The pharmacological importance of agmatine in the brain

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

Volumn 36, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 502-519

  Uzbay, Tayfun I ^a  

^a GULHANE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Addiction; Agmatine; Anxiety; Central disorders; Central nervous system (CNS); Depression; Learning and memory; Neurodegeneration; Nociception; Psychosis; Stroke; Withdrawal

Indexed keywords

AGMATINE; ALCOHOL; AQUAPORIN 4; ARGININE; ARGININE DECARBOXYLASE; CANNABINOID; CASPASE 3; CLONAZEPAM; CLONIDINE; DIZOCILPINE; ETHOSUXIMIDE; GABAPENTIN; GLUTAMIC ACID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; LITHIUM CHLORIDE; MORPHINE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; N(G) NITROARGININE METHYL ESTER; NEURONAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE INHIBITOR; OPIATE; PHENOBARBITAL; POLYAMINE; PSYCHOSTIMULANT AGENT; TIAGABINE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALPROIC ACID; VIGABATRIN;

ALCOHOLISM; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY; ANTINOCICEPTION; ANXIETY DISORDER; AUDIOGENIC SEIZURE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; DECARBOXYLATION; DEPRESSION; DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; HUMAN; LEARNING; MEMORY; MONOTHERAPY; MORPHINE ADDICTION; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; NEUROPROTECTION; NEUROTOXICITY; NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE; NITRERGIC NERVE; NOCICEPTION; NONHUMAN; OPIATE ADDICTION; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEIZURE; SPINAL CORD INJURY; TONIC CLONIC SEIZURE; TRANQUILIZING ACTIVITY; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

AGMATINE; ANIMALS; BRAIN; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS; HUMANS; NEUROTRANSMITTER AGENTS;

EID: 82855165088     PISSN: 01497634     EISSN: 18737528     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.08.006     Document Type: Review

References (241)

1. Abe K., Abe Y., Saito H. Agmatine suppresses nitric oxide production in microglia. Brain Res. 2000, 872:141-148.
2. Abe K., Abe Y., Saito H. Agmatine induces glutamate release and cell death in cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons. Brain Res. 2003, 990:165-171.
3. Adams M.L., Sewing B.N., Chen J., Meyer E.R., Cicero T.J. Nitric oxide-related agents alter ethanol withdrawal in male rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 1995, 19:195-199.
4. Aggarwal S., Shavalian B., Kim E., Rawls S.M. Agmatine enhances cannabinoid action in the hot-plate assay of thermal nociception. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2009, 93:426-432.
5. Ahn S.K., Hong S., Park Y.M., Lee W.T., Park K.A., Lee J.E. Effects of agmatine on hypoxic microglia and activity of nitric oxide synthase. Brain Res. 2011, 1373:48-54.
6. Andrews R.C. The side effects of antimalarial drugs indicate a polyamine involvement in both schizophrenia and depression. Med. Hypotheses 1985, 18:11-18.
7. Ankarcrona M., Dypbukt J.M., Bonfoco E., Zhivotovsky B., Orrenius S., Lipton S.A., Nicotera P. Glutamate-induced neuronal death: a succession of necrosis or apoptosis depending on mitochondrial function. Neuron 1995, 15:961-973.
8. Arhan E., Serdaroglu A., Ozturk B., Ozturk H.S., Ozcelik A., Kurt N., Kutsal E., Sevinc N. Effects of epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs on nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation and xanthine oxidase system in children with idiopathic epilepsy. Seizure 2011, 20:138-142.
9. Aricioglu F., Korcegez E., Bozkurt A., Ozyalcin S. Effect of agmatine on acute and mononeuropathic pain. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2003, 1009:106-115.
10. Aricioglu F., Kan B., Yi{dotless}llar O., Korcegez E., Berkman K. Effect of agmatine on electrically and chemically induced seizures in mice. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2003, 1009:141-146.
11. Aricioglu F., Altunbas H. Is agmatine an endogenous anxiolytic/antidepressant agent. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2003, 1009:136-140.
12. Aricioglu-Kartal F., Uzbay I.T. Inhibitory effect of agmatine on naloxone-precipitated abstinence syndrome in morphine dependent rats. Life Sci. 1997, 61:1775-1781.
13. Aricioglu-Kartal F., Regunathan S. Effect of chronic morphine treatment on the biosynthesis of agmatine in rat brain and other tissues. Life Sci. 2002, 71:1695-1701.
14. Armanini M.P., Hutchins C., Stein B.A., Sapolsky R.M. Glucocorticoid endangerment of hippocampal neurons is NMDA-receptor dependent. Brain Res. 1990, 532:7-12.
15. Auguet M., Viossat I., Marin J.G., Chabrier P.E. Selective inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase by agmatine. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 1995, 69:285-287.
16. Bahremand A., Ziai P., Khodadad T.K., Payandemehr B., Rahimian R., Ghasemi A., Ghasemi M., Hedayat T., Dehpour A.R. Agmatine enhances the anticonvulsant effect of lithium chloride on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice: involvement of l-arginine/nitric oxide pathway. Epilepsy Behav. 2010, 18:186-192.
17. Bardo M.T., Miller J.S., Neisewander J.L. Conditioned place preference with morphine: the effect of extinction training on the reinforcing CR. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1984, 21:545-549.
18. Bardo M.T., Bevins R.A. Conditioned place preference: what does it add to our preclinical understanding of drug reward?. Psychopharmacology 2000, 153:31-43.
19. Baumgartner G.R., Rowen R.C. Transdermal clonidine versus chlordiazepoxide in alcohol withdrawal: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. South. Med. J. 1991, 84:312-321.
20. Bence A.K., Worthen D.R., Stables J.P., Crooks P.A. An in vivo evaluation of the antiseizure activity and acute neurotoxicity of agmatine. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2003, 74:771-775.
21. Berman F.W., Murray T.F. Characterization of [3H]MK-801 binding to N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons and involvement in glutamate-mediated toxicity. J. Biochem. Toxicol. 1996, 11:217-226.
