Neuropathological, neurogenetic and neuroimaging evidence for white matter pathology in schizophrenia

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

Volumn 30, Issue 7, 2006, Pages 918-948

  Walterfang, Mark ^a,b,c   Wood, Stephen J ^a,b   Velakoulis, Dennis ^a,c   Pantelis, Christos ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^b FLOREY INSTITUTE OF NEUROSCIENCE AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Australia)

^c ROYAL MELBOURNE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

Myelin; Psychosis; Schizophrenia; White matter

Indexed keywords

BRAIN CORTEX; EPIGENETICS; FRONTAL CORTEX; GENE DISRUPTION; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE TECHNOLOGY; GLIA; HEREDITY; HUMAN; MICROARRAY ANALYSIS; MYELINATED NERVE; NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPATHOLOGY; OLIGODENDROGLIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEOMICS; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SYNAPSE; VOLUMETRY; WHITE MATTER;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 33747890717     PISSN: 01497634     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.02.001     Document Type: Review

References (387)

1. Agartz I., Andersson J., et al. Abnormal brain white matter in schizophrenia: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Neuroreport 12 (2001) 2251-2254
2. Alaghband-Rad J., McKenna K., et al. Childhood-onset schizophrenia: the severity of premorbid course. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34 (1995) 1273-1283
3. Alexopoulos G., Meyers B., et al. "Vascular depression" hypothesis. Archives of General Psychiatry 54 (1997) 915-922
4. Allendoerfer K., and Shatz C. The subplate, a transient neocortical structure: its role in the development of connections between thalamus and cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience 17 (1994) 185-218
5. Alonso G. Prolonged corticosterone treatment of adult rats inhibits the proliferation of the oligodendrocyte progenitors present throughout white and gray matter regions of the brain. Glia 31 (2000) 219-231
6. Andreasen N., Ehrhardt J., et al. T1 and T2 relaxation times in schizophrenia as measured with magnetic resonance imaging. Schizophrenia Research 5 (1991) 223-232
7. Andreasen N., Paradiso S., et al. "Cognitive dysmetria" as an integrative theory of schizophrenia: a dysfunction in cortical-subcortical-cerebellar circuitry?. Schizophrenia Bulletin 24 (1998) 203-218
8. Antonova E., Kumari V., et al. The relationship of structural alterations to cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: a voxel-based morphometry study. Biological Psychiatry 58 (2005) 457-467
9. Arango C., Breier A., et al. The relationship of clozapine and haloperidol treatment response to prefrontal, hippocampal and caudate brain volumes. American Journal of Psychiatry 160 (2003) 1421-1427
10. Ardekani B., Nierenberg J., et al. MRi study of white matter diffusion anisotropy in schizophrenia. Neuroreport 14 (2003) 2025-2029
11. Arnold S. Contributions of neuropathology to understanding schizophrenia in alte life. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 9 (2001) 69-76
12. Ashburner J., and Friston K. Voxel-based morphometry: the methods. Neuroimage 11 (2000) 805-821
13. Aston C., Jiang L., et al. Microarray analysis of postmortem temporal cortex from patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Neuroscience Research 77 (2004) 858-866
14. Aston C., Jiang L., et al. Transcriptional profiling reveals evidence for signaling and oligodendroglial abnormalities in the temporal cortex from patients with major depressive disorder. Molecular Psychiatry 10 (2005) 309-322
15. Awad I., Johnson P., et al. Incidental subcortical lesions identified on magnetic resonance imaging in the elderly. I. Correlation with age and cerebrovascular risk factors. Stroke 17 (1986) 1084-1089
16. Awad J., Spetzler R., et al. Incidental lesions noted on magnetic resonance imaging of the brain: prevalence and clinical significance in various age groups. Neurosurgery 20 (1987) 222-226
17. Baenziger O., Martin E., et al. Early pattern recognition in severe perinatal asphyxia: a prospective MRI study. Neuroradiology 35 (1993) 437-440
18. Bagary M., Symms M., et al. Gray and white matter brain abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia inferred from magnetization transfer imaging. Archives of General Psychiatry 60 (2003) 779-788
19. Bagary M., Hutton S., et al. Structural neural networks subserving oculomotor function in first-episode schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 56 (2004) 620-627
20. Baldwin R., and O'Brien J. Vascular basis of late-onset depressive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 180 (2002) 157-160
21. Baratti C., Burnett A., et al. Comparative MR imaging study of brain maturation in kittens with T1, T2 and the trace of the diffusion tensor. Radiology 210 (1999) 133-142
22. Barker G., Tofts P., et al. An interleaved sequence for accurate and reproducible clinical measurement of magnetisation transfer ratio. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 14 (1996) 403-411
23. Barnea-Goraly N., Menon V., et al. Investigation of white matter structure in velocardiofacial syndrome: a diffusion tensor imaging study. American Journal of Psychiatry 160 (2003) 1863-1869
24. Bartzokis G. Schizophrenia: breakdown in the well-regulated lifelong process of brain development and maturation. Neuropsychopharmacology 27 (2002) 672-683
25. Bartzokis G., and Altshuler L. Biological underpinnings of treatment resistance in schizophrenia: a hypothesis. Psychopharmacological Bulletin 37 (2003) 5-7
26. Bartzokis G., Garber H., et al. T2 hyperintense foci on magnetic resonance images of schizophrenia patients and controls. Psychiatry Research 40 (1991) 239-245
27. Bartzokis G., Beckson M., et al. Age-related changes in frontal and temporal lobe volumes in men: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry 58 (2001) 461-465
28. Bartzokis G., Nuechterlein K., et al. Dysregulated brain development in adult men with schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Biological Psychiatry 53 (2003) 412-421
29. Baslow M. Evidence supporting a role for N-acetyl-L-aspartate as a molecular water pump in myelinated neurons in the central nervous system. An analytical review. Neurochemistry International 40 (2002) 295-300
30. Basser P., Mattiello J., et al. Estimation of the effective self-diffusion tensor from the NMR spin echo. Journal of Magnetic Resonance 103 (1994) 247-254
31. Basser P., Mattiello J., et al. MR diffusion tensor spectroscopy and imaging. Biophysical Journal 66 (1994) 259-267
32. Baumann N., and Pham-Dinii D. Biology of the oligodendrocyte and myelin in the mammalian central nervous system. Physiological Review 81 (2001) 897-927
33. Begre S., Federspiel A., et al. Reduced hippocampal anisotropy related to anteriorization of alpha EEG in schizophrenia. Neuroreport 14 (2003) 739-742
34. Benes F. Myelination of cortical hippocampal relays during late adolescence. Schizophrenia Bulletin 15 (1989) 589-593
35. Benes F. Schizophrenia, II: amygdalar fiber alteration as etiology?. American Journal of Psychiatry 160 (2003) 1053
36. Benes F., Turtle M., et al. Myelination of a key relay zone in the hippocampal formation occurs in the human brain during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry 51 (1994) 477-484
37. Bhakoo K., and Pearce D. In-vitro expression of N-acetyl aspartate in oligodendrocytes: implications for proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vivo. Journal of Neurochemistry 74 (2000) 254-262
38. Bigelow L., Nasrallah H., et al. Corpus callosum thickness in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 142 (1983) 284-287
39. Bleuler E. Dementia Pracox or the Group of Schizophrenias (1911), International Universities Press, New York
40. Blinkenberg M., Rune K., et al. Cortical cerebral metabolism correlates with MRI lesion load and cognitive function in MS. Neurology 54 (2000) 558-564
41. Bondareff W., Raval J., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and the severity of dementia in older adults. Archives of General Psychiatry 47 (1990) 47-51
42. Boone K., Miller B., et al. Neuropsychological correlates of white-matter lesions in healthy elderly subjects. Archives of Neurology 30 (1992) 825-830
43. Bradley W., Waluch V., et al. Patchy periventricular white matter lesions in the elderly: a common observation during NMR imaging. Noninvasive Imaging 1 (1984) 35-41
44. Braffman B., Zimmerman R., et al. Brain MR: pathologic correlation with gross and histopathology. 2. Hyperintense white matter foci in the elderly. American Journal of Neuroradiology 9 (1988) 629-636
45. Brambilla P., Cerini R., et al. Investigation of corpus callosum in schizophrenia with diffusion imaging. Schizophrenia Research 79 (2005) 201-210
