The impact of bacterial lipolysaccharides on the endothelial system: Pathological consequences and therapeutic countermeasures

Endocrine, Metabolic and Immune Disorders - Drug Targets

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 310-325

  Magrone, T ^a   Jirillo, E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARI   (Italy)

Author keywords

Endothelial system; Immunity; Lipopolysaccharide

Indexed keywords

BACTERIUM LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; CHEMOKINE; CYTOKINE; ENDOTOXIN; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4;

ANGIOGENESIS; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CYTOKINE RELEASE; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIUM; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOREGULATION; MACROPHAGE; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; MONOCYTE; NONHUMAN; OUTER MEMBRANE; PREECLAMPSIA; RENDU OSLER WEBER DISEASE; SEPSIS; TELANGIECTASIA; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;

EID: 80055104536     PISSN: 18715303     EISSN: 18715303     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187153011797881210     Document Type: Article

References (189)

1. Brandeburg, K.; Schromm, A.B. and Gutsmann, T. (2010) Endotoxins: relationship between structure, function, and activity. Subcell. Biochem., 53(1), 53-67.
2. McGettrick, A.F. and O'Neill, L.A. (2010) Regulators of TLR4 signaling by endotoxins. Subcell Biochem., 53, 153-171.
3. Wang, X. and Quinn, P.J. (2010) Endotoxins: lipopolysaccharides of gram-negative bacteria. Subcell Biochem., 53, 3-25.
4. Roach, J.C.; Glusman, G.; Rowen, L.; Kaur, A.; Purcell, M.K.; Smith, K.D.; Hood, L.E. and Aderem, A. (2005) The evolution of vertebrate Toll-like receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 102(27), 9577-9582.
5. Munford, R.S. (2008) Sensing gram-negative bacterial lipopoly-saccharides: a human disease determinant? Infect Immun., 76(2), 454-465.
6. Gomes, N.E.; Brunialti, M.K.; Mendes, M.E.; Freudenberg, M.; Galanos, C. and Salomão, R. (2010) Lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of cell surface receptors and cell activation of neutrophils and monocytes in whole human blood. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 43(9), 853-858.
7. Arditi, M.; Zhou, J.; Dorio, R.; Rong, G.W.; Goyert, S.M. and Kim, K.S. (1993) Endotoxin-mediated endothelial cell injury and activation: role of soluble CD14. Infect. Immun., 61(8), 3149-3156.
8. Goldblum, S.E.; Brann, T.W.; Ding, X.; Pugin, J. and Tobias, P.S. (1994) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein and soluble CD14 function as accessory molecules for LPS-induced changes in endothelial barrier function, in vitro. J. Clin. Invest., 93(2), 692-702.
9. Huber, M.; Kalis, C.; Keck, S.; Jiang, Z.; Georgel, P.; Du, X.; Shamel, L.; Sovath, S.; Mudd, S.; Beutler, B.; Galanos, C. and Freudenberg, M.A. (2006) R-form LPS, the master key to the activation ofTLR4/MD-2-positive cells. Eur. J. Immunol., 36(3), 701-711.
10. Jones, M.K. and Oliver, J.D. (2009) Vibrio vulnificus: disease and pathogenesis. Infect. Immun., 77(5), 1723-1733.
11. Tsai, Y.H.; Huang, T.J.; Hsu, R.W.; Weng, Y.J.; Hsu, W.H.; Huang, K.C. and Peng, K.T. (2009) Necrotizing soft-tissue infections and primary sepsis caused by Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio cholerae non-O1. J. Trauma., 66(3), 899-905.
12. Goo, S.Y.; Han, Y.S.; Kim, W.H.; Lee, K.H. and Park, S.J. (2007) Vibrio vulnificus IlpA-induced cytokine production is mediated by Toll-like receptor 2. J. Biol. Chem., 282(38), 27647-27658.
13. Davey, M.; Liu, X.; Ukai, T.; Jain, V.; Gudino, C.; Gibson, FC.; Golenbock, D.; Visintin, A. and Genco, C.A. (2008) Bacterial fimbriae stimulate proinflammatory activation in the endothelium through distinct TLRs. J. Immunol., 180(4), 2187-2195.
14. Biswas, S.K. and Lopez-Collazo, E. (2009) Endotoxin tolerance: new mechanisms, molecules and clinical significance. Trends Immunol., 30(10), 475-487.
15. Medvedev, A.E.; Kopydlowski, K.M. and Vogel, S.N. (2000) Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced signal transduction in endotoxin-tolerized mouse macrophages: dysregulation of cytokine, chemokine, and toll-like receptor 2 and 4 gene expression. J. Immunol., 164, 5564-5574.
16. Monneret, G.; Venet, F.; Alexandre Pachot, A.; and Alain Lepape, A. (2008) Monitoring immune dysfunctions in the septic patient: a new skin for the old ceremony. Mol. Med., 14(1-2), 64-78.
17. del Fresno, C.; García-Rio, F.; Gómez-Piña, V.; Soares-Schanoski, A.; Fernández-Ruíz, I.; Jurado, T.; Kajiji, T.; Shu, C.; Marín, E.; Gutierrez del Arroyo, A.; Prados, C.; Arnalich, F.; Fuentes-Prior, P.; Biswas, S.K. and López-Collazo, E. (2009) Potent phagocytic activity with impaired antigen presentation identifying lipopolysaccharide-tolerant human monocytes: demonstration in isolated monocytes from cystic fibrosis patients. J. Immunol., 182(10), 6494-6507.
18. Ziegler-Heitbrock, L. (2001) The p50-homodimer mechanism in tolerance to LPS. J. Endotoxin Res., 7, 219-222.
19. Parker, L.C.; Jones, E.C.; Prince, L.R.; Dower, S.K.; Whyte, M.K. and Sabroe, I. (2005) Endotoxin tolerance induces selective alterations in neutrophil function. J. Leukoc. Biol., 78(6), 1301-1305.
20. Pan, H.; Ding, E.; Hu, M.; Lagoo, A.S.; Datto, M.B. and Lagoo-Deenadayalan, S.A. (2010) SMAD4 is required for development of maximal endotoxin tolerance. J. Immunol., 184(10), 5502-5509.
21. Nakagawa, R.; Naka, T.; Tsutsui, H.; Fujimoto, M.; Kimura, A.; Abe, T.; Seki, E.; Sato, S.; Takeuchi, O.; Takeda, K.; Akira, S.; Yamanishi, K., Kawase, I.; Nakanishi, K. and Kishimoto, T. (2002) SOCS-1 participates in negative regulation of LPS responses. Immunity, 17(5), 677-687.
