficiency virus type I glycoprofein to the outer envelope of nascent vaccinia virions. Journal of Virology 71, 3178-3187.
82. Koonin, E. V. (1996). A duplicated catalytic motif in a new superfamily of phosphohydrolases and phospholipid synthases that includes poxvirus envelope proteins. Trends in Biochemical Science 21, 242-243.
83. Kotwal, G. J., Isaacs, S. N., McKenzie, R., Frank, M. M. & Moss, B. (1990). Inhibition of the complement cascade by the major secretory protein of vaccinia virus. Science 250, 827-830.
84. Krauss, O., Hollinshead, R., Hollinshead, M. & Smith, G. L. (2002). An investigation of the incorporation of cellular antigens in vaccinia virus particles. Journal of General Virology 83, 2347-2359.
85. Krempien, U., Schneider, L., Hiller, G., Weber, K., Katz, E. & Jungwirth, C. (1981). Conditions for pox virus-specific microvilli formation studied during synchronized virus assembly. Virology 113, 556-564.
86. Krijnse Locker, J., Kuehn, A., Schleich, S., Rutter, G., Hohenberg, H., Wepf, R. & Griffiths, G. (2000). Entry of the two infectious forms of vaccinia virus at the plasma membrane is signaling-dependent for the IMV but not the EEV. Molecular Biology of the Cell 11, 2497-2511.
87. Lalani, A. S., Masters, J., Zeng, W., Barrett, J., Pannu, R., Everett, H., Arendt, C. W. & McFadden, G. (1999). Use of chemokine receptors by poxviruses. Science 286, 1968-1971.
88. Law, K. M. & Smith, G. L. (1992). A vaccinia serine protease inhibitor which prevents virus induced cell fusion. Journal of General Virology 73, 549-557.
89. Law, M. & Smith, G. L. (2001). Antibody neutralization of the extracellular enveloped form of vaccinia virus. Virology 280, 132-142.
90. Law, M., Hollinshead, R. & Smith, G. L. (2002). Antibody-sensitive and antibody-resistant cell-to-cell spread of vaccinia virus: role of the A33R protein in antibody-resistant spread. Journal of General Virology 83, 209-222.
91. Lin, C. L., Chung, C. S., Heine, H. G. & Chang, W. (2000). Vaccinia virus envelope H3L protein binds to cell surface heparan sulfate and is important for intracellular mature virion morphogenesis and virus infection in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Virology 74, 3353-3365.
92. Lorenzo, M. M., Herrera, E., Blasco, R. & Isaacs, S. N. (1998). Functional analysis of vaccinia virus B5R protein: role of the cytoplasmic tail. Virology 252, 450-457.
93. Lorenzo, M. M., Galindo, I., Griffiths, G. & Blasco, R. (2000). Intracellular localization of vaccinia virus extracellular enveloped virus envelope proteins individually expressed using a Semliki Forest virus replicon. Journal of Virology 74, 10535-10550.
94. Maa, J. S., Rodriguez, J. F. & Esteban, M. (1990). Structural and functional characterization of a cell surface binding protein of vaccinia virus. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265, 1569-1577.
95. McIntosh, A.A. & Smith, G. L. (1996). Vaccinia virus glycoprotein A34R is required for infectivity of extracellular enveloped virus. Journal of Virology 70, 272-281.
96. Mackett, M., Smith, G. L. & Moss, B. (1982). Vaccinia virus: a selectable eukaryotic cloning and expression vector. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 79, 7415-7419.
97. Madeley, C. R. (1968). The immunogenicity of heat-inactivated vaccinia virus in rabbits. Journal of Hygiene 66, 89-107.
98. Martinez-Pomares, L., Stern, R. J. & Moyer, R. W. (1993). The ps/hr gene (B5R open reading frame homolog) of rabbitpox virus controls pock colour, is a component of extracellular enveloped virus, and is secreted into the medium. Journal of Virology 67, 5450-5462.
99. Massung, R. F., Liu, L. I., Qi, J., Knight, J. C., Yuran, T. E., Kerlavage, A. R., Parsons, J. M., Venter, J. C. & Esposito, J. J. (1994). Analysis of the complete genome of smallpox variola major virus strain Bangladesh-1975. Virology 201, 215-240.
