Differential serotonin transport is linked to the rh5-HTTLPR in peripheral blood cells

Translational Psychiatry

Volumn 2, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Singh, Y S ^a,b   Altieri, S C ^b,c   Gilman, T L ^b,c   Michael, H M ^d   Tomlinson, I D ^e   Rosenthal, S J ^e   Swain, G M ^f   Murphey Corb, M A ^d   Ferrell, R E ^d   Andrews, A M ^a,b,c  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

anxiety; biomarker; chronoamperometry; depression; lymphocytes; SERT

Indexed keywords

5 HYDROXYINDOLEACETIC ACID; MESSENGER RNA; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER;

5 HYDROXYINDOLEACETIC ACID BRAIN LEVEL; ALLELE; ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; BLOOD CELL; CELL SURFACE; CONTROLLED STUDY; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE INSERTION; GENE SEQUENCE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOTYPE; IN VIVO STUDY; INDEL MUTATION; MALE; NONHUMAN; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN FUNCTION; RHESUS MONKEY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SEROTONIN UPTAKE; SEROTONINERGIC SYSTEM; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM;

ALLELES; ANIMALS; BLOOD CELLS; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; INDEL MUTATION; MACACA MULATTA; MALE; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; PROMOTER REGIONS, GENETIC; RNA, MESSENGER; SEROTONIN PLASMA MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS; SPECIES SPECIFICITY;

EID: 84857181517     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21583188     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/tp.2012.2     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Lesch KP, Bengel D, Heils A, Sabol SZ, Greenberg BD, Petri S et al. Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science 1996; 274: 1527-1531. (Pubitemid 26403928)
2. Wendland JR, Martin BJ, Kruse MR, Lesch KP, Murphy DL. Simultaneous genotyping of four functional loci of human SLC6A4, with a reappraisal of 5-HTTLPR and rs25531. Mol Psychiatry 2006; 11: 224-226.
3. Hu XZ, Lipsky RH, Zhu G, Akhtar LA, Taubman J, Greenberg BD et al. Serotonin transporter promoter gain-of-function genotypes are linked to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 78: 815-826.
4. Wendland JR, Moya PR, Kruse MR, Ren-Patterson RF, Jensen CL, Timpano KR et al. A novel, putative gain-of-function haplotype at SLC6A4 associates with obsessivecompulsive disorder. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17: 717-723. (Pubitemid 351292260)
5. Sen S, Burmeister M, Ghosh D. Meta-analysis of the association between a serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and anxiety-related personality traits. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 127B: 85-89. (Pubitemid 38542320)
6. Schinka JA, Busch RM, Robichaux-Keene N. A meta-analysis of the association between the serotonin transporter gene polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and trait anxiety. Mol Psychiatry 2004; 9: 197-202. (Pubitemid 38299534)
7. Savitz JB, Ramesar RS. Genetic variants implicated in personality: A review of the more promising candidates. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 131B: 20-32. (Pubitemid 39458433)
8. Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE, Taylor A, Craig IW, Harrington H et al. Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 2003; 301: 386-389. (Pubitemid 36877077)
9. Kendler KS, Kuhn JW, Vittum J, Prescott CA, Riley B. The interaction of stressful life events and a serotonin transporter polymorphism in the prediction of episodes of major depression: A replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62: 529-535. (Pubitemid 40628882)
10. Canli T, Omura K, Haas BW, Fallgatter A, Constable RT, Lesch KP. Beyond affect: A role for genetic variation of the serotonin transporter in neural activation during a cognitive attention task. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102: 12224-12229. (Pubitemid 41291156)
11. von dem Hagen EA, Passamonti L, Nutland S, Sambrook J, Calder AJ. The serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and the effect of baseline on amygdala response to emotional faces. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49: 674-680.
12. Anguelova M, Benkelfat C, Turecki G. A systematic review of association studies investigating genes coding for serotonin receptors and the serotonin transporter: I. Affective disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 8: 574-591. (Pubitemid 36898017)
13. Murphy DL, Lesch KP. Targeting the murine serotonin transporter: Insights into human neurobiology. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008; 9: 85-96. (Pubitemid 351164876)
14. Little KY, McLaughlin DP, Zhang L, Livermore CS, Dalack GW, McFinton PR et al. Cocaine, ethanol, and genotype effects on human midbrain serotonin transporter binding sites and mRNA levels. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 207-213. (Pubitemid 28074282)
15. Greenberg BD, Tolliver TJ, Huang SJ, Li Q, Bengel D, Murphy DL. Genetic variation in the serotonin transporter promoter region affects serotonin uptake in human blood platelets. Am J Med Genet 1999; 88: 83-87. (Pubitemid 29075327)
16. Murthy NV, Selvaraj S, Cowen PJ, Bhagwagar Z, RiedelWJ, Peers P et al. Serotonin transporter polymorphisms (SLC6A4 insertion/deletion and rs25531) do not affect the availability of 5-HTT to [11C] DASB binding in the living human brain. NeuroImage 2010; 52: 50-54.
