From electron microscopy to molecular cell biology, molecular genetics and structural biology: Intracellular transport and kinesin superfamily proteins, KIFs: Genes, structure, dynamics and functions

Journal of Electron Microscopy

Volumn 60, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2011, Pages

  Hirokawa, Nobutaka ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

Author keywords

kinesin superfamily proteins; molecular cell biology; molecular genetics; molecular motor; quick freeze electron microscopy; structural biology

Indexed keywords

KINESIN; MOLECULAR MOTOR;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CHEMISTRY; CRYOELECTRON MICROSCOPY; CYTOSKELETON; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; GENETICS; HUMAN; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; MICROTUBULE; PROTEIN BINDING; TRANSPORT AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL; ULTRASTRUCTURE; X RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT; CRYOELECTRON MICROSCOPY; CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, X-RAY; CYTOSKELETON; HUMANS; KINESIN; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON; MICROTUBULES; MOLECULAR MOTOR PROTEINS; PROTEIN BINDING;

BIOSYNTHESIS; BRAIN; CHROMOSOMES; CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; CYTOLOGY; ELECTRON MICROSCOPES; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; ELECTRONS; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NEURONS; X RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY;

CELL BIOLOGY; INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT; KINESIN SUPERFAMILY PROTEIN; KINESINS; MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY; MOLECULAR CELLS; MOLECULAR GENETICS; MOLECULAR MOTORS; QUICK-FREEZE ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY;

PROTEINS;

EID: 80052075956     PISSN: 00220744     EISSN: 14779986     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfr051     Document Type: Article

References (170)

1. Hirokawa N (1989) Quick-freeze, deep-etch electron microscopy. J. Electron Microsc. 38(suppl.): s123-s128.
2. Hirokawa N (1996) Organelle transport along microtubule - the role of KIFs (Kinesin superfamily proteins). Trend Cell Biol. 6: 135-141. (Pubitemid 26082830)
3. Hirokawa N (1998) Kinesin and dynein superfamily proteins and the mechanism of organelle transport. Science 279: 519-526. (Pubitemid 28067273)
4. Hirokawa N and Takemura R (2005) Molecular motors and mechanisms of directional transport in neurons. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6: 201-214. (Pubitemid 40342415)
5. Hirokawa N, Tanaka Y, Okada Y, and Takeda S (2006) Nodal flow and the generation of left-right asymmetry. Cell 125: 33-45.
6. Hirokawa N and Noda Y (2008) Intracellular transport and kinesin superfamily proteins, KIFs: structure, function, and dynamics. Physiol. Rev. 88: 1089-1118.
7. Hirokawa N, Noda Y, Tanaka Y, and Niwa S (2009) Kinesin superfamily motor proteins and intracellular transport. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 10: 682-696.
8. Hirokawa N, Tanaka Y, and Okada Y (2009) Left-right determination: involvement of molecular motor KIF3, cilia, and nodal flow. Cold Spring Harbor Perspect. Biol. 1: a000802.
9. Hirokawa N, Nitta R, and Okada Y (2009) The mechanisms of kinesin motor motility: lessons from the monomeric motor KIF1A. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 10: 877-884.
10. Hirokawa N, Niwa S, and Tanaka Y (2010) Molecular motors in neurons: transport mechanisms and roles in brain function, development and disease. Neuron 18: 610-638.
11. Van Harreveld A and Khattab F I (1968) Perfusion fixation with glutaraldehyde and post-fixation with osmium tetroxide for electron microscopy. J. Cell Sci. 3: 579-584.
12. Van Harreveld A and Khattab F I (1969) Changes in extracellular space of the mouse cerebral cortex during hydroxyadipaldehyde fixation and osmium tetroxide postfixation. J. Cell Sci. 4: 437-453.
13. Sandri C, Van Buren J M, and Akert K (1977) Membrane morphology of the vertebrate nervous system. Prog. Brain Res. 46: 1-11.
14. Bullivant S (1965) Freeze substitution and supporting techniques. Lab. Invest. 14: 440-457.
15. Rebhun L I (1965) Freeze-substitution: fine structure as a function of water concentration in cells. Feder. Proc. 24(Suppl. 15): s217-s236.
16. Dempsey G P and Bullivant S (1976) A copper block method for freezing non-cryoprotected tissue to produce ice-crystal-free regions for electron microscopy. I. Evaluation using freezesubstitution. J. Microscopy 106: 251-260
17. Fernandez-Moran H (1960) Low-temperature preparation techniques for electron microscopy of biological specimens based on rapid freezing with liquid helium II. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 85: 689-713.
18. Hirokawa N (1977) Disappearance of afferent and efferent nerve terminals in the inner ear of the chick embryo after chronic treatment with beta-bungarotoxin. J. Cell Biol. 73: 27-46. (Pubitemid 8068591)
19. Hirokawa N and Kitamura M (1979) Binding of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin to the presynaptic membrane in the central nervous system. J. Cell Biol. 81: 43-49. (Pubitemid 9148434)
20. Kirino T and Hirokawa N (1978) Electron microscopic observation of the central nervous system observed by freeze-substitution method. J. Electron Microsc. 27: 339.