46. Breir A., Buchanan R., et al. Brain morphology and schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging study of limbic, prefrontal cortex, and caudate structures. Archives of General Psychiatry 49 (1992) 921-926
47. Brown R., Colter N., et al. Postmortem evidence of structural brain changes in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 43 (1986) 36-42
48. Buchanan R., Vladar K., et al. Structural evaluation of the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 155 (1998) 1049-1055
49. Buchsbaum M., Tang C., et al. MRI white matter diffusion anisotropy and PET metabolic rate in schizophrenia. Neuroreport 9 (1998) 425-530
50. Bullmore E., Suckling J., et al. Global, voxel and cluster tests, by theory and permutation, for a difference between two groups of structural MR images of the brain. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 18 (1999) 33-42
51. Burns A., Carrick J., et al. The cerebral cortical appearance in late paraphrenia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 4 (1989) 31-34
52. Burns J., Job D., et al. Structural disconnectivity in schizophrenia: a diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging study. British Journal of Psychiatry 182 (2003) 439-443
53. Cannon T., Kaprio J., et al. The genetic epidemiology of schizophrenia in a Finnish twin cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry 55 (1998) 67-74
54. Cannon T., Van Erp T., et al. Regional gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid distributions in schizophrenic patients, their siblings, and controls. Archives of General Psychiatry 55 (1998) 1084-1091
55. Cannon T., Van Erp T., et al. Fetal hypoxia and structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenic patients, their siblings and controls. Archives of General Psychiatry 59 (2002) 35-41
56. Cannon T., Van Erp T., et al. Early and late neurodevelopmental influences in the prodrome to schizophrenia: contribution of genes, environment, and their interactions. Schizophrenia Bulletin 19 (2003) 653-659
57. Caruncho H., Dopeso-Reyes I., et al. A GABA, reelin and the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia. Critical Review of Neurobiology 16 (2004) 25-32
58. Chambers J., and Perrone-Bizzozero N. Altered myelination of the hippocampal formation in subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Neurochemical Research 29 (2004) 2293-2302
59. Chimowitz M., Estes M., et al. Further observations on the pathology of subcortical lesions identified on magnetic resonance imaging. Archives of Neurology 49 (1992) 747-752
60. Choe B., Kim K., et al. 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy characterization of neuronal dysfunction in drug-naive, chronic schizophrenia. Academic Radiology 1 (1994) 211-216
61. Christensen J., Holcomb J., et al. State-related changes in cerebral white matter may underlie psychosis exacerbation. Psychiatry Research-Neuroimaging 30 (2004) 71-78
62. Coffey C., Djang W., et al. Subcortical hyperintensities on MRI: a comparison of normal and depressed elderly subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry 147 (1990) 187-189
63. Copland C., Dracheva S., et al. mRNA expression of three isoforms of myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG) in patients with schizophrenia [abstract]. Abstracts of the Society of Neuroscience 28 (2002) 494
64. Costa E., Davis J., et al. Dendritic spine hypoplasia and downregulation of reelin and GABAergic tone in schizophrenia vulnerability. Neurobiology of Disease 8 (2001) 723-742
65. Costa E., Chen Y., et al. Reelin and schizophrenia: a disease at the interface of the genome and the epigenome. Molecular Interventions 2 (2002) 47-57
66. Cotter D., Pariante C., et al. Glial abnormalities in major psychiatric disorders: the evidence and implications. Brain Research Bulletin 55 (2001) 585-595
67. Covault J., Lee J., et al. Nogo 3′ untranslated region CAA insertion: failure to replicate association with schizophrenia and demonstration of marked population difference in the frequency of the insertion. Molecular Brain Research 120 (2004) 197-200
68. Crosby E., Humphrey T., et al. Correlative Anatomy of the Nervous System (1962), MacMillan, New York
69. Crow T. Schizophrenia as a transcallosal misconnection syndrome. Schizophrenia Research 30 (1998) 111-114
70. Crum R., Anthony J., et al. Population-based norms for the Mini Mental Status Examination by age and education level. Journal of the American Medical Association 269 (1993) 2386-2391
71. Crum W., Griffin L., et al. Zen and the art of image registration: correspondence, homology, and quality. Neuroimage 20 (2003) 1425-1437
72. Cummings J. Subcortical Dementia (1990), Oxford University Press, New York
73. David A. Schizophrenia and the corpus callosum: developmental, structural and functional relationships. Behavioural Brain Research 64 (1994) 203-211
74. Davidson M., Harvey P., et al. Severity of symptoms in geriatric chronic schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 152 (1995) 197-207
75. Davies D., Wardell A., et al. Enlargement of the fornix in early onset schizophrenia: a quantitative MRI study. Neuroscience Letters 301 (2001) 163-166
76. Davis K., Stewart D., et al. White matter changes in schizophrenia: evidence for myelin-related dysfunction. Archives of General Psychiatry 60 (2003) 443-456
77. Dazzan P., Morgan K., et al. The structural brain correlates of neurological soft signs in AESOP first-episode psychoses study. Brain 127 (2003) 143-153
78. Deicken R., Reus V., et al. MRI deep white matter intensity in a psychiatric population. Biological Psychiatry 29 (1991) 918-922
79. DeLisi L. Is schizophrenia a lifetime disorder of brain plasticity, growth and aging?. Schizophrenia Research 23 (1997) 119-129
80. Deller T., Drakew A., et al. The hippocampus of the reeler mutant mouse: fiber segregation in area CA1 depends on the position of the postsynaptic target cells. Experimental Neurology 156 (1999) 254-267
81. Denburg S., Carbotte R., et al. Cognition and mood in systemic lupus erythematosus. Evaluation and pathogenesis. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 823 (1997) 44-59
82. DeQuardo J., Keshavan M., et al. Landmark-based morphometric analysis of first-episode schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 45 (1999) 1321-1328
83. Dousset V., Grossman R., et al. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis: lesion characterization with magnetization transfer imaging. Radiology 182 (1992) 483-491
84. Dousset V., Brochet B., et al. Lysolecithin-induced demyelination in primates: preliminary in vivo study with MR and magnetization transfer. American Journal of Neuroradiology 16 (1995) 225-231
85. Dracheva S., Davis K., et al. Myelin-associated mRNA and protein expression deficits in the anterior cingulate cortex and hippocampus in elderly schizophrenia patients. Neurobiology of Disease 21 (2006) 531-540
86. Drayer B. Imaging of the aging brain, I: normal findings. Radiology 166 (1988) 785-796
87. Dupont R., Jernigan T., et al. Subcortical abnormalities detected in bipolar affective disorder using magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical and neuropsychological significance. Archives of General Psychiatry 47 (1990) 55-59
88. Eggers C., and Bunk D. The long-term course of childhood onset schizophrenia: a 42-year follow-up. Schizophrenia Bulletin 23 (1997) 105-117
89. Elvidge A., and Reed G. Biopsy studies of cerebral pathologic changes in schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 40 (1938) 227-268
90. Fatemi S. Reelin glycoprotein: structure, biology and roles in health and disease. Molecular Psychiatry 10 (2005) 251-257
91. Fatemi S., Emamian E., et al. Defective corticogenesis and reduction in reelin immunoreactivity in cortex and hippocampus of prenatally infected neonatal mice. Molecular Psychiatry 4 (1999) 145-154
92. Fatemi S., Earle J., et al. Reduction in reelin immunoreactivity in hippocampus of subjects with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression. Molecular Psychiatry 5 (2000) 654-663
93. Fatemi S., Kroll J., et al. Altered levels of reelin and its isoforms in schizophrenia and mood disorders. Neuroreport 12 (2001) 3209-3215
94. Fatemi S., Pearce D., et al. Prenatal viral infection in mouse causes differential expression of genes in brains of mouse progeny: a potential animal model for schizophrenia and autism. Synapse 57 (2005) 91-99
95. Fazekas F., Chawluck J., et al. MR signal abnormalities at 1.5 T in Alzheimer's dementia and normal ageing. American Journal of Neuroradiology 8 (1987) 421-426
96. Fernø, J., Rader, M., et al., 2005. Antipsychotic drugs activate SREPB-regulated expression of lipid biosynthetic genes in cultured human glioma cells: a novel mechanism of action? Pharmacogenomics Journal, July 19 epub.
