Escherichia coli O157: H7 in beef cattle: On farm contamination and pre-slaughter control methods

Animal Health Research Reviews

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 197-211

  Soon, J M ^a,b   Chadd, S A ^a   Baines, R N ^a  

^a ROYAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA KELANTAN   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

bacteriophage; beef cattle; Escherichia coli O157:H7; food safety; management; on farm intervention strategies; probiotics; vaccine

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; CATTLE; CATTLE DISEASE; DISEASE CARRIER; ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTION; ESCHERICHIA COLI O157; FOOD CONTROL; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MEAT; PRODUCT SAFETY; REVIEW; SLAUGHTERHOUSE;

ABATTOIRS; ANIMALS; CATTLE; CATTLE DISEASES; CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY; DISEASE RESERVOIRS; ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS; ESCHERICHIA COLI O157; FOOD MICROBIOLOGY; MEAT;

EID: 84858756560     PISSN: 14662523     EISSN: 14752654     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1466252311000132     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. Adam K and Brülisauer F (2010). The application of food safety interventions in primary production of beef and lamb: a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology 141: S43-S52.
2. Ahmad A, Nagaraja TG and Zurek L (2007). Transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to cattle by house flies. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 80: 74-81.
3. Alam MJ and Zurek L (2004). Association of Escherichia coli O157:H7 with houseflies on a cattle farm. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70: 7578-7580.
4. Arthur TM, Brichta-Harhay DM, Bosilevac JM, Kalchayanand N, Shackelford SD, Wheeler TL and Koohmaraie M (2010). Super shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by cattle and the impact on beef carcass contamination. Meat Science 86: 32-37.
5. Arthur TM, Keen JE, Bosilevac JM, Brichta-Harhay DM, Kalchayanand N, Shackelford SD, Wheeler TL, Nou X and Koohmaraie M (2009). Longitudinal study of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a beef cattle feedlot and role of high-level shedders in hide contamination. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75: 6515-6523.
6. Autio T, Säteri T, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Rahkio M, Lundén J and Korkeala H (2000). Listeria monocytogenes contamination pattern in pig slaughter houses. Journal of Food Protection 63: 1438-1442.
7. Bach SJ, McAllister TA, Veira DM, Gannon VPJ and Holley RA (2002). Transmission and control of Escherichia coli O157:H7-a review. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 82: 475-490.
8. Bach SJ, Selinger LJ, Stanford K and McAllister TA (2005). Effect of supplementing corn-or barley-based feedlot diets with canola oil on faecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by steers. Journal of Applied Microbiology 98: 464-475.
9. Barker ZE, Amory JR, Wright JL, Blowey RW and Green LE (2007). Management factors associated with impaired locomotion in dairy cows in England and Wales. Journal of Dairy Science 90: 3270-3277.
10. Berard NC, Holley RA, McAllister TA, Ominski KH, Wittenberg KM, Bouchard KS, Bouchard JJ and Krause DO (2009). Potential to reduce Escherichia coli shedding in cattle feces by using sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) forage, tested in vitro and in vivo. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75: 1074-1079.
11. Berg J, McAllister T, Bach S, Stilborn R, Hancock D and LeJeune J (2004). Escherichia coli O157:H7 excretion by commercial feedlot cattle fed either barley-or corn-based finishing diets. Journal of Food Protection 67: 666-671.
12. Berry ED and Wells JE (2010). Escherichia coli O157:H7: recent advances in research on occurrence, transmission, and control in cattle and the production environment. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research 60: 67-117.
13. Berry ED, Wells JE, Arthur TM, Woodbury BL, Nienaber JA, Brown-Brandl TM and Eigenberg RA (2010). Soil versus pond ash surfacing of feedlot pens: Occurrence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle and persistence in manure. Journal of Food Protection 73: 1269-1277.
14. Bettelheim KA (2007). The non-O157 Shiga-toxigenic (verocytotoxigenic) Escherichia coli; under rated pathogens. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 33: 67-87.
15. Brashears MM, Galyean ML, Loneragan GH, Mann JE and Killinger-Mann K (2003a). Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and performance by beef feedlot cattle given Lactobacillus direct-fed microbials. Journal of Food Protection 66: 748-754.