100. Masters, J., Hinek, A. A., Uddin, S., Platanias, L. C., Zeng, W., McFadden, G. & Fish, E. N. (2001). Poxvirus infection rapidly activates tyrosine kinase signal transduction. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, 48371-48375.
101. Mathew, E., Sanderson, C. M., Hollinshead, M. & Smith, G. L. (1998). The extracellular domain of vaccinia virus protein B5R affects plaque phenotype, extracellular enveloped virus release, and intracellular actin tail formation. Journal of Virology 72, 2429-2438.
102. Mathew, E., Sanderson, C. M., Hollinshead, R., Hollinshead, M., Grimley, R. & Smith, G. L. (1999). The effects of targeting the vaccinia virus B5R protein to the endoplasmic reticulum on virus morphogenesis and dissemination. Virology 265, 131-146.
103. Mathew, E. C., Sanderson, C. M., Hollinshead, R. & Smith, G. L. (2001). A mutational analysis of the vaccinia virus B5R protein. Journal of General Virology 82, 1199-1213.
104. Moss, B. (2001). Poxviridae: the viruses and their replication. In Fields Virology, 4th edn, pp. 2849-2883. Edited by D. M. Knipe & P. M. Howley. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
105. Moss, B. & Rosenblum, E. N. (1973). Protein cleavage and poxvirus morphogenesis: tryptic peptide analysis of core precursors accumulated by blocking assembly with rifampicin. Journal of Molecular Biology 81, 267-269.
106. Nagler, F. P.O. (1942). Application of Hirst's phenomenon to the titration of vaccinia virus and vaccinia immune serum. Medical Journal of Australia 1, 281-283.
107. Ogawa, R., Calvert, J. G., Yanagida, N. & Nazerian, K. (1993). Insertional inactivation of a fowlpox virus homologue of the vaccinia virus F12L gene inhibits the release of enveloped virions. Journal of General Virology 74, 55-64.
108. Panicali, D. & Paoletti, E. (1982). Construction of poxviruses as cloning vectors: insertion of the thymidine kinase gene from herpes simplex virus into the DNA of infectious vaccinia virus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 79, 4927-4931.
109. r 43-50 K protein on the surface of extracellular enveloped virus. Virology 204, 376-390.
110. Patel, D. D., Pickup, D. J. & Joklik, W. K. (1986). Isolation of cowpox virus A-type inclusions and characterization of their major protein component. Virology 149, 174-189.
111. Payne, L. G. (1978). Polypeptide composition of extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus. Journal of Virology 27, 28-37.
112. Payne, L. G. (1979). Identification of the vaccinia hemagglutinin polypeptide from a cell system yielding large amounts of extracellular enveloped virus. Journal of Virology 31, 147-155.
113. Payne, L. G. (1980). Significance of extracellular enveloped virus in the in vitro and in vivo dissemination of vaccinia virus. Journal of General Virology 50, 89-100.
114. Payne, L. G. (1992). Characterization of vaccinia virus glycoproteins by monoclonal antibody preparations. Virology 187, 251-260.
115. 2-3-methyl-4-chlorobenzoylhydrazine. Journal of Virology 32, 614-622.
116. Payne, L. G. & Kristensson, K. (1982). The effect of cytochalasin D and monensin on enveloped vaccinia virus release. Archives of Virology 74, 11-20.
117. Payne, L. G. & Kristensson, K. (1985). Extracellular release of enveloped vaccinia virus from mouse nasal epithelial cells in vivo. Journal of General Virology 66, 643-646.
118. Payne, L. G. & Norrby, E. (1976). Presence of haemagglutinin in the envelope of extracellular vaccinia virus particles. Journal of General Virology 32, 63-72.
119. Payne, L. G. & Norrby, E. (1978). Adsorption and penetration of enveloped and naked vaccinia virus particles. Journal of Virology 27, 19-27.
120. Ploubidou, A., Moreau, V., Ashman, K., Reckmann, I., Gonzalez, C. & Way, M. (2000). Vaccinia virus infection disrupts microtubule organization and centrosome function. EMBO Journal 19, 3932-3944.
121. Ponting, C. P. & Kerr, I. D. (1996). A novel family of phospholipase D homologues that includes phospholipid synthases and putative endo-nucleases: identification of duplicated repeats and potential active site residues. Protein Science 5, 914-922.