22. Bhalla S., Rapolaviciute V., Gulati A. Determination of α(2)-adrenoceptor and imidazoline receptor involvement in augmentation of morphine and oxycodone analgesia by agmatine and BMS182874. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2011, 651:109-121.
23. Bjorkqvist S.E. Clonidine in alcohol withdrawal. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1975, 52:256-263.
24. Bradley K.J., Headley P.M. Effect of agmatine on spinal nociceptive reflexes: lack of interaction with alpha 2-adrenoceptor or mu-opioid receptor mechanisms. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1997, 331:133-138.
25. Braff D.L., Swerdlow N.R., Geyer M.A. Gating and habituation deficits in the schizophrenia disorders. Clin. Neurosci. 1995, 3:131-139.
26. Braff D.L., Swerdlow N.R., Geyer M.A. Symptom correlates of prepulse inhibition deficits in male schizophrenic patients. Am. J. Psychiatry 1999, 156:596-602.
27. Bredt D.S., Snyder S.H. Nitric oxide, a novel neuronal messenger. Neuron 1992, 8:3-11.
28. Browning S., Lawrence D., Livingston A., Morris B. Interactions of drugs activate at opiate receptors and drugs active at alpha 2-receptors on various test systems. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1982, 77:487-491.
29. Brust J.C.M. Neurological Aspects of Substance Abuse 2004, Elsevier Inc., Philadelphia, pp. 19-42.
30. Budd S.L. Mechanisms of neuronal damage in brain hypoxia/ischemia: focus on the role of mitochondrial calcium accumulation. Pharmacol. Ther. 1998, 80:203-229.
31. Cagnin A., Brooks D.J., Kennedy A.M., Gunn R.N., Myers R., Turkheimer F.E., Jones T., Banati R.B. In-vivo measurement of activated microglia in dementia. Lancet 2001, 358:461-467.
32. Cai Z., Xiao F., Fratkin J.D., Rhodes P.G. Protection of neonatal rat brain from hypoxic-ischemic injury by LY379268, a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist. Neuroreport 1999, 10:3927-3931.
33. Castellanos F.X., Fine E.J., Kaysen D., Marsh W.L., Rapoport J.L., Hallett M. Sensorimotor gating in boys with Tourette's syndrome and ADHD: preliminary results. Biol. Psychiatry 1996, 39:33-41.
34. Celik E., Uzbay I.T., Karakas S. Caffeine and amphetamine produce cross-sensitization to nicotine-induced locomotor activity in mice. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2006, 30:50-55.
35. Chapman A.G. Glutamate and epilepsy. J. Nutr. 2000, 130:1043S-1045S.
36. Charney D.S. Monoamine dysfunction and pathophysiology and treatment of depression. J. Clin. Psychiatry 1998, 59(Suppl. 14):11-14.
37. Choi D.W. Calcium-mediated neurotoxicity: relationship to specific channel types and role in ischemic damage. Trends Neurosci. 1988, 11:465-469.
38. Condello S., Currò M., Ferlazzo N., Caccamo D., Satriano J., Ientile R. Agmatine effects on mitochondrial membrane potential andNF-κB activation protect against rotenone-induced cell damage in human neuronal-like SH-SY5Y cells. J. Neurochem. 2011, 116:67-75.
39. Courteix C., Privat A.M., Pélissier T., Hernandez A., Eschalier A., Fialip J. Agmatine induces antihyperalgesic effects in diabetic rats and a superadditive interaction with R(-)-3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid, a N-methyl-d-aspartate-receptor antagonist. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2007, 322:1237-1245.
40. Daly J.W., Fredholm B.B. Caffeine - an atypical drug of dependence. Drug Alcohol. Depend. 1998, 51:199-206.
41. Dambisya Y.M., Chan K., Wong C.L. Role of adrenoceptors in the potentiation of opioid antinociception by ephedrine and phenylpropanolamine in mice. Psychopharmacology 1991, 105:563-567.
42. Das I., de Belleroche J., Essali M.A., Richardson-Andrews R.C., Hirsch S.R. Blood polyamines in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 1989, 2:146.
43. Das I., Khan N.S., Puri B.K., Hirsch S.R. Elevated endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in schizophrenic plasma may reflect abnormalities in brain nitric oxide production. Neurosci. Lett. 1996, 215:209-211.
44. Davidson M., Shanley B., Wilce P. Increased NMDA-induced excitability during ethanol withdrawal: a behavioural and histological study. Brain Res. 1995, 674:91-96.
45. 2-adrenoceptors and nitric oxide. Neuropharmacology 2003, 45:534-542.
46. Destan A., Kocer I., Erdgan F., Ates O., Kiziltunc A. Agmatine as retinal protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury in guinea pigs. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 2009, 53:219-224.
47. Dogrul A., Uzbay I.T. Topical clonidine antinociception. Pain 2004, 111:385-391.
48. Dogrul A., Coskun I., Uzbay I.T. The contribution of alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors in peripheral imidazoline and adrenoceptor agonist-induced nociception. Anesth. Analg. 2006, 103:471-477.
49. Duman R.S., Heninger G.R., Nestler E.J. A molecular and cellular theory of depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1997, 54:597-606.
50. Eblen F., Löschmann P.A., Wüllner U., Turski L., Klockgether T. Effects of 7-nitroindazole, NG-nitro-l-arginine, and d-CPPene on harmaline-induced postural tremor, N-methyl-d-aspartate-induced seizures, and lisuride-induced rotations in rats with nigral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1996, 299:9-16.
51. Endres M., Wang Z.Q., Namura S., Waeber C., Moskowitz M.A. Ischemic brain injury is mediated by the activation of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1997, 17:1143-1151.
52. Erden B.F., Ozdemirci S., Yildiran G., Utkan T., Gacar N., Ulak G. Dextromethorphan attenuates ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1999, 62:537-541.
53. Evans S.M., Griffiths R.R. Caffeine tolerance and choice in humans. Psychopharmacology 1992, 108:51-59.
54. Evans S.M., Griffiths R.R. Caffeine withdrawal: a parametric analysis of caffeine dosing conditions. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1999, 289:285-294.
