Glutamatergic mechanisms in the dyskinesias induced by pharmacological dopamine replacement and deep brain stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease

Progress in Neurobiology

Volumn 96, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 69-86

  Sgambato Faure, Véronique ^a   Cenci, Maria Angela ^b  

^a INSTITUT DES SCIENCES COGNITIVES   (France)

^b LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

AMPA receptors; Animal models; Gliotransmission; Globus pallidus; High frequency stimulation; L DOPA; Metabotropic glutamate receptors; Motor complications; Neurotransmission; NMDA receptors; Subcellular localization

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID A RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID A RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; APOMORPHINE; BICUCULLINE; DOPAMINE; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR AGONIST; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; GLUTAMIC ACID; KYNURENIC ACID; LEVODOPA; METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR 1; METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR 2; METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR 3; METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR 4; METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR 5; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR;

BASAL GANGLION; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; CHOREA; CIRCLING BEHAVIOR; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; DYSKINESIA; DYSTONIA; ENTOPEDUNCULAR NUCLEUS; HEMIBALLISM; HUMAN; MICROINJECTION; MOTOR CORTEX; NEUROMODULATION; NONHUMAN; PARKINSON DISEASE; POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SUBSTANTIA NIGRA PARS RETICULATA; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; TORTICOLLIS;

ANIMALS; BASAL GANGLIA; DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION; DOPAMINE; DYSKINESIA, DRUG-INDUCED; GLUTAMIC ACID; HUMANS; PARKINSON DISEASE; RECEPTORS, AMPA; RECEPTORS, METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE; RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE;

EID: 82955189290     PISSN: 03010082     EISSN: 18735118     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.10.005     Document Type: Review

References (292)

1. Abercrombie E.D., Bonatz A.E., Zigmond M.J. Effects of L-dopa on extracellular dopamine in striatum of normal and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. Brain Res. 1990, 525(1):36-44.
2. Ahlskog J.E., Muenter M.D. Frequency of L-DOPA-related dyskinesias and motor fluctuations as estimated from the cumulative literature. Mov. Disord. 2001, 16(3):448-458.
3. Ahmed I., Bose S.K., Pavese N., Ramlackhansingh A., Turkheimer F., Hotton G., Hammers A., Brooks D.J. Glutamate NMDA receptor dysregulation in Parkinson's disease with dyskinesias. Brain 2011, 134:979-986.
4. Akazawa C., Shigemoto R., Bessho Y., Nakanishi S., Mizuno N. Differential expression of five N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit mRNAs in the cerebellum of developing and adult rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 1994, 347(1):150-160.
5. Albin R.L., Young A.B., Penney J.B. The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Trends Neurosci. 1989, 12:366-375.
6. Alexander G.E., Crutcher M.D. Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits: neural substrates of parallel processing. Trends Neurosci. 1990, 13:266-271.
7. Alexander G.E. Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: their role in control of movements. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1994, 11(4):420-431.
8. Alonso-Frech F., Zamarbide I., Alegre M., Rodríguez-Oroz M.C., Guridi J., Manrique M., Valencia M., Artieda J., Obeso J.A. Slow oscillatory activity and levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2006, 129:1748-1757.
9. Anderson V.C., Burchiel K.J., Hogarth P., Favre J., Hammerstad J.P. Pallidal vs subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease. Arch. Neurol. 2005, 62(4):554-560.
10. Andersson M., Hilbertson A., Cenci M.A. Striatal fosB expression is causally linked with l-DOPA-induced abnormal involuntary movements and the associated upregulation of striatal prodynorphin mRNA in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 1999, 6:461-474.
11. Angulo M.C., Lambolez B., Audinat E., Hestrin S., Rossier J. Subunit composition, kinetic, and permeation properties of AMPA receptors in single neocortical nonpyramidal cells. J. Neurosci. 1997, 17:6685-6696.
12. Attwell D., Barbour B., Szatkowski M. Nonvesicular release of neurotransmitter. Neuron 1993, 11(3):401-407.
13. Aubert I., Guigoni C., Li Q., Dovero S., Bioulac B.H., Gross C.E., Crossman A.R., Bloch B., Bezard E. Enhanced preproenkephalin-B-derived opioid transmission in striatum and subthalamic nucleus converges upon globus pallidus internalis in L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine-induced dyskinesia. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 61(7):836-844.
14. Aziz T.Z., Peggs D., Sambrook M.A., Crossman A.R. Lesion of the subthalamic nucleus for the alleviation of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced parkinsonism in the primate. Mov. Disord. 1991, 6:169-173.
15. Banke T.G., Bowie D., Lee H., Huganir R.L., Schousboe A., Traynelis S.F. Control of GluR1 AMPA receptor function by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. J. Neurosci. 2000, 20(1):89-102.
16. Bédard P.J., Di Paolo T., Falardeau P., Boucher R. Chronic treatment with L-DOPA, but not bromocriptine induces dyskinesia in MPTP-parkinsonian monkeys. Correlation with [3H]spiperone binding. Brain Res. 1986, 379(2):294-299.
17. Bejjani B.P., Arnulf I., Demeret S., Damier P., Bonnet A.M., Houeto J.L., Agid Y. L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease: is sensitization reversible?. Ann. Neurol. 2000, 47:655-658.
18. Benabid A.L., Pollak P., Louveau A., Henry S., De Rougemont J. Combined (thalamotomy and stimulation) stereotaxic surgery of the VIM thalamic nucleus for bilateral Parkinson disease. Appl. Neurophysiol. 1987, 50:344-346.
19. Benabid A.L., Benazzouz A., Limousin P., Koudsie A., Krack P., Piallat B., Pollak P. Dyskinesias and the subthalamic nucleus. Ann. Neurol. 2000, 47:S189-S192.
20. Benabid A.L., Chabardes S., Mitrofanis J., Pollak P. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol. 2009, 8(1):67-81.
21. Benabid A.-L., Deuschl G., Lang A.E., Lyons K.E., Rezai A.R. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 2006, 21(Suppl. 14):S168-S170.
22. Benazzouz A., Boraud T., Féger J., Burbaud P., Bioulac B., Gross C. Alleviation of experimental hemiparkinsonism by high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in primates: a comparison with L-Dopa treatment. Mov. Disord. 1996, 11(6):627-632.
23. Benazzouz A., Gross C., Féger J., Boraud T., Bioulac B. Reversal of rigidity and improvement in motor performance by subthalamic high-frequency stimulation in MPTP-treated monkeys. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1993, 5:382-389.
24. Bergman H., Wichmann T., DeLong M.R. Reversal of experimental parkinsonism by lesions of the subthalamic nucleus. Science 1990, 249:1436-1438.
25. Bergmann O., Winter C., Meissner W., Harnack D., Kupsch A., Morgenstern R., Reum T. Subthalamic high frequency stimulation induced rotations are differentially mediated by D1 and D2 receptors. Neuropharmacology 2004, 46(7):974-983.
26. Bernard V., Gardiol A., Faucheux B., Bloch B., Agid Y., Hirsch E.C. Subthalamic high frequency stimulation induced rotations are differentially mediated by D1 and D2 receptors. J. Comp. Neurol. 1996, 368(4):553-568.
27. Beurrier C., Bezard E., Bioulac B., Gross C. Subthalamic stimulation elicits hemiballismus in normal monkey. Neuroreport 1997, 8(7):1625-1629.
28. Bevan M.D., Magill P.J., Terman D., Bolam J.P., Wilson C.J. Move to the rhythm: oscillations in the subthalamic nucleus-external globus pallidus network. Trends Neurosci. 2002, 25:525-531.
29. Bezard E., Brotchie J.M., Gross C.E. Pathophysiology of levodopa-induced dyskinesia: potential for new therapies. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2001, 2(8):577-588.
30. Bibbiani F., Oh J.D., Kielaite A., Collins M.A., Smith C., Chase T.N. Combined blockade of AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptors reduces L-DOPA-induced motor complications in animal models of PD. Exp. Neurol. 2005, 196(2):422-429.
31. Bibbiani F., Oh J.D., Petzer J.P., Castagnoli N., Chen J.F., Schwarzschild M.A., Chase T.N. A2A antagonist prevents dopamine agonist-induced motor complications in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Exp. Neurol. 2003, 184(1):285-294.
32. Blanchet P.J., Calon F., Morissette M., Hadj Tahar A., Bélanger N., Samadi P., Grondin R., Grégoire L., Meltzer L., Di Paolo T., Bédard P.J. Relevance of the MPTP primate model in the study of dyskinesia priming mechanisms. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2004, 10(5):297-304.