122. Pulford, D. J., Meyer, H. & Ulaeto, D. (2002). Orthologs of the vaccinia A13L and A36R virion membrane protein genes display diversity in species of the genus Orthopoxvirus. Archives of Virology 147, 995-1015.
123. Ramirez, J. C., Tapia, E. & Esteban, M. (2002). Administration to mice of a monoclonal antibody that neutralizes the intracellular mature virus form of vaccinia virus limits virus replication efficiently under prophylactic and therapeutic conditions. Journal of General Virology 83, 1059-1067.
124. Rietdorf, J., Ploubidou, A., Reckmann, I., Holmstrom, A., Frischknecht, F., Zettl, M., Zimmermann, T. & Way, M. (2001). Kinesin-dependent movement on microtubules precedes actin-based motility of vaccinia virus. Nature Cell Biology 3, 992-1000.
125. Risco, C., Rodriguez, J. R., Lopez-Iglesias, C., Carrascosa, J. L., Esteban, M. & Rodriguez, D. (2002). Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membranes and vimentin filaments participate in vaccinia virus assembly. Journal of Virology 76, 1839-1855.
126. Rodger, G. & Smith, G. L. (2002). Replacing the SCR domains of vaccinia virus protein B5R with EGFP causes a reduction in plaque size and actin tail formation but enveloped virions are still transported to the cell surface. Journal of General Virology 83, 323-332.
127. Rodriguez, J. F. & Smith, G. L. (1990). IPTG-dependent vaccinia virus: identification of a virus protein enabling virion envelopment by Golgi membrane and egress. Nucleic Acids Research 18, 5347-5351.
128. Rodriguez, J. F., Janezcko, R. & Esteban, M. (1985). Isolation and characterization of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to vaccinia virus. Journal of Virology 56, 482-488.
129. Rodriguez, J. F., Paez, E. & Esteban, M. (1987). A 14,000-M, envelope protein of vaccinia virus is involved in cell fusion and forms covalently linked trimers. Journal of Virology 61, 395-404.
130. Rodriguez, D., Rodriguez, J. R. & Esteban, M. (1993). The vaccinia virus 14-kilodalton fusion protein forms a stable complex with the processed protein encoded by the vaccinia virus A17L gene. Journal of Virology 67, 3435-3440.
131. Roper, R. L., Payne, L. G. & Moss, B. (1996). Extracellular vaccinia virus envelope glycoprotein encoded by the A33R gene. Journal of Virology 70, 3753-3762.
132. Roper, R. L., Wolffe, E. J., Weisberg, A. & Moss, B. (1998). The envelope protein encoded by the A33R gene is required for formation of actin-containing microvilli and efficient cell-to-cell spread of vaccinia virus. Journal of Virology 72, 4192-4204.
133. Röttger, S., Frischknecht, F., Reckmann, I., Smith, G. L. & Way, M. (1999). Interactions between vaccinia virus IEV membrane proteins and their roles in IEV assembly and actin tail formation. Journal of Virology 73, 2863-2875.
134. Sanderson, C. M., Frischknecht, F., Way, M., Hollinshead, M. & Smith, G. L. (1998a). Roles of vaccinia virus EEV-specific proteins in intracellular actin tail formation and low pH-induced cell-cell fusion. Journal of General Virology 79, 1415-1425.
135. Sanderson, C. M., Way, M. & Smith, G. L. (1998b). Virus-induced cell motility. Journal of Virology 72, 1235-1243.
136. Sanderson, C. M., Hollinshead, M. & Smith, G. L. (2000). The vaccinia virus A27L protein is needed for the microtubule-dependent transport of intracellular mature virus particles. Journal of General Virology 81, 47-58.
137. Scaplehorn, N., Holmstrom, A., Moreau, V., Frischknecht, F., Rechmann, I. & Way, M. (2002). Grb2 and Nck act cooperatively to promote actin-based motility of vaccinia virus. Current Biology 12, 740-745.
138. Schmelz, M., Sodeik, B., Ericsson, M., Wolffe, E., Shida, H., Hiller, G. & Griffiths, G. (1994). Assembly of vaccinia virus: the second wrapping cisterna is derived from the trans Golgi network. Journal of Virology 68, 130-147.