55. Fairbanks C.A., Wilcox G.L. Acute tolerance to spinally administered morphine compares mechanistically with chronically induced morphine tolerance. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1997, 282:1408-1417.
56. Fairbanks C.A., Posthumus I.J., Kitto K.F., Stone L.S., Wilcox G.L. Moxonidine, a selective imidazoline/alpha(2) adrenergic receptor agonist, synergizes with morphine and deltorphin II to inhibit substance P-induced behavior in mice. Pain 2000, 84:13-20.
57. Falayeh K.A. Spermidine oxidase activity in serum of normal and schizophrenic subjects. Clin. Chem. 1988, 34:401-403.
58. Feng Y., LeBlanc M.H., Regunathan S. Agmatine reduces extracellular glutamate during pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in rat brain: a potential mechanism for the anticonvulsive effects. Neurosci. Lett. 2005, 390:129-133.
59. 2+ in rat chromaffin cells. Neuroreport 1997, 8:1169-1172.
60. Gadotti V.M., Tibola D., Paszcuk A.F., Rodrigues A.R.S., Calixto J.B., Santos A.R.S. Contribution of spinal glutamatergic receptors to the antinociception caused by agmatine in mice. Brain Res. 2006, 1093:116-122.
61. Gaetz M. The neurophysiology of brain injury. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2004, 115:4-18.
62. Galea E., Regunathan S., Eliopoulos V., Feinstein D.L., Reis D.J. Inhibition of mammalian nitric oxide synthases by agmatine, an endogenous polyamine formed by decarboxylation of arginine. Biochem. J. 1996, 316(Pt 1):247-249.
63. Garthwaite J., Garthwaite G., Palmer R.M., Moncada S. NMDA receptor activation induces nitric oxide synthesis from arginine in rat brain slices. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1989, 172:413-416.
64. Garthwaite J. Glutamate, nitric oxide and cell-cell signalling in the nervous system. Trends Neurosci. 1991, 14:60-67.
65. Geyer M.A., Braff D.L. Startle habituation and sensorimotor gating in schizophrenia and related animal models. Schizophr. Bull. 1987, 13:643-668.
66. Gilad G.M., Gilad V.H., Casanova M.F., Casero R.A. Polyamines and their metabolizing enzymes in human frontal cortex and hippocampus: preliminary measurements in affective disorders. Biol. Psychiatry 1995, 38:227-234.
67. Gilad G.M., Salame K., Rabey J.M., Gilad V.H. Agmatine treatment is neuroprotective in rodent brain injury models. Life Sci. 1996, 58:PL41-PL46.
68. Gilad G.M., Gilad V.H. Accelerated functional recovery and neuroprotection by agmatine after spinal cord ischemia in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 2000, 296:97-100.
69. Gilad G.M., Gilad V.H., Finberg J.P., Rabey J.M. Neurochemical evidence for agmatine modulation of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) neurotoxicity. Neurochem. Res. 2005, 30:713-719.
70. Goarcke-Postle C.J., Overland A.C., Riedl M.S., Stone L.S., Fairbanks C.A. Potassium- and capsaicin-induced release of agmatine from spinal nerve terminals. J. Neurochem. 2007, 102:1738-1748.
71. Gong Z.H., Li Y.F., Zhao N., Yang H.J., Su R.B., Luo Z.P., Li J. Anxiolytic effect of agmatine in rats an mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2006, 550:112-116.
72. Goren M.Z., Aricioglu-Kartal F., Yurdun T., Uzbay I.T. Investigation of extracellular l-citrulline concentration in the striatum during alcohol withdrawal in rats. Neurochem. Res. 2001, 26:1327-1333.
73. Halaris A., Piletz J.E. Imidazoline receptors: possible involvement in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 2001, 16:65-69.
74. Halaris A., Piletz J. Agmatine: metabolic pathway and spectrum of activity in brain. CNS Drugs 2007, 21:885-900.
75. Halaris A., Zhu H., Feng Y., Piletz J.E. Plasma agmatine and platelet imidazoline receptors in depression. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1999, 881:445-451.
76. Harrison P.J. Metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists for schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 2008, 192:86-87.
77. Hill R.G. Molecular basis for the perception of pain. Neuroscientist 2001, 7:282-292.
78. Holtkamp M., Meierkord H. Anticonvulsant, antiepileptogenic, and antiictogenic pharmacostrategies. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2007, 64:2023-2041.
79. Hong S., Lee J.E., Kim C.Y., Seong G.J. Agmatine protects retinal ganglion cells from hypoxia-induced apoptosis in transformed rat retinal ganglion cell line. BMC Neurosci. 2007, 8:81.
80. Hong S., Kim C.Y., Lee J.E., Seong G.J. Agmatine protects cultured retinal ganglion cells from tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis. Life Sci. 2009, 84:28-32.
81. Hoog S. A review of the validity and variability of the elevated plus-maze as an animal model of anxiety. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1996, 54:21-30.
82. Horvath G., Kékesi G., Dobos I., Szikszay M., Klimscha W., Benedek G. Effect of intrathecal agmatine on inflammation-induced thermal hyperalgesia in rats. Eur. J. Phramacol. 1999, 368:197-204.
83. Iadecola C. Bright and dark sides of nitric oxide in ischemic brain injury. Trends Neurosci. 1997, 20:132-139.
84. Itoi K., Sugimoto N. The brainstem noradrenergic systems in stress, anxiety and depression. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2010, 22:355-361.
85. Kaplan G.B., Greenblatt D.J., Kent M.A., Cotreau-Bibbo M.M. Caffeine treatment and withdrawal in mice: relationships between dosage, concentrations, locomotor activity and A1 adenosine receptor binding. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1993, 226:1563-1572.
86. Kaputlu I., Uzbay T. L-NAME inhibits pentylenetetrazole and strychnine-induced seizures in mice. Brain Res. 1997, 753:98-101.
87. Karadag H.C., Ulugol A., Tamer M., Ipci Y., Dokmeci I. Systemic agmatine attenuates tactile allodynia in two experimental neuropathic pain models in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 2003, 339:88-90.
