The molecular physiology of CRH neurons

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

Volumn 33, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 67-84

  Aguilera, Greti ^a   Liu, Ying ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH); Cyclic AMP inducible early repressor ICER; Cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB); Glucocorticoids; HPA axis; Hypothalamus; Stress; Transcription; Transducer of Regulated CREB activity (TORC)

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; ANGIOTENSIN II; CORTICOTROPIN; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR RECEPTOR 1; CYCLIC AMP; CYCLIC AMP RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN; GHRELIN; GLUCOCORTICOID; GLUTAMIC ACID; HYPOPHYSIS ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE; INDUCIBLE CYCLIC AMP EARLY REPRESSOR; NESFATIN 1; NEUROPEPTIDE; NORADRENALIN; OREXIN A; OREXIN B; OXYTOCIN; PROLACTIN; PROTEIN C FOS; REPRESSOR PROTEIN; SEROTONIN; TORC 1 PROTEIN; TORC 2 PROTEIN; TORC 3 PROTEIN; TORC PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSDUCER OF REGULATED CREB ACTIVITY; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASOPRESSIN;

BASIC HELIX LOOP HELIX GENE; BED NUCLEUS OF STRIA TERMINALIS; BRAIN NERVE CELL; BRN 2 GENE; CENTRAL NUCLEUS (AMYGDALA); CHRONIC STRESS; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASE; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE GENE; CYCLIC AMP RESPONSIVE ELEMENT; DNA METHYLATION; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; GENE; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE STRUCTURE; GLUTAMATE RELEASE; HABITUATION; HIPPOCAMPUS; HOMEOBOX; HORMONE RELEASE; HYPOTHALAMIC PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; LIMBIC SYSTEM; MAGNOCELLULAR NEURON; MEDIAL PREOPTIC AREA; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE; NONHUMAN; NORADRENALIN RELEASE; OTP GENE; PARVOCELLULAR NEURON; PAS GENE; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PSYCHOGENIC STRESS; REVIEW; SEROTONINERGIC NERVE CELL; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STRESS; STRIA TERMINALIS; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; TRANSCRIPTION TERMINATION; VASOPRESSIN RELEASE;

ANIMALS; BASE SEQUENCE; CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; CYCLIC AMP; CYCLIC AMP RESPONSE ELEMENT MODULATOR; CYCLIC AMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN; CYCLIC AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES; EPIGENESIS, GENETIC; FEEDBACK; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; HUMANS; MICE; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; NEURONS; PARAVENTRICULAR HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RATS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STRESS, PHYSIOLOGICAL; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; VASOPRESSINS;

EID: 83455253453     PISSN: 00913022     EISSN: 18734596     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.08.002     Document Type: Review

References (205)

1. Adler G.K., Smas C.M., Fiandaca M., Frim D.M., Majzoub J.A. Regulated expression of the human corticotropin releasing hormone gene by cyclic AMP. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 1990, 70:165-174.
2. Agid O., Shapira B., Zislin J., Ritsner M., Hanin B., Murad H., Troudart T., Bloch M., Heresco-Levy U., Lerer B. Environment and vulnerability to major psychiatric illness: a case control study of early parental loss in major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Mol. Psychia. 1999, 4:163-172.
3. Aguilera G. Direct regulation of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing-hormone neurons by angiotensin II. Neuroendocrinology 1995, 61:437-444.
4. Aguilera G. Regulation of pituitary ACTH secretion during chronic stress. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 1994, 15:321-350.
5. Aguilera G. Corticotropin releasing hormone, receptor regulation and the stress response. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 1998, 9:329-336.
6. Aguilera G., Kiss A., Liu Y., Kamitakahara A. Negative regulation of corticotropin releasing factor expression and limitation of stress response. Stress 2007, 10:153-161.
7. Aguilera G., Subburaju S., Young S., Chen J. The parvocellular vasopressinergic system and responsiveness of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis during chronic stress. Prog. Brain Res. 2008, 170:29-39.
8. Alexander L.D., Sander L.D. Involvement of vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing hormone in VIP- and PHI-induced secretion of ACTH and corticosterone. Neuropeptides 1995, 28:167-173.
9. Alexander S.L., Irvine C.H., Donald R.A. Short-term secretion patterns of corticotropin-releasing hormone, arginine vasopressin and ACTH as shown by intensive sampling of pituitary venous blood from horses. Neuroendocrinology 1994, 60:225-236.
10. Antoni F.A. Vasopressinergic control of pituitary adrenocorticotropin secretion comes of age. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 1993, 14:76-122.
11. Arnett M.G., Kolber B.J., Boyle M.P., Muglia L.J. Behavioral insights from mouse models of forebrain- and amygdala-specific glucocorticoid receptor genetic disruption. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2011, 336:2-5.
12. Bale T.L., Vale W.W. CRF and CRF receptors: role in stress responsivity and other behaviors. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2004, 44:525-557.
13. Bali B., Kovacs K.J. GABAergic control of neuropeptide gene expression in parvocellular neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2003, 18:1518-1526.
14. Baram T.Z., Lerner S. Ontogeny of corticotropin releasing hormone gene expression in rat hypothalamus - comparison with somatostatin. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 1991, 9:473-478.
15. Barnes N.M., Sharp T. A review of central 5-HT receptors and their function. Neuropharmacology 1999, 38:1083-1152.
16. Bartanusz V., Aubry J.M., Jezova D., Baffi J., Kiss J.Z. Up-regulation of vasopressin mRNA in paraventricular hypophysiotrophic neurons after acute immobilization stress. Neuroendocrinology 1993, 58:625-629.
17. Bhatnagar S., Dallman M. Neuroanatomical basis for facilitation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to a novel stressor after chronic stress. Neuroscience 1998, 84:1025-1039.
