Painful rheumatoid arthritis

Pain Physician

Volumn 14, Issue 5, 2011, Pages

  Smith, Howard S ^a  

^a ALBANY MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Biological agengs; DMARDS; Pain; Rheumatoid arthritis; TNF inhibitors

Indexed keywords

ABATACEPT; ADALIMUMAB; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENT; CANAKINUMAB; CATHEPSIN K INHIBITOR; CERTOLIZUMAB PEGOL; DISEASE MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUG; ETANERCEPT; FOSTAMATINIB; GLUCOCORTICOID; GOLIMUMAB; HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; I KAPPA B KINASE INHIBITOR; INFLIXIMAB; LEFLUNOMIDE; METHOTREXATE; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PLACEBO; PREDNISOLONE; RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; RITUXIMAB; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; STEROID; SYMPTOM MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUG; TASOCITINIB; TOCILIZUMAB; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA INHIBITOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

AEROBIC EXERCISE; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; ARTHRALGIA; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CORTICOSTEROID INDUCED OSTEOPOROSIS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DIARRHEA; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE CONTROL; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG CHOICE; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FAMILIAL COLD AUTOINFLAMMATORY SYNDROME; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; HUMAN; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; INFECTION; INFUSION RELATED REACTION; INJECTION SITE ERYTHEMA; INJECTION SITE PRURITUS; INJECTION SITE REACTION; LIVER TOXICITY; LOADING DRUG DOSE; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUNG TOXICITY; MUCKLE WELLS SYNDROME; MUSCLE TRAINING; NAUSEA; NEOPLASM; NEUTROPENIA; NONHUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT EDUCATION; PHYSICAL DISABILITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REMISSION; RESISTANCE TRAINING; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; RHINOPHARYNGITIS; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SIDE EFFECT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SYSTEMIC DISEASE; TAI CHI; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TUBERCULOSIS; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION;

ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS; ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; CYTOKINES; ENZYME INHIBITORS; HUMANS; LYMPHOCYTES; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PAIN; STATISTICS, NONPARAMETRIC;

EID: 80052843093     PISSN: 15333159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (281)

1. Friedewald VE, Ganz P, Kremer JM, Mease PJ, O'Dell JR, Pearson TA, Ram CV, Ridker PM, Salmon JE, Roberts WC. AJC editor's consensus: Rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 2010; 106:442-447.
2. O'Dell JR. Rheumatoid arthritis. In Imboden J, Hellman DB, Stone JH (eds). Current Rheumatology Diagnosis and Treatment. Vol. 1, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2004, pp 145-156.
3. Aho K, Heliovaara M, Maatela J, Tuomi T, Palusuo T. Rheumatoid factors antedating clinical rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1991; 18:1282-1284.
4. Aho K, von Essen R, Kurki P, Palusuo T, Heliovaara M. Antikeratin antibody and antiperinuclear factor as markers for subclinical rheumatoid disease process. J Rheumatol 1993; 20:1278-12781.
5. Nielen MM, van Schaardenburg D, Reesink HW, van de Stadt RJ, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, de Koning MM, Habibuw MR, Vandenbroucke JP, Dijkmans BA. Specific autoantibodies precede the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis: A study of serial measurements in blood donors. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50:380-386.
6. Rantapaa-Dahlqvist S, de Jong BA, Berglin E, Hallmans G, Wadell G, Stenlund H, Sundin U, van Venrooij WJ. Antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptide and IgA rheumatoid factor predict the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48:2741-2749.
7. Avouac J, Gossec L, Dougados M. Diagnostic and predictive value of anti-cyclic citrullinated protein antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic literature review. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65:845-851.
8. Nielen MM, van Schaardenburg D, Reesink HW, Twisk JW, van de Stadt RJ, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, de Koning MH, Habibuw MR, Dijkmans BA. Simultaneous development of acute phase response and autoantibodies in preclinical rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65:535-537.
9. Cunha-Miranda L, Costa L, Ribeiro JS. NEAR study: Needs and Expectations in Rheumatoid ARthritis - do we know our patients needs? Acta Reumatol Port 2010; 35:314-323.
10. Padyukov L, Silva C, Stolt P, Alfredsson L, Klareskog L. A gene environment interaction between smoking and shared epitope genes in HLA-DR provides a high risk of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50:3085-3092.
11. Klareskog L, Stolt P, Lundberg K, Källberg H, Bengtsson C, Grunewald J, Rönnelid J, Harris HE, Ulfgren AK, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, Eklund A, Padyukov L, Alfredsson L. A new model for an etiology of rheumatoid arthritis: Smoking may trigger HLA-DR (shared epitope)-restricted immune reactions to autoantigens modified by citrullination. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54:38-46.
12. Linn-Rasker SP, van der Helm-van Mil AH, van Gaalen FA, Kloppenburg M, de Vries RR, le Cessie S, Breedveld FC, Toes RE, Huizinga TW. Smoking is a risk factor for anti-CCP antibodies only in rheumatoid arthritis patients who carry HLA-DRB1 shared epitope alleles. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65:366-371.
13. Pedersen M, Jacobsen S, Garred P, Madsen HO, Klarlund M, Svejgaard A, Pedersen BV, Wohlfahrt J, Frisch M. Strong combined gene-environment effects in anticyclic citrullinated peptide-positive rheumatoid arthritis: A nationwide case-control study in Denmark. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56:1446-1453.
14. Lee HS, Irigoyen P, Kern M, Lee A, Batliwalla F, Khalili H, Wolfe F, Lum RF, Massarotti E, Weisman M, Bomvardier C, Karlson EW, Criwell LA, Vlietnick R, Gregersen PK. Interaction between smoking, the shared epitope, and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide: A mixed picture in three large North American rheumatoid arthritis cohorts. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56:1745-53.
15. Klareskog L, Catrina AI, Paget S. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 2009; 373:659-672.
16. Brewer EJ, Bass J, Baum J, Cassidy JT, Fink C, Jacobs J, Hanson V, Levinson JE, Schaller J, Stillman JS. Current proposed revision of JRA criteria. JRA Criteria Subcommittee of the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria Committee of the American Rheumatism Section of the Arthritis Foundation. Arthritis Rheum 1977; 20:195-199.
17. Petty RE, Southwood TR, Manners P, Baum J, Glass DN, Goldenberg J, He X, Maldonado-Cocco J, Orozco-Alcala J, Prieur AM, Suarez-Almazor ME, Woo P; International League of Associations for Rheumatology. International League of Associations for Rheumatology classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Second revision, Edmonton, 2001. J Rheumatol 2004; 31:390-392.
18. Cassidy JT, Levinson JE, Bass JC, Baum J, Brewer EJ Jr, Fink CW, Hanson V, Jacobs JC, Masi AT, Schaller JG, Fires JF, Mc-Shane D, Young D. A study of the classification criteria for the diagnosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1986; 29:274-281.
19. Ruperto N, Martini A. Emerging drugs to treat juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2011; In Press.
20. Prakken B, Albani S, Martini A. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Lancet 2011; 377:2138-2149.
21. McInnes IB, Schett G. Cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Immunol 2007; 7:429-442.
22. Choy EH, Panayi GS. Cytokine pathways and joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:907-916.
23. Dominical VM, Bértolo MB, Almeda CB, Garrido VT. Neutrophils of rheumatoid arthritis patients on anti-TNF-a therapy and in disease remission present reduced adhesive functions in association with decreased circulating neutrophil-attractant chemokine levels. Scand J Immunol 2011; 73:309-318.
24. Raychaudhuri SP, Nguyen CT, Raychaudhuri SK, Gershwin ME. Incidence and nature of infectious disease in patients treated with anti-TNF agents. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 9:67-81.
25. Krane SM, Conca W, Stephenson ML, Amento OP, Goldring MB. Mechanisms of matrix degradation in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 580:340-354.
26. Horwood NJ, Kartsogiannis V, Quinn JM, Romas E, Martin TJ, Gillespie MT. Activated T lymphocytes support osteoclast formation in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 265:144-150.
27. Gravallese EM, Manning C, Tsay A, Naito A, Pan C, Amento E, Goldring SR. Synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis is a source of osteoclast differentiation factor. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43:250-258.
28. Schett G. Erosive arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 9:S2.
29. Majka DS, Deane KD, Parrish LA, Lazar AA, Barón AE, Walker CW, Rubertone MV, Gilliland WR, Norris JM, Holers VM. Duration of preclinical rheumatoid arthritis related autoantibody positivity increases in subjects with older age at time of disease diagnosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67:801-807.
30. McInnes IB, O'Dell JR. State-of-the-art: Rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69:1898-1906.
31. Noss EH, Brenner MB. The role and therapeutic implications of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in inflammation and cartilage erosion in rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Rev 2008; 223:252-270.
32. Müller-Ladner U, Pap T, Gay RE, Neidhart M, Gay S. Mechanisms of disease: The molecular and cellular basis of joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2005; 1:102-110.
33. Burrage PS, Mix KS, Brinckerhoff CE. Matrix metalloproteinases: Role in arthritis. Front Biosci 2006; 11:529-543.
34. Sabeh F, Fox D, Weiss SJ. Membranetype I matrix metalloproteinase-dependent regulation of rheumatoid arthritis synoviocyte function. J Immunol 2010; 184:6396-6406.