21. Hirokawa N and Kirino T (1980) An ultrastructural study of nerve and glial cells by freeze-substitution. J. Neurocytol. 9: 243-254. (Pubitemid 10098943)
22. Hirokawa N (1986) Quick freeze, deep etch of the cytoskeleton. Method Enzymol. 134: 598-612.
23. Heuser J E, Reese T S, Dennis M J, Jan Y, Jan L, and Evans L (1979) Synaptic vesicle exocytosis captured by quick freezing and correlated with quantal transmitter release. J. Cell Biol. 81: 275-300. (Pubitemid 9162935)
24. Hirokawa N and Heuser J E (1981) Structural evidence that botulinum toxin blocks neuromuscular transmission by impairing the calcium influx that normally accompanies nerve depolarization. J. Cell Biol. 88: 160-171. (Pubitemid 11174048)
25. Heuser J E and Salpeter S R (1979) Organization of acetylcholine receptors in quick-frozen, deep-etched, and rotary-replicated Torpedo postsynaptic membrane. J. Cell Biol. 82: 150-173. (Pubitemid 9224595)
26. Hirokawa N and Heuser J E (1982) Internal and external differentiations of the postsynaptic membrane at the neuromuscular junction. J. Neurocyt. 11: 487-510. (Pubitemid 12114620)
27. Hirokawa N and Heuser J E (1982) The inside and outside of gapjunction membranes visualized by deep etching. Cell 30: 395-406.
28. Hirokawa N and Heuser J E (1981) Quick-freeze, deep-etch visualization of the cytoskeleton beneath surface differentiations of intestinal epithelial cells. J. Cell Biol. 91: 399-409. (Pubitemid 12215627)
29. Hirokawa N, Tilney L G, Fujiwara K, and Heuser J E (1982) Organization of actin, myosin, and intermediate filaments in the brush border of intestinal epithelial cells. J. Cell Biol. 94: 425-443. (Pubitemid 12026794)
30. Hirokawa N, Cheney R E, and Willard M (1983) Location of a protein of the fodrin-spectrin-TW260/240 family in the mouse intestinal brush border. Cell 32: 953-965.
31. Hirokawa N and Tilney L G (1982) Interactions between actin filaments and between actin filaments and membranes in quick-frozen and deeply etched hair cells of the chick ear. J. Cell Biol. 95: 249-261. (Pubitemid 13197095)
32. Hirokawa N, Keller T C, III, Chasan R, and Mooseker M S (1983) Mechanism of brush border contractility studied by the quickfreeze, deep-etch method. J. Cell Biol. 96: 1325-1336. (Pubitemid 13029637)
33. Hirokawa N (1982) Cross-linker system between neurofilaments, microtubules, and membranous organelles in frog axons revealed by the quick-freeze, deep-etching method. J. Cell Biol. 94: 129-142. (Pubitemid 12033673)
34. Hirokawa N, Glicksman M A, and Willard M B (1984) Organization of mammalian neurofilament polypeptides within the neuronal cytoskeleton. J. Cell Biol. 98: 1523-1536. (Pubitemid 14126982)
35. Hirokawa N (1986) Quick-freeze, deep-etch visualization of the axonal cytoskeleton. Trend. Neurosci. 9: 67-70.
36. Hirokawa N and Yorifuji H (1986) Cytoskeletal architecture in reactivated crayfish axons, with special reference to crossbridges among microtubules and between microtubule membrane organelles. Cell Mot. Cytoskel. 6: 458-468.
37. Shiomura Y and Hirokawa N (1987) The molecular structure of microtubule-associated protein 1A (MAP1A) in vivo and in vitro. An immunoelectron microscopy and quick-freeze, deep-etch study. J. Neurosci. 7: 1461-1469. (Pubitemid 17116098)
38. Hirokawa N, Hisanaga S, and Shiomura Y (1988) MAP2 is a component of crossbridges between microtubules and neurofilaments in the neuronal cytoskeleton: quick-freeze, deep-etch immunoelectron microscopy and reconstitution studies. J. Neurosci. 8: 2769-2779.
39. Hirokawa N, Shiomura Y, and Okabe S (1988) Tau proteins: the molecular structure and mode of binding on microtubules. J. Cell Biol. 107: 1449-1459.
40. Sato-Yoshitake R, Shiomura Y, Miyasaka H, and Hirokawa N (1989) Microtubule-associated protein 1B: molecular structure, localization, and phosphorylation-dependent expression in developing neurons. Neuron 3: 229-238.
