메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 12, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 301-315

How does leflunomide modulate the immune response in rheumatoid arthritis?

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYCLOSPORIN; DIHYDROOROTATE DEHYDROGENASE; HR 486; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; LEFLUNOMIDE; METHOTREXATE; PLACEBO; PROTEIN P53; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDE; RIBONUCLEOTIDE; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; TERIFLUNOMIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 0032736913     PISSN: 11738804     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00063030-199912040-00007     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (35)

References (70)
  • 1
    • 0029620896 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of the anti-proliferative action of leflunomide
    • Cao W, Kao P, Chao A, et al. Mechanism of the anti-proliferative action of leflunomide. J Heart Lung Trans 1995; 14: 1016-30
    • (1995) J Heart Lung Trans , vol.14 , pp. 1016-1030
    • Cao, W.1    Kao, P.2    Chao, A.3
  • 2
    • 0023025053 scopus 로고
    • Disease modifying activity of HWA 486 on the development of SLE in the MRL/lpr mouse
    • Popovic S, Bartlett R. Disease modifying activity of HWA 486 on the development of SLE in the MRL/lpr mouse. Agents Actions 1986; 19: 313-4
    • (1986) Agents Actions , vol.19 , pp. 313-314
    • Popovic, S.1    Bartlett, R.2
  • 3
    • 0023554171 scopus 로고
    • The use of the murine chronic graft vs host (CGVH) disease, a model for systemic lupus crythematosus (SLE) for drug discovery
    • Popovic S, Bartlett R. The use of the murine chronic graft vs host (CGVH) disease, a model for systemic lupus crythematosus (SLE) for drug discovery. Agent Actions 1987; 21: 284-6
    • (1987) Agent Actions , vol.21 , pp. 284-286
    • Popovic, S.1    Bartlett, R.2
  • 4
    • 0026589680 scopus 로고
    • Immunomodulation of proteoglycan-induced progressive polyarthritis by leflunomide
    • Glant T, Milecz K, Bartlett R. Immunomodulation of proteoglycan-induced progressive polyarthritis by leflunomide. Immunopharmacology 1991; 23: 105-16
    • (1991) Immunopharmacology , vol.23 , pp. 105-116
    • Glant, T.1    Milecz, K.2    Bartlett, R.3
  • 5
    • 0029828275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel immunomodulating agent - Leflunomide inhibits experimental autoimmune diabetes in mice
    • Stosic-Grujicic S, Dimitrijevic M, Bartlett RR. A novel immunomodulating agent - leflunomide inhibits experimental autoimmune diabetes in mice. Transplant Proc 1996; 28: 3072-3
    • (1996) Transplant Proc , vol.28 , pp. 3072-3073
    • Stosic-Grujicic, S.1    Dimitrijevic, M.2    Bartlett, R.R.3
  • 6
    • 0021957656 scopus 로고
    • Immunopharmacologic properties of a novel isoxazol derivative, HWA 486, with potential anti-rheumatic activity. I. Disease modifying action on adjuvant arthritis in the rat
    • Bartlett R, Schleyerbach R. Immunopharmacologic properties of a novel isoxazol derivative, HWA 486, with potential anti-rheumatic activity. I. Disease modifying action on adjuvant arthritis in the rat. Int J Immunopharmacol 1988; 7: 7-18
    • (1988) Int J Immunopharmacol , vol.7 , pp. 7-18
    • Bartlett, R.1    Schleyerbach, R.2
  • 7
    • 0024787777 scopus 로고
    • Leflunomide (HWA 486) inhibits experimental autoimmune tubulointerstitial nephritis in rats
    • Thoenes G, Sitter T, Langer K, et al. Leflunomide (HWA 486) inhibits experimental autoimmune tubulointerstitial nephritis in rats. In J Immunopharmacol 1989; 92: 921-9
    • (1989) In J Immunopharmacol , vol.92 , pp. 921-929
    • Thoenes, G.1    Sitter, T.2    Langer, K.3
  • 8
    • 0025784860 scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic effects of leflunomide, a new antirheumatic drug, on glomerulonephritis induced by anti-basement membrane antibody in rats
    • Ogawa T, Inazu M, Gotoh K, et al. Therapeutic effects of leflunomide, a new antirheumatic drug, on glomerulonephritis induced by anti-basement membrane antibody in rats. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1991; 6: 103-18