16. Brashears MM, Jaroni D and Trimble J (2003b). Isolation, selection, and characterization of lactic acid bacteria for a competitive exclusion product to reduce shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle. Journal of Food Protection 66: 355-363.
17. Buchko SJ, Holley RA, Olson WO, Gannon VPJ and Veira DM (2000). The effect of different grain diets on fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by steers. Journal of Food Protection 63: 1467-1474.
18. Burt S (2004). Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods-a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology 94: 223-253.
19. Callaway TR, Anderson RC, Edrington TS, Elder RO, Genovese KJ, Bischoff KM, Poole TL, Jung YS, Harvey RB and Nisbet DJ (2003). Preslaughter intervention strategies to reduce food-borne pathogens in food animals. Journal of Animal Science 81: E17-E23.
20. Callaway TR, Carr MA, Edrington TS, Anderson RC and Nisbet DJ (2009). Diet, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and cattle: a review after 10 years. Current Issues in Molecular Biology 11: 67-80.
21. Callaway TR, Carroll JA, Arthington JD, Pratt C, Edrington TS, Anderson RC, Galyean ML, Ricke SC, Crandall P and Nisbet DJ (2008a). Citrus products decrease growth of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium in pure culture and in fermentation with mixed ruminal microorganisms in vitro. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 5: 621-627.
22. Callaway TR, Edrington TS, Anderson RC, Harvey RB, Genovese KJ, Kennedy CN, Venn DW and Nisbet DJ (2008b). Probiotics, prebiotics and competitive exclusion for prophylaxis against bacterial disease. Animal Health Research Reviews 9: 217-225.
23. Callaway TR, Edrington TS, Brabban AD, Anderson RC, Rossman ML, Engler MJ, Carr MA, Genovese KJ, Keen JE, Looper ML, Kutter EM and Nisbet DJ (2008c). Bacteriophage isolated from feedlot cattle can reduce Escherichia coli O157:H7 populations in ruminant gastrointestinal tracts. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 5: 183-191.
24. Cani PD, Neyrinck AM, Maton N and Delzenne NM (2005). Oligofructose promotes satiety in rats fed a high-fat diet: involvement of glucagon-like peptide-1. Obesity Research 13: 1000-1007.
25. CDC (2008). Outbreak of Salmonella serotype Saintpaul infections associated with multiple raw produce items-United States, 2008. MMWR Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report 57: 929-934.
26. CDC (2009). Multistate outbreak of Salmonella infections associated with peanut butter and peanut butter-containing products-United States, 2008-2009. MMWR Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report 58: 85-90.
27. CDC (2011). Questions and answers about the FoodNet MMWR with data from 2010. http://www.cdc.gov/foodnet/PDFs/ FoodNetMMWRQandA2010.pdf
28. Chase-Topping ME, Gally D, Low C, Matthews L and Woolhouse M (2008). Super-shedding and the link between human infection and livestock carriage of Escherichia coli O157. Nature Reviews Microbiology 6: 904-912.
29. Chase-Topping ME, McKendrick IJ, Pearce MC, MacDonald P, Matthews L, Halliday J, Allison L, Fenlon D, Low JC, Gunn G, and Woolhouse MEJ (2007). Risk factors for the presence of high-level shedders of Escherichia coli O157 on Scottish farms. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 45: 1594-1603.
30. Cizek A, Alexa P, Literak I, Hamrik J, Novak P and Smola J (1999). Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in feedlot cattle and Norwegian rats from a large-scale farm. Letters in Applied Microbiology 28: 435-439.
31. Cobbold R and Desmarchelier P (2002). Horizontal transmission of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli within groups of dairy calves. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68: 4148-4152.
32. Cobbold R, Hancock DD, Rice DH, Berg J, Stilborn R, Hovde CJ and Besser TE (2007). Rectoanal junction colonization of feedlot cattle by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and its association with supershedders and excretion dynamics. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73: 1563-1568.
33. Collins JD and Wall PG (2004). Food safety and animal production systems: controlling zoonoses at farm level. Science and Technical Review 23: 685-700.
34. Crump JA, Griffin PM and Angulo FJ (2002). Bacterial contamination of animal feed and its relationship to human foodborne illness. Clinical Infectious Diseases 35: 859-865.