41. Shiomura Y and Hirokawa N (1987) Colocalization of microtubule-associated protein 1A and microtubule-associated protein 2 on neuronal microtubules in situ revealed with doublelabel immunoelectron microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 104: 1575-1578. (Pubitemid 17104526)
42. Kanai Y, Takemura R, Oshima T, Mori H, Ihara Y, Yanagisawa M, Masaki T, and Hirokawa N (1989) Expression of multiple tau isoforms and microtubule bundle formation in fibroblasts transfected with a single tau cDNA. J. Cell Biol. 109: 1173-1184. (Pubitemid 19220099)
43. Chen J, Kanai Y, Cowan N J, and Hirokawa N (1992) Projection domains of MAP2 and tau determine spacings between microtubules in dendrites and axons. Nature 360: 674-677. (Pubitemid 23007681)
44. Harada A, Oguchi K, Okabe S, Kuno J, Terada S, Ohshima T, Sato-Yoshitake R, Takei Y, Noda T, and Hirokawa N (1994) Altered microtubule organization in small-calibre axons of mice lacking tau protein. Nature 369: 488-491. (Pubitemid 24210568)
45. Harada A, Teng J, Takei Y, Oguchi K, and Hirokawa N (2002) MAP2 is required for dendrite elongation, PKA anchoring in dendrites, and proper PKA signal transduction. J. Cell Biol. 158: 541-549. (Pubitemid 34851712)
46. Takei Y, Kondo S, Harada A, Inomata S, Noda T, and Hirokawa N (1997) Delayed development of nervous system in mice homozygous for disrupted microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B) gene. J. Cell Biol. 137: 1615-1626. (Pubitemid 27282241)
47. Takei Y, Teng J, Harada A, and Hirokawa N (2000) Defects in axonal elongation and neuronal migration in mice with disrupted tau and map1b genes. J. Cell Biol. 150: 989-1000.
48. Teng J, Takei Y, Harada A, Nakata T, Chen J, and Hirokawa N (2001) Synergistic effects of MAP2 and MAP1B knockout in neuronal migration, dendritic outgrowth, and microtubule organization. J. Cell Biol. 155: 65-76. (Pubitemid 34286208)
49. Nakagawa T, Chen J, Zhang Z, Kanai Y, and Hirokawa N (1995) Two distinct functions of the carboxyl-terminal tail domain of NF-M upon neurofilament assembly: cross-bridge formation and longitudinal elongation of filaments. J. Cell Biol. 129: 411-429.
50. Chen J, Nakata T, Zhang Z, and Hirokawa N (2000) The C-terminal tail domain of neurofilament protein-H (NF-H) forms the crossbridges and regulates neurofilament bundle formation. J. Cell Sci. Pt 21: 3861-3869.
51. Okabe S and Hirokawa N (1989) Rapid turnover of microtubule-associated protein MAP2 in the axon revealed by microinjection of biotinylated MAP2 into cultured neurons. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 86: 4127-4131. (Pubitemid 19154749)
52. Okabe S and Hirokawa N (1989) Incorporation and turnover of biotin-labeled actin microinjected into fibroblastic cells: an immunoelectron microscopic study. J. Cell Biol. 109(Pt 1): 1581-1595. (Pubitemid 19251211)
53. Okabe S and Hirokawa N (1990) Turnover of fluorescently labelled tubulin and actin in the axon. Nature 343: 479-482.
54. Okabe S and Hirokawa N (1991) Actin dynamics in growth cones. J. Neurosci. 11: 1918-1929.
55. Okabe S and Hirokawa N (1992) Differential behavior of photoactivated microtubules in growing axons of mouse and frog neurons. J. Cell Biol. 117: 105-120.
56. Okabe S and Hirokawa N (1993) Do photobleached fluorescent microtubules move?: re-evaluation of fluorescence laser photobleaching both in vitro and in growing Xenopus axon. J. Cell Biol. 120: 1177-1186. (Pubitemid 23064172)
57. Okabe S, Miyasaka H, and Hirokawa N (1993) Dynamics of the neuronal intermediate filaments. J. Cell Biol. 121: 375-386. (Pubitemid 23110881)
58. Takeda S, Okabe S, Funakoshi T, and Hirokawa N (1994) Differential dynamics of neurofilament-H protein and neurofilament-L protein in neurons. J. Cell Biol. 127: 173-185. (Pubitemid 24307666)
59. Takeda S, Funakoshi T, and Hirokawa N (1995) Tubulin dynamics in neuronal axons of living zebrafish embryos. Neuron 14: 1257-1264.
60. Funakoshi T, Takeda S, and Hirokawa N (1996) Active transport of photoactivated tubulin molecules in growing axons revealed by a new electron microscopic analysis. J. Cell Biol. 133: 1347-1353. (Pubitemid 26192334)
61. Terada S, Nakata T, Peterson A C, and Hirokawa N (1996) Visualization of slow axonal transport in vivo. Science 273: 784-788. (Pubitemid 26271521)
62. Nakata T, Iwamoto A, Noda Y, Takemura R, Yoshikura H, and Hirokawa N (1991) Predominant and developmentally regulated expression of dynamin in neurons. Neuron 7: 461-469.
63. Aizawa H, Sekine Y, Takemura R, Zhang Z, Nangaku M, and Hirokawa N (1992) Kinesin family in murine central nervous system. J. Cell Biol. 119: 1287-1296.