97. Filippi M. MRI-clinical correlations in the primary course of MS: new insights into the disease pathophysiology from the application of magnetization transfer, diffusion tensor and functional MRI. Journal of Neurological Science 206 (2003) 157-164
98. Filippi M., and Rocca M. Magnetization transfer magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of neurological diseases. Journal of Neuroimaging 14 (2004) 303-313
99. Filley C. Behavioral Neuroanatomy (1995), Colorado University Press, Niwot
100. Filley C. The behavioural neurology of cerebral white matter. Neurology 50 (1998) 1535-1540
101. Filley C. The Behavioural Neurology of White Matter (2001), Oxford University Press, New York
102. Filley C., and Cullum C. Attention and vigilance functions in normal aging. Applied Neuropsychology 1 (1994) 29-32
103. Filley C., Franklin G., et al. White matter dementia: clinical disorders and implications. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology 1 (1988) 239-254
104. Flynn S., Lang D., et al. Abnormalities of myelination in schizophrenia detected in vivo with MRI, and post-mortem analysis of oligodendrocyte proteins. Molecular Psychiatry 8 (2003) 811-820
105. Foong J., Maier M., et al. In vivo investigation of white matter pathology in schizophrenia with magnetisation transfer imaging. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 68 (2001) 70-74
106. Foong J., Maier M., et al. Neuropathological abnormalities of the corpus callosum in schizophrenia: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 68 (2005) 242-244
107. Foong J., Symms M., et al. Neuropathological abnormalities in schizophrenia: evidence from magnetization transfer imaging. Brain 124 (2001) 882-892
108. Foong J., Symms M., et al. Investigating regional white matter in schizophrenia using diffusion tensor imaging. Neuroreport 13 (2002) 333-336
109. Friedman J., Harvey P., et al. Cognitive and functional changes with aging in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 46 (1999) 921-928
110. Friston K. Theoretical neurobiology and schizophrenia. British Medical Bulletin 52 (1996) 644-655
111. Friston K. The disconnection hypothesis. Schizophrenia Research 30 (1998) 115-125
112. Friston K. Schizophrenia and the disconnection hypothesis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplement 99 (1999) 68-79
113. Friston K., and Frith C. Schizophrenia: a disconnection syndrome?. Clinical Neuroscience 3 (1995) 89-97
114. Frith C., Friston K., et al. Regional brain activity in chronic schizophrenic patients during the performance of a verbal fluency task. British Journal of Psychiatry 167 (1995) 343-349
115. Frotscher M. Cajal-Retzius cells, reelin, and the formation of layers. Current Opinions in Neurobiology 8 (1998) 570-575
116. Gebhardt C., Del Turco D., et al. Abnormal positioning of granule cells alters afferent fiber distribution in the mouse fascia dentata: morphologic evidence from reeler, apolipoprotein E receptor 2-, and very low density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice. Journal of Comparative Neurology 445 (2002) 278-292
117. Gold J., and Harvey P. Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 16 (1993) 295-312
118. Gothelf D., Frisch A., et al. Velocardiofacial manifestations and microdeletions in schizophrenic inpatients. American Journal of Medical Genetics 72 (1997) 455-561
119. Gothelf D., and Lombroso P. Genetics of childhood disorders: XXV. Velocardiofacial syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 40 (2001) 489-491
120. Gourovitch M., and Goldberg T. Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: attention, executive function, memory and language processing. In: Pantelis C., Nelson H., and Barnes T. (Eds). Schizophrenia: A Neuropsychological Perspective (1996), Wiley, New York
121. Grafton S., Sumi S., et al. Comparison of postmortem magnetic resonance imaging and neuropathologic findings in the cerebral white matter. Archives of Neurology 48 (1991) 293-298
122. Grayson D., Jia X., et al. Reelin promoter hypermethylation in schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 102 (2005) 9341-9346
123. Greenwood P. The frontal ageing hypothesis evaluated. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 6 (2000) 705-726
124. Gregorio S., Mury F., et al. Nogo CAA 3′UTR insertion polymorphism is not associated with schizophrenia nor with bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Research 75 (2005) 5-9
125. Guidotti A., Auta J., et al. Reelin and GAD67 expression is decreased in postmortem brain of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 57 (2000) 1061-1069
126. Gunning-Dixon F., and Raz M. The cognitive correlates of white matter abnormalities in normal aging: a quantitative review. Neuropsychology 14 (2000) 224-232
127. Gunther W., Petsch R., et al. Brain dysfunction during motor activation and corpus callosum alterations in schizophrenia measured by cerebral blood flow and magnetic resonance imaging. Biological Psychiatry 29 (1991) 535-555
128. Guo A., Petrella J., et al. Evaluation of white matter anisotrophy in Krabbe disease with diffusion tensor MR imaging: initial experience. Radiology 218 (2001) 809-815
129. Gur R., Turetsky B., et al. Reduced gray matter volume in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 56 (1999) 905-911
130. Guttman C., Jolesz F., et al. White matter changes with normal ageing. Neurology 50 (1998) 972-978
131. Hakak Y., Walker J., et al. Genome-wide expression analysis reveals dysregulation of myelination-related genes in chronic schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 98 (2001) 4746-4751
132. Hansen, T., Hemmingsen, R., et al., 2006. Apolipoprotein D is associated with long-term outcome in patients with schizophrenia. Pharmacogenomics Journal, in press.