139. Schmutz, C. & Wittek, R. (1995). Release of extracellular particles by recombinant vaccinia virus over-expressing the major envelope protein p37K. Journal of General Virology 76, 2963-2968.
140. r protein confers resistance to an inhibitor of virus envelopment and release. Journal of Virology 65, 3435-3442.
141. Seki, M., Oie, M., Ichihashi, Y. & Shida, H. (1990). Hemadsorption and fusion inhibition activities of hemagglutinin analyzed by vaccinia virus mutants. Virology 175, 372-384.
142. Shchelkunov, S. N., Safronov, P. F., Totmenin, A. V., Petrov, N. A. Ryazankina, O. I., Gutorov, V. V. & Kotwal, G. J. (1998). The genomic sequence analysis of the left and right species-specific terminal region of a cowpox virus strain reveals unique sequences and a cluster of intact ORFs for immunomodulatory and host range proteins. Virology 243, 432-460.
143. Shchelkunov, S. N., Totmenin, A. V., Babkin, I. V., Safronov, P. F., Ryazankina, O. I., Petrov, N. A., Gutorov, V. V., Uvarova, E. A., Mikheev, M. V., Sisler, J. R., Esposito, J. J., Jahrling, P. B., Moss, B. & Sandakhchiev, L. S. (2001). Human monkeypox and smallpox viruses: genomic comparison. FEBS Letters 509, 66-70.
144. Shida, H. (1986a). Nucleotide sequence of the vaccinia virus hemagglutinin gene. Virology 150, 451-462.
145. Shida, H. (1986b). Variants of vaccinia virus hemagglutinin altered in intracellular transport. Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, 3734-3745.
146. Shida, H. & Dales, S. (1981). Biogenesis of vaccinia: carbohydrate of the hemagglutinin molecules. Virology 111, 56-72.
147. Shida, H. & Dales, S. (1982). Biogenesis of vaccinia: molecular basis for the hemagglutinin-negative phenotype of the IHD-W strain. Virology 117, 219-237.
148. Shida, H. & Matsumoto, S. (1983). Analysis of the hemagglutinin glycoprotein from mutants of vaccinia virus that accumulate on the nuclear envelope. Cell 33, 423-434.
149. Smith, G. L. & Vanderplasschen, A. (1998). Extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus: entry, egress and evasion. In Coronaviruses and Arteriviruses, pp. 395-414. Edited by L. Enjuanes, S. G. Siddell & W. Spaan. London: Plenum Press.
150. Smith, G. A., Portnoy, D. A. & Theriot, J. A. (1995). Asymmetric distribution of the Listeria monocytogenes ActA protein is required and sufficient to direct actin-based motility. Molecular Microbiology 17, 945-951.
151. Sodeik, B. (2000). Mechanisms of viral transport in the cytoplasm. Trends in Microbiology 8, 465-472.
152. Sodeik, B. & Krijnse Locker, J. (2002). Assembly of vaccinia virus revisited: de novo membrane synthesis or acquisition from the host? Trends in Microbiology 10, 15-24.
153. Sodeik, B., Doms, R. W., Ericsson, M., Hiller, G., Machamer, C. E., van't Hof, W., van Meer, G., Moss, B. & Griffiths, G. (1993). Assembly of vaccinia virus: role of the intermediate compartment between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi stacks. Journal of Cell Biology 121, 521-541.
154. Stokes, G. V. (1976). High-voltage electron microscope study of the release of vaccinia virus from whole cells. Journal of Virology 18, 636-643.
155. Sung, T. C., Roper, R. L., Zhang, Y., Rudge, S. A., Temel, R., Hammond, S. M., Morris, A. J., Moss, B., Engebrecht, J. & Frohman, M. A. (1997). Mutagenesis of phospholipase D defines a superfamily including a trans-Golgi viral protein required for poxvirus pathogenicity. EMBO Journal 16, 4519-4530.
156. Takahashi-Nishimaki, F., Funahashi, S.-I., Miki, K., Hashizume, S. & Sugimoto, M. (1991). Regulation of plaque size and host range by a vaccinia virus gene related to complement system proteins. Virology 181, 158-164.
157. Tooze, J., Hollinshead, M., Reis, B., Radsak, K. & Kern, H. (1993). Progeny vaccinia and human cytomegalovirus particles utilize early endosomal cisternae for their envelopes. European Journal of Cell Biology 60, 163-178.