35. Cummings JH, MacFarlane GT and Englyst HN (2001). Prebiotic digestion and fermentation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73: 415-420.
36. Daniels MJ, Hutchings MR and Greig A (2003). The risk of disease transmission to livestock posed by contamination of farm stored feed by wildlife excreta. Epidemiology and Infection 130: 561-568.
37. Davies RH (2005). Pathogen populations on poultry farms. In: Mead CC (ed.) Food Safety Control in the Poultry Industry. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited, pp. 101-151.
38. Davis MA, Hancock DD, Rice DH, Call DR, DiGiacomo R, Samadpour M and Besser TE (2003). Feedstuffs as a vehicle of cattle exposure to Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica. Veterinary Microbiology 95: 199-210.
39. Depenbusch BE, Nagaraja TG, Sargeant JM, Drouillard JS, Loe ER and Corrigan ME (2008). Influence of processed grains on fecal pH, starch concentration, and shedding of Escherichia coli O157 in feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science 86: 632-639.
40. Dini C and De Urraza PJ (2010). Isolation and selection of coliphages as potential biocontrol agents of enterhemorrhagic and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (EHEC and STEC) in cattle. Journal of Applied Microbiology 109: 873-887.
41. Diez-Gonzalez F, Callaway TR, Kizouliz MG and Russell JB (1998). Grain feeding and the dissemination of acidresistant Escherichia coli from cattle. Science 281: 1666-1668.
42. Dodd CC, Sanderson MW, Sargeant JM, Nagaraja TG, Oberst RD, Smith RA and Griffin DD (2003). Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle feeds in Midwestern feedlots. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69: 5243-5247.
43. Doyle MP and Erickson MC (2011). Opportunities for mitigating pathogen contamination during on-farm food production. International Journal of Food Microbiology, doi: 10.1016/ j.ijfoodmicro.2011.02.037.
44. Elder RO, Keen JE, Siragusa GR, Barkocy-Gallagher GA, Mohammad Koohmaraie and Laegreid WW (2000). Correlation of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 prevalence in feces, hides, and carcasses of beef cattle during processing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97: 2999-3003.
45. Ellis-Iversen J, Cook AJ, Smith RP, Pritchard GC and Nielen M (2009). Temporal patterns and risk factors for Escherichia coli O157 and Campylobacter spp. in young cattle. Journal of Food Protection 72: 490-496.
46. Ellis-Iversen J, Cook AJC, Watson E, Nielen M, Larkin L, Wooldridge M and Hogeveen H (2010). Perceptions, circumstances and motivators that influence implementation of zoonotic control programs on cattle farms. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 93: 276-285.
47. Ellis-Iversen J, Smith RP, Snow LC, Watson E, Millar MF, Pritchard GC, Sayers AR and Cook AJC (2007). Identification of management risk factors for VTEC O157 in young-stock in England and Wales. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 82: 29-41.
48. Ellis-Iversen J, Smith RP, Van Winden S, Paiba GA, Watson E, Snow LC and Cook AJC (2008). Farm practices to control E. coli O157 in young cattle: a randomized controlled trial. Veterinary Research 39: 1-12.
49. Espina L, Somolinos M, Lorán S, Conchello P, Garcíà D and Pagán R (2011). Chemical composition of commercial citrus fruit essential oils and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity acting alone or in combined processes. Food Control 22: 896-902.
50. Fenlon DR and Wilson J (2000). Growth of Escherichia coli O157 in poorly fermented laboratory silage: a possible environmental dimension in the epidemiology of E. coli O157. Letters in Applied Microbiology 30: 118-121.
51. Fischer JR, Zhao T, Doyle M, Goldberg MR, Brown CA, Sewell CT, Kavanaugh DM and Bauman CD (2001). Experimental and field studies of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in white-tailed deer. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67: 1218-1224.
52. Fox JT, Depenbusch BE, Drouillard JS and Nagaraja TG (2007). Dry-rolled or steam-flaked grain-based diets and fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157 in feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science 85: 1207-1212.