    • (1991) Clin Immunol Immunopathol , vol.6 , pp. 103-118
    • Ogawa, T.1    Inazu, M.2    Gotoh, K.3
  • 9
    • 0029022748 scopus 로고
    • Leflunomide prevents the development of experimentally induced myasthenia gravis
    • Vidic-Dankovic B, Kosec D, Damjanovic M, et al. Leflunomide prevents the development of experimentally induced myasthenia gravis. Int J Immunopharmacol 1995; 17: 273-81
    • (1995) Int J Immunopharmacol , vol.17 , pp. 273-281
    • Vidic-Dankovic, B.1    Kosec, D.2    Damjanovic, M.3
  • 10
    • 0029852104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leflunomide, an immunorestoring drug for the therapy of autoimmune disorders, especially rheumatoid arthritis
    • Bartlett RR, Brendel S, Zielinski T, et al. Leflunomide, an immunorestoring drug for the therapy of autoimmune disorders, especially rheumatoid arthritis. Transplant Proc 1996; 28: 3074-8
    • (1996) Transplant Proc , vol.28 , pp. 3074-3078
    • Bartlett, R.R.1    Brendel, S.2    Zielinski, T.3
  • 11
    • 0009543801 scopus 로고
    • Safety and effectiveness of leflunomide in the treatment of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis
    • Mladenovic V, Domljan Z, Rozman B, et al. Safety and effectiveness of leflunomide in the treatment of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1995; 38: 713-22
    • (1995) Arthritis Rheum , vol.38 , pp. 713-722
    • Mladenovic, V.1    Domljan, Z.2    Rozman, B.3
  • 12
    • 0033596065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis with leflunomide compared to placebo and methotrexate
    • In press
    • Strand V, Cohen S, Schiff M, et al. Treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis with leflunomide compared to placebo and methotrexate. Arch Int Med 1999. In press
    • (1999) Arch Int Med
    • Strand, V.1    Cohen, S.2    Schiff, M.3
  • 13
    • 0001602537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leflunomide plus methotrexate in refractory rheumatoid arthritis: A pilot study [abstract]
    • Weinblatt M, Kremer J, Coblyn J, et al. Leflunomide plus methotrexate in refractory rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot study [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40: S974
    • (1997) Arthritis Rheum , vol.40
    • Weinblatt, M.1    Kremer, J.2    Coblyn, J.3
  • 14
    • 0033053835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of leflunomide compared with placebo and sulphasalazine in active rheumatoid arthritis: A double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial
    • European Leflunomide Study Group [see comments]
    • Smolen JS, Kalden JR, Scott DL, et al. Efficacy and safety of leflunomide compared with placebo and sulphasalazine in active rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial. European Leflunomide Study Group [see comments]. Lancet 1999; 353: 259-66
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.353 , pp. 259-266
    • Smolen, J.S.1    Kalden, J.R.2    Scott, D.L.3
  • 15
    • 0028985102 scopus 로고
    • The immunosuppressant leflunomide inhibits the progression through the cell cycle by a novel mechanism
    • Cherwinski HM, McCarley D, Schatzman R, et al. The immunosuppressant leflunomide inhibits the progression through the cell cycle by a novel mechanism. J Pharm Exp Ther 1995; 272: 460-70
    • (1995) J Pharm Exp Ther , vol.272 , pp. 460-470
    • Cherwinski, H.M.1    McCarley, D.2    Schatzman, R.3
  • 16
    • 0029585361 scopus 로고
    • Importance of ribonucleotide availability to proliferating T-lymphocytes from healthy humans. Disproportionate expansion of pyrimidine pools and contrasting effects of de novo synthesis inhibitors
    • Fairbanks LD, Bofill M, Ruckemann K, et al. Importance of ribonucleotide availability to proliferating T-lymphocytes from healthy humans. Disproportionate expansion of pyrimidine pools and contrasting effects of de novo synthesis inhibitors. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 29682-9