133. Hao Y., Liu Z., et al. White matter integrity of the whole brain is disrupted in first-episode schizophrenia. Neuroreport 17 (2006) 23-26
134. Harrison P. The neuropathology of schizophrenia: a critical review of the data and their interpretation. Brain 122 (1999) 593-624
135. Harrison P., and Weinberger D. Schizophrenia genes, gene expression, and neuropathology: on the matter of their convergence. Molecular Psychiatry 10 (2005) 40-68
136. Harvey I., Ron M., et al. White matter abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging in bipolar patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 47 (1990) 1172-1173
137. Harvey I., Ron M., et al. MRI in schizophrenia: basal ganglia and white matter T1 times. Psychological Medicine 21 (1991) 587-598
138. Harvey I., Ron M., et al. Reduction of cortical volume in schizophrenia on magnetic resonance imaging. Psychological Medicine 23 (1993) 591-604
139. Harvey P. Cognitive impairment in elderly patients with schizophrenia: age related changes. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 16 (2001) S78-S85
140. Hauser P., Dauphinais D., et al. Corpus callosum dimensions measured by the magnetic resonance imaging in bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 26 (1989) 659-668
141. Hennah W., Varilo T., et al. Haplotype analysis and identification of genes for a complex trait: examples from schizophrenia. Annals of Medicine 36 (2003) 322-331
142. Hershey L., Modic M., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in vascular dementia. Neurology 37 (1987) 29-36
143. Hetherington H., Pan J., et al. Quantitative 1H spectroscopy imaging of the human brain at 4.1 T using image segmentation. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 36 (1996) 21-29
144. Highley J., DeLisi L., et al. Sex-dependent effects of schizophrenia: an MRI study of gyral folding, and cortical and white matter volume. Psychiatry Research 124 (2003) 11-23
145. Ho B., Alicata D., et al. Untreated initial psychosis: relation to cognitive deficits and brain morphology in first-episode schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 160 (2003) 142-148
146. Ho B., Andreasen N., et al. Progressive structural brain abnormalities and their relationship to clinical outcome: a longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study early in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 60 (2003) 585-594
147. Ho L., Guo Y., et al. Altered expression of a-type but not b-type synapsin isoform in the brains of patients at high-risk for Alzheimer's disease assessed by DNA microarray technique. Neuroscience Letters 298 (2001) 191-194
148. Hof P., Haroutunian V., et al. Molecular and cellular evidence for an oligodendrocyte abnormality in schizophrenia. Neurochemical Research 27 (2002) 1193-1200
149. Hof P., Haroutunian V., et al. Loss and altered spatial distrubition of oligodendrocytes in the superior frontal gyrus in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 53 (2003) 1075-1085
150. Hoff A., Neal C., et al. Gender differences in corpus callosum size in first-episode schizophrenics. Biological Psychiatry 35 (1994) 913-919
151. Honea R., Crow T., et al. Regional deficits in brain volume in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies. American Journal of Psychiatry 162 (2005) 2233-2245
152. Honer W., Falkai P., et al. Synaptic and plasticity-associated proteins in anterior frontal cortex in severe mental illness. Neuroscience 91 (1999) 1247-1255
153. Honer W., Falkai P., et al. Abnormalities of SNARE mechanism proteins in anterior frontal cortex in severe mental illness. Cerebral Cortex 12 (2002) 349-356
154. Hoptman M., Volavka J., et al. Frontal white matter microstructure, aggression, and impulsivity in men with schizophrenia: a preliminary study. Biological Psychiatry 52 (2002) 9-14
155. Hoptman M., Ardekani B., et al. DTI and impulsivity in schizophrenia: a first voxelwise correlational analysis. Neuroreport 15 (2004) 2467-2470
156. Howard R., Forstl H., et al. First-rank symptoms of Schneider in late paraphrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 160 (1992) 106-109
157. Howard R., Beats B., et al. White matter changes in late-onset depression: a magnetic resonance imaging study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 8 (1993) 183-185
158. Hubl D., Koenig T., et al. Pathways that make voices: white matter changes in auditory hallucinations. Archives of General Psychiatry 61 (2004) 658-668
159. Hulshoff Pol H., Schnack H., et al. Gray matter volume changes in patients with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 159 (2002) 244-250
160. Hulshoff Pol H., Brans R., et al. Gray and white matter volume abnormalities in monozygotic and same-gender dizygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 55 (2004) 126-130
161. Hulshoff Pol H., Schnack H., et al. Focal white matter density changes in schizophrenia: reduced inter-hemispheric connectivity. Neuroimage 21 (2004) 27-35
162. Hulshoff Pol H., Brans R., et al. Gray and white matter volume abnormalities in monozygotic and same-gender dizygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 55 (2005) 126-130
163. Huppi P., Mader S., et al. Microstructural development of human newborn cerebral white matter assessed in vivo by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatric Research 44 (1998) 584-590
164. Hyde T., and Lewis S. The secondary schizophrenias. In: Hirsch S., and Weinberger D. (Eds). Schizophrenia (2003), Blackwell Science, Oxford 187-202
165. Impagnatiello F., Guidotti A., et al. A decrease of reelin expression as a putative vulnerability factor in schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 26 (1998) 15718-15723
166. Ito R., Melhem E., et al. Diffusion tensor brain MR imaging in X-linked cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy. Neurology 56 (2001) 544-547
167. Iwamoto K., Bundo M., et al. Altered expression of mitochondria-related genes in postmortem brains of patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, as revealed by large-scale DNA microarray analysis. Human Molecular Genetics 14 (2005) 241-253
168. Iwamoto K., Bundo M., et al. DNA methylation status of SOX10 correlates with its downregulation and oligodendrocyte dysfunction in schizophrenia. Journal of Neuroscience 25 (2005) 5376-5381
169. Jacobsen L., Giedd J., et al. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the corpus callosum in childhood onset schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 68 (1997) 77-86
170. Jeste D., Harris M., et al. Late onset schizophrenia: clinical and neuropsychological characteristics. American Journal of Psychiatry 172 (1995) 722-730
171. Johnstone E., Crow T., et al. A magnetic resonance study of early schizophrenia. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 49 (1986) 136-139
172. Jones D., Catani M., et al. A diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging study of frontal cortex connection in very late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 13 (2005) 1092-1099
173. Jones D., Catani M., et al. Age effects on diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging tractography measures of frontal cortex connections in schizophrenia. Human Brain Mapping 27 (2006) 230-238
174. Kaiser S., Foltz L., et al. Phencyclidine-induced changes in rat cortical gene expression identified by microarray analysis: implications for schizophrenia. Neurobiology of Disease 16 (2004) 220-235
175. Kalus P., Slotboom J., et al. The amygdala in schizophrenia: a trimodal magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroscience Letters 375 (2005) 151-156
176. Kanaan R., Kim J., et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 58 (2005) 921-929
177. Katsel P., Davis K., et al. Variations in myelin and oligodendrocyte-related gene expression across multiple brain regions in schizophrenia: a gene ontology study. Schizophrenia Research 79 (2005) 157-173
178. Kendler K., McGuire M., et al. The Roscommon family study. I. Methods, diagnosis of probands, and risk of schizophrenia in relatives. Archives of General Psychiatry 50 (1993) 527-540
179. Kertesz A., Black S., et al. Periventricular and subcortical hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging: "rims, caps and unidentified bright objects". Neurology 45 (1988) 404-408
180. Keshavan M., Stanley J., et al. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in schizophrenia: methodological issues and findings-part II. Biological Psychiatry 48 (2000) 369-380
181. Keshavan M., Diwadkar V., et al. Abnormalities of the corpus callosum in first episode treatment naive schizophrenia. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 72 (2002) 757-760
182. Keys B., and White D. Exploring the relationship between age, executive abilities, and psychomotor speed. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 6 (2000) 76-82
183. Khan M., Parikh V., et al. Effects of chronic exposure of antipsychotics on apolipoprotein D in rat brain. Biological Psychiatry 51 (2002) 168S
184. Khan M., Parikh V., et al. Antipsychotic drugs differentially modulate apolipoprotein in rat brain. Journal of Neurochemistry 865 (2003) 1089-1100
185. Kiefer C., Slotboom J., et al. Differentiating hippocampal subregions by means of quantitative magnetization transfer and relaxometry: preliminary results. Neuroimage 23 (2004) 1093-1099
186. Kim S., Voshol H., et al. Neuroproteomics: expression profiling of the brain's proteoms in health and disease. Neurochemical Research 29 (2004) 1317-1331
187. Kinkel W., Jacobs L., et al. Subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (Binswanger's disease). Computed tomographic, nuclear magnetic and clinical correlations. Archives of Neurology 42 (1985) 951-959
188. Kirkpatrick B., Buchanan R., et al. A separate disease within the syndrome of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 58 (2001) 165-171
189. Kirkpatrick L., Witt A., et al. Changes in microtubule stability and density in myelin-deficient shiverer mouse CNS axons. Journal of Neuroscience 21 (2001) 2288-2297
190. Kitamura H., Matsuzawa H., et al. Diffusion tensor analysis in chronic schizophrenia: a preliminary study on a high-field (3.0 T) system. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 255 (2005) 313-318
191. Konradi, C., 2005. Gene expression microarray studies in polygenic psychiatric disorders: application and data analysis. Brain Research Review, in press.