53. Fox JT, Thomson DU, Drouillard JS, Thornton AB, Burkhardt DT, Emery DA and Nagaraja TG (2009). Efficacy of Escherichia coli O157:H7 siderophore receptor/porin proteins-based vaccine in feedlot cattle naturally shedding E. coli O157. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 6: 893-899.
54. FSA (2007). Clean beef cattle for slaughter. A guide for producers. Food Standards Agency. http://www.food.gov. uk/multimedia/pdfs/publication/cleanbeefsaf1007.pdf
55. Fujiwara S, Hashiba H, Hirota T and Forstner JF (1997). Proteinaceous factor(s) in culture supernatant fluids of bifidobacteria which prevents the binding of enteroxigenic Escherichia coli to gangliotetraosylceramide. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63: 506-512.
56. Gaggíà F, Mattarelli P and Biavati B (2010). Probiotics, and prebiotics in animal feeding for safe food production. International Journal of Food Microbiology 141: S15-S28.
57. Gibson GR and Roberfroid MB (1995). Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition 125: 1401-1412.
58. Grauke LJ, Kudva IT, Yoon JW, Hunt CW, Williams CJ and Hovde CJ (2002). Gastrointestinal tract location of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ruminants. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68: 2269-2277.
59. Greer GG (2005). Bacteriophage control of foodborne bacteria. Journal of Food Protection 68: 1102-1111.
60. Greig JD and Ravel A (2009). Analysis of foodborne outbreak data reported internationally for source attribution. International Journal of Food Microbiology 130: 77-87.
61. Gyles CL (2007). Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: an overview. Journal of Animal Science 85: E45-E62.
62. Ham GA, Stock RA, Klopfenstein TJ, Larson EM, Shain DH and Huffman RP (1994). Wet corn distillers byproducts compared with dried corn distillers grains with solubles as a source of protein and energy for ruminants. Journal of Animal Science 72: 3246-3257.
63. Hancock D, Besser T, LeJeune J, Davis M and Rice D (2001). The control of VTEC in the animal reservoir. International Journal of Food Microbiology 66: 71-78.
64. Hancock DD, Besser TE, Rice DH, Ebel ED, Herriott DE and Carpenter LV (1998). Multiple sources of Escherichia coli O157 in feedlots and dairy farms in the Northwestern USA. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 35: 11-19.
65. Horchner PM, Brett D, Gormley B, Jenson I and Pointon AM (2006). HACCP-based approach to the derivation of an onfarm food safety program for the Australian red meat industry. Food Control 17: 497-510.
66. Hovde CJ, Austin PR, Cloud KA, Williams CJ and Hunt CW (1999). Effect of cattle diet on Escherichia coli O157:H7 acid resistance. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65: 3233-3235.
67. Huffman RD (2002). Current and future technologies for the decontamination of carcasses and fresh meat. Meat Science 62: 285-293.
68. Humphrey T, O'Brien S and Madsen M (2007). Campylobacters as zoonotic pathogens: a food production perspective. International Journal of Food Microbiology 117: 237-257.
69. Huntington GB (1997). Starch utilization by ruminants: from basics to the bunk. Journal of Animal Science 75: 852-867.
70. Hutchinson ML, Walters LD, Avery SM, Munro F and Moore A (2005). Analyses of livestock production, waste storage, and pathogen levels and prevalences in farm manures. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71: 1231-1236.
71. Hynes NA and Wachsmuth IK (2000). Escherichia coli O157:H7 risk assessment in ground beef: a public health tool. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli infections, Kyoto, Japan, p. 46.
72. Jacob ME, Fox JT, Drouillard JS, Renter DG and Nagaraja TG (2008). Effects of dried distillers’ grain on fecal prevalence and growth of Escherichia coli O157 in batch culture fermentations from cattle. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74: 38-43.
73. Joerger RD (2003). Alternatives to antibiotics: bacteriocins, antimicrobial peptides and bacteriophages. Poultry Science 82: 640-647.
74. Keene JE and Elder RO (2002). Isolation of shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli O157 from hide surfaces and the oral cavity of finished beef feedlot cattle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 220: 756-763.
75. Koohmaraie M, Arthur TM, Bosilevac JM, Brichta-Harhay DM, Kalchayanand N, Shackelford SD and Wheeler TL (2007). Interventions to reduce/eliminate Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef. Meat Science 77: 90-96.