88. Kayir H., Uzbay I.T. Evidence for the role of nitric oxide in caffeine-induced locomotor activity in mice. Psychopharmacology 2004, 172:11-15.
89. Kekesi G., Joo G., Csullog E., Peter-Szabo M., Benedek G., Horvath G. Dose-independent antinociceptive interaction of endogenous ligands at the spinal level. Brain Res. 2004, 1029:93-102.
90. Khoshnoodi M.A., Motiei-Langroudi R., Tahsili-Fahadan P., Yahyavi-Firouz-Abadi N., Ghahremani M.H., Dehpour A.R. Involvement of nitric oxide system in enhancement of morphine-induced conditioned place preference by agmatine in male mice. Neurosci. Lett. 2006, 399:234-239.
91. Kim D.J., Kim D.I., Lee S.K., Suh S.H., Lee Y.J., Kim J., Chung T.S., Lee J.E. Protective effect of agmatine on a reperfusion model after transient cerebral ischemia: temporal evolution on perfusion MR imaging and histopathologic findings. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2006, 27:780-785.
92. Kim J.H., Yenari M.A., Giffar R.G., Cho S.W., Park K.A., Lee J.E. Agmatine reduces infarct area in a mouse model of transient focal cerebral ischemia and protects cultured neurons from ischemia-like injury. Exp. Neurol. 2004, 189:122-130.
93. Kim J.H., Lee Y.W., Park K.A., Lee W.T., Lee J.E. Agmatine attenuates brain edema through reducing the expression of aquaporin-1 after cerebral ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2010, 30:943-949.
94. Kinnman E., Levine J.D. Involvement of the sympathetic postganglionic neuron in capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesia in the rat. Neuroscience 1995, 65:283-291.
95. Koob G.F. Drugs of abuse: anatomy, pharmacology and function of reward pathways. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 1992, 13:177-184.
96. Kolesnikov Y., Jain S., Pasternak G.W. Modulation of opioid analgesia by agmatine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1996, 296:17-22.
97. Kopieczna-Grzebieniak E., Goss M. The importance of regulation of endogenous methylarginine concentrations in clinical practice. Przegl. Lek. 2005, 62:1494-1501.
98. Kossel A. über das Agmatin. Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie 1910, 66:257-261.
99. Kotagale N.R., Taksande B.G., Gahane A.Y., Ugale R.R., Chopde C.T. Repeated agmatine treatment attenuates nicotine sensitization in mice: modulation by alpha2-adrenoceptors. Behav. Brain Res. 2010, 213:161-174.
100. Krass M., Wegener G., Vasar E., Volke V. Antidepressant-like effect of agmatine is not mediated by serotonin. Behav. Brain Res. 2008, 188:324-328.
101. Kuo J.-R., Lo C.-J., Chio C.-C., Chang C.-P., Lin M.-T. Resuscitation from experimental traumatic brain injury by agatine therapy. Resuscitation 2008, 75:506-514.
102. Lal H., Emmet-Oglesby M.W. Behavioral analogues of anxiety. Animal models. Neuropharmacology 1983, 22:1423-1441.
103. Lallemand F., De Witte P. l-NNA decreases cortical vascularization, alcohol preference and withdrawal in alcoholic rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1997, 58:753-761.
104. LaLumiere R.T., Kalivas P.W. Glutamate release in the nucleus accumbens core is necessary for heroin seeking. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:3170-3177.
105. Lavinsky D., Sarmento N., Carlos A., Netto A. Agmatine induces anxiolysis in the elevated plus maze task in adult rats. Behav. Brain Res. 2003, 141:19-24.
106. Lee J.W., Lee Y.K., Yuk D.Y., Choi D.Y., Ban S.B., Oh K.W., Hong J.T. Neuro-inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide causes cognitive impairment through enhancement of beta-amyloid generation. J. Neuroinflamm. 2008, 29:5-37.
107. Lewis B., Wellmann K.A., Barron S. Agmatine reduces balance deficits in a rat model of third trimester binge-like ethanol exposure. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2007, 88:114-121.
108. Leyton M. Conditioned and sensitized responses to stimulant drugs in humans. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 31:1601-1613.
109. Li F., Wu N., Su R.B., Zheng J.Q., Xu B., Lu X.Q., Cong B., Li J. Involvement of phosphatidylcholine-selective phospholipase C in activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in imidazoline receptor anticera-selected protein. J. Cell. Biochem. 2006, 98:1615-1628.
110. 1 receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2009, 612:1-8.
111. Li G., Regunathan S., Barrow C.J., Eshraghi J., Cooper R., Reis D.J. Agmatine: an endogenous clonidine-displacing substance in the brain. Science 1994, 263:966-969.
112. Li Y.F., Gong Z.H., Cao J.B., Wang H.L., Luo Z.P., Li J. Antidepressant-like effects of agmatine and its possible mechanism. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2003, 469:81-88.
113. Lindsley C.W., Shipe W.D., Wolkenberg S.E., Theberge C.R., Williams D.L., Sur C., Kinney G.G. Progress towards validating the NMDA receptor hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2006, 6:771-785.
114. Lu J., Goula D., Sousa N., Almeida O.F. Ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptor mediation of glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in hippocampal cells and the neuroprotective role of synaptic N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. Neuroscience 2003, 121:123-131.
115. Ludewig S., Ludewig K., Geyer M.A., Hell D., Vollenweider F.X. Prepulse inhibition deficits in patients with panic disorder. Depress. Anxiety 2002, 15:55-60.
116. Luszczki J.J., Czernecki R., Wojtal K., Borowicz K.K., Czuczwar S.J. Agmatine enhances the anticonvulsant action of phenobarbital and valproate in the mouse maximal electroshock seizure model. J. Neural. Transm. 2008, 115:1485-1494.
117. Luszczki J.J., Czernecki R., Dudra-Jastrzebska M., Borowicz K.K., Czuczwar S.J. Influence of agmatine on the protective action of numerous antiepileptic drugs against pentetrazole-induced seizure in mice. Pharmacol. Rep. 2009, 61:252-260.
