Association between hippocampal volume and P300 event related potential in psychosis: Support for the Kraepelinian divide

NeuroImage

Volumn 59, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 997-1003

  Dutt, Anirban ^a   Ganguly, Taposhri ^a   Shaikh, Madiha ^a   Walshe, Muriel ^a   Schulze, Katja ^a   Marshall, Nicolette ^a   Constante, Miguel ^a   McDonald, Colm ^b   Murray, Robin M ^a   Allin, Matthew P G ^a   Bramon, Elvira ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Endophenotypes; ERP; Hippocampus; MRI; P300; Psychosis

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AFFECTIVE PSYCHOSIS; ARTICLE; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN REGION; BRAIN SIZE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; FEMALE; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; LATENT PERIOD; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NON AFFECTIVE PSYCHOSIS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; RELATIVE;

ADULT; AGED; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS, P300; FEMALE; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; ORGAN SIZE; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; STATISTICS AS TOPIC; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 83055172710     PISSN: 10538119     EISSN: 10959572     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.08.067     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Altshuler L.L., Bartzokis G., Grieder T., Curran J., Mintz J. Amygdala enlargement in bipolar disorder and hippocampal reduction in schizophrenia: an MRI study demonstrating neuroanatomic specificity. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1998, 55:663-664.
2. Altshuler L.L., Bartzokis G., Grieder T., Curran J., Jimenez T., Leight K., Wilkins J., Gerner R., Mintz J. An MRI study of temporal lobe structures in men with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 2000, 48:147-162.
3. Badner J.A., Gershon E.S. Meta-analysis of whole-genome linkage scans of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 2002, 7:405-411.
4. Barbui C., Kikkert M., Mazzik M.A., Becker T., Bindman J., Schene A., Nosè M., Helm H., Thornicroft G., Tansella M. Comparison of patient and clinician perspectives in the assessment of antipsychotic medication adherence. Psychopathology 2009, 42:311-317.
5. Bellani M., Marzi C.A., Savazzi S., Perlini C., Cerruti S., Ferro A., Marinelli V., Sponda S., Rambaldelli G., Tansella M., Brambilla P. Laterality effects in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Exp. Brain Res. 2010, 201:339-344.
6. Benes F.M. Evidence for altered trisynaptic circuitry in schizophrenic hippocampus. Biol. Psychiatry 1999, 46:589-599.
7. Blackwood D.H., St Clair D.M., Muir W.J., Duffy J.C. Auditory P300 and eye tracking dysfunction in schizophrenic pedigrees. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1991, 48:899-909.
8. Bogerts B. The temporolimbic system theory of positive schizophrenic symptoms. Schizophr. Bull. 1997, 23:423-435.
9. Bramon E., Sham P.C. The common genetic liability between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a review. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 2001, 3:332-337.
10. Bramon E., Rabe-Hesketh S., Sham P., Murray R.M., Frangou S. Meta-analysis of the P300 and P50 waveforms in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2004, 70:315-329.
11. Bramon E., McDonald C., Croft R.J., Landau S., Filbey F., Gruzelier J.H., Sham P.C., Frangou S., Murray R.M. Is the P300 wave an endophenotype for schizophrenia? A meta-analysis and a family study. NeuroImage 2005, 27:960-968.
12. Bramon E., Dempster E., Frangou S., McDonald C., Schoenberg P., MacCabe J.H., Walshe M., Sham P., Collier D., Murray R.M. Is there an association between the COMT gene and P300 endophenotypes?. Eur. Psychiatry 2006, 21:70-73.
13. Bramon E., Shaikh M., Broome M., Lappin J., Bergé D., Day F., Woolley J., Tabraham P., Madre M., Johns L., Howes O., Valmaggia L., Pérez V., Sham P., Murray R.M., McGuire P. Abnormal P300 in people with high risk of developing psychosis. NeuroImage 2008, 41:553-560.