18. Bhatnagar S., Huber R., Nowak N., Trotter P. Lesions of the posterior paraventricular thalamus block habituation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to repeated restraint. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2002, 14:403-410.
19. Brown M.R., Fisher L.A. Corticotropin-releasing factor: effects on the autonomic nervous system and visceral systems. Fed. Proc. 1985, 44:243-248.
20. Bugnon C., Fellmann D., Gouget A., Cardot J. Immunocytochemical study of the ontogenesis of the CRF-containing neuroglandular system in the rat. C. R. French Acad. Sci. 1982, 294:599-604.
21. Canteras N.S., Simerly R.B., Swanson L.W. Organization of projections from the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus: a Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1994, 348:41-79.
22. Canteras N.S., Simerly R.B., W Swanson L. Organization of projections from the medial nucleus of the amygdala: a PHAL study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1995, 360:213-245.
23. Carter D.A., Lightman S.L. Diurnal pattern of stress-evoked neurohypophyseal hormone secretion: sexual dimorphism in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 1986, 71:252-255.
24. J. Chen, Y. Liu, G. Aguilera, Neonatal maternal deprivation causes corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) promoter hypomethylation and enhanced CRH transcriptional responses of to stress in adult rats, Soc for Neurosci., Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, 2009.
25. Chen J., Young S., Subburaju S., Sheppard J., Kiss A., Atkinson H., Wood S., Lightman S., Gal C.S.-L., Aguilera G. Vasopressin does not mediate hypersensitivity of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis during chronic stress. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 2008, 1148:349-359.
26. Chen Y., Rex C.S., Rice C., Dube C.M., Gall C.M., Lynch G., Baram T.Z. Correlated memory defects and hippocampal dendritic spine loss after acute stress involve corticotropin-releasing hormone signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107:13123-13128.
27. Chiba T., Murata Y. Afferent and efferent connections of the medial preoptic area in the rat: a WGA-HRP study. Brain Res. Bull. 1985, 14:261-272.
28. Chung S., Son G.H., Kim K. Circadian rhythm of adrenal glucocorticoid: its regulation and clinical implications. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 2011, 1812:581-591.
29. Conkright M.D., Canettieri G., Screaton R., Guzman E., Miraglia L., Hogenesch J.B., Montminy M. TORCs: transducers of regulated CREB activity. Mol. Cell 2003, 12:413-423.
30. Conti A.C., Maas J., Muglia L.M., Dave B.A., Vogt S.K., Tran T.T., Rayhel E.J., Muglia L.J. Distinct regional and subcellular localization of adenylyl cyclases type 1 and 8 in mouse brain. Neuroscience 2007, 146:713-729.
31. Cullinan W.E., Ziegler D., Herman J.P. Functional role of local GABAergic influences on the HPA axis. Brain Struct. Funct. 2008, 213:63-72.
32. Cullinan W.E. GABAA receptor subunit expression within hypophysiotropic CRH neurons: a dual hybridization histochemical study. J. Comp. Neurol. 2000, 419:344-351.
33. da Costa A.P.C., Ma X., Ingram C.D., Lightman S.L., Aguilera G. Hypothalamic and amygdaloid corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and CRH receptor-1 mRNA expression in the stress-hyporesponsive late pregnant and early lactating rat. Mol. Brain Res. 2001, 91:119-130.
34. Daikoku S., Okamura Y., Kawano H., Tsuruo Y., Maegawa M., Shibasaki T. Immunohistochemical study on the development of CRF-containing neurons in the hypothalamus of the rat. Cell Tissue Res. 1984, 238:539-544.
35. Dallman M.F., Akana S.F., Levin N., Walker C.D., Bradbury M.J., Suemaru S., Scribner K.S. Corticosteroids and the control of function in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1994, 746:22-31.
36. Day H., Campeau S., Watson S.J., Akil H. Expression of alpha(1b) adrenoceptor mRNA in corticotropin-releasing hormone-containing cells of the rat hypothalamus and its regulation by corticosterone. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:10098-10106.
37. de Goeij D.C., Kvetnansky R., Whitnall M.H., Jezova D., Berkenbosch F., Tilders F.J. Repeated stress-induced activation of corticotropin-releasing factor neurons enhances vasopressin stores and colocalization with corticotropin-releasing factor in the median eminence of rats. Neuroendocrinology 1991, 53:150-159.
38. Di S., Malcher-Lopes R., Halmos K.C., Tasker J.G. Nongenomic glucocorticoid inhibition via endocannabinoid release in the hypothalamus: a fast feedback mechanism. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:4850-4857.
39. Diorio D., Viau V., Meaney M.J. The role of the medial prefrontal cortex (cingulate gyrus) in the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. J. Neurosci. 1993, 13:3839-3847.
40. Elenkov I.J., Wilder R.L., Chrousos G.P., Vizi E.S. The sympathetic nerve - an integrative interface between two supersystems: the brain and the immune system. Pharmacol. Rev. 2000, 52:595-638.
41. Elliott E., Ezra-Nevo G., Regev L., Neufeld-Cohen A., Chen A. Resilience to social stress coincides with functional DNA methylation of the Crf gene in adult mice. Nat. Neurosci. 2010, 13:1351-1353.
42. Evanson N.K., Herman J.P., Sakai R.R., Krause E.G. Nongenomic actions of adrenal steroids in the central nervous system. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2010, 22:846-861.
43. Fenoglio K.A., Brunson K.L., Vishai-Eliner S., Chen Y., Baram T.Z. Region-specific onset of handling-induced changes in corticotropin-releasing factor and glucocorticoid receptor expression. Endocrinology 2004, 145:2702-2706.
44. Feuvrier E., Aubert M., Mausset A.L., Alonso G., Gaillet S., Malaval F., Szafarczyk A. Glucocorticoids provoke a shift from alpha-2 to alpha-1-adrenoreceptor activities in cultured hypothalamic slices leading to opposite noradrenaline effect on corticotropin-releasing hormone release. J. Neurochem. 1998, 70:1199-1209.