192. Kraepelin E. Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia (1919), Thoemmes, Chicago
193. Kraepelin E. Manic-Depressive Insanity and Paranoia (1921), E & S Livingstone, Edinburgh
194. Kraepelin E. Dementia Praecox (1971), Churchill Livingstone, New York
195. Kubicki M., Westin C., et al. Uncinate fasciculus findings in schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging study. American Journal of Psychiatry 159 (2002) 813-820
196. Kubicki M., Westin C., et al. Cingulate fasciculus integrity disruption in schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging study. Biological Psychiatry 54 (2003) 1171-1180
197. Kubicki, M., McCarley, R., et al., 2005a. A review of diffusion tensor imaging studies in schizophrenia. Journal of Psychological Research, in press
198. Kubicki M., Park H., et al. DTI and MTR abnormalities in schizophrenia: analysis of white matter integrity. Neuroimage 26 (2005) 1109-1118
199. Kulynych J., Luevano L., et al. Cortical abnormality in schizophrenia: an in vivo application of the gyrification index. Biological Psychiatry 41 (1997) 995-999
200. Kumra S., Ashtari M., et al. Reduced frontal white matter integrity in early onset schizophrenia: a preliminary study. Biological Psychiatry 55 (2004) 1138-1145
201. Kuritzky A., Livni E., et al. Cell-mediated immunity to human myelin basic protein in schizophrenic patients. Journal of Neurological Science 30 (1976) 369-373
202. Kuroki, N., Kubicki, M., et al., 2006. Fornix integrity and hippocampal volume in male schizophrenic patients. Biological Psychiatry, in press.
203. Kwon Y., Tsai L., et al. Callosal axon guidance defects in p35(-/-) mice. Journal of Comparative Neurology 415 (1999) 218-229
204. Lappe-Siefke C., Goebbels S., et al. Disruption of Cnp1 uncouples oligodendroglial functions in axonal support and myelination. Nature Genetics 33 (2003) 366-374
205. LeBihan D., Mangin J., et al. Diffusion tensor imaging: concepts and applications. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 13 (2001) 534-546
206. Lewis C., Levinson D., et al. Genome scan meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, part II: schizophrenia. American Journal of Human Genetics 73 (2003) 34-48
207. Lim K., Sullivan E., et al. Cortical gray matter volume deficits in schizophrenia: a replication. Schizophrenia Research 20 (1996) 157-164
208. Lim K., Adalsteinson A., et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of cortical gray and white matter in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 55 (1998) 346-352
209. Lim K., Hedehus M., et al. Compromised white matter integrity in schizophrenia inferred from diffusion tensor imaging. Archives of General Psychiatry 56 (1999) 367-374
210. Liu X., Qin W., et al. A family based association study of the MOG gene with schizophrenia in the Chinese population. Schizophrenia Research 73 (2005) 275-280
211. Livni E., Munitz H., et al. Further studies on cell-mediated immunity to myelin basic protein in schizophrenic patients. Journal of Neurological Science 42 (1979) 437-440
212. Lockhart D., and Winzeler E. Genomics, gene expression and DNA arrays. Nature 405 (2000) 827-836
213. Ludwin S. The perineuronal satellite oligodendrocyte. Acta Neuropathology 47 (1979) 49-53
214. Ludwin S. The function of perineuronal oligodendrocytes: an immunohistochemical study. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 10 (1984) 143-149
215. Mahadik S., Khan M., et al. Elevated plasma level of apolipoprotein D in schizophrenia and its treatment and outcome. Schizophrenia Research 58 (2002) 55-62
216. Malone M., and Szoke M. Neurochmical changes in white matter. Aged human brain and Alzheimer's disease. Archives of Neurology 42 (1985) 1063-1066
217. Mathalon D., Ford J., et al. P300 reduction and prolongation with illness duration in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 47 (2000) 413-427
218. Mathalon D., Pfefferbaum A., et al. Compounded brain volume deficits in schizophrenia-alcoholism morbidity. Archives of General Psychiatry 60 (2003) 245-252
219. Maynard T., Haskell G., et al. 22q11 DS: genomic mechanisms and gene function in DiGeorge/velocardiofacial syndrome. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 20 (2002) 407-419
220. Mazeh D., Zemishlani C., et al. Patients with very late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis: a follow-up study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 13 (2005) 417-419
221. McDonald J., Althomsons S., et al. Oligodendrocytes from forebrain are highly vulnerable to AMPA/kainate receptor mediated excitotoxicity. Nature Medicine 4 (1998) 291-297
222. McDonald C., Bullmore E., et al. Regional volume deviations of brain structure in schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 186 (2005) 369-377
223. McGlashan T., and Hoffman R. Schizophrenia as a disorder of developmentally reduced synaptic connectivity. Archives of General Psychiatry 57 (2000) 637-648
224. McIntosh A., Job D., et al. White matter density in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and their unaffected relatives. Biological Psychiatry 58 (2005) 254-257
225. Meisenzalh E., Frodl T., et al. Corpus callosum size in schizophrenia-a magnetic resonance imaging analysis. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 249 (1999) 305-312
226. Milev P., Ho B., et al. Initial magnetic resonance imaging volumetric brain measurements and outcome in schizophrenia: a prospective longitudinal study with 5-year follow-up. Biological Psychiatry 54 (2003) 608-613
227. Miller A., Alston R., et al. Variation with age in the volumes of grey and white matter in the cerebral hemispheres of man: measurements with an image analyser. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 6 (1980) 119-132
228. Miller B., Lesser I., et al. Regional cerebral blood flow in late-life-onset psychosis. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology 5 (1992) 132-137
229. Minami T., Nobuhara K., et al. Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging or disruption of regional white matter in schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 47 (2003) 141-145
230. Miot-Noirault E., Barantin L., et al. T2 relaxation time as a marker of brain myelination: experimental MR study in two neonatal animal models. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 72 (1997) 5-14
231. Mirnics K., Middleton F., et al. Molecular characterization of schizophrenia viewed by microarray analysis of gene expression in prefrontal cortex. Neuron 28 (2000) 53-67
232. Mirnics K., Middleton F., et al. Analysis of complex brain disorders with gene expression microarrays: schizophrenia as a disease of the synapse. Trends in Neuroscience 24 (2001) 479-485
233. Mirsen T., Lee D., et al. Clinical correlates of white matter changes on magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain. Archives of Neurology 48 (1991) 1015-1021
234. Mitelman S., Shihabuddin L., et al. MRI assessment of gray and white matter distribution in Brodmann's areas of the cortex in patients with schizophrenia with good and poor outcomes. American Journal of Psychiatry 160 (2003) 2154-2168
235. Moises H., Zoega T., et al. The glial growth factors deficiency and synaptic destabilization hypothesis of schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 2 (2002). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-244X/2/8/
236. Morris J., Edland S., et al. The consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD). Part IV: rates of cognitive change in the logitudinal assessment of probable Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 43 (1993) 2457-2465
237. Moseley M., Wendland M., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of diffusion and perfusion. Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging 3 (1991) 50-67
238. Munn N. Microglia dysfunction in schizophrenia: an integrative theory. Medical Hypotheses 54 (2000) 198-202
239. Murray R. Neurodevelopmental schizophrenia: the rediscovery of dementia praecox. British Journal of Psychiatry 165S (1994) 6-12
240. Naguib M., and Levy R. Late paraphrenia: neuropsychological impairment and sructural brain abnormalities on computed tomography. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2 (1987) 83-90
241. Nasrallah H., McCalley-Whitters M., et al. A histological study of the corpus callosum in chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 8 (1983) 251-260