22. Liu, J.; Buckley, J.M.; Redmond, H.P. and Wang, J.H. (2010) ST2 negatively regulates TLR2 signaling, but is not required for bacterial lipoprotein-induced tolerance. J. Immunol., 184(10), 5802-5808.
23. Keck, S.; Freudenberg, M. and Huber, M. (2010) Activation of murine macrophages via TLR2 and TLR4 is negatively regulated by a Lyn/PI3K module and promoted by SHIP1. J. Immunol., 184(10), 5809-5818.
24. Yoza, B.K.; Hu, J.Y.; Cousart, S.L.; Forrest, L.M. and McCall, C.E. (2006) Induction of RelB participates in endotoxin tolerance. J. Immunol., 177(6), 4080-4085.
25. Hotchkiss, R.S.; Coopersmith, C.M.; McDunn, J.E. and Ferguson, T.A. (2009) The sepsis seesaw: tilting toward immunosuppression. Nat. Med., 15(5), 496-497.
26. Neal, M.D.; Leaphart, C.; Levy, R.; Prince, J.; Billiar, T.R.; Watkins, S.; Li, J.; Cetin, S.; Ford, H.; Schreiber, A. and Hackam, D.J. (2006) Enterocyte TLR4 mediates phagocytosis and translocation of bacteria across the intestinal barrier. J. Immunol., 176(5), 3070-3079.
27. Cines, D.B.; Pollak, E.S.; Buck, C.A.; Loscalzo, J.; Zimmerman, G.A.; McEver, R.P.; Pober, J.S.; Wick, T.M.; Konkle, B.A.; Schwartz, B.S.; Barnathan, E.S.; McCrae, K.R.; Hug, B.A.; Schmidt, A.M. and Stern, D.M. (1998) Endothelial cells in physiology and in the pathophysiology of vascular disorders. Blood, 91(10), 3527-3561.
28. Pober, J.S. and Sessa, W.C. (2007) Evolving functions of endothelial cells in inflammation. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 7(10), 803-815.
29. Yu, C.L.; Haskard, D.; Cavender, D. and Ziff, M. (1986) Effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on the binding of lymphocytes to endothelial cell monolayers. J. Immunol., 136(2), 569-573.
30. Bannerman, D.D.; Sathyamoorthy, M. and Goldblum, S.E. (1998) Bacterial lipopolysaccharide disrupts endothelial monolayer integrity and survival signaling events through caspase cleavage of adherens junction proteins. J. Biol. Chem., 273(52), 35371-35380.
31. Bannerman, D.D. and Goldblum, S.E. (1997) Endotoxin induces endothelial barrier dysfunction through protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Am. J. Physiol., 273(1 Pt 1), L217-226.
32. Meyrick, B.; Berry, L.C. Jr. and Christman, B.W. (1995) Response of cultured human pulmonary artery endothelial cells to endotoxin. Am. J. Physiol., 268(2 Pt 1), L239-244.
33. Harlan, J.M.; Harker, L.A.; Reidy, M.A.; Gajdusek, C.M.; Schwartz, S.M. and Striker, G.E. (1983) Lipopolysaccharide-mediated bovine endothelial cell injury in vitro. Lab. Invest., 48(3), 269-274.
34. Bernardini, C.; Zannoni, A.; Turba, M.E.; Fantinati, P.; Tamanini, C.; Bacci, M.L. and Forni, M. (2005) Heat shock protein 70, heat shock protein 32, and vascular endothelial growth factor production and their effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis in porcine aortic endothelial cells. Cell Stress Chaperones, 10(4), 340-348.
35. Bannerman, D.D.; Tupper, J.C.; Erwert, R.D.; Winn, R.K. and Harlan, J.M. (2002) Divergence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide pro-apoptotic signaling downstream of IRAK-1. J. Biol. Chem., 277(10), 8048-8053.
36. Hull, C.; McLean, G.; Wong, F.; Duriez, P.J. and Karsan, A. (2002) Lipopolysaccharide signals an endothelial apoptosis pathway through TNF receptor-associated factor 6-mediated activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase J. Immunol., 169(5), 2611-2618.
37. Zhang, F.X.; Kirschning, C.J.; Mancinelli, R.; Xu, X.P.; Jin, Y.; Faure, E.; Mantovani, A.; Rothe, M.; Muzio, M. and Arditi, M. (1999) Bacterial lipopolysaccharide activates nuclear factor-kappaB through interleukin-1 signaling mediators in cultured human dermal endothelial cells and mononuclear phagocytes. J. Biol. Chem., 274(12), 7611-7614.
38. Bannerman, D.D.; Erwert, R.D.; Winn, R.K. and Harlan, J.M. (2002) TIRAP mediates endotoxin-induced NF-kappaB activation and apoptosis in endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 295(1), 157-162.
39. Kuang, A.A.; Diehl, G.E.; Zhang, J. and Winoto, A. (2000) FADD is required for DR4- and DR5-mediated apoptosis: lack of trail-induced apoptosis in FADD-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem., 275(33), 25065-25068.
40. Ashkenazi, A. and Dixit, V.M. (1998) Death receptors: signaling and modulation. Science, 281(5381), 1305-1308.
41. Muzio, M.; Stockwell, B.R.; Stennicke, H.R.; Salvesen, G.S. and Dixit, V.M. (1998) An induced proximity model for caspase-8 activation. J. Biol. Chem., 273(5), 2926-2930.
42. Hirata, H.; Takahashi, A.; Kobayashi, S.; Yonehara, S.; Sawai, H.; Okazaki, T.; Yamamoto, K. and Sasada, M. (1998) Caspases are activated in a branched protease cascade and control distinct downstream processes in Fas-induced apoptosis. J. Exp. Med., 187(4), 587-600.
43. Bannerman, D.D.; Tupper, J.C.; Ricketts, W.A.; Bennett, C.F.; Winn, R.K. and Harlan, J.M. (2001) A constitutive cytoprotective pathway protects endothelial cells from lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem., 276(18), 14924-14932.
44. Li, J.H.; D'Alessio, A. and Pober, J.S. (2009) Lipopolysaccharide can trigger a cathepsin B-dependent programmed death response in human endothelial cells. Am. J. Pathol., 175(3), 1124-1135.
45. Kim, J.; Kim, J.; Kim, D.W.; Ha, Y.; Ihm, M.H.; Kim, H.; Song, K. and Le, I. (2010) Wnt5a induces endothelial inflammation via beta-catenin-independent signaling. J. Immunol., 185(2), 1274-1282.
46. Damico, R.L.; Chesley, A.; Johnston, L.; Bind, E.P.; Amaro, E.; Nijmeh, J.; Karakas, B.; Welsh, L.; Pearse, D.B.; Garcia, J.G. and Crow, M.T. (2008) Macrophage migration inhibitory factor governs endothelial cell sensitivity to LPS-induced apoptosis. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol., 39(1), 77-85.