45. Flak J.N., Ostrander M.M., Tasker J.G., Herman J.P. Chronic stress-induced neurotransmitter plasticity in the PVN. J. Comp. Neurol. 2009, 517:156-165.
46. Foulkes N.S., Borrelli E., Sassone-Corsi P. CREM gene: use of alternative DNA-binding domains generates multiple antagonists of cAMP-induced transcription. Cell 1991, 64:739-749.
47. Garcia-Galiano D., Navarro V.M., Gaytan F., Tena-Sempere M. Expanding roles of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 in neuroendocrine regulation. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 2010, 45:281-290.
48. Ginsberg A.B., Campeau S., Day H.E., Spencer R.L. Acute glucocorticoid pretreatment suppresses stress-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hormone secretion and expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone hnRNA but does not affect c-fos mRNA or Fos protein expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2003, 15:1075-1083.
49. Giordano R., Picu A., Broglio F., Bonelli L., Baldi M., Berardelli R., Ghigo E., Arvat E., Ghrelin Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and Cushing's Syndrome. Pituitary 2004, 7:243-248.
50. Goebel-Stengel M., Wang L., Stengel A., Tache Y. Localization of nesfatin-1 neurons in the mouse brain and functional implication. Brain Res. 2011, 1396:20-34.
51. Gold P.W., Chrousos G., Kellner C., Post R., Roy A., Augerinos P., Schulte H., Oldfield E., Loriaux D.L. Psychiatric implications of basic and clinical studies with corticotropin-releasing factor. Am. J. Psychiat. 1984, 141:619-627.
52. Grinevich V., Fournier A., Pelletier G. Effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) on corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) gene expression in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Brain Res. 1997, 773:190-196.
53. Grino M., Young W.S., Burgunder J.M. Ontogeny of expression of the corticotropin-releasing factor gene in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and of the proopiomelanocortin gene in rat pituitary. Endocrinology 1989, 124:60-68.
54. Guardiola-Diaz H.M., Boswell C., Seasholtz A.F. The cAMP-responsive element in the corticotropin-releasing hormone gene mediates transcriptional regulation by depolarization. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269:14784-14791.
55. Guardiola-Diaz H.M., Kolinske J.S., Gates L.H., Seasholtz A.F. Negative glucorticoid regulation of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-stimulated corticotropin-releasing hormone-reporter expression in AtT-20 cells. Mol. Endocrinol. 1996, 10:317-329.
56. Harbuz M.S., Lightman S.L. Glucocorticoid inhibition of stress-induced changes in hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing factor messenger RNA and proenkephalin A messenger RNA. Neuropeptides 1989, 14:17-20.
57. He X., Treacy M.N., Simmons D.M., Ingraham H.A., Swanson L.W., Rosenfeld M.G. Expression of a large family of POU-domain regulatory genes in mammalian brain development. Nature 1989, 340:35-42.
58. Heisler L.K., Pronchuk N., Nonogaki K., Zhou L., Raber J., Tung L., Yeo G.S.H., O'Rahilly S., Colmers W.F., Elmquist J.K., Tecott L.H. Serotonin activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis via serotonin 2C receptor stimulation. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:6956-6964.
59. Herman J.P., Prewitt C.M., Cullinan W.E. Neuronal circuit regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical stress axis. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 1996, 10:371-394.
60. Herman J.P., Schafer M.K., Thompson R.C., Watson S.J. Rapid regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene transcription in vivo. Mol. Endocrinol. 1992, 6:1061-1069.
61. Herman J.P., Schäfer M.K., Watson S.J., Sherman T.G. In situ hybridization analysis of arginine vasopressin gene transcription using intron-specific probes. Mol. Endocrinol. 1991, 5:1447-1456.
62. Herman J.P., Figueiredo H., Mueller N.K., Ulrich-Lai Y., Ostrander M.M., Choi D.C., Cullinan W.E. Central mechanisms of stress integration: hierarchical circuitry controlling hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical responsiveness. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 2003, 24:151-180.
63. Herman J.P., Tasker J.G., Ziegler D.R., Cullinan W.E. Local circuit regulation of paraventricular nucleus stress integration: glutamate-GABA connections. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2002, 71:457-468.
64. Holsboer F., Gerken A., Stalla G.K., Muller O.A. ACTH, cortisol, and corticosterone output after ovine corticotropin-releasing factor challenge during depression and after recovery. Biol. Psychiat. 1985, 20:276-286.
65. Iourgenko V., Zhang W., Mickanin C., Daly I., Jiang C., Hexham JM., Orth A.P., Miraglia L., Meltzer J., Garza D., Chirn G.W., McWhinnie E., Cohen D., Skelton J., Terry R., Yu Y., Bodian D., Buxton FP., Zhu J., Song C., Labow MA. Identification of a family of cAMP response element-binding protein coactivators by genome-scale functional analysis in mammalian cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100:12147-12152.
66. Itoi K., Horiba N., Tozawa F., Sakai Y., Sakai K., Abe K., Demura H., Suda T. Major role of 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase A pathway in corticotropin-releasing factor gene expression in the rat hypothalamus in vivo. Endocrinology 1996, 137:2389-2396.
67. Jaszberenyi M., Bujdoso E., Pataki I., Telegdy G. Effects of orexins on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2000, 12:1174-1178.
68. Jaszberenyi M., Bujdoso E., Telegdy G. The role of neuropeptide Y in orexin-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activation. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2001, 13:438-441.
69. Jezova D., Ochedalski T., Glickman M., Kiss A., Aguilera G. Central corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors modulate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical and sympathoadrenal activity during stress. Neuroscience 1999, 94:797-802.