35. Lainer-Carr D, Brahn E. Angiogenesis inhibition as a therapeutic approach for inflammatory synovitis. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2007; 3:434-442.
36. Kurosaka D, Hirai K, Nishioka M, Miyamoto Y, Yoshida K, Noda K, Ukichi T, Yanagimachi M, Furuya K, Takahashi E, Kingetsu I, Fukuda K, Yamada A. Clinical significance of serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin-1, and angiopoietin-2 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2010; 37:1121-1128.
37. Müller-Ladner U, Kriegsmann J, Franklin BN, Matsumoto S, Geiler T, Gay RE, Gay S. Synovial fibroblasts of patients with rheumatoid arthritis attach to and invade normal human cartilage when engrafted into SCID mice. Am J Pathol 1996; 149:1607-1615.
38. Tolboom TCA, van der Helm-Van Mil AHM, Nelissen RGHH, Breedveld FC, Toes REM, Huizinga TWJ. Invasiveness of fibroblast-like synoviocytes is an individual patient characteristic associated with the rate of joint destruction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52:1999-2002.
39. Cohen SB, Dore RK, Lane NE, Ory PA, Peterfy CG, Sharp JT, van der Heijde D, Zhou L, Tsuji W, Newmark R; Denosumab Rheumatoid Arthritis Study Group. Denosumab treatment effects on structural damage, bone mineral density, and bone turnover in rheumatoid arthritis: A twelve-month, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58:1299-1309.
40. Freeston JE, Conaghan PG, Dass S, Vital E, Hensor EM, Stewart SP, Emery P. Does extremity-MRI improve erosion detection in severely damaged joints? A study of long-standing rheumatoid arthritis using three imaging modalities. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66:1538-1540.
41. Szkudlarek M, Narvestad E, Klarlund M, Court-Payen M, Thomsen HS, Ostergaard M. Ultrasonography of the metatarsophalangeal joints in rheumatoid arthritis: Comparison with magnetic resonance imaging, conventional radiography, and clinical examination. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50:2103-2112.
42. Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Boers M, Bombardier C, Furst D, Goldsmith C, Katz LM, Lightfoot Jr R, Paulus H, Stand V, Tugwell P, Weinblatt M, Williams HJ, Wolfe F, Kieszak S. American college of rheumatology preliminary definition of improvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism 1995; 38:727-735.
43. van der Heijde DM, van't Hof M, van Riel PL, van de Putte LB. Development of a disease activity score based on judgment in clinical practice by rheumatologists. Journal of Rheumatology 1993; 20:579-581.
44. Prevoo MLL, van't Hof MA, Kuper HH, Van Leeuwen MA, Van de Putte LBA, Van Riel PLCM. Modified disease activity scores that include twenty-eight-joint counts. Development and validation in a prospective longitudinal study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism 1995; 38:44-48.
45. Grigor C, Capell H, Stirling A, McMahon AD, Lock P, Vallance R, Kincaid W, Porter D. Effect of a treatment strategy of tight control for rheumatoid arthritis (the TICORA study): A single blind randomised control study. Lancet 2004; 364:263-269.
46. Pincus T, Yazici Y, Bergman M. A practical guide to scoring a Multi-Dimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire (MDHAQ) and Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data (RAPID) scores in 10-20 seconds for use in standard clinical care, without rulers, calculators, websites or computers. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2007; 21:755-787.
47. Mease PJ. Improving the routine management of rheumatoid arthritis: The value of tight control. J Rheumatol 2010; 37:1570-1578.
48. Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ, Funovits J, Felson DT, Bingham CO 3rd, Birnbaum NS, Burmester GR, Bykerk VP, Cohen MD, Combe B, Costenbader KH, Dougados M, Emery P, Ferraccioli G, Hazes JM, Hobbs K, Huizinga TW, Kavanaugh A, Kay J, Kvien TK, Laing T, Mease P, Ménard HA, Moreland LW, Naden RL, Pincus T, Smolen JS, Stanislawska-Biernat E, Symmons D, Tak PP, Upchurch KS, Vencovsky J, Wolfe F, Hawker G. 2010 rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: An American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69:1580-1588.
49. Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ, Funovits J, Felson DT, Bingham CO 3rd, Birnbaum NS, Burmester GR, Bykerk VP, Cohen MD, Combe B, Costenbader KH, Dougados M, Emery P, Ferraccioli G, Hazes JM, Hobbs K, Huizinga TW, Kavanaugh A, Kay J, Kvien TK, Laing T, Mease P, Ménard HA, Moreland LW, Naden RL, Pincus T, Smolen JS, Stanislawska-Biernat E, Symmons D, Tak PP, Upchurch KS, Vencovský J, Wolfe F, Hawker G. 2010 Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: An American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62:2569-2981.
50. Duroux-Richard I, Jorgensen C, Apparailly F. miRNAs and rheumatoid arthritis - promising novel biomarkers. Swiss Med Wkly 2011; 141:w13175.
51. Saag KG, Teng GG, Patkar NM, Anuntiyo J, Finney C, Curtis JR, Paulus HE, Mudano A, Pisu M, Elkins-Melton M, Outman R, Allison JJ, Suarez Almazor M, Bridges SL Jr, Chatham WW, Hochberg M, MacLean C, Mikuls T, Moreland LW, O'Dell J, Turkiewicz AM, Furst DE; American College of Rheumatology. American College of Rheumatology 2008 recommendations for the use of nonbiologic and biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 59:762-784.
52. Smolen JS, Landewé R, Breedveld FC, Dougados M, Emery P, Gaujoux-Viala C, Gorter S, Knevel R, Nam J, Schoels M, Aletaha D, Buch M, Gossec L, Huizinga T, Bijlsma JW, Burmester G, Combe B, Cutolo M, Gabay C, Gomez-Reino J, Kouloumas M, Kvien TK, Martin-Mola E, McInnes I, Pavelka K, van Riel P, Scholte M, Scott DL, Sokka T, Valesini G, van Vollenhoven R, Winthrop KL, Wong J, Zink A, van der Heijde D. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69:964-975.
53. Deighton C, O'Mahony R, Tosh J, Turner C, Rudolf M, on behalf of the Guideline Development Group. Management of rheumatoid arthritis: Summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 2009; 338: b702.
54. Forestier R, André-Vert J, Guillez P, Coudeyre E, Lefevre-Colau MM, Combe B, Mayoux-Benhamou MA. Non-drug treatment (excluding surgery) in rheu matoid arthritis: Clinical practice guidelines. Joint Bone Spine 2009; 76:691-698.
55. Baillet A, Zeboulon N, Gossec L, Combescure C, Bodin LA, Juvin R, Dougados M, Gaudin P. Efficacy of cardiorespiratory aerobic exercise in rheumatoid arthritis: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010; 62:984-992.
56. Lemmey AB, Marcora SM, Chester K, Wilson S, Casanova F, Maddison PJ. Effects of high-intensity resistance training in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 61:1726-1734.
57. Wang C. Tai chi and rheumatic diseases. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2001; 37:19-32.
58. Uhlig Tm Fongen C, Steen E, Christie A, Ødegård S. Exploring Tai Chi in rheumatoid arthritis: A quantitative and qualitative study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010; 11:43.
59. Kamioka H, Tsutani K, Okuizumi H, Mutoh Y, Ohta M, Handa S, Okada S, Kitayuguchi J, Kamada M, Shiozawa N, Honda T. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise and balneotherapy: A summary of systematic reviews based on randomized controlled trials of water immersion therapies. J Epidemiol 2010; 20:2-12.
60. Astin JA, Beckner W, Soeken K, Hochberg MC, Berman B. Psychological interventions for rheumatoid arthritis: A metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 47:291-302.
61. Sharpe L, Sensky T, Timberlake N, Ryan B, Brewin CR, Allard S. A blind, randomized, controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural intervention for patients with recent onset rheumatoid arthritis: Preventing psychological and physical morbidity. Pain 2001; 89:275-283.
62. Evers AW, Kraaimaat FW, van Riel PL, de Jong AJ. Tailored cognitive-behavioral therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis for patients at risk: A randomized controlled trial. Pain 2002; 100:141-153.
63. Sharpe L, Allard S, Sensky T. Five-year followup of a cognitive-behavioral intervention for patients with recently-diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis: Effects on health care utilization. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 59:311-316.
64. Barsky AJ, Ahern DK, Orav EJ, Nestoriuc Y, Liang MH, Berman IT, Kingsbury JR, Sy JT, Wilk KG. A randomized trial of three psychosocial treatments for the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2010; 40:222-232.
65. Manchikanti L, Boswell MV, Singh V, Benyamin RM, Fellows B, Abdi S, Buenaventura RM, Conn A, Datta S, Derby R, Falco FJE, Erhart S, Diwan S, Hayek SM, Helm S, Parr AT, Schultz DM, Smith HS, Wolfer LR, Hirsch JA. Comprehensive evidence- based guidelines for interventional techniques in the management of chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician 2009; 12:699-802.
66. Falco FJE, Erhart S, Wargo BW, Bryce DA, Atluri S, Datta S, Hayek SM. Systematic review of diagnostic utility and therapeutic effectiveness of cervical facet joint interventions. Pain Physician 2009; 12:323-344.