76. Koohmaraie M, Arthur TM, Bosilevac JM, Guerini M, Shackelford SD and Wheeler TL (2005). Post-harvest interventions to reduce/eliminate pathogens in beef. Meat Science 71: 79-91.
77. Kudva IT, Jelacic S, Tarr PI, Youderian P and Hovde CJ (1999). Biocontrol of Escherichia coli O157 with O157-specific bacteriophages. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65: 3767-3773.
78. Kymäläinen H-R, Kuisma R, Määttä J and Sjöberg A-M (2009). Assessment of cleanness of environmental surfaces in cattle barns and piggeries. Agricultural and Food Science 18: 268-282.
79. Kymäläinen H-R, Määttä J, Puumala M, Kaustell KO, Mattila T, Joutsen B-L, Kuisma R, Hurme K-R, Uusi-Rauva A and Sjöberg A-M (2008). A laboratory study of the effect of coating on cleanability of concrete flooring for use in piggeries. Biosystems Engineering 99: 88-98.
80. LeJeune JT, Besser TE and Hancock DD (2001). Cattle water troughs as reservoirs of Escherichia coli O157. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67: 3053-3057.
81. LeJeune JT, Besser TE, Rice DH, Berg JL, Stilborn RP and Hancock DD (2004). Longitudinal study of fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feedlot cattle: predominance and persistence of specific clonal types despite massive cattle population turnover. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70: 377-384.
82. LeJeune JT, Hancock D, Wasteson Y, Skjerve E and Urdahl AM (2006). Comparison of E. coli O157 and Shiga toxinencoding genes (stx) prevalence between Ohio, USA and Norwegian dairy cattle. International Journal of Food Microbiology 109: 19-24.
83. LeJeune JT and Wetzel AN (2007). Preharvest control of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle. Journal of Animal Science 85: E73-E80.
84. Loneragan GH and Brashears MM (2005). Pre-harvest interventions to reduce carriage of E. coli O157 by harvest-ready feedlot cattle. Meat Science 71: 72-78.
85. Low JC, McKendrick IJ, McKechnie C, Fenlon D, Naylor SW, Currie C, Smith DGE, Allison L and Gally DL (2005). Rectal carriage of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 in slaughtered cattle. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71: 93-97.
86. Määttä J, Hellstedt M, Kuisma R, Kymäläinen H-R, Mahlberg R and Sjöberg A-M (2009). Effects of chemical and mechanical wearing on the cleanability and surface properties of traditional and new surface materials in cattle barns-a laboratory study. Biosystems Engineering 103: 464-473.
87. Matthews L, Low JC, Gally DL, Pearce MC, Mellor DJ, Heesterbeek JAP, Chase-Topping M, Naylor SW, Shaw DJ, Reid SWJ, Gunn GJ and Woolhouse MEJ (2006). Heterogenous shedding of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle and its implications for control. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103: 547-552.
88. McEvoy JM, Doherty AM, Finnerty M, Sheridan JJ, McGuire L, Blair IS, McDowell DA and Harrington D (2000). The relationship between hide cleanliness and bacterial numbers on beef carcasses at a commercial abattoir. Letters in Applied Microbiology 30: 390-395.
89. McWilliam Leitch EC and Stewart CS (2002). Escherichia coli O157 and non-O157 isolates are more susceptible to L-lactate than to D-lactate. Applied Environmental Microbiology 68: 4676-4678.
90. Mead P, Slutsker L, Dietz V, McCaig L, Breese J, Shapiro C, Griffin P and Tauxe R (1999). Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases 5: 607-625.
91. Medellin-Peña MJ and Griffiths MW (2009). Effect of molecules secreted by Lactobacillus acidophilus strain La-5 on Escherichia coli O157:H7 colonization. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75: 1165-1172.
92. Medellin-Peña MJ, Wang H, Johnson R, Anand S and Griffiths MW (2007). Probiotics affect virulence-related gene expression in Escherichia coli O157:H7. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73: 4259-4267.
93. Nielsen EM, Skov MN, Madsen JJ, Lodal J, Jespersen JB and Baggesen DL (2004). Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in wild birds and rodents in close proximity to farms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70: 6944-6947.