    • (1995) J Biol Chem , vol.270 , pp. 29682-29689
    • Fairbanks, L.D.1    Bofill, M.2    Ruckemann, K.3
  • 17
    • 0029811256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of action of leflunomide: In vivo uridine administration reverses its inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation
    • Silva HT, Cao W, Shorthouse R, et al. Mechanism of action of leflunomide: in vivo uridine administration reverses its inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation. Transplant Proc 1996; 28: 3082-4
    • (1996) Transplant Proc , vol.28 , pp. 3082-3084
    • Silva, H.T.1    Cao, W.2    Shorthouse, R.3
  • 18
    • 0029913383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of B cell function by the immunosuppressive agent leflunomide
    • Siemasko KF, Chong AS, Williams JW, et al. Regulation of B cell function by the immunosuppressive agent leflunomide. Transplantation 1996; 61: 635-42
    • (1996) Transplantation , vol.61 , pp. 635-642
    • Siemasko, K.F.1    Chong, A.S.2    Williams, J.W.3
  • 19
    • 0028816714 scopus 로고
    • Leflunomide (HWA 486) and its analog suppress T and B-cell proliferation in vitro, acute rejection, ongoing rejection and antidonor antibody synthesis in mouse, rat, and cynomolgus monkey recipients
    • Morris R, Huang X, Cao W, et al. Leflunomide (HWA 486) and its analog suppress T and B-cell proliferation in vitro, acute rejection, ongoing rejection and antidonor antibody synthesis in mouse, rat, and cynomolgus monkey recipients. Transplant Proc 1995; 27: 445-7
    • (1995) Transplant Proc , vol.27 , pp. 445-447
    • Morris, R.1    Huang, X.2    Cao, W.3
  • 20
    • 0029964158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A reversible. p53-dependent G0/G1 cell cycle arrest induced by ribonucleotide depletion in the absence of detectable DNA damage
    • Linke SP, Clarkin KC, Di Leonardo A, et al. A reversible. p53-dependent G0/G1 cell cycle arrest induced by ribonucleotide depletion in the absence of detectable DNA damage. Genes Dev 1996; 10: 934-47
    • (1996) Genes Dev , vol.10 , pp. 934-947
    • Linke, S.P.1    Clarkin, K.C.2    Di Leonardo, A.3
  • 21
    • 0001811314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of leflunomide on early T cell signaling and cell cycle commitment
    • Herrmann M, Frangou C, Kirschbaum B. Effects of leflunomide on early T cell signaling and cell cycle commitment. Rheumatol Eur 1997; 26 (2): S16
    • (1997) Rheumatol Eur , vol.26 , Issue.2
    • Herrmann, M.1    Frangou, C.2    Kirschbaum, B.3
  • 22
    • 0030272487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanisms of action of new xenobiotic immunosuppressive drugs: Tacrolimus (FK506), sirolimus (rapamycin), mycophenolate mofetil and leflunomide
    • Brazelton TR, Morris RE. Molecular mechanisms of action of new xenobiotic immunosuppressive drugs: tacrolimus (FK506), sirolimus (rapamycin), mycophenolate mofetil and leflunomide. Curr Opin Immunol 1996; 8: 710-20
    • (1996) Curr Opin Immunol , vol.8 , pp. 710-720
    • Brazelton, T.R.1    Morris, R.E.2
  • 23
    • 0009522060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of a population pharmacokinetic model to predict clinical outcome of leflunomide, a new DMARD, in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
    • Weber S, Harnisch L. Use of a population pharmacokinetic model to predict clinical outcome of leflunomide, a new DMARD, in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1997; 27:46S
    • (1997) J Rheumatol , vol.27
    • Weber, S.1    Harnisch, L.2
  • 24
    • 0023201387 scopus 로고
    • Purine nucleotide metabolism in phytohemagglutinin-induced human T lymphocytes
    • Barankiewicz J, Cohen A. Purine nucleotide metabolism in phytohemagglutinin-induced human T lymphocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1987; 258: 167-75
    • (1987) Arch Biochem Biophys , vol.258 , pp. 167-175
    • Barankiewicz, J.1    Cohen, A.2
  • 25
    • 0031170827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Essential and perilous: V(D)J recombination and DNA damage checkpoints in lymphocyte precursors