47. Cheng, Q.; McKeown, S.J.; Santos, L.; Santiago, F.S.; Khachigian, L.M.; Morand, E.F. and Hickey, M.J. (2010) Macrophage migration inhibitory factor increases leukocyte-endothelial interactions in human endothelial cells via promotion of expression of adhesion molecules. J. Immunol., 185(2), 1238-1247.
48. Koh, H.; Tasaka, S.; Hasegawa, N.; Yamada, W.; Shimizu, M.; Nakamura, M.; Yonemaru, M.; Ikeda, E.; Adachi, Y.; Fujishima, S.; Yamaguchi, K. and Ishizaka, A. (2007) Protective role of vascular endothelial growth factor in endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in mice. Respir. Res., 8, 60.
49. Bublitz, D.C.; Noah, C.E.; Benach, J.L. and Furie, M.B. (2010) Francisella tularensis suppresses the proinflammatory response of endothelial cells via the endothelial protein C receptor. J. Immunol., 185(2), 1124-1131.
50. Li, J.; Billiar, T.R.; Talanian, R.V. and Kim, Y.M. (1997) Nitric oxide reversibly inhibits seven members of the caspase family via S-nitrosylation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 240(2), 419-424.
51. Palmer, R.M.; Bridge, L.; Foxwell, N.A. and Moncada, S. (1992) The role of nitric oxide in endothelial cell damage and its inhibition by glucocorticoids. Br. J. Pharmacol., 105(1), 11-12.
52. DeMeester, S.L.; Qiu, Y.; Buchman, T.G.; Hotchkiss, R.S.; Dunnigan, K.; Karl, I.E. and Cobb, J.P. (1998) Nitric oxide inhibits stress-induced endothelial cell apoptosis. Crit. Care. Med., 26(9), 1500-1509.
53. Wolkow, P.P. (1998) Involvement and dual effects of nitric oxide in septic shock. Inflamm. Res., 47(4), 152-166.
54. Huet, O.; Dupic, L.; Harrois, A. and Duranteau, J. (2011) Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction during sepsis. Front. Biosci., 16, 1986-1995.
55. Ravagnan, L.; Roumier, T. and Kroemer, G. (2002) Mitochondria, the killer organelles and their weapons. J. Cell. Physiol., 192(2), 131-137.
56. Zhuang, S.; Lynch, M.C. and Kochevar, I.E. Caspase-8 mediates caspase-3 activation and cytochrome c release during singlet oxygen-induced apoptosis of HL-60 cells. Exp. Cell. Res., 250(1), 203-212.
57. Visner, G.A.; Block, E.R.; Burr, I.M. and Nick, H.S. (1991) Regulation of manganese superoxide dismutase in porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Am. J Physiol. Lung. Cell. Mol. Physiol., 260, L444-L449.
58. Kong, X.J. and Fanburg, B.L. Regulation of Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. J. Cell. Physiol., 153(3), 491-497.
59. Morita-Fujimura, Y.; Fujimura, M.; Yoshimoto, T. and Chan, P.H. (2001) Superoxide during reperfusion contributes to caspase-8 expression and apoptosis after transient focal stroke. Stroke, 32, 2356-2361.
60. Lee, Y.J. and Shacter, E. (2000) Hydrogen peroxide inhibits activation, not activity, of cellular caspase-3 in vivo. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 29(7), 684-692.
61. Folkman, J. (1995) Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease. Nat. Med., 1(1), 27-31.
62. Alitalo, K. and Carmeliet, P. (2002) Molecular mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis in health and disease. Cancer Cell, 1(3), 219-227.
63. Karkkainen, M.J. and Petrova, T.V. (2000) Vascular endothelial growth factor receptors in the regulation of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Oncogene, 19(49), 5598-5605.
64. Rodríguez-Martínez, S.; Cancino-Diaz, M.E.; Miguel, P.S. and Cancino-Diaz, J.C. (2006) Lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli induces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor via toll-like receptor 4 in human limbal fibroblasts. Exp. Eye. Res., 83(6), 1373-1377.
65. Babior, B.M. (2000) The NADPH oxidase of endothelial cells. IUBMB. Life, 50(4-5), 267-269.
66. Ushio-Fukai, M. and Alexander, R.W. (2004) Reactive oxygen species as mediators of angiogenesis signaling: role of NAD(P)H oxidase. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 264(1-2), 85-97.
67. Ushio-Fukai, M.; Tang, Y.; Fukai, T.; Dikalov, S.I.; Ma, Y.; Fujimoto, M.; Quinn, M.T.; Pagano, P.J.; Johnson, C. and Alexander, R.W (2002) Novel role of gp91(phox)-containing NAD(P)H oxidase in vascular endothelial growth factor-induced signaling and angiogenesis. Circ. Res., 91(12), 1160-1167.
68. Liu, J. and Agarwal, S. (2010) Mechanical signals activate vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 to upregulate endothelial cell proliferation during inflammation. J. Immunol., 185(2), 1215-1221.
69. Hausman, G.J. and Richardson, R.L. (2004) Adipose tissue angiogenesis. J. Anim. Sci., 82, 925-934.
70. Lijnen, H.R. (2008) Angiogenesis and obesity. Cardiovasc. Res., 78(2), 286-293.
71. Laugerette, F.; Vors, C.; Peretti, N. and Michalski, M.C. (2011) Complex links between dietary lipids, endogenous endotoxins and metabolic inflammation. Biochimie, 93(1), 39-45.
72. Hill, L.M.; Gavala, M.L.; Lenertz, L.Y. and Bertics, P.J. (2010) Extracellular ATP may contribute to tissue repair by rapidly stimulating purinergic receptor X7-dependent vascular endothelial growth factor release from primary human monocytes. J. Immunol., 185(5), 3028-3034.
73. Williams, S.L.; Milne, I.R.; Bagley, C.J.; Gamble, J.R.; Vadas, M.A.; Pitson, S.M. and Khew-Goodall, Y. (2010) A proinflammatory role for proteolytically cleaved annexin A1 in neutrophil transendothelial migration. J. Immunol., 185(5), 3057-3063.
74. Steiner, O.; Coisne, C.; Cecchelli, R.; Boscacci, R.; Deutsch, U.; Engelhardt, B. and Lyck, R. (2010) Differential roles for endothelial ICAM-1, ICAM-2, and VCAM-1 in shear-resistant T cell arrest, polarization, and directed crawling on blood-brain barrier endothelium. J. Immunol., 185(8), 4846-4855.
75. Sumagin, R.; Prizant, H.; Lomakina, E.; Waugh, R.E. and Sarelius, I.H. (2010) LFA-1 and Mac-1 define characteristically different intralumenal crawling and emigration patterns for monocytes and neutrophils in situ. J. Immunol., 185(11), 7057-7066.