242. Nasrallah H., Andreasen N., et al. A controlled magnetic resonance imaging study of corpus callosum thickness in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 21 (1986) 274-282
243. Navarro A., Tolivia J., et al. Pattern of apolipoprotein D immunoreactivity in the human brain. Neuroscience Letters 254 (1998) 17-20
244. Nestor P., Kubicki M., et al. Neuropsychological correlates of diffusion tensor imaging in schizophrenia. Neuropsychology 18 (2004) 629-637
245. Nieuwenhuys R., Voogd J., et al. The Human Central Nervous System (1988), Springer, Berlin
246. Niizato K., Genda K., et al. Cognitive decline in schizophrenics with Alzheimer's disease: a mini-review of neuropsychological and neuropathological studies. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 25 (2001) 1359-1366
247. Novak G., Kim D., et al. Schizophrenia and Nogo: elevated mRNA in cortex, and high prevalence of a homozygous CAA insert. Molecular Brain Research 107 (2002) 183-189
248. O'Brien J., Ames D., et al. White matter changes in depression and Alzheimer's disease: a review of magnetic resonance imaging studies. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 11 (1996) 681-694
249. O'Neill J., Levitt J., et al. 1H MRSI evidence of metabolic abnormalities in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Neuroimage 21 (2004) 1781-1789
250. Okugawa G., Sedvall G., et al. Reduced grey and white matter volumes in the temporal lobe of male patients with chronic schizophrenia. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 252 (2002) 120-123
251. Okugawa G., Nobuhara K., et al. Subtle disruption of the middle cerebellar peduncles in patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 50 (2004) 119-123
252. Okugawa G., Nobuhara K., et al. Diffusion tensor imaging study of the middle cerebellar peduncle in patients with schizophrenia. Cerebellum 4 (2005) 123-127
253. Ong W., Lau C., et al. Apolipoprotein D gene expression in the rat brain and light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry of apolipoprotein D expression in the cerebellum of neonatal, immature adult rats. Neuroscience 90 (1999) 913-922
254. Orlovskaya D., Denisov D., et al. The ultrastructural pathology of myelinated fibers and oligodendroglial cells in autopsied caudate nucleus of schizophrenics. Schizophrenia Research 24 (1997) 39-40
255. Orlovskaya D., Vikhreva O., et al. Ultrastructural dystrophic changes of oligodendroglial cells in autopsied prefrontal cortex and striatum in schizophrenia: a morphometric study. Schizophrenia Research 36 (1999) 82-83
256. Orlovskaya D., Vostrikov V., et al. Decreased numerical density of oligodendroglial cells in post-mortem prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, and major depression (abstr). Schizophrenia Research 41 (2000) 105-106
257. Paez P., Marta C., et al. Apotransferrin decreases migration and enhances differentiation of oligodendroglial progenitor cells in an in-vitro system. Developmental Neuroscience 24 (2002) 47-58
258. Paillere-Martinot M., Caclin A., et al. Cerebral gray and white matter reductions and clinical correlates in patients with early onset schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 50 (2001) 19-26
259. Pakkenberg B. Total nerve cell number in neocortex in chronic schizophrenia and controls estimated using optical dissectors. Biological Psychiatry 34 (1993) 768-772
260. Pantelis C., Barnes T., et al. Is the concept of frontal-subcortical dementia relevant to schizophrenia?. British Journal of Psychiatry 160 (1992) 442-460
261. Pantelis C., Yucel M., et al. Early and late neurodevelopmental disturbances in schizophrenia and their functional consequences. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 37 (2003) 399-406
262. Pantelis, C., Walterfang, M., et al., 2004. White matter volume changes in people who develop psychosis. Collegium Internationale Neuro-Psychopharmacologicum 25th Congress, Paris, France.
263. Pantelis C., Yucel M., et al. Structural brain imaging evidence for multiple pathological processes at different stages of brain development in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin (2005)
264. Park H., Westin C., et al. White matter hemisphere asymmetries in healthy subjects and in schizophrenia: a diffusion tensor MRI study. Neuroimage 23 (2004) 213-223
265. Paulson L., Martin P., et al. Comparative genome- and proteome analysis of cerebral cortex from MK-801-treated rats. Journal of Neuroscience Research 15 (2003) 526-533
266. Paus T., Collins D., et al. Maturation of white matter in the human brain: a review of magnetic resonance studies. Brain Research Bulletin 54 (2001) 255-266
267. Pearlson G., and Marsh L. Structural brain imaging in schizophrenia: a selective review. Biological Psychiatry 46 (1999) 627-649
268. Pell G., Briellman R., et al. Voxel-based relaxometry: a new approach for analysis of T2 relaxometry changes in epilepsy. Neuroimage 21 (2004) 707-713
269. Persaud D., Rusow H., et al. Focal signal hyperintensities in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 27 (1997) 55-64
270. Pfefferbaum A., Mathalon D., et al. A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study of changes in brain morphology from infancy to late adulthood. Archives of Neurology 51 (1994) 874-887
271. Pfefferbaum A., Sullivan E., et al. Brain gray and white matter transverse relaxation time in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research-Neuroimaging 91 (1999) 93-100
272. Pfefferbaum A., Sullivan E., et al. Age-related decline in brain white matter anisotropy measured with spatially corrected echo planar diffusion tensor imaging. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 44 (2000) 259-268
273. Pierce J., and Lewin G. The ultrastructural size principle. Neuroscience 58 (1994) 441-446
274. Pierce T., Bray N., et al. Convergent evidence for 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase as a possible susceptibility gene for schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 63 (2006) 18-24
275. Pitt D., Nagelmeier I., et al. Glutamate uptake by oligodendrocytes: implications for excitotoxicity in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 61 (2003) 1113-1120
276. Plum F. Prospects for research on schizophrenia. 3. Neurophysiology. Neuropathological findings. Neuroscience Research Program Bulletin 10 (1972) 384-388
277. Prabakaran S., Swatton J., et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia: evidence for compromised brain metabolism and oxidative stress. Molecular Psychiatry 9 (2004) 684-697
278. Price G., Bagary M., et al. The corpus callosum in first episode schizophrenia: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 76 (2005)
279. Pulver A., Nestadt G., et al. Psychotic illness in patients diagnosed with velocardiofacial syndrome and their relatives. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 182 (1994) 476-478
280. Qin W., Gao J., et al. A family based association study of PLP1 and schizophrenia. Neuroscience Letters 375 (2005) 207-210
281. Rabios P., Pearlson G., et al. Increased ventricle to brain ratio in late-onset schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 144 (1987) 1216-1218
282. Raine C. Oligodendrocytes and central nervous system myelin. In: Davis R., and Robertson D. (Eds). Textbook of Neuropathology (1997), Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 137-162
283. Rajkowska G., Selemon L., et al. Neuronal and glial somal size in the prefrontal cortex: a post-mortem study of schizophrenia and Huntington's disease. American Journal of Psychiatry 55 (1998) 215-224
284. Randall P. A neuroanatomical theory on the aetiology of schizophrenia. Medical Hypotheses 6 (1980) 645-658
285. Randall P. Schizophrenia, abnormal connection, and brain evolution. Medical Hypotheses 10 (1983) 247-280
286. Rapoport J., Castellanos F., et al. Imaging normal and abnormal brain development: new perspectives for child psychiatry. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 35 (2001) 272-281
287. Rapoport J., Addington A., et al. The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: update 2005. Molecular Psychiatry 10 (2005) 434-449
288. Rassart E., Bedirian A., et al. Apolipoprotein D. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1482 (2000) 185-198
289. Rees S., and Harding R. Effects of experimentally induced placental insufficiency on prenatal brain development. Developmental Brain Dysfunction 8 (1995) 152-166
