Stressor specificity of central neuroendocrine responses: Implications for stress-related disorders

Endocrine Reviews

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 502-548

  Pacák, Karel ^a,b   Palkovits, Miklós ^c,d  

^a EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE   (United States)

^c NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

^d SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY   (Hungary)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PROTEIN FOS;

ADRENERGIC SYSTEM; BLEEDING; BRAIN REGION; COLD EXPOSURE; HOMEOSTASIS; HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; IMMOBILIZATION STRESS; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM; PAIN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; STRESS;

ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE; ANIMALS; BRAIN; HUMANS; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM; NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEMS; PARAVENTRICULAR HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; STRESS;

EID: 0034887389     PISSN: 0163769X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/er.22.4.502     Document Type: Review

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214. Responses of thermosensitive preoptic and septal neurons to hippocampal and brain stem stimulation
215. Hypothalamic control of thermoregulation
216. Temperature receptors in the central nervous system
217. Properties of hypothalamic temperature sensitive and insensitive neurones
218. Cellular mechanisms of temperature sensitivity in hypothalamic neurons
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220. Responses of pontine units to skin-temperature changes in the guinea-pig
221. Central mechanism of neural activation with cold acclimation of rats using fos immunohistochemistry
222. Induction of c-fos-like protein in spinal cord neurons following sensory stimulation
223. Expression of c-fos-like protein as a marker for neuronal activity following noxious stimulation in the rat
224. Hyperthermia induce c-fos expression in the preoptic area
225. Differential stimulation of c-fos expression in hypothalamic nuclei of the rat brain during short-term heat acclimation and mild dehydration
226. Differences in Fos expression in the rat brains between cold and warm ambient exposures
227. Cold exposure elevates cellular levels of messenger ribonucleic acid encoding thyrotropin-releasing hormone in paraventricular nucleus despite elevated levels of thyroid hormones
228. Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors and pituitary adrenal responses during immobilization stress
229. CRF receptor regulation and sensitization of ACTH responses to acute ether stress during chronic immobilization stress
230. Genomic effects of cold and isolation stress on magnocellular vasopressin mRNA-containing cells in the hypothalamus of the rat
231. Paradoxical effects of adrenal steroids on the brain: Protection vs. degeneration
232. Prevention of stress-induced morphological and cognitive consequences
233. Stress-induced atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3c neurons: Involvement of glucocorticoid secretion and excitatory amino acid receptors
234. Role of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in the secretion of thyrotropin under adrenergic and cold-stimulated conditions in the rat
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238. Effects of morphine on cold-induced TRH release from the median eminence of unanesthetized rats
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240. Neuroendocrine and autonomous mechanisms underlying thermoregulation in cold environment
241. Induction of tyrosine hydroxylase in peripheral and central adrenergic neurones by cold-exposure of rats
242. Modulation of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in rat brain and adrenals by exposure to cold
243. Awareness of hypertension increases blood pressure and sympathetic responses to cold pressure test
244. Predictability of chronic intermittent stress: Effects on sympathetic-adrenal medullary responses of laboratory rats
245. Sensitization of sympathetic-adrenal medullary responses to a novel stressor in chronically stressed laboratory rats
246. Effects of continuous and intermittent cold (SART) stress on sympathoadrenal system activity in rats
247. Brain corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and catecholamine responses in acutely stressed rats
248. Effects of chronic intermittent cold stress on pituitary adrenocortical and sympathetic adrenomedullary functioning
249. Relative contribution of core and cutaneous temperatures to thermal comfort and autonomic responses in humans
250. Thermoregulatory, metabolic and sympathoadrenal responses to repeated brief exposure to cold
251. Alterations in monoamines and GABA in the ventromedial and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus following cold exposure: A reduction in noradrenaline induces hyperphagia
252. Thermoregulatory noradrenergic and serotonergic pathways to hypothalamic units
253. Changes in cold- and heat-defence following electrolytic lesions of raphe nuclei in the guinea-pig
254. Cold exposure elevates thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in medullary raphe nuclei: Relationship with vagally mediated gastric erosions
