Chemokines: Key players in cancer progression and metastasis

Frontiers in Bioscience - Scholar

Volumn 3 S, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 1569-1582

  Singh, Rajesh ^a   Lilladr Jr , James W ^a   Singh, Shailesh ^a  

^a MOREHOUSE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Breast; Cancer; Chemokine; Metastasis; Ovary; Prostate

Indexed keywords

ACTIN; CHEMOKINE; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR7; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR4; CXCL1 CHEMOKINE; CXCL2 CHEMOKINE; CXCL3 CHEMOKINE; EPITHELIAL DERIVED NEUTROPHIL ACTIVATING FACTOR 78; GRANULOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 8; STROMAL CELL DERIVED FACTOR 1; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR; SIGNAL PEPTIDE;

ACTIN POLYMERIZATION; ANGIOGENESIS; ARTICLE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER GROWTH; CELL TRANSFORMATION; COLORECTAL CARCINOMA; ESOPHAGUS CARCINOMA; GLIOMA CELL; HUMAN; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; LYMPHOCYTE; MACROPHAGE; MELANOCYTE; MELANOMA CELL; MELANOMA METASTASIS; METASTASIS; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; NEUTROPHIL; NONHUMAN; OVARY CANCER; PROSTATE CANCER; TUMOR IMMUNITY; TUMOR INVASION; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CANCER INVASION; CELL MOTION; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM; NEOPLASM; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

CELL MOVEMENT; CHEMOKINES; HUMANS; INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS; MODELS, IMMUNOLOGICAL; NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS; NEOPLASM METASTASIS; NEOPLASMS; RECEPTOR CROSS-TALK; RECEPTORS, CHEMOKINE;

EID: 80053101970     PISSN: 19450516     EISSN: 19450524     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2741/s246     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. M. B. Sporn: The war on cancer. Lancet, 347(9012), 1377-81 (1996)
2. G. L. Nicolson: Cancer progression and growth: relationship of paracrine and autocrine growth mechanisms to organ preference of metastasis. Exp Cell Res, 204(2), 171-80 (1993)
3. A. Zlotnik: Involvement of chemokine receptors in organ-specific metastasis. Contrib Microbiol, 13, 191-9 (2006)
4. D. Uchida, N. M. Begum, Y. Tomizuka, T. Bando, A. Almofti, H. Yoshida and M. Sato: Acquisition of lymph node, but not distant metastatic potentials, by the overexpression of CXCR4 in human oral squamous cell carcinoma. Lab Invest, 84(12), 1538-46 (2004)
5. A. S. Payne and L. A. Cornelius: The role of chemokines in melanoma tumor growth and metastasis. J Invest Dermatol, 118(6), 915-22 (2002)
6. T. Kakinuma and S. T. Hwang: Chemokines, chemokine receptors, and cancer metastasis. J Leukoc Biol, 79(4), 639-51 (2006)
7. Y. X. Sun, J. Wang, C. E. Shelburne, D. E. Lopatin, A. M. Chinnaiyan, M. A. Rubin, K. J. Pienta and R. S. Taichman: Expression of CXCR4 and CXCL12 (SDF-1) in human PCas (PCa) in vivo. J Cell Biochem, 89(3), 462-73 (2003)
8. P. Mitra, K. Shibuta, J. Mathai, K. Shimoda, B. F. Banner, M. Mori and G . F. Barnard: CXCR4 mRNA expression in colon, esophageal and gastric cancers and hepatitis C infected liver. Int J Oncol, 14(5), 917-25 (1999)
9. P. Staller, J. Sulitkova, J. Lisztwan, H. Moch, E. J. Oakeley and W. Krek: Chemokine receptor CXCR4 downregulated by von Hippel-Lindau tumour suppressor pVHL. Nature, 425(6955), 307-11 (2003)