14. Bramon E., Dempster E., Frangou S., Shaikh M., Walshe M., Filbey F.M., McDonald C., Sham P., Collier D.A., Murray R. Neuregulin-1 and the P300 waveform - a preliminary association study using a psychosis endophenotype. Schizophr. Res. 2008, 103:178-185.
15. Buehlmann E., Berger G.E., Aston J., Gschwandtner U., Pflueger M.O., Borgwardt S.J., Radue E.W., Riecher-Rössler A. Hippocampus abnormalities in at risk mental states for psychosis? A cross-sectional high resolution region of interest magnetic resonance imaging study. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2010, 44:447-453.
16. Cannon T.D. The inheritance of intermediate phenotypes for schizophrenia. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry 2005, 18:135-140.
17. Cannon T.D., Keller M.C. Endophenotypes in the genetic analyses of mental disorders. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 2006, 2:267-290.
18. Cannon M., Caspi A., Moffitt T.E., Harrington H., Taylor A., Murray R.M., Poulton R. Evidence for early-childhood, pan-developmental impairment specific to schizophreniform disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2002, 59:449-456.
19. Cardno A.G., Rijsdijk F.V., Sham P.C., Murray R.M., McGuffin P. A twin study of genetic relationships between psychotic symptoms. Am. J. Psychiatry 2002, 159:539-545.
20. Casanova M.F. The temporolimbic system theory of paranoid schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1997, 23:513-515.
21. Chakos M.H., Schobel S.A., Gu H., Gerig G., Bradford D., Charles C., Lieberman J.A. Duration of illness and treatment effects on hippocampal volume in male patients with schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 2005, 186:26-31.
22. Coburn K.L., Shillcutt S.D., Tucker K.A., Estes K.M., Brin F.B., Merai P., Moore N.C. P300 delay and attenuation in schizophrenia: reversal by neuroleptic medication. Biol. Psychiatry 1998, 44:466-474.
23. Craddock N., O'Donovan M.C., Owen M.J. Genes for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder? Implications for psychiatric nosology. Schizophr. Bull. 2006, 32:9-16.
24. Crow T.J. Left brain, retrotransposons, and schizophrenia. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.) 1986, 293:3-4.
25. Donchin E., Coles M.G.H. Is the P300 component a manifestation of context updating?. Behav. Brain Sci. 1988, 11:357-374.
26. Dutt A., McDonald C., Dempster E., Prata D., Shaikh M., Williams I., Schulze K., Marshall N., Walshe M., Allin M., Collier D., Murray R., Bramon E. The effect of COMT, BDNF, 5-HTT, NRG1 and DTNBP1 genes on hippocampal and lateral ventricular volume in psychosis. Psychol. Med. 2009, 39:1783-1797.
27. Ebner F., Tepest R., Dani I., Pfeiffer U., Schulze T.G., Rietschel M., Maier W., Träber F., Block W., Schild H.H., Wagner M., Steinmetz H., Gaebel W., Honer W.G., Schneider-Axmann T., Falkai P. The hippocampus in families with schizophrenia in relation to obstetric complications. Schizophr. Res. 2008, 104:71-78.
28. Endicott J., Spitzer R.L. A diagnostic interview: the schedule for affective-disorders and schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1978, 35:837-844.
29. Ferger W.F. The nature and use of the harmonic mean. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1931, 26:36-40.
30. Flor-Henry P. Psychosis and temporal lobe epilepsy: a controlled investigation. Epilepsia 1969, 10:363-395.
31. Frangou S., Sharma T., Alarcon G., Sigmudsson T., Takei N., Binnie C., Murray R.M. The Maudsley Family Study, II: endogenous event-related potentials in familial schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 1997, 23:45-53.
32. Frangou S., Sharma T., Sigmudsson T., Barta P., Pearlson G., Murray R.M. The Maudsley Family Study. 4. Normal planum temporale asymmetry in familial schizophrenia. A volumetric MRI study. Br. J. Psychiatry 1997, 170:328-333.
33. Fushimi M., Matsubuchi N., Sekine A. Progression of P300 in a patient with bilateral hippocampal lesions. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2005, 116:625-631.