17. Parsey RV, Hastings RS, Oquendo MA, Hu X, Goldman D, Huang YY et al. Effect of a triallelic functional polymorphism of the serotonin-transporter- linked promoter region on expression of serotonin transporter in the human brain. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 48-51. (Pubitemid 43050102)
18. Shioe K, Ichimiya T, Suhara T, Takano A, Sudo Y, Yasuno F et al. No association between genotype of the promoter region of serotonin transporter gene and serotonin transporter binding in human brain measured by PET. Synapse 2003; 48: 184-188. (Pubitemid 36520652)
19. Lim JE, Papp A, Pinsonneault J, Sadee W, Saffen D. Allelic expression of serotonin transporter (SERT) mRNA in human pons: Lack of correlation with the polymorphism SERTLPR. Mol Psychiatry 2006; 11: 649-662. (Pubitemid 43989812)
20. Nakamura M, Ueno S, Sano A, Tanabe H. The human serotonin transporter gene linked polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) shows ten novel allelic variants. Mol Psychiatry 2000; 5: 32-38. (Pubitemid 30088450)
21. Sibille E, Lewis DA. SERT-ainly involved in depression, but when?AmJ Psychiatry 2006; 163: 8-11.
22. Neumeister A, Hu XZ, Luckenbaugh DA, Schwarz M, Nugent AC, Bonne O et al. Differential effects of 5-HTTLPR genotypes on the behavioral and neural responses to tryptophan depletion in patients with major depression and controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63: 978-986. (Pubitemid 44330456)
23. Zalsman G, Huang YY, Oquendo MA, Burke AK, Hu XZ, Brent DA et al. Association of a triallelic serotonin transporter gene promoter region (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism with stressful life events and severity of depression. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 1588-1593. (Pubitemid 44465760)
24. Wankerl M, Wust S, Otte C. Current developments and controversies: Does the serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) modulate the association between stress and depression? Curr Opin Psychiatry 2010; 23: 582-587.
25. Caspi A, Hariri AR, Holmes A, Uher R, Moffitt TE. Genetic sensitivity to the environment: The case of the serotonin transporter gene and its implications for studying complex diseases and traits. Am J Psychiatry 2010; 167: 509-527.
26. Kiyohara C, Yoshimasu K. Association between major depressive disorder and a functional polymorphism of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) transporter gene: A meta-analysis. Psychiatr Genet 2010; 20: 49-58.
27. Clarke H, Flint J, Attwood AS, Munafo MR. Association of the 5- HTTLPR genotype and unipolar depression: A meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2010; 40: 1767-1778.
28. Lesch KP, Meyer J, Glatz K, Flugge G, Hinney A, Hebebrand J et al. The 5-HT transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) in evolutionary perspective: Alternative biallelic variation in rhesus monkeys. Rapid communication. J Neural Transm 1997; 104: 1259-1266. (Pubitemid 28031819)
29. Bennett AJ, Lesch KP, Heils A, Long JC, Lorenz JG, Shoaf SE et al. Early experience and serotonin transporter gene variation interact to influence primate CNS function. Mol Psychiatry 2002; 7: 118-122. (Pubitemid 34087891)
30. Wendland JR, Lesch KP, Newman TK, Timme A, Gachot-Neveu H, Thierry B et al. Differential functional variability of serotonin transporter and monoamine oxidase a genes in macaque species displaying contrasting levels of aggression-related behavior. Behav Genet 2006; 36: 163-172. (Pubitemid 43673559)
31. Champoux M, Bennett A, Shannon C, Higley JD, Lesch KP, Suomi SJ. Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism, differential early rearing, and behavior in rhesus monkey neonates. Mol Psychiatry 2002; 7: 1058-1063. (Pubitemid 36044264)
32. Barr CS, Newman TK, Becker ML, Champoux M, Lesch KP, Suomi SJ et al. Serotonin transporter gene variation is associated with alcohol sensitivity in rhesus macaques exposed to early-life stress. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2003; 27: 812-817. (Pubitemid 36583364)
33. Barr CS, Newman TK, Lindell S, Shannon C, Champoux M, Lesch KP et al. Interaction between serotonin transporter gene variation and rearing condition in alcohol preference and consumption in female primates. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004; 61: 1146-1152. (Pubitemid 39463416)
34. Bethea CL, Streicher JM, Coleman K, Pau FK, Moessner R, Cameron JL. Anxious behavior and fenfluramine-induced prolactin secretion in young rhesus macaques with different alleles of the serotonin reuptake transporter polymorphism (5HTTLPR). Behav Genet 2004; 34: 295-307. (Pubitemid 38437624)
35. Watson KK, Ghodasra JH, Platt ML. Serotonin transporter genotype modulates social reward and punishment in rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2009; 4: E4156.