76. Furuya, M.; Kirschbaum, S.B.; Paulovich, A.; Pauli, B.U.; Zhang, H.; Alexander, J.S.; Farr, A.G. and Ruddell, A. (2010) Lymphatic endothelial murine chloride channel calcium-activated 1 is a ligand for leukocyte LFA-1 and Mac-1. J. Immunol., 185(10), 5769-5777.
77. Marelli-Berg, F.M.; Hargreaves, R.E.; Carmichael, P.; Dorling, A.; Lombardi, G. and Lechler, R.I. (1996) Major histocompatibility complex class II-expressing endothelial cells induce allospecific nonresponsiveness in naive T cells. J. Exp. Med., 183(4), 1603-1612.
78. Hancock, W.W.; Sayegh, M.H.; Zheng, X.G.; Peach, R.; Linsley, P.S. and Turka, L.A. (1996) Costimulatory function and expression of CD40 ligand, CD80, and CD86 in vascularized murine cardiac allograft rejection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93(24), 13967-13672.
79. Brossay, A.; Harang, S.; Hérault, O.; Bardos, P. and Watier, H. (2005) The active role played by xenogeneic endothelial cells in the indirect presentation pathway is not lymphocyte trans-co-stimulation. Transpl. Int., 17(12), 787-794.
80. Jollow, K.C.; Zimring, J.C.; Sundstrom, J.B. and Ansari, A.A. (1999) CD40 ligation induced phenotypic and functional expression of CD80 by human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells. Transplantation, 68(3), 430-439.
81. Dianzani, C.; Minelli, R.; Mesturini, R.; Chiocchetti, A.; Barrera, G.; Boscolo, S.; Sarasso, C.; Gigliotti, C.L.; Sblattero, D.; Yagi, J.; Rojo, J.M.; Fantozzi, R. and Dianzani, U. (2010) B7h triggering inhibits umbilical vascular endothelial cell adhesiveness to tumor cell lines and polymorphonuclear cells. J. Immunol, 185(7), 3970-3979.
82. Kreisel, D.; Krupnick, A.S.; Balsara, K.R.; Riha, M.; Gelman, A.E.; Popma, S.H.; Szeto, W.Y.; Turka, L.A. and Rosengard, B.R. (2002) Mouse vascular endothelium activates CD8+ T lymphocytes in a B7-dependent fashion. J. Immunol, 169(11), 6154-6161.
83. Murshid, A.; Gong, J. and Calderwood, S.K. (2010) Heat shock protein 90 mediates efficient antigen cross presentation through the scavenger receptor expressed by endothelial cells-I. J. Immunol, 185(5), 2903-2917.
84. Krupnick, A.S.; Gelman, A.E.; Barchet, W.; Richardson, S.; Kreisel, F.H.; Turka, L.A.; Colonna, M.; Patterson, G.A. and Kreisel, D. (2005) Murine vascular endothelium activates and induces the generation of allogeneic CD4+25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. J. Immunol, 175(10), 6265-6270.
85. Eppihimer, M.J.; Gunn, J.; Freeman, G.J.; Greenfield, E.A.; Chernova, T.; Erickson, J. and Leonard, J.P. (2002) Expression and regulation of the PD-L1 immunoinhibitory molecule on microvascular endothelial cells. Microcirculation, 9(2), 133-145.
86. Bedke, T.; Pretsch, L.; Karakhanova, S.; Enk, A.H. and Mahnke, K. (2010) Endothelial cells augment the suppressive function of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells: involvement of programmed death-1 and IL-10. J. Immunol, 184(10), 5562-5570.
87. Shrestha, B.; Hashiguchi, T.; Ito, T.; Miura, N.; Takenouchi, K.; Oyama, Y.; Kawahara, K.; Tancharoen, S.; Ki-I, Y.; Arimura, N.; Yoshinaga, N.; Noma, S.; Shrestha, C; Nitanda, T.; Kitajima, S.; Arimura, K.; Sato, M.; Sakamoto, T. and Maruyama, I. (2010) B cell-derived vascular endothelial growth factor A promotes lymphangiogenesis and high endothelial venule expansion in lymph nodes. J. Immunol, 184(9), 4819-4826.
88. Park, D.W.; Baek, K.; Lee, J.G.; Park, Y.K.; Kim, J.H.; Kim, J.R. and Baek, S.H. (2007) Activation of toll-like receptor 4 modulates vascular endothelial growth factor synthesis through prostacyclin-IP signaling. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 362(4), 1090-1095.
89. Kishuku, M.; Nishioka, Y.; Abe, S.; Kishi, J.; Ogino, H.; Aono, Y.; Azuma, M.; Kinoshita, K.; Batmunkh, R.; Makino, H.; Ranjan, P.; Minakuchi, K. and Sone, S. (2009) Expression of soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 in human monocyte-derived mature dendritic cells contributes to their antiangiogenic property. J. Immunol, 183(12), 8176-8185.
90. Kim, Y.S.; Choi, S.J.; Tae, Y.M.; Lee, B.J.; Jeon, S.G.; Oh, S.Y.; Gho, Y.S.; Zhu, Z. and Kim, Y.K. (2010) Distinct roles of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1- and receptor-2-mediated signaling in T cell priming and Th17 polarization to lipopolysaccharide-containing allergens in the lung. J. Immunol, 185(9), 5648-5655.
91. Kern, M.; Popov, A.; Kurts, C; Schultze, J.L. and Knolle, P.A. (2010) Taking off the brakes: T cell immunity in the liver. Trends Immunol, 31(8), 311-317.
92. Connolly, M.K.; Bedrosian, A.S.; Malhotra, A.; Henning, J.R.; Ibrahim, J.; Vera, V.; Cieza-Rubio, N.E.; Hassan, B.U.; Pachter, H.L.; Cohen, S.; Frey, A.B. and Miller, G. (2010) In hepatic fibrosis, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells acquire enhanced immunogenicity. J Immunol, 185(4), 2200-2208.
93. Outtz, H.H.; Wu, J.K.; Wang, X. and Kitajewski, J. (2010) Notch1 deficiency results in decreased inflammation during wound healing and regulates vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 and inflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages. J. Immunol, 185(7), 4363-4373.
94. Crispe, I.N. (2009) The liver as a lymphoid organ. Annu. Rev. Immunol, 27, 147-163.
95. Cormier, E.G.; Durso, R.J.; Tsamis, F.; Boussemart, L.; Manix, C; Olson, W.C.; Gardner, J.P. and Dragic, T. (2004) L-SIGN (CD209L) and DC-SIGN (CD209) mediate transinfection of liver cells by hepatitis C virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101(39), 14067-14072.