64. Nakagawa T, Tanaka Y, Matsuoka E, Kondo S, Okada Y, Noda Y, Kanai Y, and Hirokawa N (1997) Identification and classification of new kinesin superfamily (KIF) proteins in mouse genome. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94: 9654-9659. (Pubitemid 27408117)
65. Miki H, Setou M, Kaneshiro K, and Hirokawa N (2001) All kinesin superfamily protein, KIF, genes in mouse and human. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98: 7004-7011. (Pubitemid 32567894)
66. Lawrence C J, Dawe R K, Christie K R, Cleveland D W, Dawson S C, Endow S A, Goldstein L S B, Goodson H V, Hirokawa N, Howard J, Malmberg R L, McIntosh J R, Miki H, Mitchison T J, Okada Y, Reddy A S N, Saxton W M, Schliwa M, Scholey J M, Vale R D, Walczak C E, and Wordeman L (2004) A standardized kinesin nomenclature. J. Cell Biol. 167: 19-22. (Pubitemid 39363409)
67. Okada Y, Yamazaki H, Sekine-Aizawa Y, and Hirokawa N (1995) The neuron-specific kinesin superfamily protein KIF1A is a unique monomeric motor for anterograde axonal transport of synaptic vesicle precursors. Cell 81: 769-780.
68. Zhao C, Takita J, Tanaka Y, Setou M, Nakagawa T, Takeda S, Yang H W, Terada S, Nakata T, Takei Y, Saito M, Tsuji S, Hayashi Y, and Hirokawa N (2001) Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A caused by mutation in a microtubule motor KIF1Bbeta. Cell 105: 587-597. (Pubitemid 32524112)
69. Niwa S, Tanaka Y, and Hirokawa N (2008) KIF1Bbeta- and KIF1A-mediated axonal transport of presynaptic regulator Rab3 occurs in a GTP-dependent manner through DENN/MADD. Nat. Cell Biol. 11: 1270-1276.
70. Shin H, Wyszynski M, Huh K, Valtschanoff J, Lee J, Ko J, Streuli M, Weinberg R, Sheng M, and Kim E (2003) Association of the kinesin motor KIF1A with the multimodular protein liprin-alpha. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 11393-11401. (Pubitemid 36792697)
71. Wagner O, Esposito A, Köhler B, Chen C, Shen C, Wu G, Butkevich E, Mandalapu S, Wenzel D, Wouters F, and Kloptenstein D (2009) Synaptic scaffolding protein SYD-2 clusters and activates kinesin-3 UNC-104 in C. elegans. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106: 19605-19610.
72. Okada Y and Hirokawa N (1999) A processive single-headed motor: kinesin superfamily protein KIF1A. Science 283: 1152-1157.
73. Okada Y and Hirokawa N (2000) Mechanism of the single-headed processivity: diffusional anchoring between the K-loop of kinesin and the C terminus of tubulin. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97: 640-645. (Pubitemid 30070362)
74. Okada Y, Higuchi H, and Hirokawa N (2003) Processivity of the single-headed kinesin KIF1A through biased binding to tubulin. Nature 424: 574-577. (Pubitemid 36975781)
75. Nangaku M, Sato-Yoshitake R, Okada Y, Noda Y, Takemura R, Yamazaki H, and Hirokawa N (1994) KIF1B, a novel microtubule plus end-directed monomeric motor protein for transport of mitochondria. Cell 79: 1209-1220.
76. Wozniak M J, Melzer M, Dorner C, Haring H-U, and Lammers R (2005) The novel protein KBP regulates mitochondria localization by interaction with a kinesin-like protein. BMC Cell Biol. 6: 35.
77. Brady S T (1985) A novel brain ATPase with properties expected for the fast axonal transport motor. Nature 317: 73-75. (Pubitemid 15016692)
78. Vale R, Reese T, and Sheetz M (1985) Identification of a novel force-generating protein, kinesin, involved in microtubule-based motility. Cell 42: 39-50. (Pubitemid 16237554)
79. Hirokawa N, Pfister K K, Yorifuji H, Wagner M C, Brady S T, and Bloom G S (1989) Submolecular domains of bovine brain kinesin identified by electron microscopy and monoclonal antibody decoration. Cell 56: 867-878. (Pubitemid 19082522)
80. Kanai Y, Okada Y, Tanaka Y, Harada A, Terada S, and Hirokawa N (2000) KIF5C, a novel neuronal kinesin enriched in motor neurons. J. Neurosci. 20: 6374-6384.
81. Nakata T, Terada S, and Hirokawa N (1998) Visualization of the dynamics of synaptic vesicle and plasma membrane proteins in living axons. J. Cell Biol. 140: 659-674. (Pubitemid 28134068)
82. Tanaka Y, Kanai Y, Okada Y, Nonaka S, Takeda S, Harada A, and Hirokawa N (1998) Targeted disruption of mouse conventional kinesin heavy chain, kif5B, results in abnormal perinuclear clustering of mitochondria. Cell 93: 1147-1158. (Pubitemid 28307420)
83. Bowman A, Kamal A, Ritchings B, Philp A, McGrail M, Gindhart J, and Goldstein L (2000) Kinesin-dependent axonal transport is mediated by the sunday driver (SYD) protein. Cell 103: 583-594.