36. Belsky J, Jonassaint C, Pluess M, Stanton M, Brummett B, Williams R. Vulnerability genes or plasticity genes? Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14: 746-754.
37. Jedema HP, Gianaros PJ, Greer PJ, Kerr DD, Liu S, Higley JD et al. Cognitive impact of genetic variation of the serotonin transporter in primates is associated with differences in brain morphology rather than serotonin neurotransmission. Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15: 512- 522, 446.
38. Homberg JR, Lesch KP. Looking on the bright side of serotonin transporter gene variation. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69: 513-519.
39. O'Rourke H, Fudge JL. Distribution of serotonin transporter labeled fibers in amygdaloid subregions: Implications for mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60: 479-490. (Pubitemid 44292152)
40. Emiliano AB, Cruz T, Pannoni V, Fudge JL. The interface of oxytocin-labeled cells and serotonin transporter-containing fibers in the primate hypothalamus: A substrate for SSRIs therapeutic effects? Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32: 977-988. (Pubitemid 46631974)
41. Yu K, Qiu CL, Yang GB, Zong CM, Xing H, Shao Y et al. Alteration of serotonin transporter messenger RNA level in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from simian/human immunodeficiency virus infected Chinese rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24: 298-305.
42. Heinz A, Higley JD, Gorey JG, Saunders RC, Jones DW, Hommer D et al. In vivo association between alcohol intoxication, aggression, and serotonin transporter availability in nonhuman primates. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 1023-1028. (Pubitemid 28357725)
43. Singh YS, Sawarynski LE, Michael HM, Ferrell RE, Murphey-Corb MA, Swain GM et al. Boron-doped diamond microelectrodes reveal reduced serotonin uptake rates in lymphocytes from adult rhesus monkeys carrying the short allele of the 5-HTTLPR. ACS Chem Neurosci 2010; 1: 49-64.
44. Bradberry CW, Rubino SR. Phasic alterations in dopamine and serotonin release in striatum and prefrontal cortex in response to cocaine predictive cues in behaving rhesus macaques. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29: 676-685. (Pubitemid 38402475)
45. Centeno ML, Reddy AP, Smith LJ, Sanchez RL, Henderson JA, Salli NC et al. Serotonin in microdialysate from the mediobasal hypothalamus increases after progesterone administration to estrogen primed macaques. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 555: 67-75. (Pubitemid 46013853)
46. Mason JN, Farmer H, Tomlinson ID, Schwartz JW, Savchenko V, DeFelice LJ et al. Novel fluorescence-based approaches for the study of biogenic amine transporter localization, activity, and regulation. J Neurosci Methods 2005; 143: 3-25. (Pubitemid 40348785)
47. Tomlinson ID, Iwamoto H, Blakely RD, Rosenthal SJ. Biotin tethered homotryptamine derivatives: high affinity probes of the human serotonin transporter (hSERT). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21: 1678-1682.
48. Park J, Quaiserova-Mocko V, Patel BA, Novotny M, Liu A, Bian X et al. Diamond microelectrodes for in vitro electroanalytical measurements: Current status and remaining challenges. Analyst 2008; 133: 17-24.
49. Perez XA, Bianco LE, Andrews AM. Filtration disrupts synaptosomes during radiochemical analysis of serotonin uptake: Comparison with chronoamperometry in SERT knockout mice. J Neurosci Methods 2006; 154: 245-255. (Pubitemid 43816726)
50. Bengel D, Murphy DL, Andrews AM, Wichems CH, Feltner D, Heils A et al. Altered brain serotonin homeostasis and locomotor insensitivity to 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (00Ecstasy00) in serotonin transporter-deficient mice. Mol Pharmacol 1998; 53: 649-655. (Pubitemid 28196486)
51. Andrews AM, Ladenheim B, Epstein CJ, Cadet JL, Murphy DL. Transgenic mice with high levels of superoxide dismutase activity are protected from the neurotoxic effects of 20-NH2-MPTP on serotonergic and noradrenergic nerve terminals. Mol Pharmacol 1996; 50: 1511-1519.