33. Blanchet P.J., Konitsiotis S., Whittemore E.R., Zhou Z.L., Woodward R.M., Chase T.N. Differing effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype selective antagonists on dyskinesias in L-DOPA-treated 1-methyl-4-phenyl-tetrahydropyridine monkeys. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1999, 290(3):1034-1040.
34. Bochet P., Audinat E., Lambolez B., Crépel F., Rossier J., Iino M., Tsuzuki K., Ozawa S. Subunit composition at the single-cell level explains functional properties of a glutamate-gated channel. Neuron 1994, 12:383-388.
35. Boraud T., Bezard E., Bioulac B., Gross C. High frequency stimulation of the internal Globus Pallidus (GPi) simultaneously improves parkinsonian symptoms and reduces the firing frequency of GPi neurons in the MPTP-treated monkey. Neurosci. Lett. 1996, 215(1):17-20.
36. Boraud T., Bezard E., Guehl D., Bioulac B., Gross C. Effects of L-DOPA on neuronal activity of the globus pallidus externalis (GPe) and globus pallidus internalis (GPi) in the MPTP-treated monkey. Brain Res. 1998, 787(1):157-160.
37. Boraud T., Bezard E., Bioulac B., Gross C.E. Dopamine agonist-induced dyskinesias are correlated to both firing pattern and frequency alterations of pallidal neurons in the MPTP-treated monkey. Brain 2001, 124(Pt 3):546-557.
38. Boulet S., Lacombe E., Carcenac C., Feuerstein C., Sgambato-Faure V., Poupard A., Savasta M. Subthalamic stimulation-induced forelimb dyskinesias are linked to an increase in glutamate levels in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26(42):10768-10776.
39. Boyce S., Rupniak N.M., Steventon M.J., Iversen S.D. Characterisation of dyskinesias induced by L-dopa in MPTP-treated squirrel monkeys. Psychopharmacology 1990, 102(1):21-27.
40. Breysse N., Baunez C., Spooren W., Gasparini F., Amalric M. Chronic but not acute treatment with a metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor antagonist reverses the akinetic deficits in a rat model of parkinsonism. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22(13):5669-5678.
41. Brown P. Bad oscillations in Parkinson's disease. J. Neural. Transm. 2006, 70(Suppl.):27-30.
42. Bruet N., Windels F., Carcenac C., Feuerstein C., Bertrand A., Poupard A., Savasta M. Neurochemical mechanisms induced by high frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus: increase of extracellular striatal glutamate and GABA in normal and hemiparkinsonian rats. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2003, 62(12):1228-1240.
43. Burbaud P., Bonnet B., Guehl D., Lagueny A., Bioulac B. Movement disorders induced by gamma-aminobutyric agonist and antagonist injections into the internal globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata of the monkey. Brain Res. 1998, 780(1):102-107.
44. Burbaud P., Gross C., Benazzouz A., Coussemacq M., Bioulac B. Reduction of apomorphine-induced rotational behaviour by subthalamic lesion in 6-OHDA lesioned rats is associated with a normalization of firing rate and discharge pattern of pars reticulata neurons. Exp. Brain Res. 1995, 105(1):48-58.
45. Burchiel K.J., Anderson V.C., Favre J., Hammerstad J.P. Comparison of pallidal and subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for advanced Parkinson's disease: results of a randomized, blinded pilot study. Neurosurgery 1999, 45(6):1382-1384. (discussion 1375-1382).
46. Burns L.H., Pakzaban P., Deacon T.W., Brownell A.L., Tatter S.B., Jenkins B.G., Isacson O. Selective putaminal excitotoxic lesions in non-human primates model the movement disorder of Huntington disease. Neuroscience 1995, 64(4):1007-1017.
47. Calabresi P., Galletti F., Saggese E., Ghiglieri V., Picconi B. Neuronal networks and synaptic plasticity in Parkinson's disease: beyond motor deficits. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2007, 13(Suppl. 3):S259-S262.
48. Calabresi P., Giacomini P., Centonze D., Bernardi G. Levodopa-induced dyskinesia: a pathological form of striatal synaptic plasticity?. Ann. Neurol. 2000, 47(4 suppl. 1):S60-S68.
49. Calon F., Morissette M., Ghribi O., Goulet M., Grondin R., Blanchet P.J., Bédard P.J., Di Paolo T. Alteration of glutamate receptors in the striatum of dyskinetic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated monkeys following dopamine agonist treatment. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2002, 26(1):127-138.
50. Calon F., Rajput A.H., Hornykiewicz O., Bédard P.J., Di Paolo T. Levodopa-induced motor complications are associated with alterations of glutamate receptors in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 2003, 14(3):404-416.
51. Carpenter M.B., Whittier J.R., Mettler F.A. Tremor in the rhesus monkey produced by diencephalic lesions and studied by a graphic method. J. Comp. Neurol. 1950, 93(1):1-15.
52. Carta A.R., Pinna A., Morelli M. How reliable is the behavioural evaluation of dyskinesia in animal models of Parkinson's disease?. Behav. Pharmacol. 2006, 17(5-6):393-402. Review.
53. Cenci M.A., Konradi C. Maladaptive striatal plasticity in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Prog. Brain Res. 2010, 183:209-233.
54. Cenci M.A., Lee C.S., Björklund A. L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in the rat is associated with striatal overexpression of prodynorphin- and glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1998, 10(8):2694-2706.
55. Cenci M.A., Lundblad M. Post- versus presynaptic plasticity in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. J. Neurochem. 2006, 99(2):381-392.
56. Cenci M.A., Ohlin K.E. Rodent models of treatment-induced motor complications in Parkinsonós disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2009, 15(Suppl. 4):S13-S17.
57. Cenci M.A, Ohlin K.E., Odin P. Current options and future possibilities for the treatment of dyskinesia and motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets 2011, 10(6):670-684.
58. Cenci M.A., Whishaw I.Q., Schallert T. Animal models of neurological deficits: how relevant is the rat?. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2002, 3:574-579.
59. Chang J.Y., Shi L.H., Luo F., Woodward D.J. High frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus improves treadmill locomotion in unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats. Brain Res. 2003, 983(1-2):174-184.
60. Charles P.D., Van Blercom N., Krack P., Lee S.L., Xie J., Besson G., Benabid A.L., Pollak P. Predictors of effective bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation for PD. Neurology 2002, 59(6):932-934.
61. Chase T.N., Oh J.D. Striatal dopamine- and glutamate-mediated dysregulation in experimental parkinsonism. Trends Neurosci. 2000, 23(Suppl. 1):S86-S91.
62. Chatha B.T., Bernard V., Streit P., Bolam J.P. Synaptic localization of ionotropic glutamate receptors in the rat substantia nigra. Neuroscience 2000, 101(4):1037-1051.
63. Chazot P.L., Lawrence S., Thompson C.L. Studies on the subtype selectivity of CP-101,606: evidence for two classes of NR2B-selective NMDA receptor antagonists. Neuropharmacology 2002, 42(3):319-324.
64. Chen B.S., Roche K.W. Regulation of NMDA receptors by phosphorylation. Neuropharmacology 2007, 53(3):362-368.
65. Clarke C.E., Sambrook M.A., Mitchell I.J., Crossman A.R. Levodopa-induced dyskinesia and response fluctuations in primates rendered parkinsonian with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). J. Neurol. Sci. 1987, 78(3):273-280.
66. Clarke N.P., Bolam J.P. Distribution of glutamate receptor subunits at neurochemically characterized synapses in the entopeduncular nucleus and subthalamic nucleus of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1998, 397(3):403-420.
67. Conn P.J., Battaglia G., Marino M.J., Nicoletti F. Metabotropic glutamate receptors in the basal ganglia motor circuit. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2005, 6(10):787-798.
68. Cooper I.S., Samra K., Bergmann L. The thalamic lesion which abolishes tremor and rigidity of Parkinsonism. A radiologico-clinico-anatomic correlative study. J. Neurol. Sci. 1969, 8(1):69-84.
69. Corti C., Aldegheri L., Somogyi P., Ferraguti F. Distribution and synaptic localisation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGluR4) in the rodent CNS. Neuroscience 2002, 110(3):403-420.
70. Crossman A.R., Clarke C.E., Boyce S., Robertson R.G., Sambrook M.A. MPTP-induced parkinsonism in the monkey: neurochemical pathology, complications of treatment and pathophysiological mechanisms. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 1987, 14(Suppl. 3):428-435.
71. Crossman A.R., Mitchell I.J., Sambrook M.A., Jackson A. Chorea and myoclonus in the monkey induced by gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonism in the lentiform complex. The site of drug action and a hypothesis for the neural mechanisms of chorea. Brain 1988, 111(Pt 5):1211-1233.