84. Kamal A, Almenar-Queralt A, LeBlanc J, Roberts E, and Goldstein L (2001) Kinesin-mediated axonal transport of a membrane compartment containing beta-secretase and presenilin-1 requires APP. Nature 414: 643-648. (Pubitemid 33151260)
85. Muresan Z and Muresan V (2005) Coordinated transport of phosphorylated amyloid-beta precursor protein and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-interacting protein-1. J. Cell Biol. 171: 615-625. (Pubitemid 41668721)
86. Muresan V, Varvel N, Lamb B, and Muresan Z (2009) The cleavage products of amyloid-beta precursor protein are sorted to distinct carrier vesicles that are independently transported within neurites. J. Neurosci. 29: 3565-3578.
87. Cai Q, Gerwin C, and Sheng Z (2005) Syntabulin-mediated anterograde transport of mitochondria along neuronal processes. J. Cell Biol. 170: 959-969. (Pubitemid 41306295)
88. Cai Q, Pan P, and Sheng Z (2007) Syntabulin-kinesin-1 family member 5B-mediated axonal transport contributes to activitydependent presynaptic assembly. J. Neurosci. 27: 7284-7296. (Pubitemid 47037551)
89. Hirokawa N, Sato-Yoshitake R, Yoshida T, and Kawashima T (1990) Brain dynein (MAP1C) localizes on both anterogradely and retrogradely transported membranous organelles in vivo. J. Cell Biol. 111: 1027-1037.
90. Hirokawa N, Sato-Yoshitake R, Kobayashi N, Pfister K K, Bloom G S, and Brady S T (1991) Kinesin associates with anterogradely transported membranous organelles in vivo. J. Cell Biol. 114: 295-302. (Pubitemid 21909799)
91. Yamada M, Toba S, Takitoh T, Yoshida Y, Mori D, Nakamura T, Iwane A, Yanagida T, Imai H, Yu-Lee L, et al. (2010) mNUDC is required for plus-end-directed transport of cytoplasmic dynein and dynactins by kinesin-1. EMBO J. 29: 517-531.
92. Yamada M, Toba S, Yoshida Y, Haratani K, Mori D, Yano Y, Mimori-Kiyosue Y, Nakamura T, Itoh K, Fushiki S, et al. (2008) LIS1 and NDEL1 coordinate the plus-end-directed transport of cytoplasmic dynein. EMBO J. 27: 2471-2483.
93. Terada S, Kinjo M, and Hirokawa N (2000) Oligomeric tubulin in large transporting complex is transported via kinesin in squid giant axons. Cell 103: 141-155.
94. Xia C, Roberts E, Her L, Liu X, Williams D, Cleveland D, and Goldstein L (2003) Abnormal neurofilament transport caused by targeted disruption of neuronal kinesin heavy chain KIF5A. J. Cell Biol. 161: 55-66. (Pubitemid 36459079)
95. Roy S, Winton M, Black M, Trojanowski J, and Lee V (2008) Cytoskeletal requirements in axonal transport of slow component-b. J. Neurosci. 28: 5248-5256.
96. Terada S, Kinjo M, Aihara M, Takei Y, and Hirokawa N (2010) Kinesin-1 Hsc/70-dependent mechanism of slow axonal and its relation to fast axonal transport. EMBO J. 29: 843-854.
97. Setou M, Seog D-H, Tanaka Y, Kanai Y, Takei Y, Kawagishi M, and Hirokawa N (2002) Glutamate-receptor-interacting protein GRIP1 directly steers kinesin to dendrites. Nature 417: 83-87. (Pubitemid 34498820)
98. Nakata T and Hirokawa N (2003) Microtubules provide directional cues for polarized axonal transport through interaction with kinesin motor head. J. Cell Biol. 162: 1045-1055. (Pubitemid 37174187)
99. Twelvetrees A, Yuen E, Arancibia-Carcamo I, MacAskill A, Rostaing P, Lumb M, Humbert S, Triller A, Saudou F, Yan Z, et al. (2010) Delivery of GABAARs to synapses is mediated by HAP1-KIF5 and disrupted by mutant huntingtin. Neuron 65: 53-65.
100. Kanai Y, Dohmae N, and Hirokawa N (2004) Kinesin transports RNA: isolation and characterization of an RNA-transporting granule. Neuron 43: 513-525. (Pubitemid 39094678)
101. Setou M, Nakagawa T, Seog D-H, and Hirokawa N (2000) Kinesin superfamily motor protein KIF17 and mlin-10 in NMDA receptorcontaining vesicle transport. Science 288: 1693-1920.
102. Guillaud L, Wong R, and Hirokawa N (2008) Disruption of KIF17-Mint1 interation by CamKII-dependent phosphorylation: a molecular model of kinesin-cargo release. Nat. Cell Biol. 10: 19-29.