255. Hypothermia and gastric lesions in rats exposed to immobilization stress
256. Determinants of behavioral thermoregulation against heat: Thermal intensity and skin temperature levels
257. Modes of action of local hypothalamic and skin thermal stimulation on salivary secretion in rats
258. Neuronal networks controlling thermoregulatory effectors
259. Efferent neuronal organization of thermoregulatory vasomotor control
260. The organization of neuronal inputs to the medial preoptic nucleus of the rat
261. Influence of thermal stress and various agents on the brain edema formation in rats following a cryogenic brain lesion
262. Hypothalamic network for thermoregulatory vasomotor control
263. The organization preoptic-medullary circuits in the male rat: Evidence for interconnectivity of neural structures involved in reproductive behavior, antinociception and cardiovascular regulation
264. Lacrimal preganglionic neurons form a subdivision of the superior salivatory nucleus of rat: Transneuronal labelling by pseudorabies virus
265. CNS cell groups projecting to sympathetic outflow of tail artery: Neural circuits involved in heat loss in the rat
266. Endocrine and neurophysiologic responses of the pituitary to insulin-induced hypoglycemia: A review
267. Corticosteroid inhibition of ACTH secretion
268. Descending spinal pathways mediating the responses of adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase and catecholamines to insulin and 2-deoxyglucose
269. Ventromedial hypothalamic lesions in rats suppress counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia
270. Local ventromedial hypoyhalamus glucopenia triggers counter-regulatory hormone release
271. The effects of experimental hypothalamic lesions upon blood sugar
272. Glucose and osmosensitive neurones of the rat hypothalamus
273. Induction of fos-immunoreactivity in prolactin-like containing neurons of the rat lateral hypothalamus after insulin injection
274. Glucose inhibition of the glucose-sensitive neurone in the rat lateral hypothalamus
275. Induction of Fos protein in the rat hypothalamus elicited by insulin-induced hypoglycemia
276. Orexins and orexin receptors: A family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior
277. Food intake elicited by central administration of orexin/hypocrtins: Identification of hypothalamic sites of action
278. Neurons containing orexin in the lateral hypothalamic area of the adult rat brain are activated by insulin-induced acute hypoglycemia
279. Localization of insulin receptor mRNA in rat brain by in situ hybridization
280. Induction of Fos-like immunoreactivity in rat oxytocin neurons following insulin injections
281. Acute effects of hypoglycemia on hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin gene expression in the rat
282. Effect of intracerebroventricular and intravenous insulin on Fos-immunoreactivity in the rat brain
283. Insulin and glucose administration stimulates Fos expression in neurons of the paraventricular nucleus that project to autonomic preganglionic structures
284. Different effects of insulin and 2-deoxy-D-glucose administration on tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in the locus coeruleus and the adrenal medulla in rats
285. Inhibitory interactions between α2-adrenergic and opioid but not NPY mechanisms controlling the CRF-ACTH axis in the rat
286. Regulation of the adrenocortical response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia
287. The role of corticotropin-releasing factor and vasopressin in hypoglycemia-induced proopiomelanocortin gene expression in the rat anterior pituitary gland
288. Feedback- and hypoglycemia-induced regulation of secretion and synthesis of ACTH and CRF
289. Major role of 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase A pathway in corticotropin-releasing factor gene expression in the rat hypothalamus in vivo
290. Hypophysiotropic CRF neurons display a sustained immediate-early gene response to chronic stress but not to adrenalectomy
291. Hypoglycemia enhances turnover of corticotropin-releasing factor and vasopressin in the zona externa of the rat median eminence
292. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia increases proopiomelanocortin messenger ribonucleic acid levels in rat anterior pituitary gland
293. The effect of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on gene expression in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of the rat
294. Immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor in rat plasma
295. Insulin-induced hypglycemia increases corticotropin-releasing factor messenger ribonucleic acid levels in rat hypothalamus
296. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia activates the release of adrenocorticotrophin predominantly through via central and propranolol insensitive systems
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309. The insulin hypoglycemia induced inhibition of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone pulse generator activity in the rhesus monkey: Roles of vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing factor
310. Immunocytochemical evidence for direct synaptic connections between corticotrophin-releasing factor and gonadotropin-releasing hormone-containing neurons in the preoptic area of the rat