72. Crossman A.R., Sambrook M.A., Jackson A. Experimental hemiballismus in the baboon produced by injection of a gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonist into the basal ganglia. Neurosci. Lett. 1980, 20(3):369-372.
73. Crossman A.R., Sambrook M.A., Jackson A. Experimental hemichorea/hemiballismus in the monkey. Studies on the intracerebral site of action in a drug-induced dyskinesia. Brain 1984, 107(Pt 2):579-596.
74. Darbaky Y., Forni C., Amalric M., Baunez C. High frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus has beneficial antiparkinsonian effects on motor functions in rats, but less efficiency in a choice reaction time task. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2003, 18:951-956.
75. Darmopil S., Martín A.B., De Diego I.R., Ares S., Moratalla R. Genetic inactivation of dopamine D1 but not D2 receptors inhibits L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia and histone activation. Biol. Psychiatry 2009, 66(6):603-613. Epub 2009 Jun 11.
76. D'Ascenzo M., Fellin T., Terunuma M., Revilla-Sanchez R., Meaney D.F., Auberson Y.P., Moss S.J., Haydon P.G. mGluR5 stimulates gliotransmission in the nucleus accumbens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2007, 104(6):1995-2000.
77. Degos B., Deniau J.M., Thierry A.M., Glowinski J., Pezard L., Maurice N. Neuroleptic-induced catalepsy: electrophysiological mechanisms of functional recovery induced by high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25(33):7687-7696.
78. Dekundy A., Lundblad M., Danysz W., Cenci M.A. Modulation of L-DOPA-induced abnormal involuntary movements by clinically tested compounds: further validation of the rat dyskinesia model. Behav. Brain Res. 2007, 179(1):76-89.
79. Dekundy A., Pietraszek M., Schaefer D., Cenci M.A., Danysz W. Effects of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors blockade in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res. Bull. 2006, 69(3):318-326.
80. Del Dotto P., Pavese N., Gambaccini G., Bernardini S., Metman L.V., Chase T.N., Bonuccelli U. Intravenous amantadine improves levadopa-induced dyskinesias: an acute double-blind placebo-controlled study. Mov. Disord. 2001, 16(3):515-520.
81. DeLong M.R. Primate models of movement disorders of basal ganglia origin. Trends Neurosci. 1990, 13(7):281-285.
82. Deng Y.P., Xie J.P., Wang H.B., Lei W.L., Chen Q., Reiner A. Differential localization of the GluR1 and GluR2 subunits of the AMPA-type glutamate receptor among striatal neuron types in rats. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 2007, 33:167-192.
83. Desbonnet L., Temel Y., Visser-Vandewalle V., Blokland A., Hornikx V., Steinbusch H.W. Premature responding following bilateral stimulation of the rat subthalamic nucleus is amplitude and frequency dependent. Brain Res. 2004, 1008(2):198-204.
84. Ding Y., Won L., Britt J.P., Lim S.A., McGehee D.S., Kang U.J. Enhanced striatal cholinergic neuronal activity mediates L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in parkinsonian mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2011, 108(2):840-845. Epub 2010 Dec 27.
85. Dunah A.W., Sirianni A.C., Fienberg A.A., Bastia E., Schwarzschild M.A., Standaert D.G. Dopamine D1-dependent trafficking of striatal N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors requires Fyn protein tyrosine kinase but not DARPP-32. Mol. Pharmacol. 2004, 65(1):121-129.
86. Dunah A.W., Wang Y., Yasuda R.P., Kameyama K., Huganir R.L., Wolfe B.B., Standaert D.G. Alterations in subunit expression, composition, and phosphorylation of striatal N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors in a rat 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease. Mol. Pharmacol. 2000, 57:342-352.
87. Dunah A.W., Yasuda R.P., Wang Y.H., Luo J., Dávila-García M., Gbadegesin M., Vicini S., Wolfe B.B. Regional and ontogenic expression of the NMDA receptor subunit NR2D protein in rat brain using a subunit-specific antibody. J. Neurochem. 1996, 67(6):2335-2345.
88. Dupre K.B., Eskow K.L., Negron G., Bishop C. The differential effects of 5-HT(1A) receptor stimulation on dopamine receptor-mediated abnormal involuntary movements and rotations in the primed hemiparkinsonian rat. Brain Res. 2007, 1158:135-143. Epub 2007 May 8.
89. Dupre K.B., Ostock C.Y., Eskow Jaunarajs K.L., Button T., Savage L.M., Wolf W., Bishop C. Local modulation of striatal glutamate efflux by serotonin 1A receptor stimulation in dyskinetic, hemiparkinsonian rats. Exp. Neurol. 2011, 229(2):288-299. Epub 2011 Feb 22.
90. Duty S. Therapeutic potential of targeting group III metabotropic glutamate receptors in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2010, 161(2):271-287. Review.
91. El Atifi-Borel M., Buggia-Prevot V., Platet N., Benabid A.L., Berger F., Sgambato-Faure V. De novo and long-term l-Dopa induce both common and distinct striatal gene profiles in the hemiparkinsonian rat. Neurobiol. Dis. 2009, 34(2):340-350.
92. Elbaz A., Damier P. Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease. La letter du Neurologue 2004, 8(1):13-15. French.
93. Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders 2010, Elsevier, London, UK. K. Kompoliti, L. Verhagen (Eds.).
94. 2+ stores and ion channels in neurons. Trends Neurosci. 2000, 23:80-88.
95. Fasano S., Bezard E., D'Antoni A., Francardo V., Indrigo M., Qin L., Doveró S., Cerovic M., Cenci M.A., Brambilla R. Inhibition of Ras-guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 1 (Ras-GRF1) signaling in the striatum reverts motor symptoms associated with L-dopa-induced dyskinesia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2010, 107(50):21824-21829. Epub 2010 Nov 29.
96. Favier M., Drui G., Carcenac C., Savasta M. Changes of expression of vesicular glutamate transporters induced by high frequency stimulation of subthalamic nucleus. FENS Abstr. 2010, vol 5:107.17.
97. Fellin T., Pascual O., Gobbo S., Pozzan T., Haydon P.G., Carmignoto G. Neuronal synchrony mediated by astrocytic glutamate through activation of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors. Neuron 2004, 43(5):729-743. Erratum in: Neuron. 2005 Jan 6;45(1): 177.
98. Fiorentini C., Rizzetti M.C., Busi C., Bontempi S., Collo G., Spano P., Missale C. Loss of synaptic D1 dopamine/N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor complexes in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in the rat. Mol. Pharmacol. 2006, 69(3):805-812.
99. Follett K.A., Weaver F.M., Stern M., Hur K., Harris C.L., Luo P., Marks W.J., Rothlind J., Sagher O., Moy C., Pahwa R., Burchiel K., Hogarth P., Lai E.C., Duda J.E., Holloway K., Samii A., Horn S., Bronstein J.M., Stoner G., Starr P.A., Simpson R., Baltuch G., De Salles A., Huang G.D., Reda D.J. Pallidal versus subthalamic deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010, 362(22):2077-2091. CSP 468 Study Group.
100. Follett K.A. Comparison of pallidal and subthalamic deep brain stimulation for the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Neurosurg. Focus 2004, 17(1):E3.
101. Fox S.H., Brotchie J.M. The MPTP-lesioned non-human primate models of Parkinson's disease. Past, present, and future. Prog. Brain Res. 2010, 184:133-157. Review.
102. Francardo V., Recchia A., Popovic N., Andersson D., Nissbrandt H., Cenci M.A. Impact of the lesion procedure on the profiles of motor impairment and molecular responsiveness to L-DOPA in the 6-hydroxydopamine mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 2011, 42(3):327-340. Epub 2011 Feb 19.
103. Galvan A., Kuwajima M., Smith Y. Glutamate and GABA receptors and transporters in the basal ganglia: what does their subsynaptic localization reveal about their function?. Neuroscience 2006, 143(2):351-375.
104. Garcia L., D'Alessandro G., Bioulac B., Hammond C. High-frequency stimulation in Parkinson's disease: more or less?. Trends Neurosci. 2005, 28(4):209-216.
105. Gardoni F., Ghiglieri V., Luca M., Calabresi P. Assemblies of glutamate receptor subunits with post-synaptic density proteins and their alterations in Parkinson's disease. Prog. Brain Res. 2010, 183:169-182.
106. Gardoni F., Picconi B., Ghiglieri V., Polli F., Bagetta V., Bernardi G., Cattabeni F., Di Luca M., Calabresi P. A critical interaction between NR2B and MAGUK in L-DOPA induced dyskinesia. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26(11):2914-2922.
107. Gardoni F., Sgobio C., Pendolino V., Calabresi P., Di Luca M., Picconi B. Targeting NR2A-containing NMDA receptors reduces L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias. Neurobiol. Aging 2011, [Epub ahead of print].