103. Sato-Yoshitake R, Yorifuji H, Inagaki M, and Hirokawa N (1992) The phosphorylation of kinesin regulates its binding to synaptic vesicles. J. Cell Biol. 267: 23930-23936. (Pubitemid 23088206)
104. Saito N, Okada Y, Noda Y, Kinoshita Y, Kondo S, and Hirokawa N (1997) KIFC2 is a novel neuron-specific C-terminal type kinesin superfamily motor for dendritic transport of multivesicular bodylike organelles. Neuron 18: 425-438. (Pubitemid 27138790)
105. Hanlon D, Yang Z, and Goldstein L (1997) Characterization of KIFC2, a neuronal kinesin superfamily member in mouse. Neuron 18: 439-451. (Pubitemid 27138791)
106. Jacobson C, Schnapp B, and Banker G (2006) A change in the selective translocation of the kinesin-1 motor domain marks the initial specification of the axon. Neuron 49: 797-804. (Pubitemid 43376077)
107. Reed N, Cai D, Blasius T, Jih G, Meyhofer E, Gaertig J, and Verhey K (2006) Microtubule acetylation promotes kinesin-1 binding and transport. Curr. Biol. 16: 2166-2172. (Pubitemid 44692098)
108. Konishi Y and Setou M (2009) Tubulin tyrosination navigates the kinesin-1 motor domain to axons. Nat. Neurosci. 12: 559-567.
109. Dotti C and Banker G (1991) Intracellular organization of hippocampal neurons during the development of neuronal polarity. J. Cell Sci. 15: 75-84.
110. Hammond J, Huang C, Kaech S, Jacobson C, Banker G, and Verhey K (2010) Posttranslational modifications of tubulin and the polarized transport of kinesin-1 in neurons. Mol. Biol. Cell 21: 572-583.
111. Kapitein L, Schlager M, Kuijpers M, Wulf P, van Spronsen M, MacKintosh F, and Hoogenraad C (2010) Mixed microtubules steer dynein-driven cargo transport into dendrites. Curr. Biol. 20: 290-299.
112. Song A, Wang D, Chen G, Li Y, Luo J, Duan S, and Poo M (2009) A selective filter for cytoplasmic transport at the axon initial segment. Cell 136: 1148-1160.
113. Yonekawa Y, Harada A, Okada Y, Funakoshi T, Kanai Y, Takei Y, Terada S, Noda T, and Hirokawa N (1998) Defect in synaptic vesicle precursor transport and neuronal cell death in KIF1A motor protein-deficient mice. J. Cell Biol. 141: 431-441. (Pubitemid 28237091)
114. Chevalier-Larsen E and Holzbaur E L (2006) Axonal transport and neurodegenerative disease. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1762: 1094-1108. (Pubitemid 44750577)
115. De Vos K J, Grierson A J, Ackerley S, and Miller C C (2008) Role of axonal transport in neurodegenerative diseases. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 31: 151-173.
116. Roy S, Zhang B, Lee V M, and Trojanowski J Q (2005) Axonal transport defects: a common theme in neurodegenerative diseases. Acta Neuropathol. 109: 5-13. (Pubitemid 40287785)
117. Wong R W-C, Setou M, Teng J, Takei Y, and Hirokawa N (2002) Overexpression of motor protein KIF17 enhances spatial and working memory in transgenic mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99: 14500-14505. (Pubitemid 35257700)
118. Yin X, Takei Y, Kido M, and Hirokawa N (2011) Molecular motor KIF17 is fundamental for memory and learning via differential support of synaptic NR2A.2B levels. Neuron 70: 310-325.
119. Kondo S, Sato-Yoshitake R, Noda Y, Aizawa H, Nakata T, Matsuura Y, and Hirokawa N (1994) KIF3A is a new microtubule-based anterograde motor in the nerve axon. J. Cell Biol. 125: 1095-1107. (Pubitemid 24177211)
120. Yamazaki H, Nakata T, Okada Y, and Hirokawa N (1995) KIF3A/B: a heterodimeric kinesin superfamily protein that works as a microtubule plus end-directed motor for membrane organelle transport. J. Cell Biol. 130: 1387-1399.
121. Yamazaki H, Nakata T, Okada Y, and Hirokawa N (1996) Cloning and characterization of KAP3: a novel kinesin superfamily-associated protein of KIF3A/3B. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93: 8443-8448.
122. Rosenbaum J and Witman G (2002) Intraflagellar transport. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3: 813-825. (Pubitemid 35285272)
123. Takeda S, Yamazaki H, Seog D-H, Kanai Y, Terada S, and Hirokawa N (2000) Kinesin superfamily protein 3 (KIF3) motor transports fodrin-associating vesicles important for neurite building. J. Cell Biol. 148: 1255-1265.