34. Glassman R.B. A "theory of relativity" for cognitive elasticity of time and modality dimensions supporting constant working memory capacity: involvement of harmonics among ultradian clocks?. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2000, 24:163-182.
35. Gonul A.S., Suer C., Coburn K., Ozesmi C., Oguz A., Yilmaz A. Effects of olanzapine on auditory P300 in schizophrenia. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2003, 27:173-177.
36. Gothelf D., Soreni N., Nachman R.P., Tyano S., Hiss Y., Reiner O., Weizman A. Evidence for the involvement of the hippocampus in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2000, 10:389-395.
37. Gottesman I.I., Gould T.D. The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am. J. Psychiatry 2003, 160:636-645.
38. ICE is associated with lower hippocampal volumes in schizophrenic patients and in non-affected family members. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2008, 43:1-6.
39. Halgren E., Squires N.K., Wilson C.L., Rohrbaugh J.W., Babb T.L., Crandall P.H. Endogenous potentials generated in the human hippocampal formation and amygdala by infrequent events. Science 1980, 210:803-805.
40. Hall M.H., Schulze K., Rijsdijk F., Kalidindi S., McDonald C., Bramon E., Murray R.M., Sham P. Are auditory P300 and duration MMN heritable and putative endophenotypes of psychotic bipolar disorder? A Maudsley bipolar twin and family study. Psychol. Med. 2009, 39:1277-1287.
41. Harrison P.J. The neuropathology of schizophrenia: a critical review of the data and their interpretation. Brain 1999, 122:593-624.
42. Harrison P.J. The hippocampus in schizophrenia: a review of the neuropathological evidence and its pathophysiological implications. Psychopharmacology 2004, 174:151-162.
43. Hirayasu Y., Shenton M.E., Salisbury D.F., Dickey C.C., Fischer I.A., Mazzoni P., Kisler T., Arakaki H., Kwon J.S., Anderson J.E., Yurgelun-Todd D., Tohen M., McCarley R.W. Lower left temporal lobe MRI volumes in patients with first-episode schizophrenia compared with psychotic patients with first-episode affective disorder and normal subjects. Am. J. Psychiatry 1998, 155:1384-1391.
44. Honea R., Crow T.J., Passingham D., Mackay C.E. Regional deficits in brain volume in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies. Am. J. Psychiatry 2005, 162:2233-2245.
45. Hurlemann R., Jessen F., Wagner M., Frommann I., Ruhrmann S., Brockhaus A., Picker H., Scheef L., Block W., Schild H.H., Moller-Hartmann W., Krug B., Falkai P., Klosterkotter J., Maier W. Interrelated neuropsychological and anatomical evidence of hippocampal pathology in the at-risk mental state. Psychol. Med. 2008, 38:843-851.
46. Jasper H.A. The ten-twenty system of the international federation. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1958, 10:371-375.
47. Jeon Y.W., Polich J. Meta-analysis of P300 and schizophrenia: patients, paradigms, and practical implications. Psychophysiology 2003, 405:684-701.
48. Jones P., Rodgers B., Murray R., Marmot M. Child development risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet 1994, 344:1398-1402.
49. Ketter T.A., Wang P.W., Becker O.V., Nowakowska C., Yang Y. Psychotic bipolar disorders: dimensionally similar to or categorically different from schizophrenia?. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2004, 38:47-61.
50. Kidogami Y., Yoneda H., Esaba H., Sakai T. P300 and first degree relatives of schizophrenics. Schizophr. Res. 1991, 6:9-13.
51. Kiehl K.A., Laurens K.R., Duty T.L., Forster B.B., Liddle P.F. Neural sources involved in auditory target detection and novelty processing: an event-related fMRI study. Psychophysiology 2001, 38:133-142.
52. Kramer A.F., Strayer D.L. Assessing the development of automatic processing: an application of dual-task and event-related brain potential methodologies. Biol. Psychol. 1988, 26:231-267.