52. Luellen BA, Miller DB, Chisnell AC, Murphy DL, O'Callaghan JP, Andrews AM. Neuronal and astroglial responses to the serotonin and norepinephrine neurotoxin: 1-methyl-4-(20- aminophenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 307: 923-931. (Pubitemid 37494208)
53. Perez XA, Andrews AM. Chronoamperometry to determine differential reductions in uptake in brain synaptosomes from serotonin transporter knockout mice. Anal Chem 2005; 77: 818-826. (Pubitemid 40194145)
54. Baganz NL, Horton RE, Calderon AS, Owens WA, Munn JL, Watts LT et al. Organic cation transporter 3: Keeping the brake on extracellular serotonin in serotonin-transporterdeficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 18976-18981.
55. Kalin NH, Shelton SE, Fox AS, Rogers J, Oakes TR, Davidson RJ. The serotonin transporter genotype is associated with intermediate brain phenotypes that depend on the context of eliciting stressor. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13: 1021-1027.
56. Heils A, Teufel A, Petri S, Stober G, Riederer P, Bengel D et al. Allelic variation of human serotonin transporter gene expression. J Neurochem 1996; 66: 2621-2624. (Pubitemid 26159101)
57. Nobile M, Begni B, Giorda R, Frigerio A, Marino C, Molteni M et al. Effects of serotonin transporter promoter genotype on platelet serotonin transporter functionality in depressed children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 38: 1396-1402. (Pubitemid 29513397)
58. Anderson GM, Gutknecht L, Cohen DJ, Brailly-Tabard S, Cohen JH, Ferrari P et al. Serotonin transporter promoter variants in autism: functional effects and relationship to platelet hyperserotonemia. Mol Psychiatry 2002; 7: 831-836.
59. Kaiser R, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Filler D, Tremblay PB, Berghofer A, Roots I et al. Correlation between serotonin uptake in human blood platelets with the 44-bp polymorphism and the 17-bp variable number of tandem repeat of the serotonin transporter. Am J Med Genet 2002; 114: 323-328. (Pubitemid 34258860)
60. Patkar AA, Berrettini WH, Mannelli P, Gopalakrishnan R, Hoehe MR, Bilal L et al. Relationship between serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms and platelet serotonin transporter sites among African-American cocaine-dependent individuals and healthy volunteers. Psychiatr Genet 2004; 14: 25-32. (Pubitemid 38393528)
61. Willeit M, Stastny J, Pirker W, Praschak-Rieder N, Neumeister A, Asenbaum S et al. No evidence for in vivo regulation of midbrain serotonin transporter availability by serotonin transporter promoter gene polymorphism. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 50: 8-12. (Pubitemid 32701988)
62. Naylor L, Dean B, Pereira A, Mackinnon A, Kouzmenko A, Copolov D. No association between the serotonin transporter-linked promoter region polymorphism and either schizophrenia or density of the serotonin transporter in human hippocampus. Mol Med 1998; 4: 671-674. (Pubitemid 28554982)
63. Heinz A, Jones DW, Mazzanti C, Goldman D, Ragan P, Hommer D et al. A relationship between serotonin transporter genotype and in vivo protein expression and alcohol neurotoxicity. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47: 643-649. (Pubitemid 30169258)
64. van Dyck CH, Malison RT, Staley JK, Jacobsen LK, Seibyl JP, Laruelle M et al. Central serotonin transporter availability measured with [123I]beta-CIT SPECT in relation to serotonin transporter genotype. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161: 525-531. (Pubitemid 38326108)
65. Murphy DL, Fox MA, Timpano KR, Moya PR, Ren-Patterson R, Andrews AM et al. How the serotonin story is being rewritten by new gene-based discoveries principally related to SLC6A4, the serotonin transporter gene, which functions to influence all cellular serotonin systems. Neuropharmacology 2008; 55: 932-960.
66. Munafo MR, Durrant C, Lewis G, Flint J. Gene X environment interactions at the serotonin transporter locus. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 65: 211-219.
67. Risch N, Herrell R, Lehner T, Liang KY, Eaves L, Hoh J et al. Interaction between the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), stressful life events, and risk of depression: A meta-analysis. JAMA 2009; 301: 2462-2471.
68. Rutter M, Thapar A, Pickles A. Gene-environment interactions: Biologically valid pathway or artifact? Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009; 66: 1287-1289.
69. Uher R, McGuffin P. The moderation by the serotonin transporter gene of environmental adversity in the etiology of depression: 2009 update. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 15: 18-22.