124. Teng J, Rai T, Tanaka Y, Takei Y, Nakata T, Hirasawa M, Kulkarni A B, and Hirokawa N (2005) The KIF3 motor transports N-cadherin and organizes the developing neuroepithelium. Nat. Cell Biol. 7: 474-482. (Pubitemid 40637407)
125. Nonaka S, Tanaka Y, Okada Y, Takeda S, Harada A, Kanai Y, Kido M, and Hirokawa N (1998) Randomization of left-right asymmetry due to loss of nodal cilia generating leftward flow of extraembryonic fluid in mice lacking KIF3B motor protein. Cell 95: 829-837. (Pubitemid 29014462)
126. Takeda S, Yonekawa Y, Tanaka Y, Okada Y, Nonaka S, and Hirokawa N (1999) Left-right asymmetry and kinesin superfamily protein KIF3A: new insights in determination of laterality and mesoderm induction by kif3a-/- mice analysis. J. Cell Biol. 145: 825-836. (Pubitemid 29240858)
127. Marszalek J R, Ruiz-Lozano P, Roberts E, Chien K R, and Goldstein L S (1999) Situs inversus and embryonic ciliary morphogenesis defects in mouse mutants lacking the KIF3A subunit of kinesin-II. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96: 5043-5048. (Pubitemid 29214532)
128. Okada Y, Takeda S, Tanaka Y, Belmonte J-C I, and Hirokawa N (2005) Mechanism of nodal flow: a conserved symmetry breaking event in left-right axis determination. Cell 121: 633-644. (Pubitemid 40720015)
129. Tanaka Y, Okada Y, and Hirokawa N (2005) FGF-induced vesicular release of Sonic hedgehog and retinoic acid in leftward nodal flow is critical for left-right determination. Nature 435: 172-177. (Pubitemid 40685936)
130. Noda Y, Sato-Yoshitake R, Kondo S, Nangaku M, and Hirokawa N (1995) KIF2 is a new microtubule-based anterograde motor that transports membranous organelles distinct from those carried by kinesin heavy chain or KIF3A/B. J. Cell Biol. 129: 157-167.
131. Homma N, Takei Y, Tanaka Y, Nakata T, Terada S, Kikkawa M, Noda Y, and Hirokawa N (2003) Kinesin superfamily protein 2A (KIF2A) functions in suppression of collateral branch extension. Cell 114: 229-239. (Pubitemid 36936916)
132. Ogawa T, Nitta R, Okada Y, and Hirokawa N (2004) A common mechanism for microtubule destabilizers-M-type kinesins stabilize curling of the protofilament using the class-specific neck and loops. Cell 116: 591-602. (Pubitemid 38268103)
133. Zhou R, Niwa S, Homma N, Takei Y, and Hirokawa N (2009) KIF26A is an unconventional kinesin and regulates GDNF-Ret signaling in enteric neuronal development. Cell 139: 802-813.
134. Sekine Y, Okada Y, Noda Y, Kondo S, Aizawa H, Takemura R, and Hirokawa N (1994) A novel microtubule-based motor protein (KIF4) for organelle transports, whose expression is regulated developmentally. J. Cell Biol. 127: 187-201. (Pubitemid 24307667)
135. Midorikawa R, Takei Y, and Hirokawa N (2006) KIF4 motor regulates activity-dependent neuronal survival by suppressing PARP-1 enzymatic activity. Cell 125: 371-383.
136. Macho B, Brancorsini S, Fimia G M, Setou M, Hirokawa N, and Sassone-Corsi P (2002) CREM-dependent transcription in male germ cells controlled by a kinesin. Science 298: 2388-2390. (Pubitemid 36014211)
137. Ueno H, Huang X, Tanaka Y, and Hirokawa N (2011) KIF16B/Rab14 molecular motor complex is critical for early embryonic development by transporting FGF receptor. Develop. Cell 20: 60-71.
138. Howard J, Hudspeth A J, and Vale R D (1989) Movement of microtubules by single kinesin molecules. Nature 342: 154-158. (Pubitemid 19277017)
139. Block S M, Goldstein L S, and Schnapp B J (1990) Bead movement by single kinesin molecules studied with optical tweezers. Nature 348: 348-352. (Pubitemid 120029107)
140. Svoboda K, Schmidt C F, Schnapp B J, and Block S M (1993) Direct observation of kinesin stepping by optical trapping interferometry. Nature 365: 721-727. (Pubitemid 23339876)
141. Hackney D D (1995) Highly processive microtubule-stimulated ATP hydrolysis by dimeric kinesin head domains. Nature 377: 448-50.
142. Vale R D, Funatsu T, Pierce D W, Romberg L, Harada Y, and Yanagida T (1996) Direct observation of single kinesin molecules moving along microtubules. Nature 380: 451-453. (Pubitemid 26102723)
143. Hackney D D (1994) Evidence for alternating head catalysis by kinesin during microtubule-stimulated ATP hydrolysis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91: 6865-6869.
144. Asbury C L, Fehr A N, and Block S M (2003) Kinesin moves by an asymmetric hand-over-hand mechanism. Science 302: 2130-2134. (Pubitemid 38017947)
145. Kaseda K, Higuchi H, and Hirose K (2003) Alternate fast and slow stepping of a heterodimeric kinesin molecule. Nat. Cell Biol. 5: 1079-1082. (Pubitemid 37509114)
146. Kapitein L C, Kwok B H, Weinger J S, Schmidt C F, Kapoor T M, and Peterman E J G (2008) Microtubule cross-linking triggers the directional motility of kinesin-5. J. Cell Biol. 182: 421-428.