10. A. Spiegel, O. Kollet, A. Peled, L. Abel, A. Nagler, B. Bielorai, G. Rechavi, J. Vormoor and T. Lapidot: Unique SDF-1-induced activation of human precursor-B ALL cells as a result of altered CXCR4 expression and signaling. Blood, 103(8), 2900-7 (2004)
11. T. Nagasawa, K. Tachibana and T. Kishimoto: A novel CXC chemokine PBSF/SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4: their functions in development, hematopoiesis and HIV infection. Semin Immunol, 10(3), 179-85 (1998)
12. A. T. Collins and N. J. Maitland: Prostate cancer stem cells. Eur J Cancer, 42(9), 1213-8 (2006)
13. M. Burger, A. Glodek, T. Hartmann, A. Schmitt-Graff, L. E. Silberstein, N. Fujii, T. J. Kipps and J. A. Burger: Functional expression of CXCR4 (CD184) on small-cell lung cancer cells mediates migration, integrin activation, and adhesion to stromal cells. Oncogene, 22(50), 8093-101 (2003)
14. T. N. Hartmann, M. Burger and J. A. Burger: The role of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptor CXCR4 (CD184) in small cell lung cancer. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents, 18(2), 126-30 (2004)
15. H. Kulbe, T. Hagemann, P. W. Szlosarek, F. R. Balkwill and J. L. Wilson: The inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha regulates chemokine receptor expression on ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Res, 65(22), 10355-62 (2005)
16. A. J. Schrader, O. Lechner, M. Templin, K. E. Dittmar, S. Machtens, M. Mengel, M. Probst-Kepper, A. Franzke, T. Wollensak, P. Gatzlaff, J. Atzpodien, J. Buer and J. Lauber: CXCR4/CXCL12 expression and signalling in kidney cancer. Br J Cancer, 86(8), 1250-6 (2002)
17. M. Kucia, R. Reca, K. Miekus, J. Wanzeck, W. Wojakowski, A. Janowska-Wieczorek, J. Ratajczak and M. Z. Ratajczak: Trafficking of normal stem cells and metastasis of cancer stem cells involve similar mechanisms: pivotal role of the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis. Stem Cells, 23(7), 879-94 (2005)
18. P. M. Murphy: The molecular biology of leukocyte chemoattractant receptors. Annu Rev Immunol, 12, 593-633 (1994)
19. I. Kryczek, A. Lange, P. Mottram, X. Alvarez, P. Cheng, M. Hogan, L. Moons, S. Wei, L. Zou, V. Machelon, D. Emilie, M. Terrassa, A . Lackner, T. J. Curiel, P. Carmeliet and W. Zou: CXCL12 and vascular endothelial growth factor synergistically induce neoangiogenesis in human ovarian cancers. Cancer Res, 65(2), 465-72 (2005)
20. N. Cabioglu, J. Summy, C. Miller, N. U. Parikh, A. A. Sahin, S. Tuzlali, K. Pumiglia, G. E. Gallick and J. E. Price: CXCL-12/stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha transactivates HER2-neu in breast cancer cells by a novel pathway involving Src kinase activation. Cancer Res, 65(15), 6493-7 (2005)
21. Y. Oda, Y. Ohishi, Y. Basaki, H. Kobayashi, T. Hirakawa, N. Wake, M. Ono, K. Nishio, M. Kuwano and M. Tsuneyoshi: Prognostic implications of the nuclear localization of Y-box-binding protein-1 and CXCR4 expression in ovarian cancer: their correlation with activated Akt, LRP/MVP and P-glycoprotein expression. Cancer Sci, 98(7), 1020-6 (2007)
22. J. B. Rubin, A. L. Kung, R. S. Klein, J. A. Chan, Y. Sun, K. Schmidt, M. W. Kieran, A. D. Luster and R. A. Segal: A small-molecule antagonist of CXCR4 inhibits intracranial growth of primary brain tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100(23), 13513-8 (2003)