70. Kageyama K., Hanada K., Iwasaki Y., Sakihara S., Nigawara T., Kasckow J., Suda T. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide stimulates corticotropin-releasing factor, vasopressin and interleukin-6 gene transcription in hypothalamic 4B cells. J. Endocrinol. 2007, 195:199-211.
71. Kageyama K., Kumata Y., Akimoto K., Takayasu S., Tamasawa N., Suda T. Ghrelin stimulates corticotropin-releasing factor and vasopressin gene expression in rat hypothalamic 4B cells. Stress 2011.
72. Kawahito Y., Sano H., Kawata M., Yuri K., Mukai S., Yamamura Y., Kato H., Chrousos G.P., Wilder R.L., Kondo M. Local secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone by enterochromaffin cells in human colon. Gastroenterology 1994, 106:859-865.
73. Keegan C.E., Herman J.P., Karolyi I.J., O'Shea K.S., Camper S.A., Seasholtz A.F. Differential expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone in developing mouse embryos and adult brain. Endocrinology 1994, 134:2547-2555.
74. Kendler K.S., Myers J. The genetic and environmental relationship between major depression and the five-factor model of personality. Psychol. Med. 2010, 40:801-806.
75. Khan A.M., Ponzio T.A., Sanchez-Watts G., Stanley B.G., Hatton G.I., Watts A.G. Catecholaminergic control of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in paraventricular neuroendocrine neurons in vivo and in vitro: a proposed role during glycemic challenges. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:7344-7360.
76. King B.R., Smith R., Nicholson R.C. The regulation of human corticotrophin-releasing hormone gene expression in the placenta. Peptides 2001, 22:795-801.
77. Kojima M., Kangawa K. Ghrelin: from gene to physiological function. Cellular Peptide Hormone Synthesis and Secretory Pathways 2010, 85-96. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg. J.F. Rehfeld, J.R. Bundgaard (Eds.).
78. Konczol K., Bodnar I., Zelena D., Pinter O., Papp R.S., Palkovits M., Nagy G.M., Toth Z.E. Nesfatin-1/NUCB2 may participate in the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in rats. Neurochem. Int. 2010, 57:189-197.
79. Konner A.C., Klockener T., Bruning J.C. Control of energy homeostasis by insulin and leptin: targeting the arcuate nucleus and beyond. Physiol. Behav. 2009, 97:632-638.
80. Koob G.F., Bloom F.E. Corticotropin-releasing factor and behavior. Fed. Proc. 1985, 44:259-263.
81. Korbonits M., Goldstone A.P., Gueorguiev M., Grossman A.B. Ghrelin - a hormone with multiple functions. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 2004, 25:27-68.
82. Kovacs K., Kiss J.Z., Makara G.B. Glucocorticoid implants around the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus prevent the increase of corticotropin-releasing factor and arginine vasopressin immunostaining induced by adrenalectomy. Neuroendocrinology 1986, 44:229-234.
83. Kovacs K.J., Sawchenko P.E. Regulation of stress-induced transcriptional changes in the hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons. J. Mol. Neurosci. 1996, 7:125-133.
84. Kovacs K.J., Sawchenko P.E. Sequence of stress-induced alterations in indices of synaptic and transcriptional activation in parvocellular neurosecretory neurons. J. Neurosci. 1996, 16:262-273.
85. Krahn D.D., Gosnell B.A., Grace M., Levine A.S. CRF antagonist partially reverses CRF- and stress-induced effects on feeding. Brain Res. Bull. 1986, 17:285-289.
86. Kuru M., Ueta Y., Serino R., Nakazato M., Yamamoto Y., Shibuya I., Yamashita H. Centrally administered orexin/hypocretin activates HPA axis in rats. NeuroReport 2000, 11.
87. Lalli E., Sassone-Corsi P. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-directed induction of the CREM gene in the thyroid gland participates in the long-term desensitization of the TSH receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92:9633-9637.
88. Lalmansingh A.S., Uht R.M. Estradiol regulates corticotropin-releasing hormone gene (CRH) expression in a rapid and phasic manner that parallels estrogen receptor-{alpha} and - recruitment to a 3',5'-cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate regulatory region of the proximal crh promoter. Endocrinology 2008, 149:346-357.
89. Lamas M., Monaco L., Zazopoulos E., Lalli E., Tamai K., Penna L., Mazzucchelli C., Nantel F., Foulkes N.S., Sassone-Corsi P. CREM: a master-switch in the transcriptional response to cAMP. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 1996, 351:561-567.
90. Lee K.S., Han T.H., Jo J.Y., Kang G., Lee S.Y., Ryu P.D., Im J.H., Jeon B.H., Park J.B. Serotonin inhibits GABA synaptic transmission in presympathetic paraventricular nucleus neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 2008, 439:138-142.
91. Lefkowitz R.J., Caron M.G. Adrenergic receptors. Adv. Sec. Mess. Phosph. Res. 1988, 21:1-10.
92. Legradi G., Hannibal J., Lechan R.M. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-nerve terminals densely innervate corticotropin-releasing hormone-neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 1998, 246:145-148.
93. Levine S. Primary social relationships influence the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the rat. Physiol. Behav. 2001, 73:255-260.
94. Li P., He X., Gerrero M.R., Mok M., Aggarwal A., Rosenfeld M.G. Spacing and orientation of bipartite DNA-binding motifs as potential functional determinants for POU domain factors. Genes Dev. 1993, 7:2483-2496.
95. Lightman S.L., Conway-Campbell B.L. The crucial role of pulsatile activity of the HPA axis for continuous dynamic equilibration. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2010, 11:710-718.
96. Lightman S.L., WS Young Influence of steroids on the hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor and preproenkephalin mRNA responses to stress. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1989, 86:4306-4310.
97. Liposits Z., Paull W.K., Sétáló G., Vigh S. Evidence for local corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-immunoreactive neuronal circuits in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus, an electron microscopic immunohistochemical analysis. Histochemistry 1985, 83:5-16.