67. Datta S, Lee M, Falco FJE, Bryce DA, Hayek SM. Systematic assessment of diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic utility of lumbar facet joint interventions. Pain Physician 2009; 12:437-460.
68. Conn A, Buenaventura R, Datta S, Abdi S, Diwan S. Systematic review of caudal epidural injections in the management of chronic low back pain. Pain Physician 2009; 12:109-135.
69. Parr AT, Diwan S, Abdi S. Lumbar interlaminar epidural injections in managing chronic low back and lower extremity pain: A systematic review. Pain Physician 2009; 12:163-188.
70. Benyamin RM, Singh V, Parr AT, Conn A, Diwan S, Abdi S. Systematic review of the effectiveness of cervical epidurals in the management of chronic neck pain. Pain Physician 2009; 12:137-157.
71. Buenaventura RM, Datta S, Abdi S, Smith HS. Systematic review of therapeutic lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections. Pain Physician 2009; 12:233-251.
72. Rupert MP, Lee M, Manchikanti L, Datta S, Cohen SP. Evaluation of sacroiliac joint interventions: A systematic appraisal of the literature. Pain Physician 2009; 12:399-418.
73. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Datta S, Cohen SP, Hirsch JA. Comprehensive review of epidemiology, scope, and impact of spinal pain. Pain Physician 2009; 12:E35-E70.
74. Manchikanti L, Datta S, Gupta S, Munglani R, Bryce DA, Ward SP, Benyamin RM, Sharma ML, Helm II S, Fellows B, Hirsch JA. A critical review of the American Pain Society clinical practice guidelines for interventional techniques: Part 2. Therapeutic interventions. Pain Physician 2010; 13:E215-E264.
75. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Falco FJ, Cash KA, Fellows B. Cervical medial branch blocks for chronic cervical facet joint pain: A randomized double-blind, controlled trial with one-year follow-up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008; 33:1813-1820.
76. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Falco FJE, Cash KA, Fellows B. Comparative outcomes of a 2-year follow-up of cervical medial branch blocks in management of chronic neck pain: A randomized, doubleblind controlled trial. Pain Physician 2010; 13:437-450.
77. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Falco FJE, Cash KA, Pampati V, Fellows B. Comparative effectiveness of a one-year follow-up of thoracic medial branch blocks in management of chronic thoracic pain: A randomized, double-blind active controlled trial. Pain Physician 2010; 13:535-548
78. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Falco FJE, Cash KA, Pampati V. Evaluation of lumbar facet joint nerve blocks in managing chronic low back pain: A randomized, doubleblind, controlled trial with a 2-year follow- up. Int J Med Sci 2010; 7:124-135.
79. Manchikanti L, Cash KA, McManus CD, Pampati V, Smith HS. Preliminary results of randomized, equivalence trial of fluoroscopic caudal epidural injections in managing chronic low back pain: Part 1. Discogenic pain without disc herniation or radiculitis. Pain Physician 2008; 11:785-800.
80. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Cash KA, Pampati V, Datta S. Preliminary results of randomized, equivalence trial of fluoroscopic caudal epidural injections in managing chronic low back pain: Part 3. Post surgery syndrome. Pain Physician 2008; 11:817-31.
81. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Cash KA, Pampati V, Damron KS, Boswell MV. Preliminary results of randomized, equivalence trial of fluoroscopic caudal epidural injections in managing chronic low back pain: Part 2. Disc herniation and radiculitis. Pain Physician 2008; 11:801-815.
82. Manchikanti L, Cash KA, McManus CD, Pampati V, Abdi S. Preliminary results of randomized, equivalence trial of fluoroscopic caudal epidural injections in managing chronic low back pain: Part 4. Spinal stenosis. Pain Physician 2008; 11:833-848.
83. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Falco FJE, Cash KA, Pampati V. Evaluation of the effectiveness of lumbar interlaminar epidural injections in managing chronic pain of lumbar disc herniation or radiculitis: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Pain Physician 2010; 13:343-355.
84. Manchikanti L, Cash KA, McManus CD, Pampati V, Benyamin RM. Preliminary results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of fluoroscopic lumbar in terlaminar epidural injections in managing chronic lumbar discogenic pain without disc herniation or radiculitis. Pain Physician 2010; 13:E279-E292.
85. Manchikanti L, Cash KA, Pampati V, Wargo BW, Malla Y. Cervical epidural injections in chronic discogenic neck pain without disc herniation or radiculitis: Preliminary results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Pain Physician 2010; 13:E265-E278.
86. Manchikanti L, Cash KA, Pampati V, Wargo BW, Malla Y. The effectiveness of fluoroscopic cervical interlaminar epidural injections in managing chronic cervical disc herniation and radiculitis: Preliminary results of a randomized, double- blind, controlled trial. Pain Physician 2010; 13:223-236.
87. Manchikanti L, Cash KA, McManus CD, Pampati V, Benyamin RM. A preliminary report of a randomized double-blind, active controlled trial of fluoroscopic thoracic interlaminar epidural injections in managing chronic thoracic pain. Pain Physician 2010; 13:E357-E369.
88. Østensen M, Förger F. Management of RA medications in pregnant patients. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2009; 5:382-390.
89. Chen YF, Jobanputra P, Barton P, Bryan S, Fry-Smith A, Harris G, Taylor RS. Cyclooxygenase-2 selective non-steroidal anti- infl ammatory drugs (etodolac, meloxicam, celecoxib, rofecoxib, etoricoxib, valdecoxib and lumiracoxib) for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2008; 12:1-278.
90. Scott PA, Kingsley GH, Smith CM, Choy EH, Scott DL. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and myocardial infarctions: Comparative systematic review of evidence from observational studies and randomised controlled trials. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66:1296-1304.
91. Schaffer D, Florin T, Eagle C, Marschner I, Singh G, Grobler M, Fenn C, Schou M, Curnow KM. Risk of serious NSAIDrelated gastrointestinal events during long-term exposure: A systematic review. Med J Aust 2006; 185:501-506.
92. Donahue KE, Gartlehner G, Jonas DE, Lux LJ, Thieda P, Jonas BL, Hansen RA, Morgan LC, Lohr KN. Systematic review: Comparative effectiveness and harms of disease-modifying medications for rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148:124-134.
93. Wolfe F, Cush JJ, O'Dell JR, Kavanaugh A, Kremer JM, Lane NE, Moreland LW, Paulus HE, Pincus T, Russell AS, Wilskie KR. Consensus recommendations for the assessment and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2001; 28:1423-1430.
94. Fries JF, Williams CA, Bloch DA. The relative toxicity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Arthritis Rheum 1991; 34:1353-1360.
95. Fries JF, Spitz PW, Mitchell DM, Roth SH, Wolfe F, Bloch DA. Impact of specific therapy upon rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1986; 29:620-627.
96. Ma MH, Kingsley GH, Scott DL. A systematic comparison of combination DMARD therapy and tumour necrosis inhibitor therapy with methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010; 49:91-98.
97. Kremer JM. Rational use of new and existing disease-modifying agents in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134:695-706.
98. Weinblatt ME, Coblyn JS, Fox DA, Fraser PA, Holdsworth DE, Glass DN, Trenthan DE. Efficacy of low-dose methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 1985; 312:818-822.
99. Williams HJ, Willkens RF, Samuelson CO Jr, Alarcon GS, Guttadauria M, Yarboro C, Polisson RP, Weiner SR, Luggen ME, Billingsley LM, Dahl SL, Egger MJ, Reading JC, Ward JR. Comparison of low-dose oral pulse methotrexate and placebo in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A controlled clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 1985; 28:721-730.
100. Kremer JM. Safety, efficacy, and mortality in a long-term cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis taking methotrexate: Followup after a mean of 13.3 years. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40:984-985.
101. Weinblatt ME, Maier AL, Fraser PA, Coblyn JS. Longterm prospective study of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis: Conclusion after 132 months of therapy. J Rheumatol 1998; 25:238-242.
102. Suarez-Almazor ME, Belseck E, Shea B, Wells G, Tugwell P. Methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; 2:CD000957.
103. Osiri M, Shea B, Robinson V, Suarez-Almazor M, Strand V, Tugwell P, Wells G. Leflunomide for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Rheumatol 2003; 30:1182-1190.
104. Suarez-Almazor ME, Belseck E, Shea B, Wells G, Tugwell P. Sulfasalazine for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; 2:CD000958.
105. Choy EH, Smith C, Doré CJ, Scott DL. A meta-analysis of the efficacy and toxicity of combining disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis based on patient withdrawal. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44:1414-1421.
106. van Tuyl LH, Boers M, Lems WF, Landewé RB, Han H, van der Linden S, van de Laar M, Westhovens R, van Denderen JC, Westedt ML, Peeters AJ, Jacobs P, Huizinga TW, van de Brink H, Dijkmans BA, Voskuyl AE. Survival, comorbidities and joint damage 11 years after the COBRA combination therapy trial in early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69:807-812.
107. Boers M, Verhoeven AC, Markusse HM, van de Laar MA, Westhovens R, van Denderen JC, van Zeben D, Dijkmans BA, Peeters AJ, Jacobs P, van den Brink HR, Schouten HJ, van der Heijde DM, Boonen A, van der Linden S. Randomised comparison of combined stepdown prednisolone, methotrexate and sulphasalazine with sulphasalazine alone in early rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 1997; 350:309-318.