96. Dupuis-Girod, S.; Bailly, S. and Plauchu, H. (2010) Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: from molecular biology to patient care. J. Thromb. Haemost., 8(7), 1447-1456.
97. Pérez-Gómez, E.; del Castillo, G.; Juan Francisco, S.; López-Novoa, J.M.; Bernabéu, C. and Quintanilla, M. (2010) The role of the TGF-p coreceptor endoglin in cancer. Sci. World J., 10, 2367-284.
98. Fernández, L.A.; Sanz-Rodriguez, F.; Blanco, F.J.; Bernabéu, C. and Botella, L.M. (2006) Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, a vascular dysplasia affecting the TGF-beta signaling pathway. Clin. Med. Res., 4(1), 66-78.
99. Jirillo, E.; Amati, L.; Suppressa, P.; Cirimele, D.; Guastamacchia, E.; Covelli, V.; Tafaro, E. and Sabbà, C. (2006) Involvement of the transforming growth factor beta in the pathogenesis of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Curr. Pharm. Des., 12(10), 1195-1200.
100. Lebrin, F.; Goumans, M.J.; Jonker, L.; Carvalho, R.L.; Valdimarsdottir, G.; Thorikay, M.; Mummery, C.; Arthur, H.M. and ten Dijke, P. (2004) Endoglin promotes endothelial cell proliferation and TGF-beta/ALK1 signal transduction. EMBO. J., 23(20), 4018-4028.
101. Sabbà, C.; Gallitelli, M.; Pasculli, G.; Suppressa, P.; Resta, F. and Tafaro, G.E. (2006) HHT: a rare disease with a broad spectrum of clinical aspects. Curr. Pharm. Des., 12(10), 1217-1220.
102. Amati, L.; Passeri, M.E.; Resta, F.; Triggiani, V.; Jirillo, E. and Sabbà, C. (2006) Ablation of T-helper 1 cell derived cytokines and of monocyte-derived tumor necrosis factor-alpha in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: immunological consequences and clinical considerations. Curr. Pharm. Des., 12(10), 1201-1208.
103. Cirulli, A.; Loria, M.P.; Dambra, P.; di Serio F.; Ventura, M.T.; Amati, L.; Jirillo, E. and Sabbà, C. (2006) Patients with Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangectasia (HHT) exhibit a deficit of polymorphonuclear cell and monocyte oxidative burst and phagocytosis: a possible correlation with altered adaptive immune responsiveness in HHT. Curr. Pharm. Des., 12(10), 1209-1215.
104. Lenato, G.M.; Suppressa, P.; Giordano, P; Guanti, G.; Guastamacchia, E.; Triggiani, V.; Amati, L.; Resta, F.; Covelli, V.; Jirillo, E. and Sabbà, C. (2007) Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia: a rare disease as a model for the study of human atherosclerosis. Curr. Pharm. Des., 13(36), 3656-3664.
105. Walshe, T.E. (2010) TGF-beta and microvessel homeostasis. Microvasc. Res., 80(1), 166-173.
106. Farkas, L.; Farkas, D.; Ask, K.; Möller, A.; Gauldie, J.; Margetts, P.; Inman, M. and Kolb, M. (2009) VEGF ameliorates pulmonary hypertension through inhibition of endothelial apoptosis in experimental lung fibrosis in rats. J. Clin. Invest., 119(5), 1298-1311.
107. Jirillo, E.; Caccavo, D.; Magrone, T.; Piccigallo, E.; Amati, L.; Lembo, A.; Kalis, C. and Gumenscheimer, M. (2002) The role of the liver in the response to LPS: experimental and clinical findings. J. Endotoxin. Res., 8(5), 319-327.
108. Dorresteijn, M.J.; Draisma, A.; van der Hoeven, J.G. and Pickkers, P. (2010) Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole blood cytokine production does not predict the inflammatory response in human endotoxemia. Innate Immun., 16(4), 248-253.
109. Sibai, B.; Dekker, G. and Kupferminc, M. (2005) Pre-eclampsia. Lancet, 365(9461), 785-799.
110. Hazan, A.D.; Smith, S.D.; Jones, R.L.; Whittle, W.; Lye, S.J. and Dunk, C.E. (2010) Vascular-leukocyte interactions: mechanisms of human decidual spiral artery remodeling in vitro. Am. J. Pathol., 177(2), 1017-1030.
111. Goldman-Wohl, D. and Yagel, S. (2009) Preeclampsia a placenta developmental biology perspective. J. Reprod. Immunol., 82(2), 96-99.
112. Levine, R.J.; Lam, C.; Qian, C.; Yu, K.F.; Maynard, S.E.; Sachs, B.P.; Sibai, B.M.; Epstein, F.H.; Romero, R.; Thadhani, R. and Karumanchi, S.A. (2006) Soluble endoglin and other circulating antiangiogenic factors in preeclampsia. N. Engl. J. Med., 5(10), 992-1005. Erratum in: N. Engl. J. Med., 26, 355(17), 1840.
113. von Dadelszen, P.; Magee, L.A.; Krajden, M.; Alasaly, K.; Popovska, V.; Devarakonda, R.M.; Money, D.M.; Patrick, D.M. and Brunham, R.C. (2003) Levels of antibodies against cytomegalovirus and Chlamydophila pneumoniae are increased in early onset pre-eclampsia. BJOG, 110(8), 725-730.
114. Ponzetto, A.; Cardaropoli, S.; Piccoli, E.; Rolfo, A.; Gennero, L.; Kanduc, D. and Todros, T. (2006) Pre-eclampsia is associated with Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in Italy. J. Hypertens., 24(12), 2445-2459.
115. Xie, F.; Turvey, S.E.; Williams, M.A.; Mor, G. and von Dadelszen P. (2010) Toll-like receptor signaling and pre-eclampsia. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol., 63(1), 7-16.
116. Kim, Y.M.; Romero, R.; Oh, S.Y.; Kim, C.J.; Kilburn, B.A.; Armant, D.R.; Nien, J.K.; Gomez, R.; Mazor, M.; Saito, S.; Abrahams, V.M. and Mor, G. (2005) Toll-like receptor 4: a potential link between danger signals, the innate immune system, and preeclampsia? Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 193(3 Pt 2), 921-927.
117. Xie, F.; Magee, L.A.; Money, D.; Thomas, E.; Patrick, D. and von Daldszen P. (2005) Toll-like receptor-2 and-4 expression in pre-eclampsia. Hypertens. Pregnancy, 25, 9.
118. Cudihy, D. and Lee, R.V. (2009) The pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia: current clinical concepts. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 29(7), 576-582.
119. Negishi, M.; Izumi, Y.; Aleemuzzaman, S.; Inaba, N. and Hayakawa, S. (2011) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced interferon (IFN)-gamma production by decidual mononuclear cells (DMNC) is interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-12 dependent. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol., 65(1), 20-27.