    • Danska JS, Guidos CJ. Essential and perilous: V(D)J recombination and DNA damage checkpoints in lymphocyte precursors. Semin Immunol 1997; 9: 199-206
    • (1997) Semin Immunol , vol.9 , pp. 199-206
    • Danska, J.S.1    Guidos, C.J.2
  • 26
    • 0027970713 scopus 로고
    • DNA damage triggers a prolonged p53-dependent G1 arrest and long-term induction of Cip1 in normal human fibroblasts
    • Di Leonardo A, Linke SP, Clarkin K, et al. DNA damage triggers a prolonged p53-dependent G1 arrest and long-term induction of Cip1 in normal human fibroblasts. Genes Dev 1994; 8: 2540-51
    • (1994) Genes Dev , vol.8 , pp. 2540-2551
    • Di Leonardo, A.1    Linke, S.P.2    Clarkin, K.3
  • 27
  • 28
    • 0026754644 scopus 로고
    • p53 is covalently linked to 5.8S rRNA
    • Fontoura B, Sorokina E, David D, et al. p53 is covalently linked to 5.8S rRNA. Mol Cell Biol 1992; 12: 5145-51
    • (1992) Mol Cell Biol , vol.12 , pp. 5145-5151
    • Fontoura, B.1    Sorokina, E.2    David, D.3
  • 29
    • 0027999512 scopus 로고
    • The ribosomal L5 protein is associated with mdm-2 and mdm-2-p53 complexes
    • Marechall V, Elenbaas B, Piette J, et al. The ribosomal L5 protein is associated with mdm-2 and mdm-2-p53 complexes. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14: 7414-20
    • (1994) Mol Cell Biol , vol.14 , pp. 7414-7420
    • Marechall, V.1    Elenbaas, B.2    Piette, J.3
  • 30
    • 0031003783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maintaining genetic stability through a p53 mediated checkpoint control
    • Wahl G, Linke S, Paulson T, et al. Maintaining genetic stability through a p53 mediated checkpoint control. Cancer Survey 1997; 29: 183-219
    • (1997) Cancer Survey , vol.29 , pp. 183-219
    • Wahl, G.1    Linke, S.2    Paulson, T.3
  • 31
    • 0030973238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binding and modulation of p53 by p300/CBP coactivators
    • Lill NL, Grossman SR, Ginsberg D, et al. Binding and modulation of p53 by p300/CBP coactivators. Nature 1997; 387: 823-7
    • (1997) Nature , vol.387 , pp. 823-827
    • Lill, N.L.1    Grossman, S.R.2    Ginsberg, D.3
  • 32
    • 0032514485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA-dependent protein kinase acts upstream of p53 in response to DNA damage
    • Woo RA, McLure KG, Lees-Miller SP, et al. DNA-dependent protein kinase acts upstream of p53 in response to DNA damage. Nature 1998; 394: 700-4
    • (1998) Nature , vol.394 , pp. 700-704
    • Woo, R.A.1    McLure, K.G.2    Lees-Miller, S.P.3
  • 33
    • 0027109075 scopus 로고
    • p53, guardian of the genome
    • Lane D. p53, guardian of the genome. Nature 1992; 385: 15-6
    • (1992) Nature , vol.385 , pp. 15-16
    • Lane, D.1
  • 34
    • 0031587821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recruitment of p300/CBP in p53-dependent signal pathways
    • Avantaggiati ML, Ogryzko V, Gardner K, et al. Recruitment of p300/CBP in p53-dependent signal pathways. Cell 1997; 89: 1175-84
    • (1997) Cell , vol.89 , pp. 1175-1184
    • Avantaggiati, M.L.1    Ogryzko, V.2    Gardner, K.3
  • 35
    • 0030941458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division
    • Levine AJ. p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division. Cell 1997; 88: 323-31
    • (1997) Cell , vol.88 , pp. 323-331
    • Levine, A.J.1
  • 36
    • 0029033861 scopus 로고
    • The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control
    • Weinberg R. The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control. Cell 1995; 81: 323-30
    • (1995) Cell , vol.81 , pp. 323-330
    • Weinberg, R.1
  • 37
    • 0032543214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roles of the tumor suppressor p53 and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 WAF1/CIP1 in receptor-mediated apoptosis of WEH1 231 B lymphoma cells
    • Wu M, Bellas RE, Shen J, et al. Roles of the tumor suppressor p53 and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 WAF1/CIP1 in receptor-mediated apoptosis of WEH1 231 B lymphoma cells. J Exp Med 1998; 187: 1671-9