108. Landewé RB, Boers M, Verhoeven AC, Westhovens R, van de Laar MA, Markusse HM, van Denderen JC, Westedt ML, Peeters AJ, Dijkmans BA, Jacobs P, Boonen A, van der Heijde DM, van der Linden S. COBRA combination therapy in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: Long-term structural benefits of a brief intervention. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46:347-356.
109. Kremer JM, Kaye GI, Kaye NW, Ishak KG, Axiotis CA. Light and electron microscopic analysis of sequential liver biopsy samples from rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving long-term methotrexate therapy. Followup over long treatment intervals and correlation with clinical and laboratory variables. Arthritis Rheum 1995; 38:1194-1203.
110. Kremer JM, Alarcón GS, Weinblatt ME, Kaymakcian MV, Macaluso M, Cannon GW, Palmer WR, Sundy JS, St Clair EW, Alexander RW, Smith GJ, Axiotis CA. Clinical, laboratory, radiographic, and histopathologic features of methotrexateassociated lung injury in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A multicenter study with literature review. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40:1829-1837.
111. Kremer JM, Alarcón GS, Lightfoot RW Jr, Willkens RF, Furst DE, Williams HJ, Dent PB, Weinblatt ME. Methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis. Suggested guidelines for monitoring liver toxicity. Amer ican College of Rheumatology. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37:316-328.
112. Alarcón GS, Kremer JM, Macaluso M, Weinblatt ME, Cannon GW, Palmer WR, St Clair EW, Sundy JS, Alexander RW, Smith GJ, Axiotis CA. Risk factors for methotrexate-induced lung injury in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A multicenter, case-control study. Methotrexate- Lung Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127:356-364.
113. Morgan SL, Baggott JE, Vaughn WH, Young PK, Austin JV, Krumdieck CL, Alarcón GS. The effect of folic acid supplementation on the toxicity of low-dose methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1990; 33:9-18.
114. Morgan SL, Baggott JE, Vaughn WH, Austin JS, Veitch TA, Lee JY, Koopman WJ, Krumdieck CL, Alarcón GS. Supplementation with folic acid during methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121:833-841.
115. Fox RI, Herrmann ML, Frangou CG, Wahl GM, Morris RE, Kirschbaum BJ. How does leflunomide modulate the immune response in rheumatoid arthritis? BioDrugs 1999; 4:301-315.
116. Fox RI, Herrmann ML, Frangou CG, Wahl GM, Morris RE, Strand V, Kirschbaum BJ. Mechanism of action for leflunomide in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Immunol 1999; 93:198-208.
117. Kremer JM, Fox RI. Leflunomide. In: Koopman WJ, (ed). Arthritis and Allied Conditions. A Textbook of Rheumatology. 14th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2001, pp 783-793.
118. Kirwan JR, Bijlsma JW, Boers M, Shea BJ. Effects of glucocorticoids on radiological progression in rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 1: CD006356.
119. Ravindran V, Rachapalli S, Choy EH. Safety of medium- to long-term glucocorticoid therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: A meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 48: 807-811.
120. Bijlsma JW, van der Goes MC, Hoes JN, Jacobs JW, Buttgereit F, Kirwan J. Lowdose glucocorticoid therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: An obligatory therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1193:123-126.
121. Gorter SL, Bijlsma JW, Cutolo M, Gomez-Reino J, Kouloumas M, Smolen JS, Landewé R. Current evidence for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with glucocorticoids: A systematic literature review informing the EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69:1010-1014.
122. Harris ED Jr, Emkey RD, Nichols JE, Newberg A. Low dose prednisone therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: A double blind study. J Rheumatol 1983; 10:713-721.
123. Goossens PH, Heemskerk B, van Tongeren J, Zwinderman AH, Vliet Vlieland TPM, Huizinga TWJ. Reliability and sensitivity to change of various measures of hand function in relation to treatment of synovitis of the metacarpophalangeal joint in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000, 39:909-913.
124. Dhanaraju MD, Elizabeth S, Gunasekaran T. Triamcinolone-loaded glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan microspheres: Prolonged release approach for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Drug Deliv 2011: 18:198-207.
125. Kristensen LE, Christensen R, Bliddal H, Geborek P, Danneskiold-Samsøe B, Saxne T. The number needed to treat for adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab based on ACR50 response in three randomized controlled trials on established rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review. Scand J Rheumatol 2007; 36:411-417.
126. Alonso-Ruiz A, Pijoan JI, Ansuategui E, Urkaregi A, Calabozo M, Quintana A. Tumor necrosis factor alpha drugs in rheumatoid arthritis: Systematic review and metaanalysis of efficacy and safety. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2008; 9:52.
127. Singh JA, Christensen R, Wells GA, Suarez-Almazor ME, Buchbinder R, Lopez- Olivo MA, Ghogomu ET, Tugwell P. A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of biologics for rheumatoid arthritis: A Cochrane overview. CMAJ 2009; 181:787-796.
128. Singh JA, Christensen R, Wells GA, Suarez-Almazor ME, Buchbinder R, Lopez- Olivo MA, Tanjong Ghogomu E, Tugwell P. Biologics for rheumatoid arthritis: An overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 4:CD007848.
129. Bagust A, Boland A, Hockenhull J, Fleeman N, Greenhalgh J, Dundar Y, Proudlove C, Kennedy T, Moots R, Williamson P, Dickson R. Rituximab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Health Technol Assess 2009; 13:23-29.
130. Maxwell LJ, Singh JA. Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis: A Cochrane systematic review. J Rheumatol 2010; 37:234-245.
131. An MM, Zou Z, Shen H, Zhang JD, Cao YB, Jiang YY. The addition of tocilizumab to DMARD therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 66:49-59.
132. Sokka T, Pincus T. Eligibility of patients in routine care for major clinical trials of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha agents in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48:313-318.
133. Svenson M, Geborek P, Saxne T, Bendtzen K. Monitoring patients treated with anti-TNF-alpha biopharmaceuticals: Assessing serum infliximab and anti-infliximab antibodies. Rheumatology 2007; 46:1828-1834.
134. Strangfeld A, Hierse F, Kekow J, von Hinueber U, Tony HP, Dockhorn R, Listing J, Zink A. Comparative effectiveness of tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitors in combination with either methotrexate or leflunomide. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 68:1856-1862.
135. Stoll ML, Solomon DH, Batra KL, Simard JF, Karlson EW, Dellaripa PF, Weinblatt ME, Glass R, Shadick NA. TNFalpha inhibitors may improve asthma symptoms: A case series of 12 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and asthma. J Clin Rheumatol 2009; 15:198-200.
136. Mewar D, Wilson AG. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with tumour necrosis factor inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:785-791.
137. Inman RD, Davis JJC, van der Heijde D, Diekman L, Sieper J, Kim SI, Mack M, Han J, Visvanathan S, Xu Z, Hsu B, Beutler A, Braun J. Efficacy and safety of golimumab in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58:3402-3412.
138. Kavanaugh A, McInnes I, Mease P, Krueger GG, Gladman D, Gomez-Reino J, Papp K, Zrubek J, Mudivarthy S, Mack M, Visvanathan S, Beutler A. Golimumab, a new human tumor necrosis factor alpha antibody, administered every four weeks as a subcutaneous injection in psoriatic arthritis: Twenty-four-week efficacy and safety results of a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 60:976-986.
139. Zidi I, Mestiri S, Bartegi B, Ben Amor N. TNF-alpha and its inhibitors in cancer. Med Oncol 2009; DOI: 10.1007/s12032-009-9190-3.
140. Mitoma, H, Horiuchi, T, Tsukamoto, H, Tamimoto, Y, Kimoto, Y, Uchino, A, To, K, Harashima, S, Hatta, N, Harada, M. Mechanisms for cytotoxic effects of antitumor necrosis factor agents on transmembrane tumor necrosis factor alphaexpressing cells: Comparison among infliximab, etanercept, and adalimumab. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58:1248-1257.
141. Dixon WG, Hyrich KL, Watson KD, Lunt M, Galloway J, Ustianowski A; BSRBR Control Centre Consortium, Symmons DP; BSR Biologics Register. Drug-specific risk of tuberculosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti- TNF therapy: Results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register (BSRBR). Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69:522-528.
142. Leombruno JP, Einarson TR, Keystone EC. The safety of anti-tumour necrosis factor treatments in rheumatoid arthritis: Meta and exposure-adjusted pooled analyses of serious adverse events. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 68:1136-1145.
143. Hyrich KL, Watson KD, Isenberg DA, Symmons DPM, on behalf of the BSR Biologics Register. The British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register: 6 years on. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008; 47:1441-1443.
144. Strangfeld A, Listing J, Herzer P, Liebhaber A, Rockwitz K, Richter C, Zink A. Risk of herpes zoster in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF-alpha agents. JAMA 2009; 301:737-744.
145. Strangfeld A, Hierse F, Rau R, Burmester GR, Krummel-Lorenz B, Demary W, Listing J, Zink A. Risk of incident or recurrent malignancies among patients with rheumatoid arthritis exposed to biologic therapy in the German biologics register RABBIT. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R5.
146. Kaiser R. Incidence of lymphoma in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review of the literature. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma 2008; 8:87-93.