53. Lawrie S.M., Abukmeil S.S. Brain abnormality in schizophrenia. A systematic and quantitative review of volumetric magnetic resonance imaging studies. Br. J. Psychiatry 1998, 172:110-120.
54. Leuthold H., Sommer W. Postperceptual effects and P300 latency. Psychophysiology 1998, 35:34-46.
55. Lieberman J.A., Tollefson G.D., Charles C., Zipursky R., Sharma T., Kahn R.S., Keefe R.S., Green A.I., Gur R.E., McEvoy J., Perkins D., Hamer R.M., Gu H., Tohen M. Antipsychotic drug effects on brain morphology in first-episode psychosis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2005, 62:361-370. HGDH Study Group.
56. Ludowig E., Bien C.G., Elger C.E., Rosburg T. Two P300 generators in the hippocampal formation. Hippocampus 2010, 20:86-95.
57. Maier W. Common risk genes for affective and schizophrenic psychoses. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2008, s37-s40. (Suppl.).
58. Massana G., Salgado-Pineda P., Junqué C., Perez M., Baeza I., Pons A., Massana J., Navarro V., Blanch J., Morer A., Mercader J.M., Bernardo M. Volume changes in gray matter in first-episode neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients treated with risperidone. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2005, 25:111-117.
59. Mathalon D.H., Hoffman R.E., Watson T.D., Miller R.M., Roach B.J., Ford J.M. Neurophysiological distinction between schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Front. Hum. Neurosci 2010, 10.3389/neuro.09.070.2009.
60. McCarley R.W., Shenton M.E., O'Donnell B.F., Faux S.F., Kikinis R., Nestor P.G., Jolesz F.A. Auditory P300 abnormalities and left posterior superior temporal gyrus volume reduction in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1993, 50:190-197.
61. McCarley R.W., Salisbury D.F., Hirayasu Y., Yurgelun-Todd D.A., Tohen M., Zarate C., Kikinis R., Jolesz F.A., Shenton M.E. Association between smaller left posterior superior temporal gyrus volume on magnetic resonance imaging and smaller left temporal P300 amplitude in first-episode schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2002, 59:321-331.
62. McDonald C., Grech A., Toulopoulou T., Schulze K., Chapple B., Sham P., Walshe M., Sharma T., Sigmundsson T., Chitnis X., Murray R.M. Brain volumes in familial and non-familial schizophrenic probands and their unaffected relatives. Am. J. Med. Genet. Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 2002, 114:616-625.
63. McDonald C., Marshall N., Sham P.C., Bullmore E.T., Schulze K., Chapple B., Bramon E., Filbey F., Quraishi S., Walshe M., Murray R.M. Regional brain morphometry in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and their unaffected relatives. Am. J. Psychiatry 2006, 163:478-487.
64. Meisenzahl E.M., Koutsouleris N., Bottlender R., Scheuerecker J., Jäger M., Teipel S.J., Holzinger S., Frodl T., Preuss U., Schmitt G., Burgermeister B., Reiser M., Born C., Möller H.J. Structural brain alterations at different stages of schizophrenia: a voxel-based morphometric study. Schizophr. Res. 2008, 104:44-60.
65. Milner B. The medial temporal-lobe amnesic syndrome. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 2005, 28:599-611.
66. Molina V., Sanz J., Muñoz F., Casado P., Hinojosa J.A., Sarramea F., Martín-Loeches M. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex contribution to abnormalities of the P300 component of the event-related potential in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2005, 140:17-26.
67. Molina V., Reig S., Sanz J., Palomo T., Benito C., Sanchez J., Pascau J., Desco M. Changes in cortical volume with olanzapine in chronic schizophrenia. Pharmacopsychiatry 2007, 40:135-139.
68. Muir W.J., St Clair D.M., Blackwood D.H. Long-latency auditory event-related potentials in schizophrenia and in bipolar and unipolar affective disorder. Psychol. Med. 1991, 214:867-879.