147. Helenius J, Brouhard G, Kalaidzidis Y, Diez S, and Howard J (2002) The depolymerizing kinesin MCAK uses lattice diffusion to rapidly target microtubule ends. Nature 441: 115-119.
148. Ovechkina Y, Wagenbach M, and Wordeman L (2002) K-loop insertion restores microtubule depolymerizing activity of a "neckless" MCAK mutant. J. Cell Biol. 159: 557-562.
149. Tomishige M, Klopfenstein D R, and Vale R D (2002) Conversion of Unc104/KIF1A kinesin into a processive motor after dimerization. Science 297: 2263-2267.
150. Kull F J, Sablin E P, Lau R, Fletterick R J, and Vale R D (1996) Crystal structure of the kinesin motor domain reveals a structural similarity to myosin. Nature 380: 550-555. (Pubitemid 26110647)
151. Sablin E P, Kull F J, Cooke R, Vale R D, and Fletterick R J (1996) Crystal structure of the motor domain of the kinesin-related motor ncd. Nature 380: 555-559. (Pubitemid 26111333)
152. Kikkawa M, Sablin E P, Okada Y, Yajima H, Fletterick R J, and Hirokawa N (2001) Switch-based mechanism of kinesin motors. Nature 411: 439-445. (Pubitemid 32494382)
153. Nitta R, Kikkawa M, Okada Y, and Hirokawa N (2004) KIF1A alternately uses two loops to bind microtubules. Science 305: 678-683. (Pubitemid 39006759)
154. Nitta R, Okada Y, and Hirokawa N (2008) Structural model for strain-dependent microtubule activation of Mg-ADP release from kinesin. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 15: 1067-1075.
155. Kikkawa M, Okada Y, and Hirokawa N (2000) 15 Angstrom resolution model of the monomeric kinesin motor, KIFIA. Cell 100: 241-252. (Pubitemid 30064912)
156. Ali M Y, Krementsova E B, Kennedy G G, Mahaffy R, Pollard T D, Trybus K M, and Warshaw D M (2007) Myosin Va maneuvers through actin intersections and diffuses along microtubules. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104: 4332-4336. (Pubitemid 47186226)
157. Ali M Y, Lu H, Bookwalter C S, Warshaw D M, and Trybus K M (2008) Myosin V and kinesin act as tethers to enhance each others processivity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105: 4691-4696. (Pubitemid 351753808)
158. Kikkawa M and Hirokawa N (2006) High-resolution cryo-EM maps show the nucleotide binding pocket of KIF1A in open and closed conformations. EMBO J. 25: 4187-4194. (Pubitemid 44435216)
159. Rice S, et al. (1999) A structural change in the kinesin motor protein that drives motility. Nature 402: 778-784.
160. Case R B, Rice S, Hart C L, Ly B, and Vale R D (2000) Role of the kinesin neck linker and catalytic core in microtubule-based motility. Curr. Biol. 10: 157-160. (Pubitemid 30115748)
161. Rice S, Cui Y, Sindelar C, Naber N, Matuska M, Vale R, and Cooke R (2003) Thermodynamic properties of the kinesin neck region docking to the catalytic core. Biophys. J. 84: 1844-1845.
162. Uemura S and Ishiwata S (2003) Loading direction regulates the affinity of ADP for kinesin. Nat. Struct. Biol. 4: 308-311. (Pubitemid 36418757)
163. Rosenfeld S S, Fordyce P M, Jefferson G M, King P H, and Block S M (2003) Stepping and stretching. How kinesin uses internal strain to walk processively.
164. Hancock W O and Howard J (1999) Kinesins processivity results from mechanical and chemical coordination between the ATP hydrolysis cycles of the two motor domains. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96: 13147-13152.
165. Crevel I M, et al. (2004) What kinesin does at roadblocks: the coordination mechanism for molecular walking. EMBO J. 23: 23-32. (Pubitemid 38165744)
166. Schief W R, Clark R H, Crevenna A H, and Howard J (2004) Inhibition of kinesin motility by ADP and phosphate supports a hand-over-hand mechanism. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101: 1183-1188. (Pubitemid 38182663)
167. Klumpp L M, Hoenger A, and Gilbert S P (2004) Kinesins second step. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101: 3444-3449.
168. Alonso M C, et al. (2007) An ATP gate controls tubulin binding by the tethered head of kinesin-1. Science 316: 120-123. (Pubitemid 46559532)
169. Yildiz A, Tomishige M, Gennerich A, and Vale R D (2008) Intramolecular strain coordinates kinesin stepping behavior along microtubules. Cell 134: 1030-1041. (Pubitemid 37494968)
170. Krebs A, Goldie K N, and Hoenger A (2004) Complex formation with kinesin motor domains affects the structure of microtubules. J. Mol Biol. 335: 139-153.