118. Magarinos A.M., Deslandes A., McEwen B.S. Effects of antidepressants and benzodiazepine treatments on the dendritic structure of CA3 pyramidal neurons after chronic stress. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1999, 371:113-122.
119. Maiese K., Pek L., Berger S.B., Reis D.J. Reduction in focal cerebral ischemia by agents acting at imidazole receptors. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1992, 12:53-63.
120. Manley G.T., Fujimura M., Ma T., Noshita N., Filiz F., Bollen A.W., Chan P., Verkman A.S. Aquaporin-4 deletion in mice reduces brain edema after acute water intoxication and ischemic stroke. Nat. Med. 2000, 6:159-163.
121. McEwen B.S., Conrad C.D., Kuroda Y., Frankfurt M., Magarinos A.M., McKittrick C. Prevention of stress-induced morphological and cognitive consequences. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 1997, 7(Suppl. 3):S323-S328.
122. Meldrum B.S., Akbar M.T., Chapman A.G. Glutamate receptors and transporters in genetic and acquired models of epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1999, 36:189-204.
123. Meller S.T., Pechman P.S., Gebhart G.F., Maves T.J. Nitric oxide mediates the thermal hyperalgesia produced in a model of neuropathic pain in the rat. Neuroscience 1992, 50:7-10.
124. Millan M.J. The induction of pain: an integrative review. Prog. Neurobiol. 1999, 57:1-164.
125. Millan M.J. The descending control of pain. Prog. Neurobiol. 2002, 66:355-474.
126. Miller D.K., Harrod S.B., Green T.A., Wong M.Y., Bardo M.T., Dwoskin L.P. Lobeline attenuates locomotor stimulation induced by repeated nicotine administration in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2003, 74:279-286.
127. Morgan A.D., Campbell U.C., Fons R.D., Carroll M.E. Effects of agmatine on the escalation of intravenous cocaine and fentanyl self-administration in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2002, 72:873-880.
128. Nestler E.J., Aghajanian G.K. Molecular and cellular basis of addiction. Science 1997, 278:58-62.
129. Nguyen H.O., Goracke-Postle C.J., Kaminski L.L., Overland A.C., Morgan A.D., Fairbanks C.A. Neuropharmacokinetic and dynamic studies of agmatine (decarboxylated arginine). Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2003, 1009:82-105.
130. Nikolic J., Bjelakovic G., Stojanovic I. Effects of caffeine on metabolism of l-arginine in the brain. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2003, 244:125-128.
131. O'Brien C.P. Drug addiction and abuse. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 1996, 557-577. McGraw-Hill, New York. J.G. Hardman, L.E. Limbird, P.B. Molinoff, R.W. Ruddon, A.G. Gilman (Eds.).
132. Olivier B., van Wijngaarden I., Soudijn W. 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists and anxiety; a preclinical and clinical review. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2000, 10:77-95.
133. Olmos G., DeGregorio-Rocasolano N., Regalado M.P., Gasull T., Assumpció Boronat M., Trullas R., Villarroel A., Lerma J., García-Sevilla J.A. Protection by imidazol(ine) drugs and agmatine of glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in cultured cerebellar granule cells through blockade of NMDA receptor. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1999, 127:1317-1326.
134. Onal A., Soykan N. Agmatine produces antinociception in tonic pain in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2001, 69:93-97.
135. Onal A., Delen Y., ülker S., Soykan N. Agmatine attenuates neuropathic pain in rats: possible mediation of nitric oxide and noradrenergic activity in the brainstem and cerebellum. Life Sci. 2003, 73:413-428.
136. Ossipov M.H., Suarez L.J., Spaulding T.C. Antinociceptive interactions between alpha 2-adrenergic and opiate agonists at the spinal level in rodents. Anesth. Analg. 1989, 68:194-200.
137. Otake K., Ruggiero D.A., Regunathan S., Wang H., Milner T.A., Reis D.J. Regional localization of agmatine in the rat brain: an immuno-cytochemical study. Brain Res. 1998, 787:1-14.
138. Owens M.J., Nemeroff C.B. Role of serotonin in the pathophysiology of depression: focus on the serotonin transporter. Clin. Chem. 1994, 40:288-295.
139. Ozden O., Kayir H., Ozturk Y., Uzbay I.T. Agmatine blocks ethanol-induced locomotor activity in mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2011, 659:26-29.
140. Paalzow L. Analgesia produced by clonidine in mice and rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1974, 26:361-363.
141. Palsson E., Fejgin K., Wass C., Klamer D. Agmatine attenuates the disruptive effects of phencyclidine on prepulse inhibition. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 590:212-216.
142. Parale M.P., Kulkarni S.K. Studies with alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists and alcohol abstinence syndrome in rats. Psychopharmacology 1986, 88:237-239.
143. Paszcuk A.F., Gadotti V.M., Tibola D., Quintǎo L.M., Rodrigues A.L.S., Calixto J.B., Santos A.R.S. Anti-hypernociceptive properties of agmatine in persistent inflammatory and neuropathic models of pain in mice. Brain Res. 2007, 1159:124-133.
144. Petrie R.X., Reid I.C., Stewart C.A. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, synaptic plasticity, and depressive disorder. A critical review. Pharmacol. Ther. 2000, 87:11-25.
145. Petroff O.A.C. GABA and glutamate in the human brain. Neuroscientist 2002, 8:562-573.
146. Piletz J.E., May P.J., Wang G., Zhu H. Agmatine crosses the blood-brain barrier. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2003, 1009:64-74.
147. 2-adrenoceptors. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 1995, 351:10-16.
148. Pogun S. Sex differences in brain and behavior: emphasis on nicotine, nitric oxide and place learning. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 2001, 42:195-208.
149. Porsolt R.D., Bertin A., Jalfre M. Behavioral despair in mice: a primary screening test for antidepressants. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 1977, 229:327-336.
150. Raasch W., Regunathan S., Li G., Reis D.J. Agmatine, the bacterial amine, is widely distributed in mammalian tissues. Life Sci. 1995, 56:2319-2330.