108. Gerfen C.R., Engber T.M., Mahan L.C., Susel Z., Chase T.N., Monsma F.J., Sibley D.R. D1 and D2 dopamine receptor-regulated gene expression of striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons. Science 1990, 250(4986):1429-1432.
109. Grabli D., McCairn K., Hirsch E.C., Agid Y., Féger J., François C., Tremblay L. Behavioural disorders induced by external globus pallidus dysfunction in primates: I. Behavioural study. Brain 2004, 127(Pt 9):2039-2054. Epub 2004 Aug 3.
110. Gradinaru V., Mogri M., Thompson K.R., Henderson J.M., Deisseroth K. Optical deconstruction of parkinsonian neural circuitry. Science 2009, 324(5925):354-359.
111. Graybiel A.M. The basal ganglia: learning new tricks and loving it. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2005, 15(6):638-644. Epub 2005 Nov 3.
112. Gubellini P., Eusebio A., Oueslati A., Melon C., Kerkerian-Le Goff L., Salin P. Chronic high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus and L-DOPA treatment in experimental parkinsonism: effects on motor behaviour and striatal glutamate transmission. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2006, 24(6):1802-1814.
113. Guridi J., Herrero M.T., Luquin M.R., Guillén J., Ruberg M., Laguna J., Vila M., Javoy-Agid F., Agid Y., Hirsch E., Obeso J.A. Subthalamotomy in parkinsonian monkeys. Behavioural and biochemical analysis. Brain 1996, 119(Pt 5):1717-1727.
114. Guridi J., Herrero M.T., Luquin R., Guillen J., Obeso J.A. Subthalamotomy improves MPTP-induced parkinsonism in monkeys. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 1994, 62(1-4):98-102.
115. Guridi J., Obeso J.A., Rodriguez-Oroz M.C., Lozano A.A., Manrique M. L-dopa-induced dyskinesia and stereotactic surgery for Parkinson's disease. Neurosurgery 2008, 62(2):311-323.
116. Hadj Tahar A., Grégoire L., Darré A., Bélanger N., Meltzer L., Bédard P.J. Effect of a selective glutamate antagonist on L-dopa-induced dyskinesias in drug-naive parkinsonian monkeys. Neurobiol. Dis. 2004, 15(2):171-176.
117. Hallett P.J., Dunah A.W., Ravenscroft P., Zhou S., Bezard E., Crossman A.R., Brotchie J.M., Standaert D.G. Alterations of striatal NMDA receptor subunits associated with the development of dyskinesia in the MPTP-lesioned primate model of Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2005, 48(4):503-516.
118. Hamada I., DeLong M.R. Excitotoxic acid lesions of the primate subthalamic nucleus result in transient dyskinesias of the contralateral limbs. J. Neurophysiol. 1992, 68(5):1850-1858.
119. Hammond C., Bergman H., Brown P. Pathological synchronization in Parkinson's disease: networks, models and treatments. Trends Neurosci. 2007, 30:357-364.
120. Hammond C., Feger J., Bioulac B., Souteyrand J.P. Experimental hemiballism in the monkey produced by unilateral kainic acid lesion in corpus Luysii. Brain Res. 1979, 171(3):577-580.
121. Hantraye P., Riche D., Maziere M., Isacson O. A primate model of Huntington's disease: behavioral and anatomical studies of unilateral excitotoxic lesions of the caudate-putamen in the baboon. Exp. Neurol. 1990, 108(2):91-104.
122. Hardingham G.E., Fukunaga Y., Bading H. Extrasynaptic NMDARs oppose synaptic NMDARs by triggering CREB shut-off and cell death pathways. Nat. Neurosci. 2002, 5(5):405-414.
123. Harnack D., Hamann M., Meissner W., Morgenstern R., Kupsch A., Richter A. High-frequency stimulation of the entopeduncular nucleus improves dystonia in dtsz hamsters. Neuroreport 2004, 15(9):1391-1393.
124. Harris A.Z., Pettit D.L. Recruiting extrasynaptic NMDA receptors augments synaptic signaling. J. Neurophysiol. 2008, 99(2):524-533.
125. Heinemann U., Lux H.D. Ceiling of stimulus induced rises in extracellular potassium concentration in the cerebral cortex of cat. Brain Res. 1977, 120:231-249.
126. 2+ influx by D2 dopamine and A2A adenosine receptors. Nat. Neurosci. 2010, 13(8):958-966. Epub 2010 Jul 4.
127. Higley M.J., Gittis A.H., Oldenburg I.A., Balthasar N., Seal R.P., Edwards R.H., Lowell B.B., Kreitzer A.C., Sabatini B.L. Cholinergic interneurons mediate fast VGluT3-dependent glutamatergic transmission in the striatum. PLoS One 2011, 6(4):e19155.
128. Hollmann M., Heinemann S. Cloned glutamate receptors. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1994, 17:31-108.
129. Huang L.Z., Grady S.R., Quik M. Nicotine reduces L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias by acting at beta2 nicotinic receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2011, 338(3):932-941. Epub 2011 Jun 10.
130. Hurley M.J., Jackson M.J., Smith L.A., Rose S., Jenner P. Immunoautoradiographic analysis of NMDA receptor subunits and associated postsynaptic density proteins in the brain of dyskinetic MPTP-treated common marmosets. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2005, 21(12):3240-3250.
131. Ivanov A., Pellegrino C., Rama S., Dumalska I., Salyha Y., Ben-Ari Y., Medina I. Opposing role of synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDA receptors in regulation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) activity in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. J. Physiol. 2006, 572:789-798.
132. Jenner P. The MPTP-treated primate as a model of motor complications in PD: primate model of motor complications. Neurology 2003, 61((6) Suppl. 3):S4-S11.
133. Jenner P. Molecular mechanisms of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2008, 9(9):665-677.
134. Johnson K.A., Conn P.J., Niswender C.M. Glutamate receptors as therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets 2009, 8(6):475-491.
135. Johnston T.H., Fox S.H., McIldowie M.J., Piggott M.J., Brotchie J.M. Reduction of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia by the selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist 3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl]pyridine in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned macaque model of Parkinson's disease. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2010, 333(3):865-873.
136. Jonas P., Burnashev N. Molecular mechanisms controlling calcium entry through AMPA-type glutamate receptor channels. Neuron 1995, 15:987-990.
137. Kafetzopoulos E., Papadopoulos G. Turning behavior after unilateral lesion of the subthalamic nucleus in the rat. Behav. Brain Res. 1983, 8(2):217-223.
138. Kahn L., Alonso G., Robbe D., Bockaert J., Manzoni O.J. Group 2 metabotropic glutamate receptors induced long term depression in mouse striatal slices. Neurosci. Lett. 2001, 316(3):178-182.
139. Karachi C., Grabli D., Baup N., Mounayar S., Tandé D., François C., Hirsch E.C. Dysfunction of the subthalamic nucleus induces behavioral and movement disorders in monkeys. Mov. Disord. 2009, 24(8):1183-1192.
140. Katayama Y., Oshima H., Kano T., Kobayashi K., Fukaya C., Yamamoto T. Direct effect of subthalamic nucleus stimulation on levodopa-induced peak-dose dyskinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 2006, 84(4):176-179.
141. Kato A.S., Gill M.B., Yu H., Nisenbaum E.S., Bredt D.S. TARPs differentially decorate AMPA receptors to specify neuropharmacology. Trends Neurosci. 2010, 33:241-248.
142. Keinänen K., Wisden W., Sommer B., Werner P., Herb A., Verdoorn T.A., Sakmann B., Seeburg P.H. A family of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors. Science 1990, 249(4968):556-560.
143. Kerner J.A., Standaert D.G., Penney J.B., Young A.B., Landwehrmeyer G.B. Expression of group one metabotropic glutamate receptor subunit mRNAs in neurochemically identified neurons in the rat neostriatum, neocortex, and hippocampus. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 1997, 48(2):259-269.
144. Kobylecki C., Cenci M.A., Crossman A.R., Ravenscroft P. Calcium-permeable AMPA receptors are involved in the induction and expression of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. J. Neurochem. 2010, 114(2):499-511.
145. Kobylecki C., Hill M.P., Crossman A.R., Ravenscroft P. Synergistic antidyskinetic effects of topiramate and amantadine in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 2011, [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1002/mds.23867.
146. Koehler R.C., Roman R.J., Harder D.R. Astrocytes and the regulation of cerebral blood flow. Trends Neurosci. 2009, 32:160-169.
147. Köhr G. NMDA receptor function: subunit composition versus spatial distribution. Cell Tissue Res. 2006, 326(2):439-446.