120. Santner-Nanan, B.; Peek, M.J.; Khanam, R.; Richarts, L.; Zhu, E.; Fazekas de Groth, B. and Nanan, R. (2009) Systemic increase in the ratio between Foxp3+ and IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells in healthy pregnancy but not in preeclampsia. J. Immunol., 183(11), 7023-7030.
121. Redman, C.W. and Sargent, I.L. (2008) Circulating microparticles in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Placenta, 29 (Suppl A), S73-77.
122. von Dadelszen, P.; Hurst, G. and Redman, C.W. (1999) Supe-rnatants from co-cultured endothelial cells and syncytiotrophoblast microvillous membranes activate peripheral blood leukocytes in vitro. Hum. Reprod., 14(4), 919-924.
123. Gupta, A.K.; Hasler, P.; Holzgreve, W.; Gebhardt, S. and Hahn, S. (2005) Induction of neutrophil extracellular DNA lattices by placental microparticles and IL-8 and their presence in preeclampsia. Hum. Immunol., 66(11), 1146-1154.
124. Hashimoto, K.; Jayachandran, M.; Owen, W.G. and Miller, V.M. (2009) Aggregation and microparticle production through toll-like receptor 4 activation in platelets from recently menopausal women. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 54(1), 57-62.
125. Pontes Azevedo, L.C. (2010) Editorial. Sepsis pathogenesis: how many pieces are there in the puzzle? Endocrine Metab. Immune Disorders- Drug Targets, 10(3), 188-189.
126. Trzeciak, S.; Cinel, I.; Phillip Dellinger, R.; Shapiro, N.I.; Arnold, R.C.; Parrillo, J.E. and Hollenberg, S.M. (2008) Microcirculatory alterations in resuscitation and shock (MARS) investigators resuscitating the microcirculation in sepsis: the central role of nitric oxide, emerging concepts for novel therapies, and challenges for clinical trials. Acad. Emerg. Med., 15(5), 399-413.
127. Ellis, C.G.; Bateman, R.M.; Sharpe, M.D.; Sibbald, W.J. and Gill, R. (2002) Effect of a maldistribution of microvascular blood flow on capillary O(2) extraction in sepsis. Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol., 282(1), H156-164.
128. Edul, V.K.; Gonzalo Ferrara G. and Dubin, A (2010) Microcirculatory dysfunction in sepsis. Endocrine Metab. Immune Disorders-Drug Targets, 10(3), 235-246.
129. Opal, S.M. (2010) Endotoxins and other sepsis triggers. Contrib. Nephrol., 167, 14-24.
130. Magrone, T. and Jirillo, E. (2010) Microbial antigenic pressure and evolution of the immune response: toward a better understanding of the human immune system in health and disease and therapeutic interventions. Endocrine Metab. Immune Disorders-Drug Targets 10(3), 190-203.
131. Opitz, B.; Eitel, J.; Meixenberger, K. and Suttorp, N. (2009) Role of Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors and RIG-I-like receptors in endothelial cells and systemic infections. Thromb. Haemost., 102(6), 1103-1109.
132. Souza, H.P.; Lima-Salgado, T. and da Cruz Neto, L.M. (2010) Toll-like receptors in sepsis: a tale still being told. Endocrine Metab. Immune Disorders-Drug Targets., 10(3), 285-291.
133. Wang, H. and Ma, S. (2008) The cytokine storm and factors determining the sequence and severity of organ dysfunction in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome Am. J. Emerg. Med., 26(6), 711-7115.
134. Deitch, E.A.; Xu, D. and Kaise, V.L. (2006) Role of the gut in the development of injury- and shock induced SIRS and MODS: the gut-lymph hypothesis, a review. Front. Biosci., 11, 520-528.
135. Fan, J.; Frey, R.S. and Malik, A.B. (2003) TLR4 signaling induces TLR2 expression in endothelial cells via neutrophil NADPH oxidase. J. Clin. Invest., 112(8), 1234-1243.
136. Li, Y.; Xiang, M.; Yuan, Y.; Xiao, G.; Zhang, J.; Jiang, Y.; Vodovotz, Y.; Billiar, T.R.; Wilson, M.A. and Fan, J. (2009) Hemorrhagic shock augments lung endothelial cell activation: role of temporal alterations of TLR4 and TLR2. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 297(6), R1670-R1680.
137. Zähringer, U.; Lindner, B.; Inamura, S.; Heine, H. and Alexander, C. (2008) TLR2 - promiscuous or specific? A critical re-evaluation of a receptor expressing apparent broad specificity. Immunobiology, 213(3-4), 205-224.
138. Gong, Y and Koh, D.R. (2010) Neutrophils promote inflammatory angiogenesis via release of preformed VEGF in an in vivo corneal model. Cell Tissue Res., 339(2), 437-448.
139. Friedman, J.M. and Halaas, J.L. (1998) Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature, 395(6704), 763-770.
140. Shapiro, N.I.; Khankin, E.V.; Van Meurs, M.; Shih, S.C., Lu, S.; Yano, M.; Castro, P.R.; Maratos-Flier, E.; Parikh, S.M.; Karumanchi, S.A. and Yano, K. (2010) Leptin exacerbates sepsis-mediated morbidity and mortality. J. Immunol., 185(1), 517-524.
141. Lundberg, A.M. and Hansson, G.K. (2010) Innate immune signals in atherosclerosis. Clin. Immunol., 134(1), 5-24.
142. Björkbacka, H. and Nilsson, J. (2010) Innate immunity in atherosclerosis. J. Innate Immun., 2(4), 305-306.
143. Magrone, T. and Jirillo, E. (2010) A broad variety of antigens contribute to the paythogenesis of atherosclerosis: how to neutralize noxious reaction in the host. Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets, 10(2), 149-160.
144. Stoll, L.L.; Denning, G.M. and Weintraub, N.L. (2004) Potential role of endotoxin as a proinflammatory mediator of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 24(12), 2227-2236.
145. Loppnow, H.; Werdan, K. and Buerke, M. (2008) Vascular cells contribute to atherosclerosis by cytokine- and innate-immunity-related inflammatory mechanisms. Innate Immun., 14(2), 63-87.
146. Hayashi, C.; Madrigal, A.G.; Liu, X.; Ukai, T.; Goswami, S.; Gudino, C.V.; Gibson, F.C. and Genco, C.A. (2010) Pathogen-mediated inflammatory atherosclerosis is mediated in part via Tolllike receptor 2-induced inflammatory responses. J. Innate Immun., 2(4), 334-343.