23. J. J. Campbell, J. Hedrick, A. Zlotnik, M. A. Siani, D. A. Thompson and E. C. Butcher: Chemokines and the arrest of lymphocytes rolling under flow conditions. Science, 279(5349), 381-4 (1998)
24. G. Monaco, J. W. Belmont, M. Konopleva, M. Andreeff, S. Tavor, I. Petit, O. Kollet and T. Lapidot: Correlation between CXCR4 and homing or engraftment of acute myelogenous leukemia. Cancer Res, 64(18), 6832 author reply 6832-3 (2004)
25. I. Petit, M. Szyper-Kravitz, A. Nagler, M. Lahav, A. Peled, L. Habler, T. Ponomaryov, R. S. Taichman, F. Arenzana-Seisdedos, N. Fujii, J. Sandbank, D. Zipori and T. Lapidot: G-CSF induces stem cell mobilization by decreasing bone marrow SDF-1 and up-regulating CXCR4. Nat Immunol, 3(7), 687-94 (2002)
26. E. Schutyser, Y. Su, Y. Yu, M. Gouwy, S. Zaja- Milatovic, J. Van Damme and A. Richmond: Hypoxia enhances CXCR4 expression in human microvascular endothelial cells and human melanoma cells. Eur Cytokine Netw, 18(2), 59-70 (2007)
27. J. L. Benovic and A. Marchese: A new key in breast cancer metastasis. Cancer Cell, 6(5), 429-30 (2004)
28. P. A. Hernandez, R. J. Gorlin, J. N. Lukens, S. Taniuchi, J. Bohinjec, F. Francois, M. E. Klotman and G. A. Diaz: Mutations in the chemokine receptor gene CXCR4 are associated with WHIM syndrome, a combined immunodeficiency disease. Nat Genet, 34(1), 70-4 (2003)
29. M. Baggiolini: Chemokines and leukocyte traffic. Nature, 392(6676), 565-8 (1998)
30. Y. Feng, C. C. Broder, P. E. Kennedy and E. A. Berger: HIV-1 entry cofactor: functional cDNA cloning of a seventransmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor. Science, 272(5263), 872-7 (1996)
31. I. Gockel, C. C. Schimanski, C. Heinrich, T. Wehler, K. Frerichs, D. Drescher, C. von Langsdorff, M. Domeyer, S. Biesterfeld, P. R. Galle, T. Junginger and M. Moehler: Expression of chemokine receptor CXCR4 in esophageal squamous cell and adenocarcinoma. BMC Cancer, 6, 290 (2006)
32. B. Moser and P. Loetscher: Lymphocyte traffic control by chemokines. Nat Immunol, 2(2), 123-8 (2001)
33. G. Helbig, K. W. Christopherson, 2nd, P. Bhat- Nakshatri, S. Kumar, H. Kishimoto, K. D. Miller, H. E. Broxmeyer and H. Nakshatri: NF-kappaB promotes breast cancer cell migration and metastasis by inducing the expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4. J Biol Chem, 278(24), 21631-8 (2003)
34. A. Orimo, P. B. Gupta, D. C. Sgroi, F. Arenzana- Seisdedos, T. Delaunay, R. Naeem, V. J. Carey, A. L. Richardson and R. A. Weinberg: Stromal fibroblasts present in invasive human breast carcinomas promote tumor growth and angiogenesis through elevated SDF- 1/CXCL12 secretion. Cell, 121(3), 335-48 (2005)
35. R. K. Singh, M. Gutman, R. Radinsky, C. D. Bucana and I. J. Fidler: Expression of interleukin 8 correlates with the metastatic potential of human melanoma cells in nude mice. Cancer Res, 54(12), 3242-7 (1994)
36. M. L. Varney, A. Li, B. J. Dave, C. D. Bucana, S. L. Johansson and R. K. Singh: Expression of CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors in malignant melanoma with different metastatic potential and their role in interleukin-8 (CXCL- 8)-mediated modulation of metastatic phenotype. Clin Exp Metastasis, 20(8), 723-31 (2003)