151. Raasch W., Schäfer U., Chun J., Dominiak P. Biological significance of agmatine, an endogenous ligand at imidazoline binding sites. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2001, 133:755-780.
152. Raasch W., Schäfer U., Qadri F., Dominiak P. Agmatine, an endogenous ligand at imidazoline binding sites, does not antagonize the clonidine-mediated blood pressure reaction. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2002, 135:663-672.
153. Ramchand C.N., Das I., Gliddon A., Hirsch S.R. Role of polyamines in the membrane pathology of schizophrenia. A study using fibroblasts from schizophrenic patients and normal controls. Schizophr. Res. 1994, 13:249-254.
154. Rawls S.M., Tallarida R.J., Zisk J. Agmatine and a cannabinoid agonist, WIN 55212-2, interact to produce a hypothermic synergy. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2006, 533:89-98.
155. Rawls S.M., Gerber K., Ding Z., Both C., Raffa R.B. Agmatine: identification and inhibition of metamphetamine, kappa opioid, and cannabinoid withdrawal in planarians. Synapse 2008, 62:927-934.
156. Regunathan S. Agmatine: biological role and therapeutic potentials in morphine analgesia and dependence. AAPS J. 2006, 8:E479-E484.
157. Regunathan S., Reis D.J. Imidazoline receptors and their endogenous ligands. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1996, 36:511-544.
158. Reis D.J., Regunathan S. Agmatine: a novel neurotransmitter?. Adv. Pharmacol. 1998, 42:645-649.
159. Reis D.J., Regunathan S. Is agmatine a novel neurotransmitter in brain?. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2000, 21:187-193.
160. Riazi K., Honar H., Homayoun H., Rashidi N., Kiani S., Ebrahimkhani M.R., Noorian A.R., Ghaffari K., Jannati A., Dehpour A.R. The synergistic anticonvulsant effect of agmatine and morphine: possible role of alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Epilepsy Res. 2003, 65:33-40.
161. Richardson-Andrews R.C. A central role for the polyamines in the aetiology of schizophrenia. Med. Hypotheses 1983, 11:157-166.
162. Riedel W., Neeck G. Nociception, pain, and antinociception: current concepts. Z. Rheumatol. 2001, 60:404-415.
163. Roberts J.C., Grocholski B.M., Kitto K.F., Fairbanks F.A. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies of agmatine after spinal administration in the mouse. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2005, 314:1226-1233.
164. Robinson T.E., Berridge K.C. The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 1993, 18:247-291.
165. Robinson T.E., Berridge K.C. Incentive-sensitization and addiction. Addiction 2001, 96:103-114.
166. Roerig S.C. Spinal and supraspinal agmatine activate different receptors to enhance spinal morphine antinociception. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci 2003, 1009:116-126.
167. Rossetti Z., Carboni S. Ethanol withdrawal is associated with increased extracellular glutamate in the rat striatum. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1995, 283:177-183.
168. Ruiz-Durántez E., Ruiz-Ortega J.A., Pineda J., Ugedo L. Effect of agmatine on locus coeruleus neuron activity: possible involvement of nitric oxide. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2002, 135:1152-1158.
169. Ruiz-Durántez E., Llorente J., Ulibarri E., Pineda J., Ugedo L. Agmatine-morphine interaction on nociception in mice. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2003, 1009:133-136.
170. Sacavage S., Patel H., Zielinski M., Acker J., Philips A.G., Raffa R.B., Rawls S.M. Withdrawal-like behavior in planarians is dependent on drug exposure duration. Neurosci. Lett. 2008, 439:84-88.
171. Santos A.R.S., Gadotti V.M., Oliveira G.L., Tibola D., Paszcuk A.F., Neto A., Spindola H.M., Souza M.M., Rodrigues A.L., Calixto J.B. Mechanisms involved in the antinociception caused by agmatine in mice. Neuropharmacology 2005, 48:1021-1034.
172. Sapolsky R.M., Krey L.C., McEwen B.S. Prolonged glucocorticoid exposure reduces hippocampal neuron number: implications for aging. J. Neurosci. 1985, 5:1222-1227.
173. Sapolsky R.M. Glucocorticoids, hippocampal damage and the glutamatergic synapse. Prog. Brain Res. 1990, 86:13-23.
174. Sastre M., Regunathan S., Galea E., Reis D.J. Agmatinase activity in rat brain: a metabolic pathway for the degradation of agmatine. J. Neurochem. 1996, 67:1761-1765.
175. Sengul G., Takci E., Malcok U.A., Akar A., Erdogan F., Kadioglu H.H., Aydin I.H. A preliminary histopatological study of the effects of agmatine on diffuse brain injury in rats. J. Clin. Neurosci. 2008, 15:1125-1129.
176. Shim I., Kim H.T., Kim Y.H., Chun B.G., Hahm D.H., Lee E.H., Kim S.E., Lee H.J. Role of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonist in nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization in the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2002, 443:119-124.
177. Skolnick P. Antidepressant for the new millennium. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1999, 375:31-40.
178. Shoval G., Weizman A. The possible role of neurotrophins in the pathogenesis and therapy of schizophrenia. Eur. Neuropharmacol. 2005, 15:319-329.
179. Stefan M., Travis M., Murray R.M. An Atlas of Schizophrenia 2002, The Parthenon Publishing Group, London, pp. 1-56.
180. Steru L., Chermat R., Thierry B., Simon P. The tail suspension test: a new method for screening antidepressants in mice. Psychopharmacolog 1985, 85:367-370.
181. Stewart J., Badiani A. Tolerance and sensitization to the behavioral effects of drugs. Behav. Pharmacol. 1993, 4:289-312.
182. Stolerman I. Drugs of abuse: behavioural principles, methods and terms. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 1992, 13:170-176.
183. Su R.B., Wei X.L., Zheng J.Q., Liu Y., Lu X.Q., Li J. Anticonvulsive effect of agmatine in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2004, 77:345-349.