98. Liposits Z., Uht R.M., Harrison R.W., Gibbs F.P., Paull W.K., Bohn M.C. Ultrastructural localization of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in hypothalamic paraventricular neurons synthesizing corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). Histochemistry 1987, 87:407-412.
99. Liu Y., Coello AG., Grinevich V., Aguilera G. Involvement of transducer of regulated cAMP response element-binding protein activity on corticotropin releasing hormone transcription. Endocrinology 2010, 151:1109-1118.
100. Liu Y., Kalintchenko N., Sassone-Corsi P., Aguilera G. Inhibition of corticotrophin-releasing hormone transcription by Inducible cAMP-early repressor in the hypothalamic cell line, 4B. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2006, 18:42-49.
101. Liu Y., Knobloch H.S., Grinevich V., Aguilera G. Stress induces parallel changes in corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) transcription and nuclear translocation of transducer of regulated cAMP response element-binding activity 2 in hypothalamic CRH neurones. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2011, 23:216-223.
102. Liu Y., Aguilera G. Cyclic AMP inducible early repressor mediates the termination of corticotropin releasing hormone transcription in hypothalamic neurons. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 2009, 29:1275-1281.
103. Liu Y., Kamitakahara A., Kim A.J., Aguilera G. Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate responsive element binding protein phosphorylation is required but not sufficient for activation of corticotropin-releasing hormone transcription. Endocrinology 2008, 149:3512-3520.
104. Lu X.Y., Bagnol D., Burke S., Akil H., Watson S.J. Differential distribution and regulation of OX1 and OX2 orexin/hypocretin receptor messenger RNA in the brain upon fasting. Hormones Behav. 2000, 37:335-344.
105. Luo X., Kiss A., Makara G., Lolait S.J., Aguilera G. Stress-specific regulation of corticotropin releasing hormone receptor expression in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the rat. J. Neuroendocrinol. 1994, 6:689-696.
106. Ma X.M., Levy A., Lightman S.L. Rapid changes in heteronuclear RNA for corticotrophin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin in response to acute stress. J. Endocrinol. 1997, 152:81-89.
107. Ma X.M., Lightman S.L., Aguilera G. Vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing hormone gene responses to novel stress in rats adapted to repeated restraint. Endocrinology 1999, 140:3623-3632.
108. Ma X.M., Aguilera G. Differential regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone and vasopressin transcription by glucocorticoids. Endocrinology 1999, 140:5642-5650.
109. Ma X.M., Levy A., Lightman S.L. Emergence of an isolated arginine vasopressin (AVP) response to stress after repeated restraint: a study of both AVP and corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) and heteronuclear RNA. Endocrinology 1997, 138:4351-4357.
110. Makino S., Schulkin J., Smith M.A., Pacak K., Palkovits M., Gold P.W. Regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat brain and pituitary by glucocorticoids and stress. Endocrinology 1995, 136:4517-4525.
111. Makino S., Gold P.W., Schulkin J. Corticosterone effects on corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA in the central nucleus of the amygdala and the parvocellular region of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Brain Res. 1994, 640:105-112.
112. Malkoski S.P., Dorin R.I. Composite glucocorticoid regulation at a functionally defined negative glucocorticoid response element of the human corticotropin-releasing hormone gene. Mol. Endocrinol. 1999, 13:1629-1644.
113. Mangurian L.P., Walsh R.J., Posner B.I. Prolactin enhancement of its own uptake at the choroid plexus. Endocrinology 1992, 131:698-702.
114. McEwen B.S. Stress and hippocampal plasticity. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 1999, 22:105-122.
115. McEwen BS. Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain. Physiol. Rev. 2007, 87:873-904.
116. McKinley M., Allen A., May C., McAllen R., Oldfield B., Sly D., Mendelsohn F. Neural pathways from the lamina terminalis influencing cardiovascular and body fluid homeostasis. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2001, 28:990-992.
117. McKinley M.J., McAllen R.M., Davern P., Giles M.E., Penschow J., Sunn N., BJ Oldfield The sensory circumventricular organs of the mammalian brain. Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol. 2003, 172:1-122.
118. Mendelsohn F.A., Quirion R., Saavedra J., Aguilera G., Catt K.J. Autoradiographic localization of angiotensin II receptors in rat brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1984, 81:1575-1579.
119. Merali Z., Cayer C., Kent P., Anisman H. Nesfatin-1 increases anxiety- and fear-related behaviors in the rat. Psychopharmacology 2008, 201:115-123.
120. Michaud J.L., Rosenquist T., May N.R., Fan C.M. Development of neuroendocrine lineages requires the bHLH-PAS transcription factor SIM1. Genes Dev. 1998, 12:3264-3275.
121. Michaud J.L., DeRossi C., May N.R., Holdener B.C., Fan C.M. ARNT2 acts as the dimerization partner of SIM1 for the development of the hypothalamus. Mech. Dev. 2000, 90:253-261.
122. Miklos I.H., Kovacs K.J. GABAergic innervation of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-secreting parvocellular neurons and its plasticity as demonstrated by quantitative immunoelectron microscopy. Neuroscience 2002, 113:581-592.
123. Monaco L., Lamas M., Tamai K., Lalli E., Zazopoulos E., Penna L., Nantel F., Foulkes N.S., Mazzucchelli C., Sassone-Corsi P. Coupling transcription to signaling pathways: cAMP and nuclear factor cAMP-responsive element modulator. Adv Sec. Mess. Phosph. Res. 1997, 31:63-74.
124. Mozid A.M., Tringali G., Forsling M.L., Hendricks M.S., Ajodha S., Edwards R., Navarra P., Grossman A.B., Korbonits M. Ghrelin is released from rat hypothalamic explants and stimulates corticotrophin-releasing hormone and arginine-vasopressin. Hormone Metab. Res. 2003, 35:455-459.