290. Rees S., and Inder T. Fetal and neonatal origins of altered brain development. Early Human Development 81 (2005) 753-761
291. Rehn A., Van den Buuse M., et al. An animal model of chronic placental insufficiency: relevance to neurodevelopmental disorders including schizophrenia. Neuroscience 129 (2004) 381-391
292. Rice D., and Curran T. Role of the reelin signaling pathway in central nervous system development. Annual Review of Neuroscience 24 (2001) 10005-11039
293. Rimon R., Ahokas A., et al. Myelin basic protein antibodies in catatonic schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 47 (1986) 26-28
294. Rosenthal R., and Bigelow L. Quantitative brain measurements in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 121 (1972) 259-264
295. Rossell S., Shapleske J., et al. Corpus callosum area and functioning in schizophrenic patients with auditory-verbal hallucinations. Schizophrenia Research 50 (2001) 9-17
296. Rossi A., Stratta P., et al. Quantification of corpus callosum and ventricles in schizophrenia with nuclear magnetic resonance imaging: a pilot study. American Journal of Psychiatry 149 (1989) 99-101
297. Rugarli E., and Ballabio A. Reelin: a novel extracellular matrix protein involved in brain lamination. Bioessays 17 (1995) 832-834
298. Ruggieri M., Tigano G., et al. Involvement of white matter in hypomelanosis of Ito (incontinentia pigmenti achromiens). Neurology 46 (1996) 485-492
299. Salat D., Kaye J., et al. Prefrontal gray and white matter volumes in healthy ageing and Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology 56 (1999) 338-344
300. Sanfilipo M., Lafargue T., et al. Volumetric measure of the frontal and temporal lobe regions in schizophrenia: relationship to negative symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry 57 (2000) 471-480
301. Sankar R., Curran J., et al. Microscopic cortical dysplasia in infantile spasms: evolution of white matter abnormalities. American Journal of Neuroradiology 16 (1995) 1265-1272
302. Saykin A., Shtasel D., et al. Neuropsychological deficits in neuroleptic naive patients with first episode schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 51 (1994) 124-131
303. Scannell J. Determining cortical landscapes. Nature 386 (1997) 452
304. Schmitt A., Wilczek K., et al. Altered thalamic membrane phospholipids in schizophrenia: a postmortem study. Biological Psychiatry 56 (2004) 41-45
305. Selemon L., and Goldman-Rakic P. The reduced neuropil hypothesis: a circuit-based model of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 45 (1999) 17-25
306. Selemon L., Rajkowska G., et al. Abnormally high neuronal densitiy in the schizophrenic cortex: a morphometric analysis of prefrontal area 9 and occipital area 17. Archives of General Psychiatry 52 (1995) 805-818
307. Selemon L., Rajkowska G., et al. Elevated neuronal density in prefrontal area 46 in brains from schizophrenia patients: application of a 3-dimensional, stereologic counting method. Journal of Comparative Neurology 392 (1998) 402-412
308. Shapleske J., Rossell S., et al. A computational morphpmetric MRI studi of schizophrenia: effects of hallucinations. Cerebral Cortex 12 (2002) 1331-1341
309. Shenton M., Wible C., et al. A review of magnetic resonance imaging studies of brain abnormalities in schizophrenia. In: Krishnan K., and Doraiswamy P. (Eds). Brain Imaging in Clinical Psychiatry (1997), Marcel Dekker, New York 297-380
310. Shenton M., Dickey C., et al. A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 49 (2001) 1-52
311. Sibbitt W.J., Brooks W., et al. Spin-spin relaxation of brain tissues in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis and Rheumatism 38 (1995) 810-818
312. Sigmundsson T., Suckling J., et al. Structural abnormalities in frontal, temporal and limbic regions and interconnecting white matter tracts in schizophrenic patients with prominent negative symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry 158 (2001) 234-243
313. Silver N., Barker G., et al. Magnetisation transfer ratio of normal brain white matter: a normative database spanning four decades of life. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 62 (1997) 223-238
314. Sinibaldi L., De Luca A., et al. Mutations of the Nogo-66 receptor (RTN4R) gene in schizophrenia. Human Mutation 24 (2004) 534-535
315. Sowell E., Levitt J., et al. Brain abnormalities in early onset schizophrenia spectrum disorder observed with statistical parametric mapping of structural magnetic resonance images. American Journal of Psychiatry 157 (2000) 1475-1484
316. Spalletta G., Tomaiuolo F., et al. Chronic schizophrenia as a brain misconnection syndrome: a white matter voxel-based morphometry study. Schizophrenia Research 64 (2003) 15-23
317. Spaniel F., Herynek V., et al. Magnetic resonance relaxometry in monozygotic twins discordant and concordant for schizophrenia. European Psychiatry 20 (2005) 41-44
318. Steel R., Bastin M., et al. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in schizophrenic subjects and normal controls. Psychiatry Research 106 (2001) 161-170
319. Steen R., Hamer R., et al. Measurement of brain metabolites by (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology 30 (2005) 1949-1962
320. Strakowski S., Woods B., et al. MRI subcortical hyperintensities in mania at first hospitalisation. Biological Psychiatry 33 (1993) 204-206
321. Sugai T., Kawamura M., et al. Prefrontal abnormality of schizophrenia revealed by DNA microarray: impact on glial and neurotrophic gene expression. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1025 (2004) 84-91
322. Sultzer D., Mahler M., et al. Cortical abnormalities associated with subcortical lesions in vascular dementia. Clinical and position emission tomographic findings. Archives of Neurology 52 (1995) 773-780
323. Sun Z., Wang F., et al. Abnormal anterior cingulum in patients with schizophrenia: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Neuroreport 14 (2003) 1833-1836
324. Supprian T., Hofmann E., et al. MRI T2 relaxation times of brain regions in schizophrenic patients and control subjects. Psychiatry Research 75 (1997) 173-182
325. Suzuki M., Nohara S., et al. Regional changes in brain gray and white matter in patients with schizophrenia demonstrated with voxel-based analysis of MRI. Schizophrenia Research 55 (2002) 41-54
326. Swayze V., Andreasen N., et al. Developmental abnormalities of the corpus callosum in schizophrenia. Archives of Neurology 47 (1990) 805-808
327. Swayze V., Andreassen N., et al. Structural brain abnormalities in bipolar affective disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 47 (1990) 1054-1059
328. Symonds L., Archibald S., et al. Does an increase in sulcal or ventricular fluid predict where brain tissue is lost?. Journal of Neuroimaging 9 (1999) 201-209
329. Sze G., Armond S., et al. Foci of MRI signal (pseudo lesions) anterior to the frontal horns: histological correlations of a normal finding. American Journal of Radiology 147 (1986) 331-337
330. Takahashi K., Suzuki M., et al. Perigenual cingulate gyrus volume in patients with schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Biological Psychiatry 53 (2003) 593-600
331. Tan E.-C., Chong S.-A., et al. Gender-specific association of insertion/deletion polymorphisms in the nogo gene and ochronic schizophrenia. Molecular Brain Research 139 (2005) 212-216
332. Tang Y., Nyengaard J., et al. Age-induced white matter changes in the human brain: a stereological investigation. Neurobiological Aging 18 (1999) 609-615
333. Taylor W., Payne M., et al. Evidence of white matter tract disruption in MRI hyperintensities. Biological Psychiatry 50 (2001) 179-183
334. Taylor J., Blanton R., et al. Superior temporal gyrus differences in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 73 (2005) 235-241
335. Thomas E., Danielson P., et al. Clozapine increases apolipoprotein D expression in rodent brain, towards a mechanism for neuroleptic pharmacotherapy. Journal of Neurochemistry 76 (2001) 789-796
336. Thomas E., Dean B., et al. Increased CNS levels of apolipoprotein D in schizophrenic and bipolar subjects: implications for the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 98 (2001) 4066-4071
337. Thomas A., O'Brien J., et al. Ischemic basis for deep white matter hyperintensities in major depression: a neuropathological study. Archives of General Psychiatry 59 (2002) 785-792
338. Thomas A., O'Brien J., et al. A neuropathological study of periventricular white matter hyperintensities in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 76 (2003) 49-54