70. Barr CS, Newman TK, Shannon C, Parker C, Dvoskin RL, Becker ML et al. Rearing condition and rh5-HTTLPR interact to influence limbic-hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis response to stress in infant macaques. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55: 733-738. (Pubitemid 38376185)
71. Schwandt ML, Lindell SG, Sjoberg RL, Chisholm KL, Higley JD, Suomi SJ et al. Geneenvironment interactions and response to social intrusion in male and female rhesus macaques. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67: 323-330.
72. Montanez S, Daws LC, Gould GG, Frazer A. Serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT) function after graded destruction of serotonergic neurons. J Neurochem 2003; 87: 861-867. (Pubitemid 37444562)
73. Mathews TA, Fedele DE, Coppelli FM, Avila AM, Murphy DL, Andrews AM. Gene dosedependent alterations in extraneuronal serotonin but not dopamine in mice with reduced serotonin transporter expression. J Neurosci Methods 2004; 140: 169-181. (Pubitemid 39625865)
74. Homberg JR, Olivier JD, Smits BM, Mul JD, Mudde J, Verheul M et al. Characterization of the serotonin transporter knockout rat: A selective change in the functioning of the serotonergic system. Neuroscience 2007; 146: 1662-1676. (Pubitemid 46783222)
75. Holmes A, Lit Q, Murphy DL, Gold E, Crawley JN. Abnormal anxiety-related behavior in serotonin transporter null mutant mice: The influence of genetic background. Genes Brain Behav 2003; 2: 365-380. (Pubitemid 37463201)
76. Li Q, Wichems C, Heils A, Van De Kar LD, Lesch KP, Murphy DL. Reduction of 5- hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)(1A)-mediated temperature and neuroendocrine responses and 5-HT(1A) binding sites in 5-HT transporter knockout mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 291: 999-1007.
77. Tjurmina OA, Armando I, Saavedra JM, Goldstein DS, Murphy DL. Exaggerated adrenomedullary response to immobilization in mice with targeted disruption of the serotonin transporter gene. Endocrinology 2002; 143: 4520-4526. (Pubitemid 35397591)
78. Bartolomucci A, Carola V, Pascucci T, Puglisi-Allegra S, Cabib S, Lesch KP et al. Increased vulnerability to psychosocial stress in heterozygous serotonin transporter knockout mice. Dis Model Mech 2010; 3: 459-470.
79. Holmes A, Yang RJ, Murphy DL, Crawley JN. Evaluation of antidepressant-related behavioral responses in mice lacking the serotonin transporter. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002; 27: 914-923. (Pubitemid 35447628)
80. Olivier JD, Van Der Hart MG, Van Swelm RP, Dederen PJ, Homberg JR, Cremers T et al. A study in male and female 5-HT transporter knockout rats: An animal model for anxiety and depression disorders. Neuroscience 2008; 152: 573-584.
81. Nonkes LJ, Tomson K, Maertin A, Dederen J, Maes JH, Homberg J. Orbitofrontal cortex and amygdalar over-activity is associated with an inability to use the value of expected outcomes to guide behaviour in serotonin transporter knockout rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2010; 94: 65-72.
82. Numis AL, Unger EL, Sheridan DL, Chisnell AC, Andrews AM. The role of membrane and vesicular monoamine transporters in the neurotoxic and hypothermic effects of 1-methyl- 4-(20-aminophenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (20-NH(2)-MPTP). Mol Pharmacol 2004; 66: 718-727. (Pubitemid 39329272)
83. Kim DK, Tolliver TJ, Huang SJ, Martin BJ, Andrews AM, Wichems C et al. Altered serotonin synthesis, turnover and dynamic regulation in multiple brain regions of mice lacking the serotonin transporter. Neuropharmacology 2005; 49: 798-810. (Pubitemid 41483886)
84. Anderson GM, Bennett AJ, Weld KP, Pushkas JG, Ocame DM, Higley JD. Serotonin in cisternal cerebrospinal fluid of rhesus monkeys: Basal levels and effects of sertraline administration. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002; 161: 95-99. (Pubitemid 34437974)
85. Ansorge MS, Morelli E, Gingrich JA. Inhibition of serotonin but not norepinephrine transport during development produces delayed, persistent perturbations of emotional behaviors in mice. J Neurosci 2008; 28: 199-207.
86. Popa D, Lena C, Alexandre C, Adrien J. Lasting syndrome of depression produced by reduction in serotonin uptake during postnatal development: Evidence from sleep, stress, and behavior. J Neurosci 2008; 28: 3546-3554.
87. Plagnol V, Uz E, Wallace C, Stevens H, Clayton D, Ozcelik T et al. Extreme clonality in lymphoblastoid cell lines with implications for allele specific expression analyses. PLoS One 2008; 3: E2966.