125. Mueller B.R., Bale T.L. Sex-specific programming of offspring emotionality after stress early in pregnancy. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:9055-9065.
126. Muglia L.J., Bethin K.E., Jacobson L., Vogt S.K., Majzoub J.A. Pituitary-adrenal axis regulation in CRH-deficient mice. Endocr. Res 2000, 26:1057-1066.
127. Muller M.B., Uhr M., Holsboer F., Keck M.E. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system and mood disorders: highlights from mutant mice. Neuroendocrinology 2004, 79:1-12.
128. Nakade Y., Tsukamoto K., Iwa M., Pappas T.N., Takahashi T. Glucagon like peptide-1 accelerates colonic transit via central CRF and peripheral vagal pathways in conscious rats. Auton. Neurosci. 2007, 131:50-56.
129. Nakai S., Kawano H., Yudate T., Nishi M., Kuno J., Nagata A., Jishage K., Hamada H., Fujii H., Kawamura K., Shiba K., Noda T. The POU domain transcription factor Brn-2 is required for the determination of specific neuronal lineages in the hypothalamus of the mouse. Genes Dev. 1995, 9:3109-3121.
130. Neumann I.D., Wigger A., Torner L., Holsboer F., Landgraf R. Brain oxytocin inhibits basal and stress-induced activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in male and female rats: partial action within the paraventricular nucleus. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2000, 12:235-243.
131. Nicholson R.C., King B.R., Smith R. Complex regulatory interactions control CRH gene expression. Front. Biosci. 2004, 9:32-39.
132. Nicholson S., Lin J.H., Mahmoud S., Campbell E., Gillham B., Jones M. Diurnal variations in responsiveness of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis of the rat. Neuroendocrinology 1985, 40:217-224.
133. Nikodemova M., Kasckow J., Liu H., Manganiello V., Aguilera G. Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone promoter activity in AtT-20 cells and in a transformed hypothalamic cell line. Endocrinology 2003, 144:1292-1300.
134. Noetzel S., Stengel A., Inhoff T., Goebel M., Wisser A.S., Bannert N., Wiedenmann B., Klapp B.F., Tachè Y., Mönnikes H., Kobelt P. CCK-8S activates c-Fos in a dose-dependent manner in nesfatin-1 immunoreactive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the brainstem. Reg. Peptides 2009, 157:84-91.
135. Nussdorfer G.G., Malendowicz L.K. Role of VIP, PACAP, and related peptides in the regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Peptides 1998, 19:1443-1467.
136. Ochedalski T., Subburaju S., Wynn P.C., Aguilera G. Interaction between oestrogen and oxytocin on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2007, 19:189-197.
137. Ono N., McCann S.M. Ultrashort-loop positive feedback of corticotropin (ACTH)-releasing factor to enhance ACTH release in stress. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1985, 82:3528-3531.
138. Owens M.J., Nemeroff C.B. Physiology and pharmacology of corticotropin-releasing factor. Pharmacol. Rev. 1991, 43:425-473.
139. Pacak K., Palkovits M., Kvetnansky R., Matern P., Hart C., Kopin I., Goldstein DS. Catecholaminergic inhibition by hypercortisolemia in the paraventricular nucleus of conscious rats. Endocrinology 1995, 136:4814-4819.
140. Pacak K., Palkovits M. Stressor specificity of central neuroendocrine responses: implications for stress-related disorders. Endocr. Rev. 2001, 22:502-548.
141. Pace T.W.W., Gaylord R.I., Jarvis E., Girotti M., Spencer R.L. Differential glucocorticoid effects on stress-induced gene expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and ACTH secretion in the rat. Stress 2009, 12:400-411.
142. Palkovits M., Baffi J.S., Pacak K. The role of ascending neuronal pathways in stress-induced release of noradrenaline in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of rats. J. Neuroendocrinol. 1999, 11:529-539.
143. Palkovits M. Afferents onto neuroendocrine cells. Current Topics in Neuroendocrinology 1986, 198-222. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. D. Ganten, D. Pfaff (Eds.).
144. Pieribone V.A., Nicholas A.P., Dagerlind A., Hokfelt T. Distribution of alpha 1 adrenoceptors in rat brain revealed by in situ hybridization experiments utilizing subtype-specific probes. J. Neurosci. 1994, 14:4252-4268.
145. Plotsky P.M. Hypophysiotropic regulation of stress-induced ACTH secretion. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1988, 245:65-81.
146. Plotsky P.M., Bruhn T.O., Vale W. Central modulation of immunoreactive corticotropin releasing factor secretion by arginine vasopressin. Endocrinology 1984, 115:1639-1641.
147. Plotsky P.M., Thrivikraman K.V., Nemeroff C.B., Caldji C., Sharma S., Meaney M.J. Long-term consequences of neonatal rearing on central corticotropin-releasing factor systems in adult male rat offspring. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005, 30:2192-2204.
148. Poplawski M.M., Boyadjieva N., Sarkar D.K. Vasoactive intestinal peptide and corticotropin-releasing hormone increase β-endorphin release and proopiomelanocortin messenger RNA Levels in primary cultures of hypothalamic cells: effects of acute and chronic ethanol treatment. Alcoholism: Clin. Exp. Res. 2005, 29:648-655.
149. Prewitt C.M.F., Herman J.P. Anatomical interactions between the central amygdaloid nucleus and the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the rat: a dual tract-tracing analysis. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 1998, 15:173-186.
150. Risold P.Y., Swanson L.W. Organization of projections from the anterior hypothalamic nucleus: a Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1994, 348:1-40.
151. Risold P.Y., Swanson L.W. Connections of the rat lateral septal complex. Brain Res. Rev. 1997, 24:115-195.
152. Rivest S., Laflamme N., Nappi R.E. Immune challenge and immobilization stress induce transcription of the gene encoding the CRF receptor in selective nuclei of the rat hypothalamus. J. Neurosci. 1995, 15:2680-2695.