147. Read, T.E.; Harris, H.W.; Grunfeld, C.; Feingold, K.R.; Kane, J.P. and Rapp, J.H. (1993) The protective effect of serum lipoproteins against bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Eur. Heart J., 14(Suppl K), 125-129.
148. Feingold, K.R.; Funk, J.L.; Moser, A.H.; Shigenaga, J.K.; Rapp, J.H. and Grunfeld, C. (1995) Role for circulating lipoproteins in protection from endotoxin toxicity. Infect. Immun., 63(5), 2041-2046.
149. Pajkrt, D.; Doran, J.E.; Koster, F.; Lerch, P.G.; Arnet, B.; van der Poll, T.; ten Cate, J.W. and van Deventer, S.J. (1996) Antiinflammatory effects of reconstituted high-density lipoprotein during human endotoxemia. J. Exp. Med., 184(5), 1601-1608.
150. Thompson, P.A.; Berbée, J.F.; Rensen, P.C. and Kitchens, R.L. (2008) Apolipoprotein A-II augments monocyte responses to LPS by suppressing the inhibitory activity of LPS-binding protein. Innate Immun., 14(6), 365-374.
151. Crowe, S.M.; Westhorpe, C.L.; Mukhamedova, N.; Jaworowski, A.; Sviridov, D. and Bukrinsky, M. (2010) The macrophage: the intersection between HIV infection and atherosclerosis. J. Leukoc. Biol., 87(4), 589-598.
152. Brenchley, J.M.; Price, D.A.; Schacker, T.W.; Asher, T.E.; Silvestri, G.; Rao, S.; Kazzaz, Z.; Bornstein, E.; Lambotte, O.; Altmann, D.; Blazar, B.R.; Rodriguez, B.; Teixeira-Johnson, L.; Landay, A.; Martin, J.N.; Hecht, F.M.; Picker, L.J.; Lederman, M.M.; Deeks, S.G. and Douek, D.C. (2006) Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection. Nat. Med., 12(12), 1365-1371.
153. Thakore, A.H.; Guo, C.Y.; Larson, M.G.; Corey, D.; Wang, T.J.; Vasan, R.S.; D'Agostino, R.B. Sr.; Lipinska, I.; Keaney, J.F. Jr.; Benjamin, E.J. and O'Donnell, C.J. (2007) Association of multiple inflammatory markers with carotid intimal medial thickness and stenosis (from the Framingham Heart Study). Am. J. Cardiol., 99(11), 1598-1602.
154. Auffray, C.; Fogg, D.; Garfa, M.; Elain, G.; Join-Lambert, O.; Kayal, S.; Sarnacki, S.; Cumano, A.; Lauvau, G. and Geissmann, F. (2007) Monitoring of blood vessels and tissues by a population of monocytes with patrolling behavior. Science, 317(5838), 666-670.
155. Buono, C.; Anzinger, J.J.; Amar, M. and Kruth, H.S. (2009) Fluorescent pegylated nanoparticles demonstrate fluid-phase pinocytosis by macrophages in mouse atherosclerotic lesions. J. Clin. Invest., 119(5), 1373-1381.
156. Qin, Y.H.; Dai, S.M.; Tang, G.S.; Zhang, J.; Ren, D.; Wang, Z.W. and Shen, Q. (2009) HMGB1 enhances the proinflammatory activity of lipopolysaccharide by promoting the phosphorylation of MAPK p38 through receptor for advanced glycation end products. J. Immunol., 183(10), 6244-6250.
157. Xu, H.; Su, Z.; Wu, J.; Yang, M.; Penninger, J.M.; Martin, C.M.; Kvietys, P.R. and Rui, T. (2010) The alarmin cytokine, high mobility group box 1, is produced by viable cardiomyocytes and mediates the lipopolysaccharide-induced myocardial dysfunction via a TLR4/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase gamma pathway. J. Immunol., 184(3), 1492-1498.
158. Ahmad, U.; Ali, R.; Lebastchi, A.H.; Qin, L.; Lo, S.F.; Yakimov, A.O.; Khan, S.F.; Choy, J.C.; Geirsson, A.; Pober, J.S. and Tellides, G. (2010) IFN-gamma primes intact human coronary arteries and cultured coronary smooth muscle cells to double-stranded RNA- and self-RNA-induced inflammatory responses by upregulating TLR3 and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5. J. Immunol., 185(2), 1283-1294.
159. Zhang, W.J.; Wei, H. and Frei, B. (2010) The iron chelator, desferrioxamine, reduces inflammation and atherosclerotic lesion development in experimental mice. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood)., 235(5), 633-641.
160. Li, L. and Frei, B. (2009) Prolonged exposure to LPS increases iron, heme, and p22phox levels and NADPH oxidase activity in human aortic endothelial cells: inhibition by desferrioxamine. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 29(5), 732-738.
161. Olofsson, P.S.; Sheikine, Y.; Jatta, K.; Ghaderi, M.; Samnegård, A.; Eriksson, P. and Sirsjö, A. (2009) A functional interleukin-1 receptor antagonist polymorphism influences atherosclerosis development. The interleukin-1beta:interleukin-1 receptor antagonist balance in atherosclerosis. Circ. J., 73(8), 1531-1536.
162. Lamacchia, C.; Palmer, G.; Bischoff, L.; Rodriguez, E.; Talabot-Ayer, D. and Gabay, C. (2010) Distinct roles of hepatocyte- and myeloid cell-derived IL-1 receptor antagonist during endotoxemia and sterile inflammation in mice. J. Immunol., 185(4), 2516-2524.
163. Salloum, F.N.; Chau, V.; Varma, A.; Hoke, N.N.; Toldo, S.; Biondi-Zoccai, G.G.; Crea, F.; Vetrovec, G.W. and Abbate, A. (2009) Anakinra in experimental acute myocardial infarction--does dosage or duration of treatment matter? Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther., 23(2), 129-135.
164. Abbate, A.; Kontos, M.C.; Grizzard, J.D.; Biondi-Zoccai, G.G.; Van Tassell, B.W.; Robati, R.; Roach, L.M.; Arena, R.A.; Roberts, C.S.; Varma, A.; Gelwix, C.C.; Salloum, F.N.; Hastillo, A.; Dinarello, C.A.; Vetrovec, G.W. and VCU-ART Investigators. (2010) Interleukin-1 blockade with anakinra to prevent adverse cardiac remodeling after acute myocardial infarction (Virginia Commonwealth University Anakinra Remodeling Trial [VCU- ART] Pilot study). Am. J. Cardiol., 105(10), 1371-1377.
165. Heo, S.K.; Yun, H.J.; Noh, E.K.; Park, W.H. and Park, S.D. (2008) LPS induces inflammatory responses in human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells via Toll-like receptor 4 expression and nitric oxide production. Immunol. Lett., 120(1-2), 57-64.