184. Su R.B., Lu X.Q., Huang Y., Liu Y., Gong Z.H., Wei X.L., Wu N., Li J. Effects of intragastric agmatine on morphine-induced physiological dependence in beagle dogs and rhesus monkeys. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 587:155-162.
185. Su R.B., Ren Y.H., Liu Y., Ding T., Lu X.Q., Wu N., Liu Z.M., Li J. Agmatine inhibits morphine-induced drug discrimination in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 593:62-67.
186. Su R.B., Wang W.P., Lu X.Q., Wu N., Liu Z.M., Li J. Agmatine blocks acquisition and re-acquisition of intravenous morphine self-administration in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2009, 92:676-682.
187. Swerdlow N.R., Benbow C.H., Zisook S., Geyer M.A., Braff D.L. A preliminary assessment of sensorimotor gating in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 1993, 33:298-301.
188. Swerdlow N.R., Paulsen J., Braff D.L., Butters N., Geyer M.A., Swenson M.R. Impaired prepulse inhibition of acoustic and tactile startle response in patients with Huntington's disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1995, 58:192-200.
189. Szabó C. Physiological and pathophysiological roles of nitric oxide in the central nervous system. Brain Res. Bull. 1996, 41:131-141.
190. Tabor C.W., Tabor H. Polyamines. Annu. Rev. Biochem 1984, 53:749-790.
191. Tahsili-Fahadan P., Yahyavi-Firouz-Abadi N., Khoshnoodi M.A., Motiei-Langroudi R., Tahaei S.A., Ghahremani M.H., Dehpour A.R. Agmatine potentiates morphine-induced conditioned place preference in mice: modulation by alpha2-adrenoceptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006, 31:1722-1732.
192. Takahashi K., Greenberg J.H., Jackson P., Maclin K., Zhang J. Neuroprotective effects of inhibiting poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase on focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1997, 17:1137-1142.
193. Taksande B.G., Kotagale N.R., Tripathi S.J., Ugale R.R., Chopde C.T. Antidepressant-like effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors involve modulation of imidazoline receptors by agmatine. Neuropharmacology 2009, 57:415-424.
194. Taksande B.G., Kotagale N.R., Patel M.R., Shelkar G.P., Ugale R.R., Chopde C.T. Agmatine, an endogenous imidazoline receptor ligand modulates ethanol anxiolysis and withdrawal anxiety in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2010, 637:89-101.
195. Thomas J.D., Weinert S.P., Sharif S., Riley E.P. MK-801 administration during ethanol withdrawal in neonatal rat pups attenuates ethanol-induced behavioral deficits. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 1997, 21:1218-1225.
196. Trullas R., Skolnick P. Functional antagonists at the NMDA receptor complex exhibit antidepressant actions. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1990, 185:1-10.
197. Tsai G., Gastfriend D.R., Coyle J.T. The glutamatergic basis of human alcoholism. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1995, 152:332-340.
198. Tsai G., Coyle J.T. Glutamatergic mechanisms in schizophrenia. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2002, 42:165-179.
199. Tsuji M., Higuchi Y., Shiraishi K., Kume T., Akaike A., Hattori H. Protective effect of aminoguanidine on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage and temporal profile of brain nitric oxide in neonatal rat. Pediatr. Res. 2000, 47:79-83.
200. Ulusu U., Uzbay I.T., Kayir H., Alici T., Karakas S. Evidence for the role of nitric oxide in nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization in mice. Psychopharmacology 2005, 178:500-504.
201. Uranchimeg D., Kim J.H., Kim J.Y., Lee W.T., Park K.A., Batbaatar G., Tundevrentsen S., Amgalanbaatar D., Lee J.E. Recovered changes in the spleen by agmatine treatment after transient cerebral ischemia. Anat. Cell Biol. 2010, 43:44-53.
202. Uzbay I.T., Erden B.F., Tapanyigit E.E., Kayaalp S.O. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition attenuates signs of ethanol withdrawal in rats. Life Sci. 1997, 61:2197-2209.
203. Uzbay I.T., Yesilyurt O., Celik T., Ergun H., Isimer A. Effects of agmatine on ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats. Behav. Brain Res. 2000, 107:153-159.
204. Uzbay I.T., Oglesby M.W. Nitric oxide and substance dependence. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2001, 25:43-52.
205. Uzbay I.T., Lal H. Effects of NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, 7-nitro indazole, and agmatine on pentylenetetrazol-induced discriminative stimulus in Long-Evans rats. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2002, 26:567-573.
206. Uzbay I.T. New pharmacological approaches to the treatment of schizophrenia. Turk. Psikiyatri Derg. 2009, 20:175-182.
207. Uzbay T., Kose A., Kayir H., Ulusoy G., Celik T. Sex-related effects of agmatine on caffeine-induced locomotor activity in Swiss Webster mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2010, 630:69-73.
208. Uzbay I.T., Kayir H., Goktalay G., Yildirim M. Agmatine disrupts prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle reflex in rats. J. Psychopharmacol. 2010, 24:923-929.
209. Valentino R.J., Curtis A.L. Pharmacology of locus coeruleus spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity. Prog. Brain Res. 1991, 88:249-256.
210. Wada K., Chatzipanteli K., Kraydieh S., Busto R., Dietrich W.D. Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression after traumatic brain injury and neuroprotection with aminoguanidine treatment in rats. Neurosurgery 1998, 43:1427-1436.
211. Wade C.L., Schuster D.J., Domingo K.M., Kitto K.F., Fairbanks C.A. Supraspinally-administered agmatine attenuates the development of oral fentanyl self-administration. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 587:135-140.
212. Wang C.-C., Chio C.-C., Chang C.-H., Kuo J.R., Chang C.-P. Beneficial efects of agmatine on brain apoptosis, astrogliosis, and edema after rat transient cerebral ischemia. BMC Pharmacol. 2010, 10:11.
213. Wang X.F., Wu N., Su R.B., Lu X.Q., Liu Y., Li J. Agmatine modulates neuroadaptations of glutamate transmission in the nucleus accumbens of repeated morphine-treated rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2011, 650:200-205.