37. K. Inoue, J. W. Slaton, B. Y. Eve, S. J. Kim, P. Perrotte, M. D. Balbay, S. Yano, M. Bar-Eli, R. Radinsky, C. A. Pettaway and C. P. Dinney: Interleukin 8 expression regulates tumorigenicity and metastases in androgenindependent prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 6(5), 2104-19 (2000)
38. H. E. Wiley, E. B. Gonzalez, W. Maki, M. T. Wu and S. T. Hwang: Expression of CC chemokine receptor-7 and regional lymph node metastasis of B16 murine melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst, 93(21), 1638-43 (2001)
39. S. J. Youngs, S. A. Ali, D. D. Taub and R. C. Rees: Chemokines induce migrational responses in human breast carcinoma cell lines. Int J Cancer, 71(2), 257-66 (1997)
40. J. E. De Larco, B. R. Wuertz, K. A. Rosner, S. A. Erickson, D. E. Gamache, J. C. Manivel and L. T. Furcht: A potential role for interleukin-8 in the metastatic phenotype of breast carcinoma cells. Am J Pathol, 158(2), 639-46 (2001)
41. A. Muller, B. Homey, H. Soto, N. Ge, D. Catron, M. E. Buchanan, T. McClanahan, E. Murphy, W. Yuan, S. N. Wagner, J. L. Barrera, A. Mohar, E. Verastegui and A. Zlotnik: Involvement of chemokine receptors in breast cancer metastasis. Nature, 410(6824), 50-6 (2001)
42. Y. Chen, G. Stamatoyannopoulos and C. Z. Song: Downregulation of CXCR4 by inducible small interfering RNA inhibits breast cancer cell invasion in vitro. Cancer Res, 63(16), 4801-4 (2003)
43. Z. Liang, Y. Yoon, J. Votaw, M. M. Goodman, L. Williams and H. Shim: Silencing of CXCR4 blocks breast cancer metastasis. Cancer Res, 65(3), 967-71 (2005)
44. M. C. Smith, K. E. Luker, J. R. Garbow, J. L. Prior, E. Jackson, D. Piwnica-Worms and G. D. Luker: CXCR4 regulates growth of both primary and metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Res, 64(23), 8604-12 (2004)
45. F. Balkwill: Cancer and the chemokine network. Nat Rev Cancer, 4(7), 540-50 (2004)
46. F. Balkwill: The significance of cancer cell expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Semin Cancer Biol, 14(3), 171-9 (2004)
47. A. R. Cardones, T. Murakami and S. T. Hwang: CXCR4 enhances adhesion of B16 tumor cells to endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo via beta(1) integrin. Cancer Res, 63(20), 6751-7 (2003)
48. G. S. Chen, H. S. Yu, C. C. Lan, K. C. Chow, T. Y. Lin, L. F. Kok, M. P. Lu, C. H. Liu and M. T. Wu: CXC chemokine receptor CXCR4 expression enhances tumorigenesis and angiogenesis of basal cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol, 154(5), 910-8 (2006)
49. T. Murakami, W. Maki, A. R. Cardones, H. Fang, A. Tun Kyi, F. O. Nestle and S. T. Hwang: Expression of CXC chemokine receptor-4 enhances the pulmonary metastatic potential of murine B16 melanoma cells. Cancer Res, 62(24), 7328-34 (2002)
50. C. J. Scotton, J. L. Wilson, K. Scott, G. Stamp, G. D. Wilbanks, S. Fricker, G. Bridger and F. R. Balkwill: Multiple actions of the chemokine CXCL12 on epithelial tumor cells in human ovarian cancer. Cancer Res, 62(20), 5930-8 (2002)
51. Y. Zhou, P. H. Larsen, C. Hao and V. W. Yong: CXCR4 is a major chemokine receptor on glioma cells and mediates their survival. J Biol Chem, 277(51), 49481-7 (2002)
52. J. D. Holland, M. Kochetkova, C. Akekawatchai, M. Dottore, A. Lopez and S. R. McColl: Differential functional activation of chemokine receptor CXCR4 is mediated by G proteins in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res, 66(8), 4117-24 (2006)