311. Hypoglycemia-induced inhibition of LH and stimulation of ACTH secretion in the rhesus monkey is blocked by alprazolam
312. Synaptic interaction between hypocretin (orexin) and neuropeptide Y cells in the rodent and primate hypothalamus: A novel circuit implicated in the metabolic and endocrine regulation
313. Interacting appetite-regulating pathways in the hypothalamic regulation of body weight
314. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue
315. Leptin activates hypothalamic CART neurons projecting to the spinal cord
316. Evidence for inhibition of leptin secretion by catecholamines in man
317. Leptin inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis response to stress
318. Hypothalamic CART is a new anorectic peptide regulated by leptin
319. Interactions between the stimulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and leptin in humans
320. Effects of hyperinsulinaemia and hypoglycaemia on circulating leptin concentrations in healthy lean males
321. Interactions between ieptin and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y neurons in the control of food intake and energy homeostasis in the rat
322. Anorexigenic cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide intensifies fear reactions in rats
323. CART peptides in the central control of feeding and interactions with neuropeptide Y
324. Orexin-induced food intake involves neuropeptide Y pathway
325. Hormonal responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in man
326. Paraventricular norepinephrine release mediates glucoprivic suppression of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion
327. Chronic stress enhances vasopressin but not corticotropin-releasing factor secretion during hypoglycemia
328. Insulin excites neurons of the area postrema and causes emesis
329. Glucose responding neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius of the rat: In vitro study
330. Acute hyperinsulinemia and its reversal by vagotomy after lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus in anesthetized rats
331. The involvement of serotonin in regulation of pituitary-adrenocortical function
332. Direct hypothalamo-autonomic connections
333. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: Cytoarchitectonic subdivisions and organization of projections to the pituitary, dorsal vagal complex and spinal cord as demonstrated by retrograde fluorescence double labeling methods
334. Interaction between descending paraventricular neurons and vagal motor neurons
335. Hypothalamic neuron projection to autonomic preganglionic levels related with glucose metabolism: A fluorescent labelling study in the rat
336. CNS cell groups projecting to pancreatic parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
337. Evidence for a direct projection from oxytocin and vasopressin neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus to the medulla oblongata: Immunohistochemical visualization of both horseradish peroxidase transported and the peptide produced by the same neurons
338. The projections of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus in the rat
339. Anatomy of neural pathways affecting CRH secretion
340. Prior immobilization stress alters adrenal hormone responses to hemorrhage in rats
341. Potentiation of hormonal responses to hemorrhage and fasting, but not hypoglycemia in conscious adrenalectomized rats
342. Responses of ACTH, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cardiovascular system to hemorrhage
343. Potentiation of hemorrhage-evoked catecholamine release by prior blood loss in cats
344. Effect of rate of hemorrhage on sympathoadrenal catecholamine release in cats
345. Nutritional status and endocrine response to hemorrhage
346. Gehirn und sympathicus. VII. Mitteilung, ueber beziehungen der hypothalamuszentren zu blutdruck und innerer sekretion
347. Anteroventral hypothalamus and hemorrhagic shock: Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses
348. Functional and anatomical organization of cardiovascular pressor and depressor sites in the lateral hypothalamic area. I. Descending projections
349. Spatially and temporally differentiated patterns of c-fos expression in brainstem catecholaminergic cell groups induced by cardiovascular challenges in the rat
350. C-fos expression and electrolytic lesions studies reveal activation of the posterior region of locus coeruleus during hemorrhage induced by hypotension
351. Apparent dissociation of adrenocorticotropin and corticosteroid responses to 15 ml/kg hemorrhage in conscious dogs
352. Adrenal sensitivity to adrenocorticotropin in normovolemic and hypovolemic conscious dogs
353. Medullary lesions eliminate ACTH responses to hypotensive hemorrhage
354. The organization of projections from the cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus to the nucleus if the solitary tract in the rat
355. Glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity in C1, C2 and C3 adrenergic neurons that project to the hypothalamus or to the spinal cord in the rat
356. Central control of the circulation by the rostral ventrolateral reticular nucleus, anatomical substrates