153. Rivest S. Interactions between the immune and neuroendocrine systems. Prog Brain Res Neuroendocrinology: The Normal Neuroendocrine System 2010, 43-53. Elsevier. M. Luciano (Ed.).
154. Rivier C.L., Plotsky P.M. Mediation by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) of adenohypophysial hormone secretion. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 1986, 48:475-494.
155. Rivier J., Gulyas J., Corrigan A., Martinez V., Craig A.G., Tache Y., Vale W., Rivier C. Astressin analogues (corticotropin-releasing factor antagonists) with extended duration of action in the rat. J. Med. Chem. 1998, 41:5012-5019.
156. Roper J.A., O'Carroll A.M., Young W.S., Lolait S.J. The vasopressin Avpr1b receptor: molecular and pharmacological studies. Stress 2011, 14:98-115.
157. Samson W.K., Taylor M.M., Follwell M., Ferguson A.V. Orexin actions in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: physiological consequences and cellular correlates. Reg. Peptides 2002, 104:97-103.
158. Saphier D., Feldman S. Effects of stimulation of the preoptic area on hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus unit activity and corticosterone secretion in freely moving rats. Neuroendocrinology 1986, 42:167-173.
159. Sawchenko P.E. Evidence for a local site of action for glucocorticoids in inhibiting CRF and vasopressin expression in the paraventricular nucleus. Brain Res. 1987, 403:213-224.
160. Sawchenko P.E., Li H.Y., Ericsson A. Chapter 6 circuits and mechanisms governing hypothalamic responses to stress: a tale of two paradigms. Prog brain res the biological basis for mind body interactions 1999, 61-78. Elsevier. E.A. Mayer (Ed.).
161. Sawchenko P.E., Swanson L.W. Localization, colocalization, and plasticity of corticotropin-releasing factor immunoreactivity in rat brain. Fed. Proc. 1985, 44:221-227.
162. Sawchenko P.E., Swanson L.W., Vale W.W. Co-expression of corticotropin-releasing factor and vasopressin immunoreactivity in parvocellular neurosecretory neurons of the adrenalectomized rat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1984, 81:1883-1887.
163. Schonemann M.D., Ryan A.K., McEvilly R.J., O'Connell S.M., Arias C.A., Kalla K.A., Li P., Sawchenko P.E., Rosenfeld M.G. Development and survival of the endocrine hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland requires the neuronal POU domain factor Brn-2. Genes Dev. 1995, 9:3122-3135.
164. Seasholtz A.F., Thompson R.C., Douglass J.O. Identification of a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-responsive element in the rat corticotropin-releasing hormone gene. Mol. Endocrinol. 1988, 2:1311-1319.
165. Seth K.A., Majzoub J.A. Repressor Element silencing transcription factor/neuron-restrictive silencing factor (REST/NRSF) can act as an enhancer as well as a repressor of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:13917-13923.
166. Shanks N., Windle R.J., Perks P., Wood S., Ingram C.D., Lightman S.L. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to endotoxin is attenuated during lactation. J. Neuroendocrinol. 1999, 11:857-865.
167. Shepard J.D., Liu Y., Sassone-Corsi P., Aguilera G. Role of glucocorticoids and cAMP-mediated repression in limiting corticotropin-releasing hormone transcription during stress. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25:4073-4081.
168. Shepard J.D., Barron K.W., Myers D.A. Corticosterone delivery to the amygdala increases corticotropin-releasing factor mRNA in the central amygdaloid nucleus and anxiety-like behavior. Brain Res. 2000, 861:288-295.
169. Simerly R.B., Swanson L.W. Projections of the medial preoptic nucleus: a Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin anterograde tract-tracing study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1988, 270:209-242.
170. Slominsky A., Wortsman J., Pisarchik A., Zbytek B., Linton E.A., Mazurkiewcz J.E., Wei E.T. Cutaneous expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), urocortin, and CRH receptors. FASEB J. 2001, 15:1678-1693.
171. Stroth N., Eiden L.E. Stress hormone synthesis in mouse hypothalamus and adrenal gland triggered by restraint is dependent on pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide signaling. Neuroscience 2010, 165:1025-1030.
172. Subburaju S., Aguilera G. Vasopressin mediates mitogenic responses to adrenalectomy in the rat anterior pituitary. Endocrinology 2007, 148:3102-3110.
173. Suda T., Tozawa F., Iwai I., Sato Y., Sumitomo T., Nakano Y., Yamada M., Demura H. Neuropeptide Y increases the corticotropin-releasing factor messenger ribonucleic acid level in the rat hypothalamus. Mol. Brain Res. 1993, 18:311-315.
174. Swanson L., Sawchenko P., Lind R., Rho J.H. The CRH motoneuron: differential peptide regulation in neurons with possible synaptic, paracrine, and endocrine outputs. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1987, 512:12-23.
175. Swanson L.W., Kuypers H.G. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: cytoarchitectonic subdivisions and organization of projections to the pituitary, dorsal vagal complex, and spinal cord as demonstrated by retrograde fluorescence double-labeling methods. J. Comp. Neurol. 1980, 194:555-570.
176. Swanson L.W., Sawchenko P.E., Rivier J., Vale W.W. Organization of ovine corticotropin-releasing factor immunoreactive cells and fibers in the rat brain: an immunohistochemical study. Neuroendocrinology 1983, 36:165-186.
177. Swanson L.W., Simmons D.M. Differential steroid hormone and neural influences on peptide mRNA levels in CRH cells of the paraventricular nucleus: a hybridization histochemical study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1989, 285:413-435.
178. Takemori H., Kanematsu M., Kajimura J., Hatano O., Katoh Y., Lin X.Z., Min L., Yamazaki T., Doi J., Okamoto M. Dephosphorylation of TORC initiates expression of the StAR gene. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2007, 265-266:196-204.