53. L. A. Liotta and E. C. Kohn: The microenvironment of the tumour-host interface. Nature, 411(6835), 375-9 (2001)
54. C. F. Singer, E. Kubista, F. Garmroudi and K. J. Cullen: Local feedback mechanisms in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 63(2), 95-104 (2000)
55. D. S. Krause and R. A. Van Etten: Tyrosine kinases as targets for cancer therapy. N Engl J Med, 353(2), 172-87 (2005)
56. L. M. Luttrell, Y. Daaka and R. J. Lefkowitz: Regulation of tyrosine kinase cascades by G-proteincoupled receptors. Curr Opin Cell Biol, 11(2), 177-83 (1999)
57. C. Waters, S. Pyne and N. J. Pyne: The role of Gprotein coupled receptors and associated proteins in receptor tyrosine kinase signal transduction. Semin Cell Dev Biol, 15(3), 309-23 (2004)
58. E. Foulstone, S. Prince, O. Zaccheo, J. L. Burns, J. Harper, C. Jacobs, D. Church and A. B. Hassan: Insulinlike growth factor ligands, receptors, and binding proteins in cancer. J Pathol, 205(2), 145-53 (2005)
59. J. M. Gross and D. Yee: The type-1 insulin-like growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase and breast cancer: biology and therapeutic relevance. Cancer Metastasis Rev, 22(4), 327-36 (2003)
60. D. Sachdev and D. Yee: The IGF system and breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer, 8(3), 197-209 (2001)
61. E. Surmacz, M. A. Guvakova, M. K. Nolan, R. F. Nicosia and L. Sciacca: Type I insulin-like growth factor receptor function in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 47(3), 255-67 (1998)
62. M. Mellado, J. M. Rodriguez-Frade, S. Manes and A. C. Martinez: Chemokine signaling and functional responses: the role of receptor dimerization and TK pathway activation. Annu Rev Immunol, 19, 397-421 (2001)
63. S. Singh, R. Singh, P. K. Sharma, U. P. Singh, S. N. Rai, L. W. K. Chung, C. R. Cooper, K. R. Novakovic, W. E. Grizzle and J. W. Lillard, Jr.: Serum CXCL13 positively correlates with prostatic disease, prostate-specific antigen and mediates prostate cancer cell invasion, integrin clustering and cell adhesion. Cancer Letters, 283(1), 29-35 (2009)
64. I. Takanami: Overexpression of CCR7 mRNA in nonsmall cell lung cancer: correlation with lymph node metastasis. Int J Cancer, 105(2), 186-9 (2003)
65. Y. F. Ping, X. H. Yao, J. H. Chen, H. Liu, D. L. Chen, X. D. Zhou, J. M. Wang and X. W. Bian: The anti-cancer compound Nordy inhibits CXCR4-mediated production of IL-8 and VEGF by malignant human glioma cells. J Neurooncol, 84(1), 21-9 (2007)
66. B. C. Schmid, M. Rudas, G. A. Rezniczek, S. Leodolter and R. Zeillinger: CXCR4 is expressed in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast and in atypical ductal hyperplasia. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 84(3), 247-50 (2004)
67. O. Tomescu, S. J. Xia, D. Strezlecki, J. L. Bennicelli, J. Ginsberg, B. Pawel and F. G. Barr: Inducible short-term and stable long-term cell culture systems reveal that the PAX3-FKHR fusion oncoprotein regulates CXCR4, PAX3, and PAX7 expression. Lab Invest, 84(8), 1060-70 (2004)
68. S. Singh, U. P. Singh, J. K. Stiles, W. E. Grizzle and J. W. Lillard: Expression and Functional Role of CCR9 in Prostate Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion. Clinical Cancer Research, 10(24), 8743-8750 (2004)
69. A. Maheshwari, R. D. Christensen and D. A. Calhoun: ELR+ CXC chemokines in human milk. Cytokine, 24(3), 91-102 (2003)