148. Konitsiotis S., Blanchet P.J., Verhagen L., Lamers E., Chase T.N. AMPA receptor blockade improves levodopa-induced dyskinesia in MPTP monkeys. Neurology 2000, 54(8):1589-1595.
149. Konradi C., Westin J.E., Carta M., Eaton M.E., Kuter K., Dekundy A., Lundblad M., Cenci M.A. Transcriptome analysis in a rat model of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Neurobiol. Dis. 2004, 17(2):219-236.
150. Kopp C., Longordo F., Lüthi A. Experience-dependent changes in NMDA receptor composition at mature central synapses. Neuropharmacology 2007, 53(1):1-9.
151. Krack P., Batir A., Van Blercom N., Chabardes S., Fraix V., Ardouin C., Koudsie A., Limousin P.D., Benazzouz A., LeBas J.F., Benabid A.L., Pollak P. Five-year follow-up of bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson's disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 349:1925-1934.
152. Krack P., Fraix V., Mendes A., Benabid A.L., Pollak P. Postoperative management of subthalamic nucleus stimulation for Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 2002, 17(Suppl. 3):S188-S197.
153. Krack P., Limousin P., Benabid A.L., Pollak P. Chronic stimulation of subthalamic nucleus improves levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease. Lancet 1997, 350(9092):1676.
154. Krack P., Pollak P., Limousin P., Benazzouz A., Deuschl G., Benabid A.L. From off-period dystonia to peak-dose chorea. The clinical spectrum of varying subthalamic nucleus activity. Brain 1999, 122:1133-1146.
155. Krnjevic K., Morris M.E., Reiffenstein R.J. Stimulation-evoked changes in extracellular K_ and Ca2_ in pyramidal layers of the rat's hippocampus. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1982, 60:1643-1657.
156. Kuwajima M., Dehoff M.H., Furuichi T., Worley P.F., Hall R.A., Smith Y. Localization and expression of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in the mouse striatum, globus pallidus, and subthalamic nucleus: regulatory effects of MPTP treatment and constitutive Homer deletion. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27(23):6249-6260.
157. Kwok K.H., Tse Y.C., Wong R.N., Yung K.K. Cellular localization of GluR1 GluR2/3 and GluR4 glutamate receptor subunits in neurons of the rat neostriatum. Brain Res. 1997, 778(1):43-55.
158. Lacombe E., Carcenac C., Boulet S., Feuerstein C., Bertrand A., Poupard A., Savasta M. High-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus prolongs the increase in striatal dopamine induced by acute l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine in dopaminergic denervated rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2007, 26(6):1670-1680.
159. Lacombe E., Khaindrava V., Melon C., Oueslati A., Kerkerian-Le Goff L., Salin P. Different functional basal ganglia subcircuits associated with anti-akinetic and dyskinesiogenic effects of antiparkinsonian therapies. Neurobiol. Dis. 2009, 36(1):116-125.
160. Landwehrmeyer G.B., Standaert D.G., Testa C.M., Penney J.B., Young A.B. NMDA receptor subunit mRNA expression by projection neurons and interneurons in rat striatum. J. Neurosci. 1995, 15(7):5297-5307.
161. Lane E.L., Cheetham S.C., Jenner P. Repeated administration of the monoamine reuptake inhibitor BTS 74 398 induces ipsilateral circling in the 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rat without sensitizing motor behaviours. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2005, 21(1):179-186.
162. Lau C.G., Zukin R.S. NMDA receptor trafficking in synaptic plasticity and neuropsychiatric disorders. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2007, 8(6):413-426.
163. Lee C.S., Cenci M.A., Schulzer M., Björklund A. Embryonic ventral mesencephalic grafts improve levodopa-induced dyskinesia in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Brain 2000, 123(pt 7):1365-1379.
164. Lee K.H., Kristic K., van Hoff R., Hitti F.L., Blaha C., Harris B., Roberts D.W., Leiter J.C. High-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus increases glutamate in the subthalamic nucleus of rats as demonstrated by in vivo enzyme-linked glutamate sensor. Brain Res. 2007, 1162:121-129.
165. Levandis G., Bazzini E., Armentero M.T., Nappi G., Blandini F. Systemic administration of an mGluR5 antagonist, but not unilateral subthalamic lesion, counteracts l-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 2008, 29(1):161-168.
166. Li X.H., Wang J.Y., Gao G., Chang J.Y., Woodward D.J., Luo F. High-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus restores neural and behavioral functions during reaction time task in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. J. Neurosci. Res. 2010, 88(7):1510-1521.
167. Liévens J.C., Salin P., Nieoullon A., Kerkerian-Le Goff L. Nigrostriatal denervation does not affect glutamate transporter mRNA expression but subsequent levodopa treatment selectively increases GLT1 mRNA and protein expression in the rat striatum. J. Neurochem. 2001, 79(4):893-902.
168. Limousin P., Pollak P., Hoffmann D., Benazzouz A., Perret J.E., Benabid A.L. Abnormal involuntary movements induced by subthalamic nucleus stimulation in parkinsonian patients. Mov. Disord. 1996, 11(3):231-235.
169. Limousin P., Krack P., Pollack P., Benazzouz A., Ardouin C., Hoffmann D., Benabid A.L. Electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced parkinson's disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998, 339:1105-1111.
170. Limousin P., Pollak P., Benazzouz A., Hoffmann D., Broussolle E., Perret J.E., Benabid A.L. Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation for severe Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 1995, 10(5):672-674.
171. Lindgren H.S., Rylander D., Ohlin K.E., Lundblad M., Cenci M.A. The motor complication syndrome in rats with 6-OHDA lesions treated chronically with L-DOPA: relation to dose and route of administration. Behav. Brain Res. 2007, 177(1):150-159.
172. Lindgren H.S., Andersson D.R., Lagerkvist S., Nissbrandt H., Cenci M.A. L-DOPA-induced dopamine efflux in the striatum and the substantia nigra in a rat model of Parkinson's disease: temporal and quantitative relationship to the expression of dyskinesia. J. Neurochem. 2010, 112(6):1465-1476. Epub 2009 Dec 24.
173. Lovinger D.M., McCool B.A. Metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated presynaptic depression at corticostriatal synapses involves mGLuR2 or 3. J. Neurophysiol. 1995, 73(3):1076-1083.
174. Luján R., Roberts J.D., Shigemoto R., Ohishi H., Somogyi P. Differential plasma membrane distribution of metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR1 alpha, mGluR2 and mGluR5, relative to neurotransmitter release sites. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 1997, 13(4):219-241.
175. Lundblad M., Andersson M., Winkler C., Kirik D., Wierup N., Cenci M.A. Pharmacological validation of behavioural measures of akinesia and dyskinesia in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2002, 15(1):120-132.
176. Lundblad M., Picconi B., Lindgren H., Cenci M.A. A model of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned mice: relation to motor and cellular parameters of nigrostriatal function. Neurobiol. Dis. 2004, 16(1):110-123.
177. Lundblad M., Usiello A., Carta M., Håkansson K., Fisone G., Cenci M.A. Pharmacological validation of a mouse model of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Exp. Neurol. 2005, 194(1):66-75.
178. Luquin M.R., Scipioni O., Vaamonde J., Gershanik O., Obeso J.A. Levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease: clinical and pharmacological classification. Mov. Disord. 1992, 7(2):117-124.
179. Mangiavacchi S., Wolf M.E. D1 dopamine receptor stimulation increases the rate of AMPA receptor insertion onto the surface of cultured nucleus accumbens neurons through a pathway dependent on protein kinase A. J. Neurochem. 2004, 88(5):1261-1271.
180. Manson A.J., Schrag A. Levodopa-induced dyskinesias, the clinical problem: clinical features, incidence, risk factors, management and impact on quality of life. Recent Breakthroughs in Basal Ganglia Research 2006, 369-380. Nova Science Publishers Inc., New York, NY. E. Bezard (Ed.).
181. Marconi R., Lefebvre-Caparros D., Bonnet A.M., Vidailhet M., Dubois B., Agid Y. Levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease phenomenology and pathophysiology. Mov. Disord. 1994, 9:2-12.
182. Marin C., Jiménez A., Tolosa E., Bonastre M., Bové J. Bilateral subthalamic nucleus lesion reverses L-dopa-induced motor fluctuations and facilitates dyskinetic movements in hemiparkinsonian rats. Synapse 2004, 51(2):140-150.
183. Marin C., Rodriguez-Oroz M.C., Obeso J.A. Motor complications in Parkinson's disease and the clinical significance of rotational behavior in the rat: have we wasted our time?. Exp. Neurol. 2006, 197:269-274.
184. Marino M.J., Conn P.J. Glutamate-based therapeutic approaches: allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2006, 6(1):98-102. Epub 2005 Dec 20. Review.
