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M. Nishiyama, E. Muto, Y. Inoue, T. Yanagida, H. Higuchi, Nature Cell Biol. 3, 425 (2001).
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Nishiyama, M.1
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I. M. Crevel et al., EMBO J. 23, 23 (2004).
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EMBO J.
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Crevel, I.M.1
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8
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3442880190
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note
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32P]ADP indicates that more than 90% of the active sites of kinesin molecules are occupied with ADP. These results, as welt as previous results with the L12 mutant CK1 (4), support that the result with excess ADP (2 to 10 mM) reflects the behavior of kinesin with ADP in the active site.
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9
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3442875611
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note
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Our previous experiment with ADP plus phosphate failed to detect the actively detaching state (4). This might be due to the irreversibility of the phosphate release. As reported with myosin (39), our preliminary biochemical results and our current structural study (fig. S4) suggest that exogenously added phosphate apparently does not bind to KIF1A. Thus, in our previous experiments with ADP and phosphate, most of the KIF1A will be in the ADP-bound state, not in the ADP-phosphate state. That is why we used analogs, which are expected to better mimic the true intermediate states of ATPase turnover.
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10
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3442892434
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note
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d) of the ADP-Vi state relative to other states suggests that the dissociation of kinesin is accelerated by a factor of at least 5. Our preliminary results with single-molecule imaging suggest that the off-rate is faster in the ADP-Vi state than in other states by a factor of more than 300.
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13
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0029870399
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S. S. Rosenfeld, B. Rener, J. J. Correia, M. S. Mayo, H. C. Cheung, J. Biol. Chem, 271, 9473 (1996).
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Rosenfeld, S.S.1
Rener, B.2
Correia, J.J.3
Mayo, M.S.4
Cheung, H.C.5
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14
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0035942761
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M. Kikkawa et al., Nature 411, 439 (2001).
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Nature
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Kikkawa, M.1
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16
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3442902534
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note
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The RMSDs of the switch I region (amino acids 202 to 218) are 2.0 Å (AMP-PNP versus ADP-AIFx forms), 4.5 Å (ADP-AIFx versus ADP-Vi forms), and 4.0 Å (ADP-Vi versus AMP-PNP forms). Those of the switch II region (amino acids 248 to 324) are 0.8 Å (AMP-PNP versus ADP-AIFx forms), 1.4 Å (ADP-AIFx versus ADP-Vi forms), and 2.1 Å (ADP-Vi versus AMP-PNP forms).
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17
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3442894478
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note
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215, as occurs in protein kinases, Further studies will be necessary to clarify this issue.
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18
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3442888319
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note
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216 in the switch I loop L9 has been suggested to be the important phosphate-binding site near the nucleotide-binding pocket (41).
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19
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3442892727
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note
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The possibility that our structure of ADP-Vi form might only reflect a structural variation of ADP is excluded by the following results. First, ADP-bound KIF1A never takes an ADP-Vi like structure, even under conditions identical or similar to the crystallization condition for the ADP-Vi-bound KIF1A. Similarly, ADP-Vi-bound KIF1A never takes an ADP-like structure, even under the crystallization condition for the ADP form. This is very different from the case with the ADP and AMP-PCP forms (14). ADP-bound KIF1A can take an AMP-PCP-like structure (but not an AMP-PNP-like structure) under the crystallization condition for the AMP-PCP form, This reflects that the energy barrier for the transition between the ADP-Vi and ADP structures is much higher than that between the ADP and AMP-PCP structures. Second, only preformed ADP-Vi-KIF1A complex takes this ADP-Vi structure, We could not obtain a crystal of ADP-Vi form by soaking of vanadate solution to ADP-KIF1A crystals or by the addition of vanadate to the mother liquid with which ADP-bound KIF1A is crystallized. These results strongly suggest that our ADP-Vi structure reflects a structure of a stable intermediate state within the ATPase cycle, rather than another structural variant or an artificial vanadate adduct to ADP-KIF1A.
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21
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0032766063
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M. Furch, S. F. Becker, M. A. Geeves, K. C. Holmes, D. J. Manstein, J. Mol. Biol. 290, 797 (1999).
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Furch, M.1
Becker, S.F.2
Geeves, M.A.3
Holmes, K.C.4
Manstein, D.J.5
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22
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0035355208
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M. Yun, X. Zhang, C. G. Park, H. W. Park, S. A. Endow, EMBO J. 20, 2611 (2001).
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EMBO J.
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Yun, M.1
Zhang, X.2
Park, C.G.3
Park, H.W.4
Endow, S.A.5
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23
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0037053362
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C. M. Farrell, A. T. Mackey, L. M. Klumpp, S. P. Gilbert, J. Biol. Chem. 277, 17079 (2002).
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J. Biol. Chem.