357. Reticulospinal vasomotor neurons of the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL), relationship to sympathetic nerve activity and the C1 adrenergic cell group
358. Ascending brain-stem noradrenergic pathways modulate the renin response to haemorhage
359. Effect of posterior hypothalamic knife cuts on the baroflex and hemorrhage-induced hormonal responses
360. Ascending noradrenergic projections from the brainstem: Evidence for a major role in the regulation of blood pressure and vasopressin secretion
361. Expression of fos-like protein in brain following sustained hypertension and hypotension in conscious rabbits
362. A comparison of hypotensive and non-hypotensive hemorrhage on Fos expression in spinally projecting neurons of the paraventricular nucleus and rostral ventrolateral medulla
363. Rostral ventrolateral medulla: Selective projections to the thoracic autonomic cell column from the region containing C1 adrenaline neurons
364. Adrenaline synthesizing neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla: A possible role in vasomotor control
365. Neurons in the hypothaiamic paraventricular nucleus that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla are activated by haemorrhage
366. Role of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in cardiovascular regulation
367. Activation by hypotension of neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus that project to the brainstem
368. Changes in blood volume and pressure induce c-fos expression in brainstem neurons that project to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
369. Hemorrhage induces Fos immunoreactivity in rat medullary catecholaminergic neurons
370. C-fos expression as a marker of central cardiovascular neurons
371. Hemodynamic regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase messenger RNA in medullary catecholamine neurons: A c-fos-guided hybridization histochemical study
372. Role of vasopressin release in acutely altered baroreflex sensitivity during hemorrhage in rats
373. Role of endogenous angiotensin II in the control of vasopressin secretion during hypovolemia and hypotension in conscious rabbits
374. Comparison of carotid baroreflex control of plasma AVP concentration in concscious and anesthetized dogs
375. Distribution of hypothalamic, medullary and lamina termmalis neurons expressing Fos after hemorrhage in conscious rats
376. The relationship of efferent projections from the area postrema to vagal motor and brain stem catecholamine-containing cell groups: An axonal transport and immunohistochemical study in the rat
377. Evidence for multifactor regulation of the adrenocorticotropin secretory response to hemodynamic stimuli
378. Fed, but not fasted, adrenalectomized rats survive the stress of hemorrhage and hypovolemia
379. Hypotensive hemorrhage elevates corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) but not vasopressin mRNA in the rat hypothalamus
380. Absence of glucocorticoid negative feedback to moderate hemorrhage in conscious rats
381. Locus coeruleus noradrenergic modulation of the pituitary-adrenocortical responses to hemorrhage and novel environment in awake rats
382. Paraventricular lesions: Hormonal and cardiovascular responses to hemorrhage
383. Expression of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), urocortin and CRF type 1 receptors in hypothalamic-hypophyseal systems under osmotic stimulation
384. Hemorrhage-induced vasopressin release in paraventricular nucleus measured by in vivo microdialysis
385. Exracellular oxytocin in the paraventricular nucleus: Hyperosmotic stimulation by in vivo microdialysis
386. Vasopressin release within the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the rat brain: Osmotic stimulation via microdialysis
387. Hemorrhage-induced secretion of corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity into the rat hypophysial portal circulation and its inhibition by glucocorticoids
388. Interaction of osmotic and volume stimuli in regulation of neurohypophyseal secretion in rats
389. Different pattern of prolactin release under various acute stress stimuli in rats
390. Prolactin response to immobilization stress and hemorrhage: The effect of hypothalamic deafferentations and posterior pituitary denervation
391. Vasopressin: An essential pressor factor for blood pressure recovery following hemorrhage
392. Pituitary-adrenal responses to repeated small hemorrhage in conscious dogs
393. Adrenal medullary responses to repeated hemorrhage in conscious dogs
394. Decreases in arterial pressure activate oxytocin neurons in conscious rats
395. Effects of acute hypotensive hemorrhage on arginine vasopressin gene transcription in the rat brain
396. c-Fos expression in vasopressin and oxytocin neurons reveals functional heterogeneity within magnocellular neurons
397. The supraoptic nuclei in vasopressin and hemodynamic responses to hemorrhage in rats
398. Catecholamine release in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in response to haemorrhage, desipramine and potassium
399. Central nervous system norepinephrine release during hypotension and hyperosmolality in conscious rats
400. Alterations of locus coeruleus noradrenergic activity in relation to pituitary secretion after hemorrhage in cats
401. Release of norepmephrine from the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus of hypertensive rats