185. Martin J.P. Hemichorea resulting from a focal lesion of the brain (The syndrome of the body of Luys). Brain 1927, 50:637-651.
186. Matsui T., Kita H. Activation of group III metabotropic glutamate receptors presynaptically reduces both GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission in the rat globus pallidus. Neuroscience 2003, 122(3):727-737.
187. Matsumura M., Tremblay L., Richard H., Filion M. Activity of pallidal neurons in the monkey during dyskinesia induced by injection of bicuculline in the external pallidum. Neuroscience 1995, 65:59-70.
188. McIntyre C.C., Savasta M., Kerkerian-Le Goff L., Vitek J.L. Uncovering the mechanism(s) of action of deep brain stimulation: activation, inhibition, or both. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2004, 115:1239-1248.
189. Meissner W., Ravenscroft P., Reese R., Harnack D., Morgenstern R., Kupsch A., Klitgaard H., Bioulac B., Gross C.E., Bezard E., Boraud T. Increased slow oscillatory activity in substantia nigra pars reticulata triggers abnormal involuntary movements in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rat in the presence of excessive extracellular striatal dopamine. Neurobiol. Dis. 2006, 22(3):586-598.
190. Mela F., Marti M., Bido S., Cenci M.A., Morari M. In vivo evidence for a differential contribution of striatal and nigral D1 and D2 receptors to l-DOPA induced dyskinesia and the accompanying surge of nigral amino acid levels. Neurobiol. Dis. 2011, [Epub ahead of print].
191. Mela F., Marti M., Dekundy A., Danysz W., Morari M., Cenci M.A. Antagonism of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 attenuates l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia and its molecular and neurochemical correlates in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. J. Neurochem. 2007, 101:483-497.
192. Menniti F., Chenard B., Collins M., Ducat M., Shalaby I., White F. CP-101,606, a potent neuroprotectant selective for forebrain neurons. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1997, 331:117-126.
193. Menniti F.S., Pagnozzi M.J., Butler P., Chenard B.L., Jaw-Tsai S.S., Frost White W. CP-101,606, an NR2B subunit selective NMDA receptor antagonist, inhibits NMDA and injury induced c-fos expression and cortical spreading depression in rodents. Neuropharmacology 2000, 39:1147-1155.
194. Middleton F.A., Strick P.L. Basal ganglia output and cognition: evidence from anatomical, behavioral, and clinical studies. Brain Cogn. 2000, 42(2):183-200. Review.
195. Mink J.W. The basal ganglia: focused selection and inhibition of competing motor programs. Prog. Neurobiol. 1996, 50(4):381-425. Review.
196. Monaghan D.T., Bridges R.J., Cotman C.W. The excitatory amino acid receptors: their classes, pharmacology, and distinct properties in the function of the central nervous system. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1989, 29:365-402.
197. Morgese M.G., Cassano T., Cuomo V., Giuffrida A. Anti-dyskinetic effects of cannabinoids in a rat model of Parkinson's disease: role of CB(1) and TRPV1 receptors. Exp. Neurol. 2007, 208(1):110-119. Epub 2007 Aug 22.
198. Morin N., Grégoire L., Gomez-Mancilla B., Gasparini F., Di Paolo T. Effect of the metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 antagonists MPEP and MTEP in parkinsonian monkeys. Neuropharmacology 2010, 58(7):981-986.
199. Morissette M., Dridi M., Calon F., Hadj Tahar A., Meltzer L.T., Bedard P.J., Di Paolo T. Prevention of levodopa-induced dyskinesias by a selective NR1A/2B N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist in parkinsonian monkeys: implication of preproenkephalin. Mov. Disord. 2006, 21:9-17.
200. Nambu A. A new dynamic model of the cortico-basal ganglia loop. Prog. Brain Res. 2004, 143:461-466. Review.
201. Nash J.E., Ravenscroft P., McGuire S., Crossman A.R., Menniti F.S., Brotchie J.M. The NR2B-selective NMDA receptor antagonist CP-101,606 exacerbates L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia and provides mild potentiation of anti-parkinsonian effects of L-DOPA in the MPTP-lesioned marmoset model of Parkinson's disease. Exp. Neurol. 2004, 188(2):471-479.
202. Nishikawa Y., Kobayashi K., Oshima H., Fukaya C., Yamamoto T., Katayama Y., Ogawa A., Ogasawara K. Direct relief of levodopa-induced dyskinesia by stimulation in the area above the subthalamic nucleus in a patient with Parkinson's disease - case report. Neurol. Med. Chir. (Tokyo) 2010, 50(3):257-259.
203. Nutt J.G., Gunzler S.A., Kirchhoff T., Hogarth P., Weaver J.L., Krams M., Jamerson B., Menniti F.S., Landen J.W. Effects of a NR2B selective NMDA glutamate antagonist CP-101,606, on dyskinesia and Parkinsonism. Mov. Disord. 2008, 23:1860-1866.
204. Obeso J.A., Rodriguez-Oroz M.C., Rodriguez M., Arbizu J., Gimenez-Amaya J.M. The basal ganglia and disorders of movement: pathophysiological mechanisms. News Physiol. Sci. 2002, 17:51-55.
205. Oh J.D., Russell D.S., Vaughan C.L., Chase T.N. Enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of striatal NMDA receptor subunits: effect of dopaminergic denervation and L-DOPA administration. Brain Res. 1998, 813:150-159.
206. Ohlin K.E., Francardo V., Lindgren H.S., Sillivan S.E., O'Sullivan S.S., Luksik A.S., Vassoler F.M., Lees A.J., Konradi C., Cenci M.A. Vascular endothelial growth factor is upregulated by L-dopa in the parkinsonian brain: implications for the development of dyskinesia. Brain 2011, 134(Pt 8):2339-2357.
207. Ouattara B., Grégoire L., Morissette M., Gasparini F., Vranesic I., Bilbe G., Johns D.R., Rajput A., Hornykiewicz O., Rajput A.H., Gomez-Mancilla B., Di Paolo T. Metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 in levodopa-induced motor complications. Neurobiol. Aging 2011, 32(7):1286-1295. Epub 2009 Dec 29.
208. Ouattara B., Hoyer D., Grégoire L., Morissette M., Gasparini F., Gomez-Mancilla B., Di Paolo T. Changes of AMPA receptors in MPTP monkeys with levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Neuroscience 2010, 167(4):1160-1167.
209. Oueslati A., Sgambato-Faure V., Melon C., Kachidian P., Gubellini P., Amri M., Kerkerian-Le Goff L., Salin P. High-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus potentiates L-DOPA-induced neurochemical changes in the striatum in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:2377-2386.
210. Ozawa S., Kamiya H., Tsuzuki K. Glutamate receptors in the mammalian central nervous system. Prog. Neurobiol. 1998, 54:581-618.
211. Paillé V., Brachet P., Damier P. Role of nigral lesion in the genesis of dyskinesias in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroreport 2004, 15(3):561-564.
212. Paille V., Henry V., Lescaudron L., Brachet P., Damier P. Rat model of Parkinson's disease with bilateral motor abnormalities, reversible with levodopa, and dyskinesias. Mov. Disord. 2007, 22:533-539.
213. Panatier A., Vallée J., Haber M., Murai K.K., Lacaille J.C., Robitaille R. Astrocytes are endogenous regulators of basal transmission at central synapses. Cell 2011, 146(5):785-798.
214. Paquet M., Smith Y. Differential localization of AMPA glutamate receptor subunits in the two segments of the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata in the squirrel monkey. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1996, 8(1):229-233.
215. Paquet M., Smith Y. Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in the monkey striatum: subsynaptic association with glutamatergic and dopaminergic afferents. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23(20):7659-7669.
216. Parent A., Hazrati L.N. Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia II. The place of subthalamic nucleus and external pallidum in basal ganglia circuitry. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 1995, 20:128-154.
217. Pérez-Otaño I., Ehlers M.D. Homeostatic plasticity and NMDA receptor trafficking. Trends Neurosci. 2005, 28(5):229-238.
218. Périer C., Tremblay L., Féger J., Hirsch E.C. Behavioral consequences of bicuculline injection in the subthalamic nucleus and the zona incerta in rat. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22(19):8711-8719.
219. Perlmutter J.S., Mink J.W. Deep brain stimulation. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2006, 29:229-257.
220. Petralia R.S., Wang Y.X., Wenthold R.J. The NMDA receptor subunits NR2A and NR2B show histological and ultrastructural localization patterns similar to those of NR1. J. Neurosci. 1994, 14(10):6102-6120.