147. Moreland LW, Schiff MH, Baumgartner SW, Tindall EA, Fleischmann RM, Bulpitt KJ, Weaver AL, Keystone EC, Furst DE, Mease PJ, Ruderman EM, Horwitz DA, Arkfeld DG, Garrison L, Burge DJ, Blosch CM, Lange ML, McDonnell ND, Weinblatt ME. Etanercept therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130:478-486.
148. Klareskog L, van der Heijde D, de Jager JP, Gough A, Kalden J, Malaise M, Martín Mola E, Pavelka K, Sany J, Settas L, Wajdula J, Pedersen R, Fatenejad S, Sanda M; TEMPO (Trial of Etanercept and Methotrexate with Radiographic Patient Outcomes) study investigators. Therapeutic effect of the combination of etanercept and methotrexate compared with each treatment alone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 363:675-681.
149. Emery P, Breedveld FC, Hall S, Durez P, Chang DJ, Robertson D, Singh A, Pedersen RD, Koenig AS, Freundlich B. Comparison of methotrexate monotherapy with a combination of methotrexate and etanercept in active, early, moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis (COMET): A randomised, double-blind, parallel treatment trial. Lancet 2008; 372:375-382.
150. Anis A, Zhang W, Emery P, Sun H, Singh A, Freundlich B, Sato R. The effect of etanercept on work productivity in patients with early active rheumatoid arthritis: Results from the COMET study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 48:1283-1289.
151. Emery P, Breedveld F, van der Heijde D, Ferraccioli G, Dougados M, Robertson D, Pedersen R, Koenig AS, Freundlich B; Combination of Methotrexate and Etanercept in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Trial Group. Two-year clinical and radiographic results with combination etanerceptmethotrexate therapy versus monotherapy in early rheumatoid arthritis: a twoyear, double-blind, randomized study. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62:674-682.
152. Weinblatt ME, Bathon JM, Kremer JM, Fleischmann RM, Schiff MH, Martin RW, Baumgartner SW, Park GS, Mancini EL, Genovese MC. Safety and efficacy of etanercept beyond 10 years of therapy in North American patients with early and long-standing rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res 2010; In Press.
153. Doyle MK, Rahman MU, Han C, Han J, Giles J, Bingham CO, Bathon J. Treatment with infliximab plus methotrexate improves anemia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis independent of improvement in other clinical outcome measures-a pooled analysis from three large, multicenter, double- blind, randomized clinical trials. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2009; 39:123-131.
154. Maini R, St Clair EW, Breedveld F, Furst D, Kalden J, Weisman M, Smolen J, Emery P, Harriman G, Feldmann M, Lipsky P. for the ATTRACT Study Group. Infliximab (chimeric antitumour necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving concomitant methotrexate: a randomized phase III trial. Lancet 1999; 354:1932-1939.
155. Lipsky PE, van der Heijde DM, St Clair EW, Furst DE, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, Smolen JS, Weisman M, Emery P, Feldmann M, Harriman GR, Maini RN; Anti- Tumor Necrosis Factor Trial in Rheumatoid Arthritis with Concomitant Therapy Study Group. Infliximab and methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:1594-1602.
156. Maini RN, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, Smolen JS, Furst D, Weisman MH, St Clair EW, Keenan GF, van der Heijde D, Marsters PA, Lipsky PE; Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Trial in Rheumatoid Arthritis with Concomitant Therapy Study Group. Sustained improvement over two years in physical function, structural damage, and signs and symptoms among patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with infliximab and methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50:1051-1065.
157. St Clair EW, van der Heijde DM, Smolen JS, Maini RN, Bathon JM, Emery P, Keystone E, Schiff M, Kalden JR, Wang B, Dewoody K, Weiss R, Baker D; Active- Controlled Study of Patients Receiving Infliximab for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis of Early Onset Study Group. Combination of infliximab and methotrexate therapy for early rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50:3432-3443.
158. Westhovens R, Yocum D, Han J, Berman A, Strusberg I, Geusens P, Rahman MU; START Study Group. The safety of infliximab, combined with background treatments, among patients with rheumatoid arthritis with various comorbidities: a large, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:1075-1086.
159. Zintzaras E, Dahabreh IJ, Giannouli S, Voulgarelis M, Moutsopoulos HM. Infliximab and methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of dosage regimens. Clin Ther 2008; 30:1939-1955.
160. Weinblatt ME, Keystone EC, Furst DE, Moreland LW, Weisman MH, Birbara CA, Teoh LA, Fischkoff SA, Chartash EK. Adalimumab, a fully human anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in patients taking concomitant methotrexate: The ARMADA trial. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48:35-45.
161. Navarro-Sarabia F, Ariza-Ariza R, Hernandez- Cruz B, Villanueva I. Adalimumab for treating rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005 Jul20; (3):CD005113.
162. Breedveld FC, Weisman MH, Kavanaugh AF, Cohen SB, Pavelka K, van Vollenhoven R, Sharp J, Perez JL, Spencer- Green GT. The PREMIER study: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind clinical trial of combination therapy with adalimumab plus methotrexate versus methotrexate alone or adalimumab alone in patients with early, aggressive rheumatoid arthritis who had not had previous methotrexate treatment. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54:26-37.
163. Fishwild DM, O'Donnell SL, Bengoechea T, Hudson DV, Harding F, Bernhard SL, Jones D, Kay RM, Higgins KM, Schramm SR, Lonberg N. High-avidity human IgG kappa monoclonal antibodies from a novel strain of minilocus transgenic mice. Nat Biotechnol 1996; 14: 845-851.
164. Campas-Moya C. Golimumab: A novel anti-TNF-alpha human monoclonal antibody for rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Drugs Today (Barc) 2010; 46:13-22.
165. Kay J, Rahman MU. Golimumab: A novel human anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriatic arthritis. Core Evid 2010; 4:159-170.
166. Kay J, Matteson EL, Dasgupta B, Nash P, Durez P, Hall S, Hsia EC, Han J, Wagner C, Xu Z, Visvanathan S, Rahman MU. Golimumab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite treatment with methotrexate: A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58:964-975.
167. Smolen JS, Kay J, Doyle MK, Landewé R, Matteson EL, Wollenhaupt J, Gaylis N, Murphy FT, Neal JS, Zhou Y, Visvanathan S, Hsia EC, Rahman MU; GO-AFTER study investigators. Golimumab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis after treatment with tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitors (GO-AFTER study): A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial. Lancet 2009; 374:210-221.
168. Singh JA, Noorbaloochi S, Singh G. Golimumab for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;(1):CD008341.
169. Kremer J, Ritchlin C, Mendelsohn A, Baker D, Kim L, Xu Z, Han J, Taylor P. Golimumab, a new human anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha antibody, administered intravenously in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: Forty-eightweek efficacy and safety results of a phase III randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62:917-928.
170. Palframan R, Airey M, Moore A, Vugler A, Nesbitt A. Use of biofluorescence imaging to compare the distribution of certolizumab pegol, adalimumab, and infliximab in the inflamed paws of mice with collagen-induced arthritis. J Immunol Methods 2009; 348:36-41.
171. Nesbitt A, Fossati G, Bergin M, Stephens P, Stephens S, Foulkes R, Brown D, Robinson M, Bourne T. Mechanism of action of certolizumab pegol (CDP870): In vitro comparison with other anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha agents. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007; 13:1323-1332.
172. Keystone E, van der Heijde D, Mason D, Landewé R, Vollenhoven RV, Combe B, Emery P, Strand V, Mease P, Desai C, Pavelka K. Certolizumab pegol plus methotrexate is significantly more effective than placebo plus methotrexate in active rheumatoid arthritis: Findings of a fifty-two-week, phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58:3319-3329.
173. Smolen JS, Landewe R, Mease P, Brzezicki J, Mason D, Luijtens K, van Vollenhoven RF, Kavanaugh A, Schiff M, Burmester GR, Strand V,11 J Vencovský, van der Heijde D. Efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol plus methotrexate in active rheumatoid arthritis: The RAPID 2 study. A randomized controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 68:797-804.
174. Fleischmann R, Vencovsky J, van Vollenhoven R, Borenstein D, Box J, Coteur G, Goel N, Brezinschek HP, Innes A, Strand V. Efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol monotherapy every 4 weeks in patients with rheumatoid arthritis failing previous disease-modifying antirheumatic therapy: The FAST4WARD study. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 68:805-811.
175. Mease PJ. Certolizumab pegol in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: A comprehensive review of its clinical efficacy and safety. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 50:261-270.
176. Weinblatt M, Fleischmann R, Emery P, Goel N, Bingham CO, Pope J, Massarotti E. Efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol in a clinically representative population of patients (Pts) with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA): Results of the REALISTIC Phase IIIb randomized controlled study. [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62:1805.
177. Strand V, Smolen JS, van Vollenhoven RF, Mease P, Burmester GR, Hiepe F, Khanna D, Nikaï E, Coteur G, Schiff M. Certolizumab pegol plus methotrexate provides broad relief from the burden of rheumatoid arthritis: Analysis of patientreported outcomes from the RAPID 2 trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2011; 70:996-1002.
178. Poli V, Maritano D. IL-6 Knockout mice. In: Fantuzzi G (ed). Cytokine Knockouts. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, 2003, pp. 213-234.