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Farrell, C.M.1
Mackey, A.T.2
Klumpp, L.M.3
Gilbert, S.P.4
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24
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3442894782
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note
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Recently, a new model was proposed for myosin on the basis of a new structure (42). Our structures and model are not inconsistent with this new mechanism. As proposed for the new "trapdoor" mechanism, kinesin has two "doors" that open and close asynchronously. The door on the switch I side is opened and the door on the switch II side is closed ("O/C conformation") in the preisomerization state. This conformation might contribute to the holding of the entering ATP. Before hydrolysis, KIF1A takes a "C/C conformation." During hydrolysis, it transiently takes a "C/O conformation" for the effective nucleophilic attack. Then, it takes an "O/O conformation," which opens the route through which the phosphate is released. Further studies will be necessary to determine whether kinesin works by a back-door or a trapdoor mechanism.
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25
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3442880768
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note
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Here, two differences between kinesins and myosins should be noted: (i) The nucleotide-binding pocket of myosin is enclosed, whereas that of kinesin is rather exposed to the surface; (ii) the back door in the prehydrolysis state of myosin is rigidly closed, whereas that of kinesin is only partially closed. These differences might affect the kinetics of kinesin ATPase much faster than those of myosins (32, 43). Further structural study of the KIF1A-microtubule complex will be needed to clarify these differences.
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26
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3442888318
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note
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216 only reflects an artificial coordination of the solvent ion in crystal can be excluded by the following reasons. First, the position of vanadate is analogous to that in myosin. With myosin, vanadate is found on the corresponding back-door residue through which the produced phosphate is thought to be released. Second, vanadate is located at the same or similar position even in solution. The position of vanadate in solution was determined by the photo cleavage experiment. With myosins, the cleavage site (P-loop) agrees well with its ADP-Vi structure (40). Similarly, KIF1A was cleaved at Loop L11, as expected from our ADP-Vi structure. This confirms that our ADP-Vi structure actually reflects the solution structure.
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27
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3442895084
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note
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260 in loop L11 are disordered because of its flexibility.
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28
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3442900848
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note
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170.
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29
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3442879014
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note
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354 of strand β9 (ADP-AIFx form) (Fig. 3C). This leads to the complete detachment of the neck-linker from the catalytic core (ADP-Vi and ADP forms) (Fig. 3D).
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3442878451
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T. Ogawa, R. Nitta, Y. Okada, N. Hirokawa, Cell 116, 485 (2004).
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Cell
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Ogawa, T.1
Nitta, R.2
Okada, Y.3
Hirokawa, N.4
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31
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0030755709
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G. Woehlke et al., Cell 90, 207 (1997).
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Cell
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Woehlke, G.1
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34
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0035834521
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J. Lowe, H. Li, K. H. Downing, E. Nogales, J. Mol. Biol. 313, 1045 (2001).
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Lowe, J.1
Li, H.2
Downing, K.H.3
Nogales, E.4
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35
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3442892726
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note
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This active detachment mechanism is also applicable to dimeric kinesin, including conventional kinesin. Hydrolysis of one head triggers the conformational change of its switch II cluster, both the microtubule-binding loop raised and the switch II helix rotated. The rotation of this helix pushes the neck-linker by which two heads coordinate. Thus, our study provides structural evidence of the idea that the active detachment is coupled with the coordination of two heads (44). In other words, active detachment of one head precedes the hydrolysis of the second head, the second step.
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38
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0035413608
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D. A. Johnson, P. Akamine, E. Radzio-Andzelm, M. Madhusudan, S. S. Taylor, Chem. Rev. 101, 2243 (2001).
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Johnson, D.A.1
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Taylor, S.S.5
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42
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0141707933
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T. F. Reubold, S. Eschenburg, A. Becker, F. J. Kull., D. J. Manstein, Nature Struct. Biol. 10, 826 (2003).
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Nature Struct. Biol.
, vol.10
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Reubold, T.F.1
Eschenburg, S.2
Becker, A.3
Kull, F.J.4
Manstein, D.J.5
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45
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3442898245
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note
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Both conventional kinesin and KIF1A share this pathway. The only major difference is the affinity of kinesin to microtubule in the ADP state (yellow). The K-loop of KIF1A increases its affinity in the ADP state (4), shifting the equilibrium to the associated state (MKD). With K-loop mutant KIF1A as well as conventional kinesin, the equilibrium is shifted to the dissociated state (KD).
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46
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3442888583
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note
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See supporting material on Science Online.
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47
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3442895379
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note
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We thank D. R. Tomchick, N. Ota, S. Wakatsuki, N. Igarashi, H. Sawa, Y. Wakabayashi, and their colleagues for technical suggestions; H. Fukuda, H. Sato, and M. Sugaya for technical and secretarial assistance; and H. Miki, M. Kawagishi, H. Yajima, T. Ogawa, E. Nitta, and our colleagues for discussions and technical assistance. Supported by a Center of Excellence Grant-in-Aid from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (N.H.). Coordinates for the four new structures of KIF1A have been deposited in the PDB database and are available under the following accession codes: both 1VFV and 1VFW for the AMP-PNP form, 1VFX for the ADP-AIFx form, and 1VFZ for the ADP-Vi form.
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