221. Piallat B., Benazzouz A., Benabid A.L. Subthalamic nucleus lesion in rats prevents dopaminergic nigral neuron degeneration after striatal 6-OHDA injection: behavioural and immunohistochemical studies. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1996, 8(7):1408-1414.
222. Picconi B., Bagetta V., Ghiglieri V., Paillè V., Di Filippo M., Pendolino V., Tozzi A., Giampà C., Fusco F.R., Sgobio C., Calabresi P. Inhibition of phosphodiesterases rescues striatal long-term depression and reduces levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Brain 2011, 134(Pt 2):375-387. Epub 2010 Dec 22.
223. Picconi B., Centonze D., Hakansson K., Bernardi G., Greengard P., Fisone G., Cenci M.A., Calabresi P. Loss of bidirectional striatal synaptic plasticity in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Nat. Neurosci. 2003, 6:501-506.
224. Picconi B., Paillé V., Ghiglieri V., Bagetta V., Barone I., Lindgren H.S., Bernardi G., Angela Cenci M., Calabresi P. l-DOPA dosage is critically involved in dyskinesia via loss of synaptic depotentiation. Neurobiol. Dis. 2008, 29(2):327-335. Epub 2007 Oct 11.
225. Picconi B., Pisani A., Centonze D., Battaglia G., Storto M., Nicoletti F., Bernardi G., Calabresi P. Striatal metabotropic glutamate receptor function following experimental parkinsonism and chronic levodopa treatment. Brain 2002, 125(Pt 12):2635-2645.
226. Pin J.P., Duvoisin R. The metabotropic glutamate receptors: structure and functions. Neuropharmacology 1995, 34:1-26.
227. Pisani A., Calabresi P., Centonze D., Bernardi G. Activation of group III metabotropic glutamate receptors depresses glutamatergic transmission at corticostriatal synapse. Neuropharmacology 1997, 36(6):845-851.
228. Pollak P., Benabid A.L., Gross C., Gao D.M., Laurent A., Benazzouz A., Hoffmann D., Gentil M., Perret J. Effects of the stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson disease. Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 1993, 149:175-176.
229. Quintana A., Melon C., Kerkerian-Le Goff L., Salin P., Savasta M., Sgambato-Faure V. Forelimb dyskinesia mediated by high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is linked to rapid activation of the NR2B subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2010, 32(3):423-434. Epub 2010 Jul 28.
230. Ramlackhansingh A.F., Bose S.K., Ahmed I., Turkheimer F.E., Pavese N., Brooks D.J. Adenosine 2A receptor availability in dyskinetic and nondyskinetic patients with Parkinson disease. Neurology 2011, 76(21):1811-1816.
231. Rascol O., Payoux P., Ory F., Ferreira J.J., Brefel-Courbon C., Montastruc J.L. Limitations of current Parkinson's disease therapy. Ann. Neurol. 2003, 53(Suppl. 3):S12-S15. S3-12 discussion.
232. Redgrave P., Prescott T.J., Gurney K. The basal ganglia: a vertebrate solution to the selection problem?. Neuroscience 1999, 89:1009-1023.
233. Rico A.J., Barroso-Chinea P., Conte-Perales L., Roda E., Gómez-Bautista V., Gendive M., Obeso J.A., Lanciego J.L. A direct projection from the subthalamic nucleus to the ventral thalamus in monkeys. Neurobiol. Dis. 2010, 39(3):381-392. Epub 2010 May 7.
234. Robelet S., Melon C., Guillet B., Salin P., Kerkerian-Le Goff L. Chronic L-DOPA treatment increases extracellular glutamate levels and GLT1 expression in the basal ganglia in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2004, 20:1255-1266.
235. Robertson R.G., Farmery S.M., Sambrook M.A., Crossman A.R. Dyskinesia in the primate following injection of an excitatory amino acid antagonist into the medial segment of the globus pallidus. Brain Res. 1989, 476(2):317-322.
236. Rodriguez-Oroz M.C., Obeso J.A., Lang A.E., Houeto J.L., Pollak P., Rehncrona S., Kulisevsky J., Albanese A., Volkmann J., Hariz M.I., Quinn N.P., Speelman J.D., Guridi J., Zamarbide I., Gironell A., Molet J., Pascual-Sedano B., Pidoux B., Bonnet A.M., Agid Y., Xie J., Benabid A.L., Lozano A.M., Saint-Cyr J., Romito L., Contarino M.F., Scerrati M., Fraix V., Van Blercom N. Bilateral deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: a multicentre study with 4 years follow-up. Brain 2005, 128(Pt 10):2240-2249. Epub 2005 Jun 23.
237. Rouaud T., Dondaine T., Drapier S., Haegelen C., Lallement F., Péron J., Raoul S., Sauleau P., Vérin M. Pallidal stimulation in advanced Parkinson's patients with contraindications for subthalamic stimulation. Mov. Disord. 2010, 25(12):1839-1846.
238. Rouse S.T., Marino M.J., Bradley S.R., Awad H., Wittmann M., Conn P.J. Distribution and roles of metabotropic glutamate receptors in the basal ganglia motor circuit: implications for treatment of Parkinson's disease and related disorders. Pharmacol. Ther. 2000, 88(3):427-435. Review.
239. Rumbaugh G., Vicini S. Distinct synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDA receptors in developing cerebellar granule neurons. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19(24):10603-10610.
240. Russmann H., Ghika J., Combrement P., Villemure J.G., Bogousslavsky J., Burkhard P.R., Vingerhoets F.J. L-dopa-induced dyskinesia improvement after STN-DBS depends upon medication reduction. Neurology 2004, 63(1):153-155.
241. Rylander D., Iderberg H., Li Q., Dekundy A., Zhang J., Li H., Baishen R., Danysz W., Bezard E., Cenci M.A. A mGluR5 antagonist under clinical development improves L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in parkinsonian rats and monkeys. Neurobiol. Dis. 2010, 39(3):352-361.
242. Rylander D., Recchia A., Mela F., Dekundy A., Danysz W., Cenci M.A. Pharmacological modulation of glutamate transmission in a rat model of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia: effects on motor behavior and striatal nuclear signaling. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2009, 330:227-335.
243. Salin P., Manrique C., Forni C., Kerkerian-Le Goff L. High-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus selectively reverses dopamine denervation-induced cellular defects in the output structures of the basal ganglia in the rat. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:5137-5148.
244. Samadi P., Grégoire L., Morissette M., Calon F., Hadj Tahar A., Dridi M., Belanger N., Meltzer L.T., Bédard P.J., Di Paolo T. mGluR5 metabotropic glutamate receptors and dyskinesias in MPTP monkeys. Neurobiol. Aging 2008, 29(7):1040-1051. Epub 2007 Mar 13.
245. Santini E., Valjent E., Usiello A., Carta M., Borgkvist A., Girault J.A., Hervé D., Greengard P., Fisone G. Critical involvement of cAMP/DARPP-32 and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase signaling in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27(26):6995-7005.
246. Santini E., Sgambato-Faure V., Li Q., Savasta M., Dovero S., Fisone G., Bezard E. Distinct changes in cAMP and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase signalling in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. PLoS One 2010, 8:e12322.
247. Schneider J.S. Levodopa-induced dyskinesias in parkinsonian monkeys: relationship to extent of nigrostriatal damage. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1989, 34(1):193-196.
248. 2+ channel reduces development of abnormal involuntary movement in the rat model of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine-induced dyskinesia. Biol. Psychiatry 2008, 65(6):518-526. Epub 2008 Oct 23.
249. Schwab R.S., England A.C., Poskanzer D.C., Young R.R. Amantadine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. JAMA 1969, 208(7):1168-1170.
250. Seeburg P.H. The TINS/TiPS Lecture The molecular biology of mammalian glutamate receptor channels. Trends Neurosci. 1993, 16:359-365.
251. Seifert G., Steinhäuser C. Neuron-astrocyte signaling and epilepsy. Exp. Neurol. 2011, [Epub ahead of print].
252. Sgambato-Faure V., Buggia V., Gilbert F., Levesque D., Benabid A.L., Berger F. Coordinated and spatial upregulation of arc in striatonigral neurons correlates with L-dopa-induced behavioral sensitization in dyskinetic rats. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2005, 64:936-947.
253. Shen W., Flajolet M., Greengard P., Surmeier D.J. Dichotomous dopaminergic control of striatal synaptic plasticity. Science 2008, 321(5890):848-851.
254. Shen H.Y., Coelho J.E., Ohtsuka N., Canas P.M., Day Y.J., Huang Q.Y., Rebola N., Yu L., Boison D., Cunha R.A., Linden J., Tsien J.Z., Chen J.F. A critical role of the adenosine A2A receptor in extrastriatal neurons in modulating psychomotor activity as revealed by opposite phenotypes of striatum and forebrain A2A receptor knock-outs. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28(12):2970-2975.