179. Mihara M, Kotoh M, Nishimoto N, Oda Y, Kumagai E, Takagi N, Tsunemi K, Ohsugi Y, Kishimoto T, Yoshizaki K, Takeda Y. Humanized antibody to human interleukin-6 receptor inhibits the development of collagen arthritis in cynomolgus monkeys. Clin Immunol 2001; 98:319-326.
180. Nishimoto N, Hashimoto J, Miyasaka N, Yamamoto K, Kawai S, Takeuchi T, Murata N, van der Heijde D, Kishimoto T. Study of active controlled monotherapy used for rheumatoid arthritis, an IL-6 inhibitor (SAMURAI): Evidence of clinical and radiographic benefit from an x-ray reader-blinded randomised controlled trial of tocilizumab. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66:1162-1167.
181. Maini RN, Taylor PC, Szechinski J, Pavelka K, Bröll J, Balint G, Emery P, Raemen F, Petersen J, Smolen J, Thomson D, Kishimoto T; CHARISMA Study Group. Double- blind randomized controlled clinical trial of the interleukin-6 receptor antagonist, tocilizumab, in European patients with rheumatoid arthritis who had an incomplete response to methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54:2817-2829.
182. Smolen JS, Beaulieu A, Rubbert-Roth A, Ramos-Remus C, Rovensky J, Alecock E, Woodworth T, Alten R; OPTION Investigators. Effect of interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (OPTION study): A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Lancet 2008; 371:987-997.
183. Woodrick R, Ruderman EM. Anti-interleukin-6 therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis 2010; 68:211-217.
184. Emery P, Keystone E, Tony HP, Cantagrel A, van Vollenhoven R, Sanchez A, Alecock E, Lee J, Kremer J. IL-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab improves treatment outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumor necrosis factor biologics: Results from a 24-week multicentre randomized placebo- controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67:1516-1523.
185. Genovese MC, McKay JD, Nasonov EL, Mysler EF, da Silva NA, Alecock E, Woodworth T, Gomez-Reino JJ. Interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab re duces disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with inadequate response to disease modifying antirheumatic drugs: The tocilizumab in combination with traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy study. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58:2968-2980.
186. Jones G, Sebba A, Gu J, Lowenstein MB, Calvo A, Gomez-Reino JJ, Siri DA, Tomsic M, Alecock E, Woodworth T, Genovese MC. Comparison of tocilizumab monotherapy versus methotrexate monotherapy in patients with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis: The AMBITION study. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69:88-96.
187. Singh JA, Beg S, Lopez-Olivo MA. Tocilizumab for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010 Jul 7;(7):CD008331.
188. Kremer JL, Blanco R, Brzosko M, Burgos- Vargas R, Halland AM, Vernon E, Ambs P, Fleischmann R. Tocilizumab inhibits structural joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis patients with inadequate responses to methotrexate at 1 year: The LITHE study. Arthritis Rheum 2010; In Press.
189. Orencia (abatacept) [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Bristol- Myers Squibb Company; 2009.
190. Orencia (abatacept) [package insert]. Montreal, Canada: Bristol-Myers Squibb Canada; 2009.
191. Orencia (abatacept) [package insert]. Uxbridge, UK: Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharma EEIG; 2010.
192. Ostör AJ. Abatacept: A T-cell co-stimulation modulator for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2008; 27:1343-1353.
193. Kremer JM, Genant HK, Moreland LW, Russell AS, Emery P, Abud-Mendoza C, Szechinski J, Li T, Ge Z, Becker JC, Westhovens R. Effects of abatacept in patients with methotrexate-resistant active rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144:865-876.
194. Kremer JM, Genant HK, Moreland LW, Russell AS, Emery P, Abud-Mendoza C, Szechinski J, Li T, Teng J, Becker JC, Westhovens R. Results of a two-year followup study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who received a combination of abatacept and methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58:953-963.
195. Genovese MC, Becker JC, Schiff M, Luggen M, Sherrer Y, Kremer J, Birbara C, Box J, Natarajan K, Nuamah I, Li T, Aranda R, Hagerty DT, Dougados M. Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibition. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:1114-1123.
196. Schiff M, Keiserman M, Codding C, Songcharoen S, Berman A, Naviager S, Saldate C, Li T, Aranda R, Becker JC, Lin C, Cornet PL, Dougados M. Efficacy and safety of abatacept or infliximab vs placebo in ATTEST: A phase III, multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled study in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67:1096-1103.
197. Khraishi M, Russell A, Olszynski WP. Safety profile of abatacept in rheumatoid arthritis: A review. Clin Ther 2010; 32:1855-1870.
198. Weinblatt M, Combe B, Covucci A, Aranda R, Becker JC, Keystone E. Safety of the selective costimulation modulator abatacept in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving background biologic and nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: A one-year randomized, placebocontrolled study. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54:2807-2816.
199. Schiff M, Pritchard C, Huffstutter JE, Rodriguez-Valverde V, Durez P, Zhou X, Li T, Bahrt K, Kelly S, Le Bars M, Genovese MC. The 6-month safety and efficacy of abatacept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who underwent a washout after anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy or were directly switched to abatacept: The ARRIVE trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 68:1708-1714.
200. Westhovens R, Robles M, Ximenes AC, Nayiager S, Wollenhaupt J, Durez P, Gomez-Reino J, Grassi W, Haraoui B, Shergy W, Park SH, Genant H, Peterfy C, Becker JC, Covucci A, Helfrick R, Bathon J. Clinical efficacy and safety of abatacept in methotrexate naive patients with early rheumatoid arthritis and poor prognostic factors. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 68: 1870-1877.
201. Sibilia J, Westhovens R. Safety of T-cell co-stimulation modulation with abatacept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2007; 25:S46-S56.
202. Emery P, Durez P, Dougados M, Legerton CW, Becker JC, Vratsanos G, Genant HK, Peterfy C, Mitra P, Overfield S, Qi K, Westhovens R. Impact of T-cell costimulation modulation in patients with undifferentiated inflammatory arthritis or very early rheumatoid arthritis: A clinical and imaging study of abatacept (the ADJUST trial). Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69:510-516.
203. Dass S, Vital EM, Emery P. Rituximab: Novel B-cell depletion therapy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2006; 7:2559-2570.
204. Emery P, Rigby WF, Combe B, Latinis K, Szczepanski LJ, Roschmann RA, Chen A, Armstrong GK, Douglass W, Tyrrell H. Efficacy and safety of rituximab as first-line biologic therapy in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: Results of a phase III randomized controlled study (SERENE) [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58:S302.
205. Mease P, Keystone E, Kaell A, Emery P, St. Clair EW, Dougados M, Cravets MW, Shaw T, Behrendt C, Yocum D. Recent disease activity affects outcome of second course of rituximab for RA [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54:S236.
206. Mease P, Keystone E, Kaell A, Emery P, St. Clair EW, Dougados M, Cravets MW, Shaw T, Behrendt C, Yocum D. Predicting outcome of a second course of rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis [abstract]. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66:434.
207. Mease PJ, Cohen S, Gaylis NB, Chubick A, Kaell AT, Greenwald M, Agarwal S, Yin M, Kelman A. Efficacy, safety and dose frequency of retreatment with rituximab in RA: Results from a randomized controlled trial (SUNRISE). J Rheumatol 2010; 37:917-927.
208. Mease PJ, Keystone E, Kaell A, Emery P, St. Clair EW, Dougados M, Cravets MW, Shaw T, CHai A, Yocum D. SDAI and CDAI for predicting outcome of a second course of rituximab for patients with rheumatoid arthritis [abstract]. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67:196.
209. Tak PP, Rigby WF, Rubbert-Roth A, Peterfy CG, van Vollenhoven RF, Hessey E, Chen A, Tyrrell H, Shaw TM; for theIMAGE Investigators. Inhibition of joint damage and improved clinical outcomes with rituximab plus methotrexate in early active rheumatoid arthritis: The IMAGE trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2011; 70:39-46.
210. Emery P, Deodhar A, Rigby WF, Isaacs JD, Combe B, Racewicz AJ, Latinis K, Abud- Mendoza C, Szczepanski LJ, Roschmann RA, Chen A, Armstrong GK, Douglass W, Tyrrell H. Efficacy and safety of different doses and retreatment of rituximab: A randomised, placebo-controlled trial in patients who are biological naive with active rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate (Study Evaluating Rituximab's Efficacy in MTX iNadequate rEsponders (SERENE)). Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69:1629-1635.
211. Mease PJ, Cohen S, Gaylis NB, Chubick A, Kaell AT, Greenwald M, Agarwal S, Yin M, Kelman A. Efficacy and safety of retreatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with previous inadequate response to tumor necrosis factor inhibitors: Results from the SUNRISE trial. J Rheumatol 2010; 37:917-927.
212. Covelli M, Sarzi-Puttini P, Atzeni F, Macchioni P. Safety of rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis. Reumatismo 2010; 62:101-106.
213. Vander Cruyssen B, Durez P, Westhovens R, Kaiser MJ, Hoffman I, De Keyser F; The MIRA Study Group. The Belgian MIRA (MabThera In Rheumatoid Arthritis) registry: Clues for the optimization of rituximab treatment strategies. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R169.