166. Gu, J.Q.; Ikuyama, S.; Wei, P.; Fan, B.; Oyama, J.; Inoguchi, T. and Nishimura, J. (2008) Pycnogenol, an extract from French maritime pine, suppresses Toll-like receptor 4-mediated expression of adipose differentiation-related protein in macrophages. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 295(6), E1390-400.
167. Klinge, C.M.; Wickramasinghe, N.S.; Ivanova, M.M. and Dougherty, S.M. (2008) Resveratrol stimulates nitric oxide production by increasing estrogen receptor alpha-Src-caveolin-1 interaction and phosphorylation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. FASEB J., 22(7), 2185-2197.
168. Magrone, T. and Jirillo, E. (2010) Polyphenols from red wine are potent modulators of innate and adaptive immune responsiveness. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 69(3), 279-285.
169. Kao, E.S.; Hsu, J.D.; Wang, C.J.; Yang, S.H.; Cheng, S.Y. and Lee, H.J. (2009) Polyphenols extracted from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation by improving antioxidative conditions and regulating cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 73(2), 385-390.
170. Hennig, B.; Toborek, M. and McClain, C.J. (2001) High-energy diets, fatty acids and endothelial cell function: implications for atherosclerosis. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 20(2 Suppl), 97-105.
171. Ghanim H, Sia, C.L.; Upadhyay, M.; Korzeniewski, K.; Viswanathan, P.; Abuaysheh, S.; Mohanty, P. and Dandona, P. (2010) Orange juice neutralizes the proinflammatory effect of a high-fat, high-carbohydrate meal and prevents endotoxin increase and Toll-like receptor expression. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 91(4), 940-949.
172. Bredsdorff, L.; Nielsen, I.L.; Rasmussen, S.E.; Cornett, C.; Barron, D.; Bouisset, F.; Offord, E. and Williamson, G. (2010) Absorption, conjugation and excretion of the flavanones, naringenin and hesperetin from alpha-rhamnosidase-treated orange juice in human subjects. Br. J. Nutr., 103(11), 1602-1609.
173. Khan, A.A.; Dace, D.S.; Ryazanov, A.G.; Kelly, J. and Apte, R.S. (2010) Resveratrol regulates pathologic angiogenesis by a eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase-regulated pathway. Am. J. Pathol., 177(1), 481-492.
174. Cani, P.D. and Delzenne, N.M. (2009) The role of the gut microbiota in energy metabolism and metabolic disease. Curr. Pharm. Des., 15(13), 1546-1558.
175. de Lange, D.W.; Verhoef, S.; Gorter, G.; Kraaijenhagen, R.J.; van de Wiel, A. and Akkerman, J.W. (2007) Polyphenolic grape extract inhibits platelet activation through PECAM-1: an explanation for the French paradox. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res., 31, 1308-1314.
176. Chalopin, M.; Tesse, A.; Martínez, M.C.; Rognan, D.; Arnal, J.F. and Andriantsitohaina, R. (2010) Estrogen receptor alpha as a key target of red wine polyphenols action on the endothelium. PLoS One, 5(1), e8554.
177. Baron-Menguy, C.; Bocquet, A.; Guihot, A.L.; Chappard, D.; Amiot, M.J.; Andriantsitohaina, R.; Loufrani, L. and Henrion, D. (2007) Effects of red wine polyphenols on postischemic neovascularization model in rats: low doses are proangiogenic, high doses anti-angiogenic. FASEB J., 21(13), 3511-3521.
178. Tennyson, C.A. and Friedman, G. (2008) Microecology, obesity, and probiotics. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes., 15(5), 422-427.
179. Maslowski, K.M. and Mackay, C.R. (2011) Diet, gut microbiota and immune responses. Nat. Immunol, 12(1), 5-9.
180. Falcone, E.L.; Mangili, A.; Tang, A.M.; Jones, C.Y.; Woods, M.N.; Polak, J.F and Wanke, C.A. (2010) Micronutrient concentrations and subclinical atherosclerosis in adults with HIV. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 91(5), 1213-1219.
181. Hughes, S.M.; Amadi, B.; Mwiya, M.; Nkamba, H.; Tomkins, A. and Goldblatt, D. (2009) Dendritic cell anergy results from endotoxemia in severe malnutrition. J. Immunol., 183(4), 2818-2826.
182. Guo, W.; Wong, S.; Pudney, J.; Jasuja, R.; Hua, N.; Jiang, L.; Miller, A.; Hruz, P.W.; Hamilton, J.A. and Bhasin, S. (2009) Acipimox, an inhibitor of lipolysis, attenuates atherogenesis in LDLR-null mice treated with HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 29(12), 2028-2032.
183. Patel, S.; Drew, B.G.; Nakhla, S.; Duffy, S.J.; Murphy, A.J.; Barter, P.J.; Rye, K.A.; Chin-Dusting, J.; Hoang, A.; Sviridov, D.; Celermajer, D.S. and Kingwell, B.A. (2009) Reconstituted high-density lipoprotein increases plasma high-density lipoprotein anti-inflammatory properties and cholesterol efflux capacity in patients with type 2 diabetes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 53(11), 962-971.
184. Li, N.; McLaren, J.E.; Michael, D.R.; Clement, M.; Fielding, C.A. and Ramji, D.P. (2010) ERK is integral to the IFN-gamma-mediated activation of STAT1, the expression of key genes implicated in atherosclerosis, and the uptake of modified lipo-proteins by human macrophages. J. Immunol., 185(5), 3041-3048.
185. Kurstin, R. (2002) Using thalidomide in a patient with epithelioid leiomyosarcoma and Osler-Weber-Rendu disease. Oncology (Williston Park)., 16(1), 21-24.
186. Perez-Encinas, M.; Rabunal Martinez, M.J. and Bello Lopez, J.L. (2002) Is thalidomide effective for the treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia? Haematologica, 87, ELT34.
187. Lebrin, F.; Srun, S.; Raymond, K.; Martin, S.; van den Brink, S.; Freitas, C.; Bréant, C.; Mathivet, T.; Larrivée, B.; Thomas, J.L.; Arthur, H.M.; Westermann, C.J.; Disch, F.; Mager, J.J.; Snijder, R.J.; Eichmann, A. and Mummery, C.L. (2010) Thalidomide stimulates vessel maturation and reduces epistaxis in individuals with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Nat. Med., 16(4), 420-428.
188. Nizet, V. (2010) Bacteria and phagocytes: mortal enemies. J. Innate Immun., 2(6), 505-507.
189. Zhu, L.; Pearce, D. and Kim, K.S. (2010) Prevention of Escherichia coli K1 penetration of the blood-brain barrier by counteracting the host cell receptor and signaling molecule involved in E. coli invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Infect. Immun., 78(8), 3554-3559.