70. F. Basolo, P. G. Conaldi, L. Fiore, S. Calvo and A. Toniolo: Normal breast epithelial cells produce interleukins 6 and 8 together with tumor-necrosis factor: defective IL6 expression in mammary carcinoma. Int J Cancer, 55(6), 926-30 (1993)
71. D. A. Porter, I. E. Krop, S. Nasser, D. Sgroi, C. M. Kaelin, J. R. Marks, G. Riggins and K. Polyak: A SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression) view of breast tumor progression. Cancer Res, 61(15), 5697-702 (2001)
72. K. Xie: Interleukin-8 and human cancer biology. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 12(4), 375-91 (2001)
73. C. Chavey, F. Bibeau, S. Gourgou-Bourgade, S. Burlinchon, F. Boissiere, D. Laune, S. Roques and G. Lazennec: Oestrogen receptor negative breast cancers exhibit high cytokine content. Breast Cancer Res, 9(1), R15 (2007)
74. L. Kozlowski, I. Zakrzewska, P. Tokajuk and M. Z. Wojtukiewicz: Concentration of interleukin-6 (IL -6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in blood serum of breast cancer patients. Rocz Akad Med Bialymst, 48, 82-4 (2003)
75. I. H. Benoy, R. Salgado, P. Van Dam, K. Geboers, E. Van Marck, S. Scharpe, P. B. Vermeulen and L. Y. Dirix: Increased serum interleukin-8 in patients with early and metastatic breast cancer correlates with early dissemination and survival. Clin Cancer Res, 10(21), 7157-62 (2004)
76. F. Basolo, S. Calvo, L. Fiore, P. G. Conaldi, V. Falcone and A. Toniolo: Growth-stimulating activity of interleukin 6 on human mammary epithelial cells transfected with the int-2 gene. Cancer Res, 53(13), 2957-60 (1993)
77. G. Luboshits, S. Shina, O. Kaplan, S. Engelberg, D. Nass, B. Lifshitz-Mercer, S. Chaitchik, I. Keydar and A. Ben- Baruch: Elevated expression of the CC chemokine regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) in advanced breast carcinoma. Cancer Res, 59(18), 4681-7 (1999)
78. Y. Niwa, H. Akamatsu, H. Niwa, H. Sumi, Y. Ozaki and A. Abe: Correlation of tissue and plasma RANTES levels with disease course in patients with breast or cervical cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 7(2), 285-9 (2001)
79. S. Ali, J. Kaur and K. D. Patel: Intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted are expressed by human breast carcinoma cells and support eosinophil adhesion and activation. Am J Pathol, 157(1), 313-21 (2000)
80. H. P. Dong, M. B. Elstrand, A. Holth, I. Silins, A. Berner, C. G. Trope, B. Davidson and B. Risberg: NK- and B-cell infiltration correlates with worse outcome in metastatic ovarian carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol, 125(3), 451-8 (2006)
81. A. Mantovani, W. J. Ming, C. Balotta, B. Abdeljalil and B. Bottazzi: Origin and regulation of tumor-associated macrophages: the role of tumor-derived chemotactic factor. Biochim Biophys Acta, 865(1), 59-67 (1986)
82. A. Mantovani, P. Allavena and A. Sica: Tumourassociated macrophages as a prototypic type II polarised phagocyte population: role in tumour progression. Eur J Cancer, 40(11), 1660-7 (2004)
83. K. Okita, T. Furuhata, Y. Kimura, M. Kawakami, K. Yamaguchi, T. Tsuruma, H. Zembutsu and K. Hirata: The interplay between gastric cancer cell lines and PBMCs mediated by the CC chemokine RANTES plays an important role in tumor progression. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 24(3), 439-46 (2005)
