Brain functional domains inform therapeutic interventions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and pediatric bipolar disorder

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics

Volumn 11, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 897-914

  Passarotti, Alessandra M ^a   Pavuluri, Mani N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

ADHD; adolescents; affect; behavior regulation; children; executive function; functional MRI; impulsivity; inhibition; neurocognitive; pediatric bipolar disorder; reward

Indexed keywords

CENTRAL STIMULANT AGENT; DOPAMINE; METHYLPHENIDATE;

AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ANTERIOR CINGULATE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; ATTENTION DISTURBANCE; AUTOREGULATION; AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR; BEHAVIOR CONTROL; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BIPOLAR I DISORDER; BIPOLAR II DISORDER; BRAIN DYSFUNCTION; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN REGION; CHILD PSYCHIATRY; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COGNITIVE IMPULSIVITY; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CORPUS STRIATUM; DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING; DORSAL FRONTOSTRIATAL SYSTEM; EMOTIONAL DISORDER; EMOTIONAL IMPULSIVITY; EMOTIONALITY; EUPHORIA; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FRUSTRATION; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; GRANDIOSE DELUSION; HEALTH PROGRAM; HIGH RISK BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; HYPERACTIVITY; HYPERSEXUALITY; HYPOMANIA; IMPULSIVENESS; INHIBITION (PSYCHOLOGY); IRRITABILITY; LIMBIC SYSTEM; MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY; MANIA; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; MOTIVATION; NERVE TRACT; NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROIMAGING; NONHUMAN; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; PARENT COUNSELING; PATHOLOGICAL GAMBLING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PEDIATRIC BIPOLAR DISORDER; PHENOTYPE; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; REINFORCEMENT; REVIEW; REWARD; SLEEP DISORDER; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; THOUGHT DISORDER; VENTRAL FRONTOSTRIATAL SYSTEM; VENTROMEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX; WORKING MEMORY;

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BRAIN; CHILD; HUMANS; PHENOTYPE;

EID: 79958291222     PISSN: 14737175     EISSN: 17448360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/ern.11.71     Document Type: Review

References (186)