214. Vital EM, Dass S, Rawstron AC, Buch MH, Goëb V, Henshaw K, Ponchel F, Emery P. Management of nonresponse to rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis: Predictors and outcome of re-treatment. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62:1273-1279.
215. Dass S, Rawstron AC, Vital EM, Henshaw K, McGonagle D, Emery P. Highly sensitive B cell analysis predicts response to rituximab therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58:2993-2999.
216. Rosengren S, Wei N, Kalunian KC, Kavanaugh A, Boyle DL. CXCL13: A novel biomarker of B-cell return following rituximab treatment and synovitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 50:603-610.
217. Lee YH, Bae SC, Song GG. The efficacy and safety of rituximab for the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Rheumatol Int 2010; In Press.
218. Mertens M, Singh JA. Anakinra for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009 Jan 21; (1):CD005121.
219. Bansard C, Lequerré T, Derambure C, Vittecoq O, Hiron M, Daragon A, Pouplin S, Daveau M, Boyer O, Tron F, Le Loët X, Salier JP. Gene profiling predicts rheumatoid arthritis responsiveness to IL-1Ra (anakinra). Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 50:283-292.
220. Schipper LG, Kievit W, den Broder AA, van der Laar MA, Adang EM, Fransen J, van Riel PL. Treatment strategies aiming at remission in early rheumatoid arthritis patients: Starting with methotrexate monotherapy is cost-effective. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011; In Press.
221. Weinblatt ME, Keystone EC, Cohen MD, Freundlich B, Li J, Chon Y, Baumgartner SW. Factors associated with radiographic progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were treated with methotrexate. J Rheumatol 2011; 38:242-246.
222. Soliman MM, Ashcroft DM, Watson KD, Lunt M, Symmons DP, Hyrich KL; British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Impact of concomitant use of DMARDs on the persistence with anti- TNF therapies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Ann Rheum Dis 2011; 70:583-590.
223. Benucci M, Saviola G, Baiardi P, Manfredi M, Sarzi-Puttini P, Atzeni F. Efficacy and safety of leflunomide or methotrexate plus subcutaneous tumour necrosis factor-alpha blocking agents in rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2011; 24:269-276.
224. van der Heijde D, Breedveld FC, Kavanaugh A, Keystone EC, Landewé R, Patra K, Pangan AL. Disease activity, physical function, and radiographic progression after longterm therapy with adalimumab plus methotrexate: 5-year results of PREMIER. J Rheumatol 2010; 37:2237-2246.
225. van der Woude D, Syversen SW, van der Voort EI, Verpoort KN, Goll GL, van der Linden MP, van der Helmvan Mil AH, van der Heijde DM, Huizinga TW, Kvien TK, Toes RE. The ACPA isotype profile reflects long-term radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69:1110-1116.
226. Grandaunet B, Syversen SW, Hoff M, Sundan A, Haugeberg G, van Der Heijde D, Kvien TK, Standal T. Association between high plasma levels of hepatocyte growth factor and progression of radiographic damage in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2011; 63:662-669.
227. Giles JT, van der Heijde DM, Bathon JM. Association of circulating adiponectin levels with progression of radiographic joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2011; In Press.
228. Lina C, Conghua W, Nan L, Ping Z. Combined treatment of etanercept and MTX reverses Th1/Th2, Th17/Treg imbalance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Immunol 2011; In press.
229. Scott DL, Kowalczyk A. Clinical trials: Tight control in early RA pays off in the long run. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010; 6:623-624.
230. Knevel R, Schoels M, Huizinga TW, Aletaha D, Burmester GR, Combe B, Landewé RB, Smolen JS, Sokka T, van der Heijde DM. Current evidence for a strategic approach to the management of rheumatoid arthritis with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: A systematic literature review informing the EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69:987-994.
231. Möttönen T, Hannonen P, Leirisalo-Repo M, Nissilä M, Kautiainen H, Korpela M, Laasonen L, Julkunen H, Luukkainen R, Vuori K, Paimela L, Blåfield H, Hakala M, Ilva K, Yli-Kerttula U, Puolakka K, Järvinen P, Hakola M, Piirainen H, Ahonen J, Pälvimäki I, Forsberg S, Koota K, Friman C. Comparison of combination therapy with single-drug therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis: A randomised trial. FINRACo Trial Group. Lancet 1999; 353:1568-1573.
232. Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, Vries-Bouwstra JK, Allaart CF, van Zeben D, Kerstens PJ, Hazes JM, Zwinderman AH, Ronday HK, Han KH, Westedt ML, Gerards AH, van Groenendael JH, Lems WF, van Krugten MV, Breedveld FC, Dijkmans BA. Clinical and radiographic outcomes of four different treatment strategies in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (the BeSt study): A randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52:3381-3390.
233. Klarenbeek NB, van der Kooij SM, Güler-Yüksel M, van Groenendael JH, Han KH, Kerstens PJ, Huizinga TW, Dijkmans BA, Allaart CF. Discontinuing treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in sustained clinical remission: Exploratory analyses from the BeSt study. Ann Rheum Dis 2011; 70:315-319.
234. Verstappen SM, Jacobs JW, van der Veen MJ, Heurkens AH, Schenk Y, ter Borg EJ, Blaauw AA, Bijlsma JW; Utrecht Rheumatoid Arthritis Cohort study group. Intensive treatment with methotrexate in early rheumatoid arthritis: Aiming for remission. Computer Assisted Management in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis (CAMERA, an open-label strategy trial). Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66:1443-1449.
235. van Tuyl LH, Lems WF, Voskuyl AE, Kerstens PJ, Garnero P, Dijkmans BA, Boers M. Tight control and intensified COBRA combination treatment in early rheumatoid arthritis: 90% remission in a pilot trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67:1574-1577.
236. Tanaka E, Mannalithara A, Inoue E, Hara M, Tomatsu T, Kamatani N, Singh G, Yamanaka H. Efficient management of rheumatoid arthritis significantly reduces long-term functional disability. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67:1153-1158.
237. Sano H, Arai K, Murai T, Fujisawa J, Kondo N, Netsu T, Hanyu T, Saeki T, Ito T, Endo N. Tight control is important in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with an anti-tumor necrosis factor biological agent: Prospective study of 91 cases who used a biological agent for more than 1 year. Mod Rheumatol 2009; 19:390-394.
238. Kremer JM, Genovese MC, Cannon GW, Caldwell JR, Cush JJ, Furst DE, Luggen ME, Keystone E, Weisman MH, Bensen WM, Kaine JL, Ruderman EM, Coleman P, Curtis DL, Kopp EJ, Kantor SM, Waltuck J, Lindsley HB, Markenson JA, Strand V, Crawford B, Fernando I, Simpson K, Bathon JM. Concomitant leflunomide therapy in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite stable doses of methotrexate. A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137:726-733.
239. Weinblatt ME, Kremer JM, Bankhurst AD, Bulpitt KJ, Fleischmann RM, Fox RI, Jackson CG, Lange M, Burge DJ. A trial of etanercept, a recombinant tumor necrosis factor receptor: Fc fusion protein, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:253-259.
240. O'Dell JR, Leff R, Paulsen G, Haire C, Mallek J, Eckhoff PJ, Fernandez A, Blakely K, Wees S, Stoner J, Hadley S, Felt J, Palmer W, Waytz P, Churchill M, Klassen L, Moore G. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate and sulfasalazine, or a combination of the three medications: Results of a two-year, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46:1164-1170.
241. Maini RN, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, Smolen JS, Davis D, Macfarlane JD, Antoni C, Leeb B, Elliott MJ, Woody JN, Schaible TF, Feldmann M. Therapeutic efficacy of multiple intravenous infusions of antitumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody combined with low-dose weekly methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41:1552-1563.
242. Cohen S, Hurd E, Cush J, Schiff M, Weinblatt ME, Moreland LW, Kremer J, Bear MB, Rich WJ, McCabe D. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with anakinra, a recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, in combination with methotrexate: Results of a twenty-four-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46:614-624.
243. Keystone E, Weinblatt M, Furst D, Weisman M, Moreland L, Birbara C, Fischkoff S, Chartash E. The ARMADA trial: A double- blind placebo controlled trial of the fully human anti-TNF monoclonal antibody, adalimumab (D2E7) in patients with active RA on methotrexate (MTX). Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44:S213.
244. Lehman AJ, Esdaile JM, Klinkhoff AV, Grant E, Fitzgerald A, Canvin J; METGO Study Group. A 48-week, randomized, double-blind, double-observer, placebo- controlled multicenter trial of combination methotrexate and intramuscular gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: Results of the METGO study. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52:1360-1370.
245. Edwards JC, Szczepanski L, Szechinski J, Filipowicz-Sosnowska A, Emery P, Close DR, Stevens RM, Shaw T. Efficacy of Bcell- targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:2572-2581.
246. Kay J, Matteson EL, Dasgupta B, Nash P, Durez P, Hall S, Hsia EC, Han J, Wagner C, Xu Z, Visvanathan S, Rahman MU. Golimumab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite treatment with methotrexate: A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58:964-975.
247. Keystone E, Heijde D, Mason D, Jr, Landewé R, Vollenhoven RV, Combe B, Emery P, Strand V, Mease P, Desai C, Pavelka K. Certolizumab pegol plus methotrexate is significantly more effective than placebo plus methotrexate in active rheumatoid arthritis: Findings of a fifty-two-week, phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58:3319-3329.