94. Niu YD, Johnson RP, Xu Y, McAllister TA, Sharma R, Louie M and Stanford K (2009b). Host range and lytic capability of four bacteriophages against bovine and clinical human isolates of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157:H7. Journal of Applied Microbiology 107: 646-656.
95. Niu YD, McAllister TA, Xu Y, Johnson RP, Stephens TP and Stanford K (2009a). Prevalence and impact of bacteriophages on the presence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feedlot cattle and their environment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75: 1271-1278.
96. Nørrung B and Buncic S (2008). Microbial safety of meat in the European Union. Meat Science 78: 14-24.
97. O'Flynn G, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF and Coffey A (2004). Evaluation of a cocktail of three bacteriophages for biocontrol of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70: 3417-3424.
98. Ogden ID, MacRae M and Strachan NJC (2004). Is the prevalence and shedding concentrations of E. coli O157 in beef cattle in Scotland seasonal? FEMS Microbiology Letters 233: 297-300.
99. Oliver SP, Patel DA, Callaway TR and Torrence ME (2008). ASAS Centennial paper: developments and future outlook for preharvest food safety. Journal of Animal Science 87: 419-437.
100. Omisakin F, MacRae M, Ogden ID and Strachan NJC (2003). Concentration and prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle feces at slaughter. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69: 2444-2447.
101. Peterson RE, Klopfenstein TJ, Erickson GE, Folmer J, Hinkley S, Moxley EA and Smith DR (2007a). Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus strain NP51 on Escherichia coli O157:H7 fecal shedding and finishing performance in beef feedlot cattle. Journal of Food Protection 70: 287-291.
102. Peterson RE, Klopfenstein TJ, Moxley EA, Erickson GE, Hinkley S, Bretschneider G, Berberov EM, Rogan D and Smith DR (2007b). Effect of a vaccine product containing type III secreted proteins on the probability of Escherichia coli O157:H7 fecal shedding and mucosal colonization in feedlot cattle. Journal of Food Protection 70: 2568-2577.
103. Peterson RE, Klopfenstein TJ, Moxley EA, Erickson GE, Hinkley S, Rogan D and Smith DR (2007c). Efficacy of dose regimen and observation of herd immunity from a vaccine against Escherichia coli O157:H7 for feedlot cattle. Journal of Food Protection 70: 2561-2567.
104. Pontrelli G, Boccia D, Di Renzi M, Massari M, Giugliano F, Celentano LP, Taffon S, Genovese D, Di Pasquale S Scalise F, Rapicetta M Croci L and Salmaso S (2008). Epidemiological and virological characterization of a large community-wide outbreak of hepatitis A in southern Italy. Epidemiology and Infection 136: 1027-1034.
105. Potter AA, Klashinsky S, Li Y, Frey E, Townsend H, Rogan D, Erickson G, Hinkley S, Klopfenstein T, Moxley RA, Smith DR and Finlay BB (2004). Decreased shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by cattle following vaccination with type III secreted proteins. Vaccine 22: 362-369.
106. Reid C-A, Small A, Avery SM and Buncic S (2002). Presence of food-borne pathogens on cattle hides. Food Control 33: 411-415.
107. Renter DG, Sargeant JM, Hygnstorm SE, Hoffman JD and Gillespie JR (2001). Escherichia coli O157:H7 in freeranging deer in Nebraska. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37: 755-760.
108. Rogan DR, Smith DR, Moxley RA, Potter AA and Strauss CE (2009). Vaccination with type III secretion proteins reduces E. coli O157:H7 shedding and contamination in cattle. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 128: 334.
109. Rozema EA, Stephens TP, Bach SJ, Okine EK, Johnson RP, Stanford K and McAllister TA (2009). Oral and rectal administration of bacteriophages for control of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feedlot cattle. Journal of Food Protection 72: 241-250.
110. Rugbjerg H, Nielsen EM and Andersen JS (2003). Risk factors associated with faecal shedding of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in eight known-infected Danish dairy herds. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 58: 101-113.
111. Sargeant JM, Gillespie JR, Oberst RD, Phebus RK, Hyatt DR, Bohra LK and Galland JC (2000). Results of a longitudinal study of the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on cow-calf farms. American Journal of Veterinary Research 61: 1375-1379.