402. Hemorrhage-induced release of noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytyptamine and uric acid in the supraoptic nucleus of the rat, measure by microdialysis
403. Al-adrenergic receptor activation releases vasopressin and oxytocin from perfused hypothalamic explants
404. Electrophysiological evidence that noradrenergic afferents selectively facilitate the activity of supraoptic vasopressin neurons
405. Noradrenergic turnover increases in locus coeruleus after hemorrhage in cats
406. The kidneys stimulate vasopressin release during hemorrhage in rats with chronic NTS lesions
407. Inhibiting the rabbit caudal ventrolateral medulla prevents the baroreceptor-initiated secretion of vasopressin
408. Lesions of A1 noradrenergic cells affect AVP release and heart rate during hemorrhage
409. Inhibition of the A1 area prevents hemorrhage-induced secretion of vasopressin in rats
410. Rat vasopressin cell responses to stimulated hemorrhage: Stimulus-dependent role for A1 noradrenergic neurons
411. Initiation of rat vasopressin cell responses to stimulated hypotensive hemorrhage
412. Regulation of the adrenocortical axis: Hypophysiotropic coding, catecholamines and glucocorticoids
413. Expression of angiotensin type-1 (AT1) and type-2 (AT2) receptor mRNAs in the adult rat brain: A functional neuroanatomical review
414. Functions of angiotensin II in the central nervous system
415. Intravenous angiotensin II induces Fos-immunoreactivity in circumventricular organs of the lamina terminalis
416. Preoptic neuronal circuit: Atrial natriuretic peptide-containing neurons are sensitive to acute and chronic alterations in body fluid homeostasis
417. Transection of subfornical organ connections diminishes the pressor response to intravenously infused angiotensin II
418. Angiotensin II immunoreactivity in the neuronal afferents and efferents of the subfornical organ of the rat
419. Differential recruitment of hypothalamic neuroendocrine and ventrolateral medulla catecholamine cells by non-hypotensive and hypotensive hemorrhages
420. Long-term control of arterial blood pressure
421. Neurons (presumably A1 cells) projecting from the caudal ventrolateral medulla to the region of the supraoptic nucleus respond to baroreceptor inputs in the rabbit
422. Persisting sensitization of the behavioural response to formalin- induced injury in the rat through activation of serotonin2A receptors
423. Corticotrophin release induced by injection of formalin in rats with hemisection of the spinal cord
424. Afferent pathways of stressful stimuli: Their dependence on strength and the time elapsed after the onset of stimulation
425. The role of ascending neuronal pathways in stress-induced release of noradrenaline in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of rats
426. Pituitary-adrenocortical responses to persistent noxious stimuli in the awake rat: Endogenous corticosterone does not reduce nociception in the formalin test
427. Subcutaneous formalin-induced activity of dorsal horn neurones in the rat: Differential response to an intrathecal opiate administered pre or post formalin
428. Kainate GluR5 receptor subtype mediates the nociceptive response to formalin in the rat
429. The antinociceptive action of supraspinal opioids results from an increase in descending inhibitory control: Correlation of nociceptive behavior and c-fos expression
430. Systemic morphine suppresses noxious stimulus-evoked fos protein-like immunoreactivity in the rat spinal cord
431. Effects of descending inhibitory systems on the c-Fos expression in the rat spinal cord during formalin-induced noxious stimulation
432. Fos-like immunoreactivity in the rat superficial dorsal horn induced by formalin injection in the forepaw: Effects of dorsal rhizotomies
433. Activation of brainstem catecholaminergic neurons by conditioned and unconditioned aversive stimuli as revealed by c-Fos immunoreactivity
434. Peripheral and spinal mechanisms of nociception
435. Neurotransmitters in nociceptive modulatory circuits
436. The origin of spinomesencephalic tract in the rat: An anatomical study using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase
437. Spinal neuronal collaterals to the intralaminar thalamic nuclei and periaqueductal gray
438. Spinal serotonin receptors mediate descending facilitation of a nociceptive reflex from the nuclei reticularis gigantocellularis and gigantocellularis pars α in the rat
439. 5-Hydroxytryptamine-facilitated release of substance P from rat spinal cord slices is mediated by nitric oxide and cyclic GMP
440. Antinociception following opioid stimulation of the basolateral amygdala is expressed through the periaqueductal gray and rostral ventromedial medulla
441. Differential distribution of Fos-like immunoreactivity in the spinal trigeminal nucleus after noxious and innocuous thermal and chemical stimulation of rat cornea
442. Differential steroid hormone and neural influences on peptide mRNA levels in CRH cells of the paraventricular nucleus: A hybridization histochemical study in the rat
443. Central catecholaminergic system stimulates secretion of CRH at different sites
444. CRF-containing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: Regulation, especially by catecholamines