84. M. R. Hussein: Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and melanoma tumorigenesis: an insight. Br J Dermatol, 153(1), 18-21 (2005)
85. R. Fukui, H. Nishimori, F. Hata, T. Yasoshima, K. Ohno, H. Nomura, Y. Yanai, H. Tanaka, K. Kamiguchi, R. Denno, N. Sato and K. Hirata: Metastases-related genes in the classification of liver and peritoneal metastasis in human gastric cancer. J Surg Res, 129(1), 94-100 (2005)
86. R. P. Negus, G. W. Stamp, J. Hadley and F. R. Balkwill: Quantitative assessment of the leukocyte infiltrate in ovarian cancer and its relationship to the expression of C-C chemokines. Am J Pathol, 150(5), 1723-34 (1997)
87. I. Simonitsch and G. Krupitza: Autocrine selfelimination of cultured ovarian cancer cells by tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Br J Cancer, 78(7), 862-70 (1998)
88. S. A. Eissa, S. A. Zaki, S. M. El-Maghraby and D. Y. Kadry: Importance of serum IL-18 and RANTES as markers for breast carcinoma progression. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst, 17(1), 51-5 (2005)
89. K. B. Hahm, Y. J. Song, T. Y. Oh, J. S. Lee, Y. J. Surh, Y. B. Kim, B. M. Yoo, J. H. Kim, S. U. Han, K. T. Nahm, M. W. Kim, D. Y. Kim and S. W. Cho: Chemoprevention of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric carcinogenesis in a mouse model: is it possible? J Biochem Mol Biol, 36(1), 82-94 (2003)
90. S. Singh, U. P. Singh, W. E. Grizzle and J. W. Lillard: CXCL12-CXCR4 interactions modulate prostate cancer cell migration, metalloproteinase expression and invasion. Lab Invest, 84(12), 1666 (2004)
91. S. Singh, R. Singh, U. P. Singh, S. N. Rai, K. R. Novakovic, L. W. K. Chung, P. J. Didier, W. E. Grizzle and J. James W. Lillard: Clinical and biological significance of CXCR5 expressed by prostate cancer specimens and prostate cancer cell lines. International Journal of Cancer., In Press (2009)
92. E. Padovan, L. Terracciano, U. Certa, B. Jacobs, A. Reschner, M. Bolli, G. C. Spagnoli, E. C. Borden and M. Heberer: Interferon stimulated gene 15 constitutively produced by melanoma cells induces e-cadherin expression on human dendritic cells. Cancer Res, 62(12), 3453-8 (2002)
93. F. Sallusto, C. R. Mackay and A. Lanzavecchia: The role of chemokine receptors in primary, effector, and memory immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol, 18, 593-620 (2000)
94. M. Darash-Yahana, J. W. Gillespie, S. M. Hewitt, Y. Y. Chen, S. Maeda, I. Stein, S. P. Singh, R. B. Bedolla, A. Peled, D. A. Troyer, E. Pikarsky, M. Karin and J. M. Farber: The chemokine CXCL16 and its receptor, CXCR6, as markers and promoters of inflammation-associated cancers. PLoS One, 4(8), e6695 (2009)
95. F. Burke and F. R. Balkwill: Cytokines in animal models of cancer. Biotherapy, 8(3-4), 229-41 (1996)
96. M. A. Nash, G. Ferrandina, M. Gordinier, A. Loercher and R. S. Freedman: The role of cytokines in both the normal and malignant ovary. Endocr Relat Cancer, 6(1), 93-107 (1999)
97. A. Mantovani, P. Allavena, S. Sozzani, A. Vecchi, M. Locati and A. Sica: Chemokines in the recruitment and shaping of the leukocyte infiltrate of tumors. Semin Cancer Biol, 14(3), 155-60 (2004)
98. D. Milliken, C. Scotton, S. Raju, F. Balkwill and J. Wilson: Analysis of chemokines and chemokine receptor expression in ovarian cancer ascites. Clin Cancer Res, 8(4), 1108-14 (2002)