248. Hyrich KL, Lunt M, Watson KD, Symmons DP, Silman AJ; British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Outcomes after switching from one anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha agent to a second anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha agent in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from a large UK national cohort study. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56:13-20.
249. Erickson AR, Mikuls TR. Switching anti- TNF-alpha agents: What is the evidence? Curr Rheumatol Rep 2007; 9:416-420.
250. Gomez-Reino JJ, Carmona L. BIOBADASER Group. Switching TNF antagonists in patients with chronic arthritis: An observational study of 488 patients over a four-year period. Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8:R29.
251. Morgan SL, Baggott JE, Vaughn WH, Austin JS, Veitch TA, Lee JY, Koopman WJ, Krumdieck CL, Alarcón GS. Supplementation with folic acid during methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121:833-841.
252. Genovese MC, Becker JC, Schiff M, Luggen M, Sherrer Y, Kremer J, Birbara C, Box J, Natarajan K, Nuamah I, Li T, Aranda R, Hagerty DT, Dougados M. Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibition. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:1114-1123.
253. Nam JL, Winthrop KL, van Vollenhoven RF, Pavelka K, Valesini G, Hensor EM, Worthy G, Landewé R, Smolen JS, Emery P, Buch MH. Current evidence for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: A systematic literature review informing the EULAR recommendations for the management of RA. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69:976-986.
254. Salliot C, Finckh A, Katchamart W, Lu Y, Sun Y, Bombardier C, Keystone E. Indirect comparisons of the efficacy of biological antirheumatic agents in rheumatoid arthritis in patients with an inadequate response to conventional diseasemodifying antirheumatic drugs or to an anti-tumour necrosis factor agent: A meta- analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 2011; 70:266-271.
255. Evans HG, Gullick NJ, Kelly S, Pitzalis C, Lord GM, Kirkham BW, Taams LS. In vivo activated monocytes from the site of inflammation in humans specifically promote Th17 responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106:6232-6237.
256. Kremer JM, Bloom BJ, Breedveld FC, Coombs JH, Fletcher MP, Gruben D, Krishnaswami S, Burgos-Vargas R, Wilkinson B, Zerbini CA, Zwillich SH. The safety and efficacy of a JAK inhibitor in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: Results of a double-blind, placebocontrolled phase IIa trial of three dosage levels of CP-690,550 versus placebo. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 60:1895-1905.
257. Weinblatt ME, Kavanaugh A, Burgos-Vargas R, Dikranian AH, Medrano-Ramirez G, Morales-Torres JL, Murphy FT, Musser TK, Straniero N, Vicente-Gonzales AV, Grossbard E. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with a Syk kinase inhibitor: A twelve-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58: 3309-3318.
258. Walker JG, Smith MD. The Jak-STAT pathway in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2005; 32:1650-1653.
259. Tanaka Y, Suzuki M, Nakamura H, Toyoizumi S, Zwillich SH; the Tofacitinib Study Investigators. Phase 2 study of tofacitinib (CP-690,550) combined with methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and inadequate response to methotrexate. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2011; In Press.
260. Riese RJ, Krishnaswami S, Kremer J. In hibition of JAK kinases in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Scientific rationale and clinical outcomes. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2010; 24:513-526.
261. Cha HS, Boyle DL, Inoue T, Schoot R, Tak PP, Pine P, Firestein GS. A novel spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor blocks c-Jun Nterminal kinase-mediated gene expression in synoviocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 317:571-578.
262. Pine PR, Chang B, Schoettler N, Banquerigo ML, Wang S, Lau A, Zhao F, Grossbard EB, Payan DG, Brahn E. Inflammation and bone erosion are suppressed in models of rheumatoid arthritis following treatment with a novel Syk inhibitor. Clin Immunol 2007; 124:244-257.
263. Braselmann S, Taylor V, Zhao H, Wang S, Sylvain C, Baluom M, Qu K, Herlaar E, Lau A, Young C, Wong BR, Lovell S, Sun T, Park G, Argade A, Jurcevic S, Pine P, Singh R, Grossbard EB, Payan DG, Masuda ES. R406, an orally available spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor blocks fc receptor signaling and reduces immune complex- mediated inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:998-1008.
264. Genovese MC, Kavanaugh A, Weinblatt ME, Peterfy C, DiCarlo J, White ML, O'Brien M, Grossbard EB, Magilavy DB. An oral Syk kinase inhibitor in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: A three-month randomized, placebo-controlled, phase II study in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis that did not respond to biologic agents. Arthritis Rheum 2011; 63:337-345.
265. Weinblatt ME, Kavanaugh A, Genovese MC, Musser TK, Grossbard EB, Magilavy DB. An oral spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor for rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2010; 363:1303-1312.
266. Svelander L, Erlandsson-Harris H, Astner L, Grabowska U, Klareskog L, Lindstrom E, Hewitt E. Inhibition of cathepsin K reduces bone erosion, cartilage degradation and inflammation evoked by collagen- induced arthritis in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 613:155-162
267. Bamborough P, Morse MA, Ray KP. Targeting IKKß for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Drug News Perspect 2010; 23:483-490.
268. Konda VR, Desai A, Darland G, Bland JS, Tripp ML. META060 inhibits osteoclastogenesis and matrix metalloproteinases in vitro and reduces bone and cartilage degradation in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62:1683-1692.
269. Sharp JT, Tsuji W, Ory P, Harper-Barek C, Wang H, Newmark R. Denosumab prevents metacarpal shaft cortical bone loss in patients with erosive rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010; 62:537-544.
270. Dhimolea E. Canakinumab. MAbs. 2010; 2:3-13.
271. Plater-Zyberk C, Joosten LA, Helsen MM, Koenders MI, Baeuerle PA, van den Berg WB. Combined blockade of granulocyte- macrophage colony stimulating factor and interleukin 17 pathways potently suppresses chronic destructive arthritis in a tumour necrosis factor alpha-independent mouse model. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 68:721-728.
272. Hueber W, Patel DD, Dryia T, Wright AM, Koroleva I, Bruin G, Antoni C, Draelos Z, Gold MH; Psoriasis Study Group, Durez P, Tak PP, Gomez-Reino JJ; Rheumatoid Arthritis Study Group, Foster CS, Kim RY, Samson CM, Falk NS, Chu DS, Callanan D, Nguyen QD; Uveitis Study Group, Rose K, Haider A, DiPadova F. Effects of AIN457, a fully human antibody to interleukin-17A, on psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and uveitis. Sci Transl Med 2010; 2:52ra72.
273. Yago T, Nanke Y, Kawamoto M, Furuya T, Kobashigawa T, Kamatani N, Kotake S. IL-23 induces human osteoclastogenesis via IL-17 in vitro, and anti-IL-23 antibody attenuates collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 9:R96.
274. Gottlieb AB, Mendelsohn A, Shen YK, Menter A. Randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 study of ustekinumab, a human interleukin-12/23 monoclonal antibody, in psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67:99.
275. Kong YY, Feige U, Sarosi I, Bolon B, Tafuri A, Morony S, Capparelli C, Li J, Elliott R, McCabe S, Wong T, Campagnuolo G, Moran E, Bogoch ER, Van G, Nguyen LT, Ohashi PS, Lacey DL, Fish E, Boyle WJ, Penninger JM. Activated T cells regulate bone loss and joint destruction in adjuvant arthritis through osteoprotegerin ligand. Nature 1999; 402:304-309.
276. Kotake S, Udagawa N, Hakoda M, Mogi M, Yano K, Tsuda E, Takahashi K, Furuya T, Ishiyama S, Kim KJ, Saito S, Nishikawa T, Takahashi N, Togari A, Tomatsu T, Suda T, Kamatani N. Activated human T cells directly induce osteoclastogenesis from human monocytes: Possible role of T cells in bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44:1003-1012.
277. Takayanagi H, Iizuka H, Juji T, Nakagawa T, Yamamoto A, Miyazaki T, Koshihara Y, Oda H, Nakamura K, Tanaka S. Involvement of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand/ osteoclast differentiation factor in osteoclastogenesis from synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43:259-269.
278. Kim KW, Cho ML, Lee SH, Oh HJ, Kang CM, Ju JH, Min SY, Cho YG, Park SH, Kim HY. Human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts promote osteoclastogenic activity by activating RANKL via TLR-2 and TLR-4 activation. Immunol Lett 2007; 110:54-64.
279. Body JJ, Greipp P, Coleman RE, Facon T, Geurs F, Fermand JP, Harousseau JL, Lipton A, Mariette X, Williams CD, Nakanishi A, Holloway D, Martin SW, Dunstan CR, Bekker PJ. A Phase I study of amgn-0007, a recombinant osteoprotegerin construct, in patients with multiple myeloma or breast carcinoma related bone metastases. Cancer 2003; 97:887-892.
280. Schwarz EM, Ritchlin CT. Clinical development of anti-rankl therapy. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 9:S7.
281. Deodhar A, Dore RK, Mandel D, Schechtman J, Shergy W, Trapp R, Ory PA, Peterfy CG, Fuerst T, Wang H, Zhou L, Tsuji W, Newmark R. Denosumab-mediated increase in hand bone mineral density associated with decreased progression of bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010; 62:569-574.