179. Thompson R.H., Canteras N.S., Swanson L.W. Organization of projections from the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus: a PHA-L study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1996, 376:143-173.
180. Thompson R.H., Swanson L.W. Organization of inputs to the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus: a reexamination with Fluorogold and PHAL in the rat. Brain Res. Rev. 1998, 27:89-118.
181. Torner L., Neumann I.D. The brain prolactin system: involvement in stress response adaptations in lactation. Stress 2002, 5:249-257.
182. Trivedi P., Yu H., MacNeil D.J., Van der Ploeg L.H.T., Guan X.M. Distribution of orexin receptor mRNA in the rat brain. FEBS Lett. 1998, 438:71-75.
183. Turnbull A.V., Lee S., Rivier C. Mechanisms of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis stimulation by immune signals in the adult rat. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1998, 840:434-443.
184. Udelsman R., Harwood J.P., Millan M.A., Chrousos G.P., Goldstein D.S., Zimlichman R., Catt K.J., Aguilera G. Functional corticotropin releasing factor receptors in the primate peripheral sympathetic nervous system. Nature 1986, 319:147-150.
185. Ulrich-Lai Y.M., Herman J.P. Neural regulation of endocrine and autonomic stress responses. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2009, 10:397-409.
186. Vale W., Spiess J., Rivier C., Rivier J. Characterization of a 41-residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates secretion of corticotropin and beta-endorphin. Science 1981, 213:1394-1397.
187. Vamvakopoulos N.C., Chrousos G. Evidence of direct estrogenic regulation of human corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression. Potential implications for the sexual dimophism of the stress response and immune/inflammatory reaction. J. Clin. Invest. 1993, 92:1896-1902.
188. van den Pol A.N. The magnocellular and parvocellular paraventricular nucleus of rat: intrinsic organization. J. Comp. Neurol. 1982, 206:317-345.
189. Vertes R.P., Vertes R.P., Crane A.M., Colom L.V., Bland B.H. Ascending projections of the posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus: PHA-L analysis in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1995, 359:90-116.
190. Vyas A., Mitra R., Shankaranarayana Rao B.S., Chattarji S. Chronic stress induces contrasting patterns of dendritic remodeling in hippocampal and amygdaloid neurons. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:6810-6818.
191. Wagner C.K., Eaton M.J., Moore K.E., Lookingland K.J. Efferent projections from the region of the medial zona incerta containing A13 dopaminergic neurons: a PHA-L anterograde tract-tracing study in the rat. Brain Res. 1995, 677:229-237.
192. Wahlestedt C., Skagerberg G., Ekman R., Heilig M., Sundler F. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the area of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus activates the pituitary-adrenocortical axis in the rat. Brain Res. 1987, 417:33-38.
193. Wang B., Goode J., Best J., Meltzer J., Schilman PE., Chen J., Garza D., Thomas JB., Montminy M. The insulin-regulated CREB coactivator TORC promotes stress resistance in drosophila. Cell Metab. 2008, 7:434-444.
194. Wang W., Lufkin T. The murine Otp homeobox gene plays an essential role in the specification of neuronal cell lineages in the developing hypothalamus. Dev. Biol. 2000, 227:432-449.
195. Watts A.G., sanchez-Watts G., Liu Y., Aguilera G. The distribution of messenger RNAs encoding the three isoforms of the transducer of regulated cAMP responsive element binding protein activity in the rat forebrain. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2011, 23:754-766.
196. Watts A.G., Tanimura S., Sanchez-Watts G. Corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin gene transcription in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of unstressed rats: daily rhythms and their interactions with corticosterone. Endocrinology 2004, 145:529-540.
197. Weaver I.C.G., Cervoni N., Champagne F.A., D'Alessio A.C., Sharma S., Seckl J.R., Dymov S., Szyf M., Meaney M.J. Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nat. Neurosci. 2004, 7:847-854.
198. Weinberg M.S., Girotti M., Spencer R.L. Restraint-induced fra-2 and c-fos expression in the rat forebrain: relationship to stress duration. Neuroscience 2007, 150:478-486.
199. Whitnall M.H. Stress selectively activates the vasopressin-containing subset of corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons. Neuroendocrinology 1989, 50:702-707.
200. Windle R.J., Shanks N., Lightman S.L., Ingram C.D. Central oxytocin administration reduces stress-induced corticosterone release and anxiety behavior in rats. Endocrinology 1997, 138:2829-2834.
201. Windle R.J., Kershaw Y.M., Shanks N., Wood S.A., Lightman S.L., Ingram C.D. Oxytocin attenuates stress-induced c-fos mRNA expression in specific forebrain regions associated with modulation of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal activity. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:2974-2982.
202. Wren A., Small C., Fribbens C., Neary N., Ward H., Seal L., Ghatei M., Bloom S. The hypothalamic mechanisms of the hypophysiotropic action of ghrelin. Neuroendocrinology 2002, 76:316-324.
203. Yoshida N., Maejima Y., Sedbazar U., Ando A., Kurita H., Damdindorj B., Takano E., Gantulga D., Iwasaki Y., Kurashina T., Onaka T., Dezaki K., Nakata M., Mori M., Yada T. Stressor-responsive central nesfatin-1 activates corticotropin-releasing hormone, noradrenaline and serotonin neurons and evokes hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Aging 2010, 2:775-784.
204. Ziegler D.R., Cullinan W.E., Herman J.P. Organization and regulation of paraventricular nucleus glutamate signaling systems: N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. J. Comp. Neurol. 2005, 484:43-56.
205. Ziegler D.R., Herman J.P. Local Integration of glutamate signaling in the hypothalamic paraventricular region: regulation of glucocorticoid stress reponses. Endocrinology 2000, 141:4801-4804.