69. Murray R.M., Sham P., Van Os J., Zanelli J., Cannon M., McDonald C. A developmental model for similarities and dissimilarities between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr. Res. 2004, 71:405-416.
70. Nakajima Y., Hattori T., Mizuno Y. Absence of P300 in patients with bilateral hippocampal lesions caused by herpes simplex encephalitis. Nō to shinkei 1995, 47:270-275.
71. Niemann K., Hammers A., Coenen V.A., Thron A., Klosterkötter J. Evidence of a smaller left hippocampus and left temporal horn in both patients with first episode schizophrenia and normal control subjects. Psychiatry Res. 2000, 99:93-110.
72. Polich J. Updating P300: an integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2007, 118:2128-2148.
73. Prasad K.M., Keshavan M.S. Structural cerebral variations as useful endophenotypes in schizophrenia: do they help construct 'extended endophenotypes'?. Schizophr. Bull. 2008, 34:774-790.
74. Price G.W., Michie P.T., Johnston J., Innes-Brown H., Kent A., Clissa P., Jablensky A.V. A multivariate electrophysiological endophenotype, from a unitary cohort, shows greater research utility than any single feature in the Western Australian family study of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 2006, 601:1-10.
75. Price G., Cercignani M., Parker G.J., Altmann D.R., Barnes T.R., Barker G.J., Joyce E.M., Ron M.A. Abnormal brain connectivity in first-episode psychosis: a diffusion MRI tractography study of the corpus callosum. NeuroImage 2007, 35:458-466.
76. Rametti G., Segarra N., Junqué C., Bargalló N., Caldú X., Ibarretxe N., Bernardo M. Left posterior hippocampal density reduction using VBM and stereological MRI procedures in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2007, 96:62-71.
77. Reichenberg A., Weiser M., Rabinowitz J., Caspi A., Schmeidler J., Mark M., Kaplan Z., Davidson M. A population-based cohort study of premorbid intellectual, language, and behavioral functioning in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and nonpsychotic bipolar disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 2002, 159:2027-2035.
78. Roth W.T., Cannon E.H. Some features of the auditory evoked response in schizophrenics. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1972, 274:466-471.
79. Scherk H., Falkai P. Effects of antipsychotics on brain structure. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry 2006, 19:145-150.
80. Schulze K., McDonald C., Frangou S., Sham P., Grech A., Toulopoulou T., Walshe M., Sharma T., Sigmundsson T., Taylor M., Murray R.M. Hippocampal volume in familial and nonfamilial schizophrenic probands and their unaffected relatives. Biol. Psychiatry 2003, 53:562-570.
81. Schulze K.K., Hall M.H., McDonald C., Marshall N., Walshe M., Murray R.M., Bramon E. Auditory P300 in patients with bipolar disorder and their unaffected relatives. Bipolar Disord. 2008, 103:377-386.
82. Seidman L.J., Faraone S.V., Goldstein J.M., Kremen W.S., Horton N.J., Makris N., Toomey R., Kennedy D., Caviness V.S., Tsuang M.T. Left hippocampal volume as a vulnerability indicator for schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging morphometric study of nonpsychotic first-degree relatives. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2002, 59:839-849.
83. Semlitsch H.V., Anderer P., Schuster P., Presslich O. A solution for reliable and valid reduction of ocular artifacts, applied to the P300 ERP. Psychophysiology 1986, 23:695-703.
84. Sham P.C., Morton N.E., Muir W.J., Walker M., Collins A., Shields D.C., St Clair D.M., Blackwood D.H. Segregation analysis of complex phenotypes: an application to schizophrenia and auditory P300 latency. Psychiatr. Genet. 1994, 4:29-38.
85. Shenton M.E., Dickey C.C., Frumin M., McCarley R.W. A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2001, 49:1-52.
86. Smith M.E., Halgren E., Sokolik M., Baudena P., Musolino A., Liegeois-Chauvel C., Chauvel P. The intracranial topography of the P3 event-related potential elicited during auditory oddball. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1990, 763:235-248.