339. Thomas E., Dean B., et al. Differences in neuroanatomical sites of apoD elevation discriminate between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Molecular Psychiatry 8 (2003) 167-175
340. Tienari P., Wynne L., et al. The Finnish adoptive family study of schizophrenia. Implications for family research. British Journal of Psychiatry Supplement 23 (1994) 20-26
341. Tkachev D., Mimmack M., et al. Oligodendrocyte dysfunction in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Lancet 362 (2003) 798-805
342. Tyszka J., Readhead C., et al. Statistical diffusion tensor histology reveals regional dysmyelination effects in the shiverer mouse mutant. Neuroimage 29 (2006) 1058-1065
343. Uranova N., and Orlovskaya D. Ultrastructural pathology of neuronal connectivity in postmortem brains of schizophrenic patients. Annals of Psychiatry 6 (1996) 55-72
344. Uranova N., Casanova M., et al. Ultrastructural alterations of synaptic contacts and astrocytes in postmortem caudate nucleus of schizophrenic patients (letter). Schizophrenia Research 22 (1996) 81-83
345. Uranova N., Orlovskaya D., et al. Electron microscopy of oligodendroglia in severe mental illness. Brain Research Bulletin 55 (2001) 597-610
346. Uranova N., Vostrikov V., et al. Oligodendroglial density in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia and mood disorders: a study from the Stanley Neuropathology Consortium. Schizophrenia Research 67 (2004) 269-275
347. Urenjak J., Williams S., et al. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy unambiguously identifies different neural cell types. Journal of Neuroscience 13 (1993) 981-989
348. van Amelsvoort T., Daly E., et al. Brain anatomy in adults with velocardiofacial syndrome with and without schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 61 (2004) 1085-1096
349. Van Essen D. A tensionb-based theory of morphogenesis and compact wiring in the central nervous system. Nature 385 (1997) 313-318
350. van Waesberghe J., Kamphorst W., et al. Axonal loss in multiple sclerosis lesions: magnetic resonance imaging insights into substrates of disability. Annals of Neurology 46 (1999) 747-754
351. Vawter M., Barrett T., et al. Application of cDNA microarrays to examine gene expression differences in schizophrenia. Brain Research Bulletin 55 (2001) 641-650
352. Vawter M., Shannon Weickert C., et al. Gene expression of metabolic enzymes and a protease inhibitor in the prefrontal cortex are decreased in schizophrenia. Neurochemical Research 29 (2004) 1245-1255
353. Velakoulis D., Wood S., et al. Increased duration of illness is associated with reduced volume in right medial temporal/anterior cingulate grey matter in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 57 (2002) 43-49
354. Vogeley K., Schneider-Axmann T., et al. Disturbed gyrification of the prefrontal region in male schizophrenic patients: a morphometric postmortem study. American Journal of Psychiatry 157 (2000) 34-39
355. Vogeley K., Tepest R., et al. Right frontal hypergyria differentiation in affected and unaffected siblings from families multiply affected with schizophrenia: a morphometric MRI study. American Journal of Psychiatry 158 (2001) 494-496
356. Walterfang M., Mocellin R., et al. Neuroimaging in late-onset schizophrenia. In: Hassett A., Ames D., and Chiu E. (Eds). Psychosis in the Elderly (2005), Taylor & Francis, Oxon 37-58
357. Walterfang M., Wood S., et al. Diseases of white matter and schizophrenia-like psychosis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39 (2005) 746-756
358. Wan C., Yang Y., et al. Polymorphisms of myelin-associated glycoprotein gene are associated with schizophrenia in the Chinese Han population. Neuroscience Letters 388 (2005) 126-131
359. Wang F., Sun Z., et al. A diffusion tensor imaging study of middle and superior cerebellar peduncle in male patients with schizophrenia. Neuroscience Letters 348 (2003) 135-138
360. Wang F., Sun Z., et al. Anterior cingulum abnormalities in male patients with schizophrenia determined through diffusion tensor imaging. American Journal of Psychiatry 161 (2004) 573-575
361. Weber G. The pathophysiology of reactive oxygen intermediates in the central nervous system. Medical Hypotheses 43 (1994) 223-230
362. Weickert C., and Weinberger D. A candidate molecule approach to defining developmental pathology in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 24 (1998) 303-316
363. Weinberger D. Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 44 (1987) 660-669
364. Weinberger D. Schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disorder. In: Hirsch S., and Weinberger D. (Eds). Schizophrenia (1995), Blackwood, London 295-323
365. Werner P., Pitt D., et al. Multiple sclerosis: altered glutamate homeostasis in lesions correlates with oligodendrocyte and axonal damage. Annals of Neurology 50 (2001) 169-180
366. Wernicke C. Grundrisse der Psychiatrie (1906), Thieme, Leipzig
367. West R. An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging. Psychological Bulletin 120 (1996) 272-292
368. Whitney L., Becker K., et al. Analysis of gene expression in multiple sclerosis lesions using cDNA microarrays. Annals of Neurology 46 (1999) 425-428
369. Wible C., Shenton M., et al. Prefrontal cortex and schizophrenia: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry 52 (1995) 279-288
370. Wible C., Anderson J., et al. Prefrontal cortex, negative symptoms, and schizophrenia: an MRI study. Psychiatry Research 108 (2001) 65-78
371. Williamson P., Pelz D., et al. Frontal, temporal and striatal proton relaxation times in schizophrenic patients and normal comparison subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry 149 (1992) 549-551
372. Wolkin A., Choi C., et al. Inferior frontal white matter anisotropy and negative symptoms of schizophrenia: a diffusion tensor imaging study. American Journal of Psychiatry 160 (2003) 572-574
373. Wollf S., and Balaban R. Magnetization transfer contrast (MTC) and tissue water proton relaxation in vivo. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 10 (1989) 135-144
374. Woo T., and Crowell A. Targeting synapses and myelin in the prevention of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 73 (2005) 193-207
375. Woodruff P., Pearlson G., et al. A computerized magnetic resonance imaging study of corpus callosum morphology in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine 23 (1993) 45-56
376. Woodruff P., McManus I., et al. Meta-analysis of corpus callosum size in schizophrenia. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 58 (1995) 457-461
377. Wright I., Rabe-Hesketh S., et al. Meta-analysis of regional brain volumes in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 157 (2000) 16-25
378. Wynn Owen P., and Castle D. Late-onset schizophrenia: epidemiology, diagnosis, management and outcomes. Drugs and Aging 15 (1999) 81-89
379. Xiong L., Rouleau G., et al. CAA insertion polymorphism in the 3′UTR of Nogo gene on 2p14 is not associated with schizophrenia. Molecular Brain Research 133 (2005) 153-156
380. Yakovlev P., and Lecours A. The myelogenetic cycles of regional maturation of the brain. In: Minkowski A. (Ed). Regional Development of the Brain in Early Life (1967), F.A. Davis, Philadephia 3-70
381. Yang Y., Qin W., et al. Possible association of the MAG locus with schizophrenia in a Chinese Han cohort of family trios. Schizophrenia Research 75 (2005) 11-19
382. Yucel M., Stuart G., et al. Paracingulate morphologic differences in males with established schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging morphometric study. Biological Psychiatry 52 (2002) 15-23
383. Zahajszky J., Dickey C., et al. A quantitative MR measure of the fornix in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 47 (2001) 87-97
384. Zai G., King N., et al. Genetic study of the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) gene in schizophrenia. Genes, Brain and Behavior 4 (2005) 2-9
385. Zhou S., Suzuki M., et al. Decreased volume and increased asymmetry of the anterior limb of the internal capsule in patients with schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 54 (2003) 427-436
386. Zilles K., Armstrong E., et al. The human pattern of gyrification in the cerebral cortex. Anatomy and Embryology 179 (1988) 173-179
387. Zimmerman R., Haselgrove J., et al. Advances in pediatric neuroimaging. Brain and Development 20 (1998) 275-289