214. Wang W.P., Iyo A.H., Miguel-Hidalgo J., Regunathan S., Zhu M.Y. Agmatine protects against cell damage induced by NMDA and glutamate in cultured hippocampal neurons. Brain Res. 2006, 1084:210-216.
215. Wei H., Jyväsjärvi E., Niissalo S., Hukkanen M., Waris E., Konttinen Y.T., Pertovaara A. The influence of chemical sympathectomy on pain responsivity and alpha 2-adrenergic antinociception in neuropathic animals. Neuroscience 2002, 114:655-668.
216. Wei X.L., Su R.B., Lu X.-Q., Liu Y., Yu S.Z., Yuan B.L., Li J. Inhibition by agmatine on morphine-induced conditioned place preference in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2005, 515:99-106.
217. Wei X.L., Su R.B., Wu N., Lu X.Q., Zheng J.Q., Li J. Agmatine inhibits morphine-induced locomotion sensitization and morphine-induced changes in striatal dopamine and metabolites in rats. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007, 17:790-799.
218. Wellmann K., Lewis B., Barron S. Agmatine reduces ultrasonic vocalization deficits in female rat pubs exposed neonatally to ethanol. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 2010, 32:158-163.
219. Weng X.C., Gai X.D., Zheng J.Q., Li J. Agmatine blocked voltage-gated calcium channel in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 2003, 24:746-750.
220. White H.S., Woodhead J.H., Franklin M.R., Swinyard E.A., Wolf H.H. Experimental selection, quantification and evaluation of anticonvulsants. Antiepileptic Drugs 1995, 99-110. Raven Press, New York. R.H. Levy, R.H. Mattson, M.B. Meldrum (Eds.).
221. Wigdor S., Wilcox G.L. Central and systemic morphine-induced antinociception in mice: contribution of descending serotonergic and noradrenergic pathways. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1987, 242:90-95.
222. Wise R.A., Bozarth M.A. A psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction. Psychol. Rev. 1987, 94:469-497.
223. Wong C.S., Cherng C.H., Tung C.S. Intrathecal administration of excitatory amino acid antagonists or nitric oxide synthase inhibitor reduced autotomy behavior in rats. Anesth. Analg. 1998, 87:605-608.
224. Wu N., Su R.B., Liu Y., Lu X.Q., Zheng J.Q., Cong B., Li J. Modulation of agmatine on calcium signal in morphine-dependent CHO cells by activation of IRAS, a candidate for imidazoline I1 receptor. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2006, 548:21-28.
225. Wu N., Su R.-B., Li J. Agmatine and imidazoline receptors: their role in opioid analgesia, tolerance and dependence. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 2008, 28:629-641.
226. Yananli H., Gören M.Z., Berkman K., Aricioĝlu F. Effect of agmatine on brain l-citrulline production during morphine withdrawal in rats: a microdialysis study in nucleus accumbens. Brain Res. 2007, 1132:51-58.
227. Yang X.C., Reis D.J. Agmatine selectively blocks the N-methyl-d-aspartate subclass of glutamate receptor channels in rat hippocampal neurons. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1999, 288:544-549.
228. 2-adrenoceptor-mediated mechanism in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001, 25:98-103.
229. Yoon Y.W., Sung B., Chung J.M. Nitric oxide mediates behavioral signs of neuropathic pain in an experimental rat model. Neuroreport 1998, 9:367-372.
230. Yu C.G., Marcillo A.E., Fairbanks C.A., Wilcox G.L., Yezierski R.P. Agmatine improves locomotor function and reduces tissue damage following spinal cord injury. Neuroreport 2000, 11:3203-3207.
231. Yu C.G., Fairbanks C.A., Wilcox G.L., Yezierski R.P. Effects of agmatine, interleukin-10, and cyclosporine on spontaneous pain behavior after excitotoxic spinal cord injury in rats. J. Pain 2003, 4:129-140.
232. Zaniewska M., McCreary A.C., Sezer G., Przegalinski E., Filip M. Effects of agmatine on nicotine-evoked behavioral responses in rats. Pharmacol. Rep. 2008, 60:645-654.
233. Zarifkar A., Choopani S., Ghasemi R., Naghdi N., Maghsoudi A.H., Maghsoudi N., Rastegar K., Moosavi M. Agmatine prevents LPS-induced spatial memory impairment and hippocampal apoptosis. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2010, 634:84-88.
234. Zauner A., Bullock R. The role of excitatory amino acids in severe brain trauma: opportunities for therapy: a review. Neurotrauma 1995, 12:547-554.
235. Zhu M.Y., Piletz J.E., Halaris A., Regunathan S. Effect of agmatine against cell death induced by NMDA and glutamate in neurons and PC12 cells. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 2003, 23:865-872.
236. Zhu M.Y., Wang W.P., Bissette G. Neuroprotective effects of agmatine against cell damage caused by glucocorticoids in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Neuroscience 2006, 141:2019-2027.
237. Zhu M.Y., Wang M.P., Cai Z.W., Regunathan S., Ordway G. Exogenous agmatine has neuroprotective effects against restraint-induced structural changes in the brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2008, 27:1320-1332.
238. Zomkowski A.D.E., Hammes L., Lin J., Calixto J.B., Santos A.R.S., Rodrigues A.L.S. Agmatine produces antidepressant-like effects in two models of depression in mice. Neuroreport 2002, 13:387-391.
239. Zomkowski A.D.E., Rosa A.O., Lin J., Santos A.R.S., Calixto J.B., Rodrigues A.L.S. Evidence for serotonin receptor subtypes involvement in agmatine antidepressant like-effct in the mouse forced swimming test. Brain Res. 2004, 1023:253-263.
240. Zomkowski A.D.E., Santos A.D.R., Rodrigues A.L.S. Evidence for the involvement of the opioid system in the agmatine antidepressant-like effect in the forced swimming test. Neurosci. Lett. 2005, 381:279-283.
241. Zomkowski A.D.E., Santos A.R.S., Rodrigues A.L.S. Putrescine produces antidepressant-like effects in the forced swimming test and in the tail suspension test in mice. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2006, 30:1419-1425.