158. Tsutsui, K. (1983). Release of vaccinia virus from FL cells infected with IHD-W strain. Journal of Electron Microscopy 32, 125-140.
159. Turner, P. C. & Moyer, R. W. (1992). An orthopoxvirus serpinlike gene controls the ability of infected cells to fuse. Journal of Virology 66, 2076-2085.
160. Turner, G. S. & Squires, E. J. (1971). Inactivated smallpox vaccine: immunogenicity of inactivated intracellular and extracellular vaccinia virus. Journal of General Virology 13, 19-25.
161. Turner, G. S., Squires, E. J. & Murray, H. G. (1970). Inactivated smallpox vaccine. A comparison of inactivation methods. Journal of Hygiene 68, 197-210.
162. Ulaeto, D., Grosenbach, D. & Hruby, D. E. (1996). The vaccinia virus 4c and A-type inclusion proteins are specific markers for the intracellular mature virus particle. Journal of Virology 70, 3372-3377.
163. Vanderplasschen, A. & Smith, G. L. (1997). A novel virus binding assay using confocal microscopy: demonstration that the intracellular and extracellular vaccinia virions bind to different cellular receptors. Journal of Virology 71, 4032-4041.
164. Vanderplasschen, A. & Smith, G. L. (1999). Confocal microscopy: a method to study virus binding and entry into cells. Methods in Enzymology 307, 591-607.
165. Vanderplasschen, A., Hollinshead, M. & Smith, G. L. (1997). Antibodies against vaccinia virus do not neutralize extracellular enveloped virus but prevent virus release from infected cells and comet formation. Journal of General Virology 78, 2041-2048.
166. Vanderplasschen, A., Hollinshead, M. & Smith, G. L. (1998a). Intracellular and extracellular vaccinia virions enter cells by different mechanisms. Journal of General Virology 79, 877-887.
167. Vanderplasschen, A., Mathew, E., Hollinshead, M., Sim, R. B. & Smith, G. L. (1998b). Extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus is resistant to complement because of incorporation of host complement control proteins into its envelope. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 95, 7544-7549.
168. van Eijl, H., Hollinshead, M. & Smith, G. L. (2000). The vaccinia virus A36R protein is a type Ib membrane protein present on intracellular but not extracellular enveloped particles. Virology 271, 26-36.
169. van Eijl, H., Hollinshead, M., Rodger, G., Zhang, W.-H. &
170. Ward, B. M. & Moss, B. (2000). Golgi network targeting and plasma membrane internalization signals in vaccinia virus B5R envelope protein. Journal of Virology 74, 3771-3780.
171. Ward, B. M. & Moss, B. (2001). Visualization of intracellular movement of vaccinia virus virions containing a green fluorescent protein-B5R membrane protein chimera. Journal of Virology 75, 4802-4813.
172. Wolffe, E. J., Isaacs, S. N. & Moss, B. (1993). Deletion of the vaccinia virus B5R gene encoding a 42-kiloDalton membrane glycoprotein inhibits extracellular virus envelope formation and dissemination. Journal of Virology 67, 4732-4741.
173. Wolffe, E. J., Katz, E., Weisberg, A. & Moss, B. (1997). The A34R glycoprotein gene is required for induction of specialized actin-containing microvilli and efficient cell-to-cell transmission of vaccinia virus. Journal of Virology 71, 3904-3915.
174. Wolffe, E. J., Weisberg, A. S. & Moss, B. (1998). Role for the vaccinia virus A36R outer envelope protein in the formation of virus-tipped actin-containing microvilli and cell-to-cell virus spread. Virology 244, 20-26.
175. Wolffe, E. J., Weisberg, A. S. & Moss, B. (2001). The vaccinia virus A33R protein provides a chaperone function for viral membrane localization and tyrosine phosphorylation of the A36R protein. Journal of Virology 75, 303-310.
176. Zhang, W.-H., Wilcock, D. & Smith, G. L. (2000). The vaccinia virus F12L protein is required for actin tail formation, normal plaque size and virulence. Journal of Virology 74, 11654-11662.
177. Zhou, J., Sun, X. Y., Fernando, G. J. P. & Frazer, I. H. (1992). The vaccinia virus K2L gene encodes a serine protease inhibitor which inhibits cell-cell fusion. Virology 189, 678-686.