112. Sargeant JM, Hafer DJ, Gillespie JR, Oberst RD and Flood SJ (1999). Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in whitetailed deer sharing rangeland with cattle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 215: 792-794.
113. Scaife HR, Cowan D, Finney J, Kinghorn-Perry SF and Crook B (2006). Wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as potential carriers of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli. Veterinary Record 159: 175-178.
114. Schamberger GP and Diez-Gonzalez F (2002). Selection of recently isolated colicinogenic Escherichia coli strains inhibitory to Escherichia coli O157:H7. Journal of Food Protection 65: 1381-1387.
115. Schamberger GP and Diez-Gonzalez F (2005). Assessment of resistance to colicinogenic Escherichia coli by E. coli O157:H7 strains. Journal of Applied Microbiology 98: 245-252.
116. Schamberger GP, Phillips RL, Jacobs JL and Diez-Gonzalez F (2004). Reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 populations in cattle by addition of colicin E7-producing E. coli to feed. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70: 6053-6060.
117. Schrezenmeir J and de Vrese M (2001). Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics-approaching a definition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73: 361S-364S.
118. Sheng H, Knecht HJ, Kudva IT and Hovde CJ (2006). Application of bacteriophages to control intestinal Escherichia coli O157:H7 levels in ruminants. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72: 5359-5366.
119. Shere JA, Bartlett KJ and Kaspar CW (1998). Longitudinal study of Escherichia coli O157:H7 dissemination on four dairy farms in Wisconsin. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64: 1390-1399.
120. Smith D, Blackford M, Younts S, Moxley R, Gray J, Hungerford L, Milton T and Klopfenstein T (2001). Ecological relationships between the prevalence of cattle shedding Escherichia coli O157:H7 and characteristics of the cattle or conditions of the feedlot pen. Journal of Food Protection 64: 1899-1903.
121. Smith DR, Moxley RA, Peterson RE, Klopfenstein TJ, Erickson GE, Bretschneider G, Berberov EM and Clowser S (2009). A two-dose regimen of a vaccine against type III secreted proteins reduced Escherichia coli O157:H7 colonization of the terminal rectum in beef cattle in commercial feedlots. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 6: 155-161.
122. Sofos J (2008). Challenges to meat safety in the 21st century. Meat Science 78: 3-13.
123. Soon JM, Manning LJ, Davies WP and Baines RN (in press). Fresh produce-associated outbreaks: a call for HACCP on farms? British Food Journal.
124. Spiehs MJ, Whitney MH and Shursinm GC (2002). Nutrient database for distiller's dried grains with solubles produced from new ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota. Journal of Animal Science 80: 2639-2645.
125. Stanford K, McAllister TA, Niu YD, Stephens TP, Mazzocco A, Waddell TE and Johnson RP (2010). Oral delivery systems for encapsulated bacteriophages targeted at Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feedlot cattle. Journal of Food Protection 73: 1304-1312.
126. Stephens TP, McAllister TA and Stanford K (2009). Perineal swabs reveal effect of super shedders on the transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in commercial feedlots. Journal of Animal Science 87: 4151-4160.
127. Svoboda KP and Greenaway RI (2003). Lemon scented plants. International Journal of Aromatherapy 13: 23-32.
128. Synge BA, Chase-Topping ME, Hopkins GF, McKendrick IJ, Thomson-Carter F, Gray D, Rusbridge SM, Munro FI, Foster G and Gunn GJ (2003). Factors influencing the shedding of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 by beef suckler cows. Epidemiology and Infection 130: 301-312.
129. Tabe ES, Oloya J, Doetkott DK, Bauer ML, Gibbs PS and Khaitsa ML (2008). Comparative effect of direct-fed microbials on fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in naturally infected feedlot cattle. Journal of Food Protection 71: 539-544.
130. Thomson DU, Loneragan GH, Thornton AB, Lechtenberg KF, Emery DA, Burkhardt DT and Nagaraja TG (2009). Use of a siderophore receptor and porin proteins-based vaccine to control the burden of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feedlot cattle. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 6: 871-877.