87. Strakowski S.M., DelBello M.P., Sax K.W., Zimmerman M.E., Shear P.K., Hawkins J.M., Larson E.R. Brain magnetic resonance imaging of structural abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1999, 1999(56):254-260.
88. Styner M., Lieberman J.A., McClure R.K., Weinberger D.R., Jones D.W., Gerig G. Morphometric analysis of lateral ventricles in schizophrenia and healthy controls regarding genetic and disease-specific factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2005, 102:4872-4877.
89. Sutton S., Braren M., Zubin J. Evoked-potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty. Science 1965, 150:1187-1188.
90. Thoma R.J., Monnig M., Hanlon F.M., Miller G.A., Petropoulos H., Mayer A.R., Yeo R., Euler M., Lysne P., Moses S.N., Cañive J.M. Hippocampus volume and episodic memory in schizophrenia. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 2009, 15:182-195.
91. Toulopoulou T., Grech A., Morris R.G., Schulze K., McDonald C., Chapple B., Rabe-Hesketh S., Murray R.M. The relationship between volumetric brain changes and cognitive function: a family study on schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 2004, 56:447-453.
92. Turetsky B.I., Calkins M.E., Light G.A., Olincy A., Radant A.D., Swerdlow N.R. Neurophysiological endophenotypes of schizophrenia: the viability of selected candidate measures. Schizophr. Bull. 2007, 33:69-94.
93. Velakoulis D., Wood S.J., Wong M.T., McGorry P.D., Yung A., Phillips L., Smith D., Brewer W., Proffitt T., Desmond P., Pantelis C. Hippocampal and amygdala volumes according to psychosis stage and diagnosis: a magnetic resonance imaging study of chronic schizophrenia, first-episode psychosis, and ultra-high-risk individuals. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2006, 63:139-149.
94. Vickrey B.G., Hays R.D., Rausch R., Sutherling W.W., Engel J., Brook R.H. Quality of life of epilepsy surgery patients as compared with outpatients with hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, and/or depressive symptoms. Epilepsia 1994, 35:597-607.
95. Vinogradova O.S. Hippocampus as comparator: role of the two input and two output systems of the hippocampus in selection and registration of information. Hippocampus 2001, 11:578-598.
96. Walker M.A., Highley J.R., Esiri M.M., McDonald B., Roberts H.C., Evans S.P., Crow T.J. Estimated neuronal populations and volumes of the hippocampus and its subfields in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 2002, 159:821-828.
97. Walterfang M., Wood S.J., Velakoulis D., Pantelis C. Neuropathological, neurogenetic and neuroimaging evidence for white matter pathology in schizophrenia. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2006, 30:918-948.
98. Wang P.W., Ketter T.A. Biology and recent brain imaging studies in affective psychoses. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 2000, 2:298-304.
99. Weinberger D.R. Cell biology of the hippocampal formation in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 1999, 45:395-402.
100. White T., Kendi A.T., Lehéricy S., Kendi M., Karatekin C., Guimaraes A., Davenport N., Schulz S.C., Lim K.O. Disruption of hippocampal connectivity in children and adolescents with schizophrenia - a voxel-based diffusion tensor imaging study. Schizophr. Res. 2007, 90:302-307.
101. Wood C.C., Allison T., Goff W.R., Williamson P.D., Spencer D.D. On the neural origin of P300 in man. Prog. Brain Res. 1980, 54:51-56.
102. Wood S.J., Kennedy D., Phillips L.J., Seal M.L., Yücel M., Nelson B., Yung A.R., Jackson G., McGorry P.D., Velakoulis D., Pantelis C. Hippocampal pathology in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis: a multi-modal magnetic resonance study. NeuroImage 2010, 52:62-68.
103. Wright I.C., Rabe-Hesketh S., Woodruff P.W., David A.S., Murray R.M., Bullmore E.T. Meta-analysis of regional brain volumes in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 2000, 157:16-25.
104. Zellner A. An efficient method of estimating seemingly unrelated regression equations and tests for aggregation bias. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1962, 57:348-368.