    • (1998) J Exp Med , vol.187 , pp. 1671-1679
    • Wu, M.1    Bellas, R.E.2    Shen, J.3
  • 38
    • 0028978183 scopus 로고
    • Mice lacking p21 undergo normal development, but are defective in G1 checkpoint control
    • Deng C, Zhang P, Harper J, et al. Mice lacking p21 undergo normal development, but are defective in G1 checkpoint control. Cell 1995; 82: 675-84
    • (1995) Cell , vol.82 , pp. 675-684
    • Deng, C.1    Zhang, P.2    Harper, J.3
  • 39
    • 0028070989 scopus 로고
    • p53 dependent apoptosis in the absence of transcriptional activation of p53 target genes
    • Caelles C, Helmberg A, Karin M. p53 dependent apoptosis in the absence of transcriptional activation of p53 target genes. Nature 1994; 370: 220-3
    • (1994) Nature , vol.370 , pp. 220-223
    • Caelles, C.1    Helmberg, A.2    Karin, M.3
  • 40
    • 0028364545 scopus 로고
    • Activation-induced apoptosis in lymphocytes
    • Green DR, Scott DW. Activation-induced apoptosis in lymphocytes. Curr Opin Immunol 1994; 6: 476-87
    • (1994) Curr Opin Immunol , vol.6 , pp. 476-487
    • Green, D.R.1    Scott, D.W.2
  • 41
    • 0029591467 scopus 로고
    • The immunosuppressant leflunomide inhibits lymphocyte proliferation by inhibiting pyrimidine biosynthesis
    • Cherwinski HM, Cohn RG, Cheung P, et al. The immunosuppressant leflunomide inhibits lymphocyte proliferation by inhibiting pyrimidine biosynthesis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 275: 1043-9
    • (1995) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.275 , pp. 1043-1049
    • Cherwinski, H.M.1    Cohn, R.G.2    Cheung, P.3
  • 42
    • 0032555586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leflunomide inhibits pyrimidine de novo synthesis in mitogen stimulated T-lymphocytes from healthy humans
    • Ruckemann K, Fairbanks L, Carrey E, et al. Leflunomide inhibits pyrimidine de novo synthesis in mitogen stimulated T-lymphocytes from healthy humans. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 21682-91
    • (1998) J Biol Chem , vol.273 , pp. 21682-21691
    • Ruckemann, K.1    Fairbanks, L.2    Carrey, E.3
  • 43
    • 0001341408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell cycle control of the de novo pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor leflunomide through the p53 and p21 pathway
    • Herrmann M, Grangous C, Kirschbaum B. Cell cycle control of the de novo pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor leflunomide through the p53 and p21 pathway. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40: 123-37
    • (1997) Arthritis Rheum , vol.40 , pp. 123-137
    • Herrmann, M.1    Grangous, C.2    Kirschbaum, B.3
  • 44
    • 0027942462 scopus 로고
    • Growth-phase-dependent response to DNA damage in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase deficient cell lines: Basis for a new hypothesis describing the role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in DNA replication and repair
    • Chatterjee S, Berger N. Growth-phase-dependent response to DNA damage in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase deficient cell lines: basis for a new hypothesis describing the role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in DNA replication and repair. Mol Cell Biochem 1994; 138: 61-9
    • (1994) Mol Cell Biochem , vol.138 , pp. 61-69
    • Chatterjee, S.1    Berger, N.2
  • 45
    • 0030938259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • p53 mediates permanent arrest over multiple cell cycles in response to gamma-irradiation
    • Linke SP, Clarkin KC, Wahl GM. p53 mediates permanent arrest over multiple cell cycles in response to gamma-irradiation. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 1171-9
    • (1997) Cancer Res , vol.57 , pp. 1171-1179
    • Linke, S.P.1    Clarkin, K.C.2    Wahl, G.M.3
  • 46
    • 0029127555 scopus 로고
    • Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase is a high affinity binding protein for A77 1726 and mediator of a range of biological effects of the immunomodulatory compound