255. Shi L.H., Woodward D.J., Luo F., Anstrom K., Schallert T., Chang J.Y. High-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus reverses limb-use asymmetry in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. Brain Res. 2004, 1013(1):98-106.
256. Shigemoto R., Kinoshita A., Wada E., Nomura S., Ohishi H., Takada M., Flor P.J., Neki A., Abe T., Nakanishi S., Mizuno N. Differential presynaptic localization of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in the rat hippocampus. J. Neurosci. 1997, 17(19):7503-7522.
257. + depresses neuronal activity in the rat entopeduncular nucleus. Neuroscience 2007, 149(1):68-86. Epub 2007 Jul 28.
258. Silverdale M.A., Kobylecki C., Hallett P.J., Li Q., Dunah A.W., Ravenscroft P., Bezard E., Brotchie J.M. Synaptic recruitment of AMPA glutamate receptor subunits in levodopa-induced dyskinesia in the MPTP-lesioned nonhuman primate. Synapse 2010, 64(2):177-180.
259. Silverdale M.A., Nicholson S.L., Crossman A.R., Brotchie J.M. Topiramate reduces levodopa-induced dyskinesia in the MPTP-lesioned marmoset model of Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 2005, 20(4):403-409.
260. Smith Y., Raju D.V., Pare J.F., Sidibe M. The thalamostriatal system: a highly specific network of the basal ganglia circuitry. Trends Neurosci. 2004, 27(9):520-527.
261. Soghomonian J.J. L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in adult rats with a unilateral 6-OHDA lesion of dopamine neurons is paralleled by increased c-fos gene expression in the subthalamic nucleus. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2006, 23(9):2395-2403. Erratum in: Eur. J. Neurosci. 24(5):1505.
262. Standaert D.G., Friberg I.K., Landwehrmeyer G.B., Young A.B., Penney J.B. Expression of NMDA glutamate receptor subunit mRNAs in neurochemically identified projection and interneurons in the striatum of the rat. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 1999, 64(1):11-23.
263. Standaert D.G., Landwehrmeyer G.B., Kerner J.A., Penney J.B., Young A.B. Expression of NMDAR2D glutamate receptor subunit mRNA in neurochemically identified interneurons in the rat neostriatum, neocortex and hippocampus. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 1996, 42(1):89-102.
264. Standaert D.G., Testa C.M., Young A.B., Penney J.B. Organization of N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor gene expression in the basal ganglia of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 1994, 343(1):1-16.
265. Stowe R.L., Ives N.J., Clarke C., van Hilten J., Ferreira J., Hawker R.J., Shah L., Wheatley K., Gray R. Dopamine agonist therapy in early Parkinson's disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2008, 2:CD006564.
266. Sun L., Margolis F.L., Shipley M.T., Lidow M.S. Identification of a long variant of mRNA encoding the NR3 subunit of the NMDA receptor: its regional distribution and developmental expression in the rat brain. FEBS Lett. 1998, 441(3):392-396.
267. Tallaksen-Greene S.J., Albin R.L. Localization of AMPA-selective excitatory amino acid receptor subunits in identified populations of striatal neurons. Neuroscience 1994, 61(3):509-519.
268. Tallaksen-Greene S.J., Kaatz K.W., Romano C., Albin R.L. Localization of mGluR1a-like immunoreactivity and mGluR5-like immunoreactivity in identified populations of striatal neurons. Brain Res. 1998, 780(2):210-217.
269. Testa C.M., Friberg I.K., Weiss S.W., Standaert D.G. Immunohistochemical localization of metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR1a and mGluR2/3 in the rat basal ganglia. J. Comp. Neurol. 1998, 390(1):5-19.
270. Testa C.M., Standaert D.G., Young A.B., Penney J.B. Metabotropic glutamate receptor mRNA expression in the basal ganglia of the rat. J. Neurosci. 1994, 14(5 Pt 2):3005-3018.
271. Toda H., Hamani C., Lozano A. Deep brain stimulation in the treatment of dyskinesia and dystonia. Neurosurg. Focus 2004, 17(1):E2.
272. 2A receptor interaction in the striatum: implications for Parkinson's disease. J. Neurosci. 2011, 31(5):1850-1862.
273. Ulusoy A., Sahin G., Kirik D. Presynaptic dopaminergic compartment determines the susceptibility to L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2010, 107:13159-13164.
274. Ungerstedt U., Arbuthnott G.W. Quantitative recording of rotational behavior in rats after 6-hydroxy-dopamine lesions of the nigrostriatal dopamine system. Brain Res. 1970, 24:485-493.
275. Varanese S., Howard J., Di Rocco A. NMDA antagonist memantine improves levodopa-induced dyskinesias and " on-off" phenomena in Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 2010, 25(4):508-510.
276. Weaver F., Follett K., Hur K., Ippolito D., Stern M. Deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease: a metaanalysis of patient outcomes. J. Neurosurg. 2005, 103(6):956-967.
277. Wee K.S., Zhang Y., Khanna S., Low C.M. Immunolocalization of NMDA receptor subunit NR3B in selected structures in the rat forebrain, cerebellum, and lumbar spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 2008, 509(1):118-135.
278. Weinberger M., Hutchison W.D., Dostrovsky J.O. Pathological subthalamic nucleus oscillations in PD: can they be the cause of bradykinesia and akinesia?. Exp. Neurol. 2009, 219:58-61.
279. Weiss S., Sgambato-Faure V., Feuerstein C., Savasta M. L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias alter vesicular glutamate transporter expression in the rat striatum. FENS Abstr. 2008, vol 4:218.64.
280. Wessell R.H., Ahmed S.M., Menniti F.S., Dunbar G.L., Chase T.N., Oh J.D. NR2B selective NMDA receptor antagonist CP-101,606 prevents levodopa-induced motor response alterations in hemi-parkinsonian rats. Neuropharmacology 2004, 47:184-194.
281. Whittier J.R., Mettler F.A. Studies on the subthalamus of the rhesus monkey; hyperkinesia and other physiologic effects of subthalamic lesions; with special reference to the subthalamic nucleus of Luys. J. Comp. Neurol. 1949, 90(3):319-372.
282. Wichmann T., Bergman H., DeLong M.R. The primate subthalamic nucleus III. Changes in motor behavior and neuronal activity in the internal pallidum induced by subthalamic inactivation in the MPTP model of parkinsonism. J. Neurophysiol. 1994, 72(2):521-530.
283. Wichmann T., DeLong M.R. Functional and pathophysiological models of the basal ganglia. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 1996, 6:751-758.
284. Wilson C.J., Bevan M.D. Intrinsic dynamics and synaptic inputs control the activity patterns of subthalamic nucleus neurons in health and in Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2011, [Epub ahead of print].
285. Windels F., Bruet N., Poupard A., Urbain N., Chouvet G., Feuerstein C., Savasta M. Effects of high frequency stimulation of subthalamic nucleus on extracellular glutamate and GABA in substantia nigra and globus pallidus in the normal rat. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2000, 12(11):4141-4146.
286. Winkler C., Kirik D., Bjorklund A., Cenci M.A. L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in the intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine model of parkinson's disease: relation to motor and cellular parameters of nigrostriatal function. Neurobiol. Dis. 2002, 10(2):165-186.
287. Wittmann M., Marino M.J., Bradley S.R., Conn P.J. Activation of group III mGluRs inhibits GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. J. Neurophysiol. 2001, 85(5):1960-1968.
288. Worbe Y., Baup N., Grabli N., Chaigneau M., Mounayar S., McCairn K., Féger J., Tremblay L. Behavioral and movement disorders induced by local inhibitory dysfunction in primate striatum. Cereb. Cortex 2009, 19(8):1844-1856. Epub 2008 Dec 9.
289. Yung K.K. Localization of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors in distinct neuronal elements of the rat substantia nigra. Neurochem. Int. 1998, 33(4):313-326.
290. Zahodne L.B., Okun M.S., Foote K.D., Fernandez H.H., Rodriguez R.L., Wu S.S., Kirsch-Darrow L., Jacobson C.E., Rosado C., Bowers D. Greater improvement in quality of life following unilateral deep brain stimulation surgery in the globus pallidus as compared to the subthalamic nucleus. J. Neurol. 2009, 256(8):1321-1329. Epub 2009 Apr 12.
291. Zaidel A., Arkadir D., Israel Z., Bergman H. Akineto-rigid vs. tremor syndromes in Parkinsonism. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 2009, 22:387-393.
292. Zheng Z., Li Y., Li J., Zhang Y., Zhang X., Zhuang P. Stimulation-induced dyskinesia in the early stage after subthalamic deep brain stimulation. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 2010, 88:29-34.