445. Synaptic interactions of vagal afferents and catecholaminergic neurons in the rat nucleus solitarius
446. Afferent projections to the rat locus coeruleus as determined by a retrograde tracing method
447. Expression of c-fos protein in interneurons and projection neurons of the rat spinal cord in response to noxious somatic, articular and visceral stimulation
448. Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the baroreceptor reflex arc: Connections between the nucleus of the solitary tract and the ventrolateral medulla oblongata in the rat
449. Biochemical mapping of noradrenergic nerves arising from the rat locus coeruleus
450. Afferent brain stem connections of the central amygdaloid nucleus
451. Alterations in corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in discrete rat brain regions after acute and chronic stress
452. Corticotropin-releasing hormone increases tonic but not sensory-evoked activity of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons in unanesthetized rats
453. Glucocorticoid receptor-immunoreactivity in corticotrophin-releasing factor afferents to the locus coeruleus
454. Nociceptive projection from tooth-pulp to the lateral hypothalamus in rats
455. Anterior pituitary response to stress: Time-related changes and adaptation
456. Mechanisms by which stressful stimuli activate the pituitary-adrenal system
457. Effect of stress on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis: Peripheral and central mechanisms
458. Gender specificity in the neural regulation of the response to stress: New leads from classical paradigms
459. The neuroendocrine system: Anatomy, physiology and responses to stress
460. Mechanisms of stress: A dynamic overview of hormonal and behavioral homeostasis
461. Effects of psychological stress on male reproduction: A review
462. The neuroendocrinology of stress: Its relation to the hormonal milieu, growth, and development
463. On the role of immunological factors as mediators between psychosocial factors and cancer progression
464. The endocrinology of melancholic and atypical depression: Relation to neurocircuitry and somatic consequences
465. Antidepressants and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical regulation
466. Overproduction of corticotropin-releasing factor in transgenic mice: A genetic model of anxiogenic behavior
467. The rationale for corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor (CRH-R) antagonists to treat depression and anxiety
468. Long-term antidepressant treatment reduces behavioural deficits in transgenic mice with impaired glucocorticoid receptor function
469. Reduced activity of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons in transgenic mice with impaired glucocorticoid receptor function
470. Cytokines for psychologists: Implications of bidirectional immune-to-brain communication for understanding behavior, mood, and cognition
471. Activation of the locus ceruleus brain noradrenergic system during stress: Circuitry, consequences, and regulation
472. Interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the female reproductive system: Clinical implications
473. Biochemical switching in hypothalamic circuits mediating responses to stress
474. Distinct mechanisms underline activation of hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons and their medullary catecholaminergic afferents in categorically different stress paradigms
475. Stress update: Adaptation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to chronic stress
476. Glucocorticoids, stress, and behavior: Shifting the timeframe
477. Plasticity in the stress-regulating circuit: Decreased input from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in Wistar rats following adrenalectomy
478. Brain neurocircuitry of anxiety and fear: Implications for clinical research and practice
479. Blockade of lipopolysaccharide-induced fever by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy in guinea pigs
480. Spinal systems and pain processing: Development of novel analgesic drugs with mechanistically defined models
481. Stereospecific effects of a nonpeptidic NK1 selective antagonist, CP-96,345: Antinociception in the absence of motor dysfunction
482. Effects of intrathecal NMDA and non-NMDA antagonists on acute thermal nociception and their interaction with morphine
483. Effect of COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition on induction and maintenance of carrageenan-evoked thermal hyperalgesia in rats
484. Medications development for the treatment of pregnant addicts and their infants
485. Inhibition of hyperalgesia by ablation of lamina I spinal neurons expressing the substance P receptor
486. Stress proteins and myocardial protection
487. Expression and function of stress proteins in the ischemic heart
488. Stress-axis, coping and dementia: Gene-manipulation studies
489. Corticotropin-releasing hormone deficiency reveals major fetal but not adult glucocoticoid need
490. PET radiopharmaceuticals: State-of-the-art and future prospects
491. Lecons sur les phenomenones de la vie communs aux animaux et aux vegetaux
492. Stress, arousal, and the pituitary-adrenal system: A psychoendocrine hypothesis
493. Behavioral factors in hypertension
494. Glucocorticoid physiology, pharmacology, and stress
495. What is stress?