    • Williamson RA, Yea CM, Robson PA, et al. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase is a high affinity binding protein for A77 1726 and mediator of a range of biological effects of the immunomodulatory compound. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 22467-72
    • (1995) J Biol Chem , vol.270 , pp. 22467-22472
    • Williamson, R.A.1    Yea, C.M.2    Robson, P.A.3
  • 47
    • 0029050136 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase by the immunosuppressive agent leflunomide
    • Greene S, Watanabe K, Braatz-Trulson J, et al. Inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase by the immunosuppressive agent leflunomide. Biochem Pharmacol 1995; 50: 861-7
    • (1995) Biochem Pharmacol , vol.50 , pp. 861-867
    • Greene, S.1    Watanabe, K.2    Braatz-Trulson, J.3
  • 48
    • 0029804807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase is a target for the biological effects of leflunomide
    • Williamson RA, Yea CM, Robson PA, et al. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase is a target for the biological effects of leflunomide. Transplant Proc 1996; 28: 3088-91
    • (1996) Transplant Proc , vol.28 , pp. 3088-3091
    • Williamson, R.A.1    Yea, C.M.2    Robson, P.A.3
  • 49
    • 10544236523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and pharmacokinetic properties of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors: 2-cyano-3-cyclopropyl-3-hydroxy-N-[3′-methyl-4′-(trifluoromethyl)-ph enyl] propenamide and related compounds
    • Kuo EA, Hambleton PT, Kay DP, et al. Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and pharmacokinetic properties of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors: 2-cyano-3-cyclopropyl-3-hydroxy-N-[3′-methyl-4′-(trifluoromethyl)-ph enyl] propenamide and related compounds. J Med Chem 1996; 39: 4608-21
    • (1996) J Med Chem , vol.39 , pp. 4608-4621
    • Kuo, E.A.1    Hambleton, P.T.2    Kay, D.P.3
  • 50
    • 0031940624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors: Quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis
    • Ren S, Wu SK, Lien EJ. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors: quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis. Pharm Res 1998; 15: 286-95
    • (1998) Pharm Res , vol.15 , pp. 286-295
    • Ren, S.1    Wu, S.K.2    Lien, E.J.3
  • 51
    • 0025331551 scopus 로고
    • In vivo inhibition of the pyrimidine de novo enzyme dihydroorotic acid dehydrogenase by brequinar sodium (DUP-785; NSC 368390) in mice and patients
    • Peters GJ, Schwartsmann G, Nadal JC, et al. In vivo inhibition of the pyrimidine de novo enzyme dihydroorotic acid dehydrogenase by brequinar sodium (DUP-785; NSC 368390) in mice and patients. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 4644-9
    • (1990) Cancer Res , vol.50 , pp. 4644-4649
    • Peters, G.J.1    Schwartsmann, G.2    Nadal, J.C.3
  • 52
    • 0032145981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression, purification, and characterization of histidine-tagged rat and human flavoenzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
    • Bader B, Knecht W, Fries M, et al. Expression, purification, and characterization of histidine-tagged rat and human flavoenzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. Protein Exp Purif 1998; 13: 414-22
    • (1998) Protein Exp Purif , vol.13 , pp. 414-422
    • Bader, B.1    Knecht, W.2    Fries, M.3
  • 53
    • 0344653661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Species related inhibition of human and rat dihydroorotate dehydrogenase by immunosuppressive isoxazol and cinchonic acid derivatives
    • In press
    • Knecht W, Loffler M. Species related inhibition of human and rat dihydroorotate dehydrogenase by immunosuppressive isoxazol and cinchonic acid derivatives. Biochem Pharmacol 1998. In press
    • (1998) Biochem Pharmacol
    • Knecht, W.1    Loffler, M.2
  • 54
    • 0024822566 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between dihydroorotic acid dehydrogenase and in vitro and in vivo cytostatic effects of brequinar sodium (DUP-785; NSC 368390)