99. T. J. Curiel, G. Coukos, L. Zou, X. Alvarez, P. Cheng, P. Mottram, M. Evdemon-Hogan, J. R. Conejo-Garcia, L. Zhang, M . Burow, Y. Zhu, S. Wei, I. Kryczek, B. Daniel, A. Gordon, L. Myers, A. Lackner, M. L. Disis, K. L. Knutson, L. Chen and W. Zou: Specific recruitment of regulatory T cells in ovarian carcinoma fosters immune privilege and predicts reduced survival. Nat Med, 10(9), 942-9 (2004)
100. R. M. Strieter, J. A. Belperio, R. J. Phillips and M. P. Keane: CXC chemokines in angiogenesis of cancer. Semin Cancer Biol, 14(3), 195-200 (2004)
101. B. Homey, A. Muller and A. Zlotnik: Chemokines: agents for the immunotherapy of cancer? Nat Rev Immunol, 2(3), 175-84 (2002)
102. J. Yoneda, H. Kuniyasu, M. A. Crispens, J. E. Price, C. D. Bucana and I. J. Fidler: Expression of angiogenesisrelated genes and progression of human ovarian carcinomas in nude mice. J Natl Cancer Inst, 90(6), 447-54 (1998)
103. L. Xu and I. J. Fidler: Interleukin 8: an autocrine growth factor for human ovarian cancer. Oncol Res, 12(2), 97-106 (2000)
104. Y. Wang, J. Yang, Y. Gao, Y. Du, L. Bao, W. Niu and Z. Yao: Regulatory effect of e2, IL-6 and IL-8 on the growth of epithelial ovarian cancer cells. Cell Mol Immunol, 2(5), 365-72 (2005)
105. H. Kajiyama, K. Shibata, M. Terauchi, K. Ino, A. Nawa and F. Kikkawa: Involvement of SDF- 1alpha/CXCR4 axis in the enhanced peritoneal metastasis of epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Int J Cancer, 122(1), 91-9 (2008)
106. R. S. Freedman, Q. Ma, E. Wang, S. T. Gallardo, I. O. Gordon, J. W. Shin, P. Jin, D. Stroncek and F. M. Marincola: Migration deficit in monocyte-macrophages in human ovarian cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother, 57(5), 635-45 (2008)
107. V. Levina, B. M. Nolen, A. M. Marrangoni, P. Cheng, J. R. Marks, M. J. Szczepanski, M. E. Szajnik, E. Gorelik and A. E. Lokshin: Role of eotaxin-1 signaling in ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 15(8), 2647-56 (2009)
108. R. K. Ganju, S. A. Brubaker, J. Meyer, P. Dutt, Y. Yang, S. Qin, W. Newman and J. E. Groopman: The alphachemokine, stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha, binds to the transmembrane G-protein-coupled CXCR-4 receptor and activates multiple signal transduction pathways. J Biol Chem, 273(36), 23169-75 (1998)
109. M. M. Robledo, R. A. Bartolome, N. Longo, J. M. Rodriguez-Frade, M. Mellado, I. Longo, G. N. van Muijen, P. Sanchez-Mateos and J. Teixido: Expression of functional chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CXCR4 on human melanoma cells. J Biol Chem, 276(48), 45098-105 (2001)
110. S. R. Neves, P. T. Ram and R. Iyengar: G protein pathways. Science, 296(5573), 1636-9 (2002)
111. M. Lopez-Ilasaca: Signaling from G-protein-coupled receptors to mitogen-activated protein (MAP)-kinase cascades. Biochem Pharmacol, 56(3), 269-77 (1998)
112. J. E. Celis, P. Gromov, T. Cabezon, J. M. Moreira, N. Ambartsumian, K. Sandelin, F. Rank and I. Gromova: Proteomic characterization of the interstitial fluid perfusing the breast tumor microenvironment: a novel resource for biomarker and therapeutic target discovery. Mol Cell Proteomics, 3(4), 327-44 (2004)
113. M. Rahmatullah and J. D. Robishaw: Direct interaction of the alpha and gamma subunits of the G proteins. Purification and analysis by limited proteolysis. J Biol Chem, 269(5), 3574-80 (1994)