131. Tkalcic S, Zhao T, Harmon BG, Doyle MP, Brown CA and Zhao P (2003). Fecal shedding of enterhemorrhagic Escherichia coli in weaned calves following treatment with probiotic Escherichia coli. Journal of Food Protection 66: 1184-1189.
132. USDA (2011). USDA awards grant to Michigan State University researchers to study how E. coli causes foodborne illness. http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal
133. Van Baale MJ, Sargeant JM, Gnad DP, DeBey BM, Lechtenberg KF and Nagaraja TG (2004). Effect of forage or grain diets with or without monensin on ruminal persistence and fecal Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70: 5336-5342.
134. Van Donkersgoed J, Berg J, Potter A, Hancock D, Besser T, Rice D, LeJeune J and Klashinsky S (2001). Environmental sources and transmission of Escherichia coli O157 in feedlot cattle. Canadian Veterinary Journal 42: 714-720.
135. Van Donkersgoed J, Hancock D, Rogan D and Potter A (2005). Escherichia coli O157:H7 vaccine field trial in 9 feedlots in Alberta and Saskatchewan. Canadian Veterinary Journal 46: 724-728.
136. Varel VH, Wells JE, Berry ED, Spiehs MJ, Miller DN, Ferrell CL, Shackelford SD and Koohmaraie M (2008). Odorant production and persistence of Escherichia coli in manure slurries from cattle fed zero, twenty, forty, or sixty percent wet distillers grains with solubles. Journal of Animal Science 86: 3617-3627.
137. Wallace JS, Cheasty T and Jones K (1997). Isolation of vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 from wild birds. Journal of Applied Microbiology 82: 399-404.
138. Ward WR, Hughes JW, Faull WB, Cripps PJ, Sutherland JP and Sutherst JE (2002). Observational study of temperature, moisture, pH and bacteria in straw bedding, and faecal consistency, cleanliness and mastitis in cows in four dairy herds. Veterinary Record 151: 199-206.
139. Wegener HC, Hald T, Lo Fo, Wong D, Madsen M, Korsgaard H, Bager F, Gerner-Smidt P and Mølbak K (2003). Salmonella control programs in Denmark. Emerging Infectious Diseases 9: 774-780.
140. Wells JE, Berry ED and Varel VH (2005). Effects of common forage phenolic acids on Escherichia coli O157:H7 viability in bovine feces. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71: 7974-7979.
141. Wells JE, Shackelford SD, Berry ED, Kalchayanand N, Guerini MN, Varel VH, Arthur TM, Bosilevac JM, Freetly HC, Wheeler TL, Ferrell CL and Koohmaraie M (2009). Prevalence and level of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feces and on hides of feedlot steers fed diets with or without wet distillers grains with solubles. Journal of Food Protection 72: 1624-1633.
142. Wetzel AN and LeJeune JT (2006). Clonal dissemination of Escherichia coli O157:H7 subtypes among dairy farms in Northeast Ohio. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72: 2621-2626.
143. Wood JC, McKendrick IJ and Gettinby G (2006). Assessing the efficacy of within-animal control strategies against E. coli O157: a simulation study. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 74: 194-211.
144. Wood JC, McKendrick IJ and Gettinby G (2007). A simulation model to assess herd-level intervention strategies against E. coli O157. Epidemiology and Infection 135: 749-764.
145. Younts-Dahl SM, Galyean ML, Loneragan GH, Elam NA and Brashears MM (2004). Dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus-and Propionibacterium-based direct-fed microbials and prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in beef feedlot cattle and on hides at harvest. Journal of Food Protection 67: 889-893.
146. Zhao S, McDermott PF, Friedman S, Abbott J, Ayers S, Glenn A, Hall-Robinson E, Hubert SK, Harbottle H, Walker RD, Chiller TM and White DG (2006). Antimicrobial resistance and genetic relatedness among Salmonella from retail foods of animal origin: NARMS retail meat surveillance. Foodborne Pathogen and Diseases 3: 106-117.
147. Zhao T, Tkalcic S, Doyle MP, Harmon BG, Brown CA and Zhao P (2003). Pathogenicity of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in neonatal calves and evaluation of fecal shedding by treatment with probiotic Escherichia coli. Journal of Food Protection 66: 924-930.