    • Peters GJ, Laurensse E, de Kant E, et al. The relationship between dihydroorotic acid dehydrogenase and in vitro and in vivo cytostatic effects of brequinar sodium (DUP-785; NSC 368390). Adv Exp Med Biol 1989; 375-82
    • (1989) Adv Exp Med Biol , pp. 375-382
    • Peters, G.J.1    Laurensse, E.2    De Kant, E.3
  • 55
    • 12644249109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro and in vivo effects of leflunomide, brequinar, and cyclosporine on pyrimidine biosynthesis
    • Silva Jr HT, Cao W, Shorthouse RA, et al. In vitro and in vivo effects of leflunomide, brequinar, and cyclosporine on pyrimidine biosynthesis. Transplant Proc 1997; 29: 1292-3
    • (1997) Transplant Proc , vol.29 , pp. 1292-1293
    • Silva H.T., Jr.1    Cao, W.2    Shorthouse, R.A.3
  • 56
    • 0029897210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity and selectivity of the DNA damage sensor responsible for activating p53-dependent G1 arrest
    • Huang LC, Clarkin KC, Wahl GM. Sensitivity and selectivity of the DNA damage sensor responsible for activating p53-dependent G1 arrest. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 4827-32
    • (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.93 , pp. 4827-4832
    • Huang, L.C.1    Clarkin, K.C.2    Wahl, G.M.3
  • 57
    • 0025248049 scopus 로고
    • Development of multiple monoclonal serum immunoglobulins (multiclonal gammopathy) following both HLA-identical unfractionated and T cell-depleted haploidentical bone marrow transplantation in severe combined immunodeficiency
    • Kent EF, Crawford J, Choen HJ, et al. Development of multiple monoclonal serum immunoglobulins (multiclonal gammopathy) following both HLA-identical unfractionated and T cell-depleted haploidentical bone marrow transplantation in severe combined immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 1990; 10: 106-13
    • (1990) J Clin Immunol , vol.10 , pp. 106-113
    • Kent, E.F.1    Crawford, J.2    Choen, H.J.3
  • 58
    • 0029847123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel mechanism of action of the immunomodulatory drug, leflunomide: Augmentation of the immunosuppressive cytokine, TGF-beta 1, and suppression of the immunostimulatory cytokine, IL 2
    • Cao WW, Kao PN, Aoki Y, et al. A novel mechanism of action of the immunomodulatory drug, leflunomide: augmentation of the immunosuppressive cytokine, TGF-beta 1, and suppression of the immunostimulatory cytokine, IL 2. Transplant Proc 1996; 28: 3079-80
    • (1996) Transplant Proc , vol.28 , pp. 3079-3080
    • Cao, W.W.1    Kao, P.N.2    Aoki, Y.3
  • 59
    • 0028869486 scopus 로고
    • The basis of autoimmunity: Part I. Mechanisms of aberrant self-recognition
    • Theofilopoulos AN. The basis of autoimmunity: Part I. Mechanisms of aberrant self-recognition. Immunol Today 1995; 16: 90-8
    • (1995) Immunol Today , vol.16 , pp. 90-98
    • Theofilopoulos, A.N.1
  • 60
    • 0027732959 scopus 로고
    • New small molecule immunosuppressants for transplantation: Review of essential concepts
    • Morris R. New small molecule immunosuppressants for transplantation: review of essential concepts. J Heart Lung Transplant 1993; 12: S275-S6
    • (1993) J Heart Lung Transplant , vol.12
    • Morris, R.1
  • 61
    • 0032524362 scopus 로고
    • Side effects of brequinar and brequinar analogues, in combination with cyclosporine in the rat
    • Pally C, Smith D, Jaffee B, et al. Side effects of brequinar and brequinar analogues, in combination with cyclosporine in the rat. Toxicology 1908; 15: 207-22
    • (1908) Toxicology , vol.15 , pp. 207-222
    • Pally, C.1    Smith, D.2    Jaffee, B.3
  • 62
    • 0031180972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vivo mechanism by which leflunomide controls lymphoproliferative and autoimmune disease in MRL/MpJ-lpr/lpr mice
    • Xu X, Blinder L, Shen J, et al. In vivo mechanism by which leflunomide controls lymphoproliferative and autoimmune disease in MRL/MpJ-lpr/lpr mice. J Immunol 1997; 159: 167-74
    • (1997) J Immunol , vol.159 , pp. 167-174
    • Xu, X.1    Blinder, L.2    Shen, J.3
  • 63
    • 0031179645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The immunosuppressive metabolitc of leflunomide, A77 1726, affects murine T cells through two biochemical mechanisms
    • Elder RT, Xu X, Williams JW, et al. The immunosuppressive metabolitc of leflunomide, A77 1726, affects murine T cells through two biochemical mechanisms. J Immunol 1997; 159: 22-7
    • (1997) J Immunol , vol.159 , pp. 22-27
    • Elder, R.T.1    Xu, X.2    Williams, J.W.3
  • 64
    • 0031170828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lymphocyte-specific genomic instability
    • Kirsch I, Lista F. Lymphocyte-specific genomic instability. Semin Immunol 1997; 9: 207-15
    • (1997) Semin Immunol , vol.9 , pp. 207-215
    • Kirsch, I.1    Lista, F.2
  • 65
    • 0029793899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional expression of a fragment of human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase by means of the baculovirus expression vector system, and kinetic investigation of the purified recombinant enzyme
    • Knecht W, Bergjohann U, Gonski S, et al. Functional expression of a fragment of human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase by means of the baculovirus expression vector system, and kinetic investigation of the purified recombinant enzyme. Eur J Biochem 1996; 240: 292-301
    • (1996) Eur J Biochem , vol.240 , pp. 292-301
    • Knecht, W.1    Bergjohann, U.2    Gonski, S.3
  • 66
    • 0029830377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leflunomide, a novel immunomodulating drug, inhibits homotypic adhesion of mono-nuclear cells in rheumatoid arthritis
    • Dimitrijevic M, Bartlett RR. Leflunomide, a novel immunomodulating drug, inhibits homotypic adhesion of mono-nuclear cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Transplant Proc 1996; 28: 3086-7
    • (1996) Transplant Proc , vol.28 , pp. 3086-3087
    • Dimitrijevic, M.1    Bartlett, R.R.2
  • 67
    • 0029780315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of leflunomide and cyclosporine on myocutaneous allograft survival in the rat
    • Yeh LS, Gregory CR, Griffey SM, et al. Effects of leflunomide and cyclosporine on myocutaneous allograft survival in the rat. Transplantation 1996; 62: 861-3
    • (1996) Transplantation , vol.62 , pp. 861-863
    • Yeh, L.S.1    Gregory, C.R.2    Griffey, S.M.3
  • 68
    • 0030922748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homing of mucosal leukocytes to joints. Distinct endothelial ligands in synovium mediate leukocyte-subtype specific adhesion
    • Salmj M, Rajala P, Jalkanen S. Homing of mucosal leukocytes to joints. Distinct endothelial ligands in synovium mediate leukocyte-subtype specific adhesion. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 2165-72
    • (1997) J Clin Invest , vol.99 , pp. 2165-2172
    • Salmj, M.1    Rajala, P.2    Jalkanen, S.3
  • 69
    • 0002752293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The anti-inflammatory drug leflunomide inhibits in vitro and in vivo the activity of COX-2 more potently than the induction of COX-2 or iNOS [abstract]
    • Hamilton L, Vojnovic I, Bakhle Y, et al. The anti-inflammatory drug leflunomide inhibits in vitro and in vivo the activity of COX-2 more potently than the induction of COX-2 or iNOS [abstract]. Proc Br Pharmacol Soc 1996; 18: C51
    • (1996) Proc Br Pharmacol Soc , vol.18
    • Hamilton, L.1    Vojnovic, I.2    Bakhle, Y.3
  • 70
    • 0031398729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synergistic activity of malononitrilamides with cyclosporine to control and reverse xenograft rejection
    • Schorlemmer HU, Kurrle R. Synergistic activity of malononitrilamides with cyclosporine to control and reverse xenograft rejection. Int J Tissue React 1997; 19: 149-56
    • (1997) Int J Tissue React , vol.19 , pp. 149-156
    • Schorlemmer, H.U.1    Kurrle, R.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.