1. Insel TR, Cuthbert BN. Endophenotypes: bridging genomic complexity and disorder heterogeneity. Biol. Psychiatry 66(11), 988-989 (2009).
2. Galanter CA, Leibenluft E. Frontiers between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am. 17, 325-346 (2008). (Pubitemid 351258352)
3. Singh MK, Chang KD, Mazaika P, et al. Neural correlates of response inhibition in pediatric bipolar disorder. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. 20(1), 15-24 (2010).
4. Geller B, Warner K, Williams M, Zimerman B. Prepubertal and young adolescent bipolarity versus ADHD: assessment and validity using the WASH-U-KSADS, CBCL, and TRF. J. Affect. Disord. 51(2), 93-100 (1998). (Pubitemid 29101683)
5. Biederman J, Mick E, Faraone SV, Spencer T, Wilens TE, Wozniak J. Pediatric mania: a developmental subtype of bipolar disorder? Biol. Psychiatry 48, 458-466 (2000).
6. Dickstein DP, Garvey M, Pradella AG, et al. Neurologic examination abnormalities in children with bipolar disorder or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 58, 517-524 (2005). (Pubitemid 41457296)
7. Biederman J, Faraone SV. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 366, 237-248 (2005). (Pubitemid 40981053)
8. Barkley RA. Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychol. Bull. 121(1), 65-94 (1997). (Pubitemid 127705285)
9. Barkley RA. Psychosocial treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. J. Clin. Psychiatry 63(Suppl. 12), 36-43 (2002). (Pubitemid 36025586)
10. Barkley RA, Fischer M. The unique contribution of emotional impulsiveness to impairment in major life activities in hyperactive children as adults. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 49(5), 503-513 (2010).
11. Sonuga-Barke EJS. The dual pathway model of AD/HD: an elaboration of neuro-developmental characteristics. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.27, 593-604 (2003). (Pubitemid 37414908)
12. Tripp G, Wickens JR. Research review: dopamine transfer deficit: a neurobiological theory of altered reinforcement mechanisms in ADHD. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 49(7), 691-704 (2008). (Pubitemid 351993219)
13. Scheres A, Milham MP, Knutson B, Castellanos FX. Ventral striatal hyper-responsiveness during reward anticipation in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 61(5), 720-724 (2007). (Pubitemid 46328856)
14. Rubia K, Taylor E, Smith H, Oksannen H, Overmeyer S, Newman S. Neuropsychological analyses of impulsiveness in childhood hyperactivity. Br. J. Psychiatry 179, 138-143 (2001). (Pubitemid 32756495)
15. Bush G, Frazier JA, Rauch SL, et al. Anterior cingulate cortex dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder revealed by fMRI and the counting stroop. Biol. Psychiatry 45, 1542-1552 (1999). (Pubitemid 29292830)
16. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV-TR. American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC, USA (2000).
17. Pavuluri MN, Birmaher B, Naylor M. Pediatric bipolar disorder: ten year review. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 44 (9), 846-871 (2005). (Pubitemid 41193198)
18. Leibenluft E, Charney DS, Towbin KE, Bhangoo RK, Pine DS. Defining clinical phenotypes of juvenile mania. Am. J. Psychiatry 160, 430-437 (2003). (Pubitemid 41094250)
19. Geller B, Zimerman B, Williams M, et al. DSM-IV mania symptoms in a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype compared to attention-deficit hyperactive and normal controls. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. 12(1), 11-25 (2002). (Pubitemid 34461530)
20. Rich BA, Schmajuk M, Perez-Edgar KE, Pine DS, Fox NA, Leibenluft E. The impact of reward, punishment, and frustration on attention in pediatric bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 58, 532-539 (2005). (Pubitemid 41457298)
21. Dickstein DP, Nelson EE, McClure EB, et al. Cognitive flexibility in phenotypes of pediatric bipolar disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 46(3), 341-355 (2007).
22. Biederman J, Faraone S, Mick E, et al. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and juvenile mania: an overlooked comorbidity? J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 35(8), 997-1008 (1996). (Pubitemid 26266330)
23. Pavuluri MN, Schenkel LS, Aryal S, et al. Neurocognitive function in unmedicated manic and medicated euthymic pediatric bipolar patients. Am. J. Psychiatry 163, 286-293 (2006). (Pubitemid 44480849)
24. Pavuluri MN, West A, Hill K, Jindal K, Sweeney JA. Neurocognitive function in pediatric bipolar disorder: three-year follow-up shows cognitive development lagging behind healthy youth. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 48(3), 299-307 (2009).
25. Lewinsohn PM, Shankman SA, Gau JM, Klein DN. The prevalence and co-morbidity of subthreshold psychiatric conditions. Psychol. Med. 34(4), 613-622 (2004). (Pubitemid 38735456)
26. DelBello MP, Hanseman D, Adler CM, Fleck DE, Strakowski SM. Twelve-month outcome of adolescents with bipolar disorder following first hospitalization for a manic or mixed episode. Am. J. Psychiatry 164(4), 582-590 (2007). (Pubitemid 46650189)
27. Birmaher B. Longitudinal course of pediatric bipolar disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 164(4), 537-539 (2007).
28. Miller EK, Cohen JD. An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24, 167-202 (2001). (Pubitemid 32695227)
29. Giedd JN, Blumenthal J, Jeffries NO, et al. Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study. Nat. Neurosci. 2(10), 861-863 (1999). (Pubitemid 30602596)
30. Casey BJ, Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, et al. Implication of right frontostriatal circuitry in response inhibition and attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 36, 374-383 (1997). (Pubitemid 27097931)
31. Luna B, Thulborn KR, Munoz DP, et al. Maturation of widely distributed brain function subserves cognitive development. NeuroImage 13, 786-793 (2001). (Pubitemid 32848324)
32. Luna B, Garver KE, Urban TN, Lazar N, Sweeney JA. Maturation of cognitive processes from late childhood to adulthood. Child Dev. 75, 1357-1372 (2004). (Pubitemid 39442885)
33. Posner MI, Rothbart MK. Developing mechanisms of self-regulation. Dev. Psychopathol. 12, 427-441 (2000).
34. Blakemore SJ, Choudhury S. Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 47, 296-312 (2006). (Pubitemid 43356061)
35. Gorrindo T, Blair RJR, Budhani S, Dickstein DP, Pine DS, Leibenluft E. Deficits on a probabilistic response-reversal task in patients with pediatric bipolar disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, 162, 1975-1977 (2005). (Pubitemid 41428633)
36. Rich BA, Holroyd T, Carver FW, et al. A preliminary study of the neural mechanisms of frustration in pediatric bipolar disorder using magnetoencephalography. Depress. Anxiety 27(3), 276-286 (2010).
37. Pizzagalli DA, Goetz E, Ostacher M, Iosifescu DV, Perlis RH. Euthymic patients with bipolar disorder show decreased reward learning in a probabilistic reward task. Biol. Psychiatry 64(2), 162-168 (2008).
38. Doyle AE, Willcutt EG, Seidman LJ, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder endophenotypes. Biol. Psychiatry 57, 1324-1335 (2005). (Pubitemid 40798552)
39. Rucklidge JJ. Impact of ADHD on the neurocognitive functioning of adolescents with bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 60, 921-928 (2006). (Pubitemid 44584213)
40. Barkley RA. Deficient emotional self-regulation: a core component of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. ADHD Rela. Disord. 1(2), 5-37, (2009).
41. Skirrow C, McLoughlin G, Kuntsi J, Asherson P. Behavioral, neurocognitive and treatment overlap between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and mood instability. Expert Rev. Neurother. 9(4), 489-503 (2009).
42. Casey BJ. Emotional competence in children with externalizing and internalizing disorders. In: Emotional Development in Atypical Children. Lewis M, Sullivan M (Eds). Erlbaum, NJ, USA, 161-183 (1996).
43. Braaten, EB, Rosen LA. Self-regulation of affect in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and non-ADHD boys: differences in empathic responding. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 68, 313-321 (2000).
44. Friedman SR, Rapport LJ, Lumley M, et al. Aspects of social and emotional competence in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology 17(1), 50-58 (2003). (Pubitemid 36194084)
45. Brotman MA, Rich BA, Guyer AE, et al. Amygdala activation during emotion processing of neutral faces in children with severe mood dysregulation versus ADHD or bipolar disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 167(1), 61-69 (2010).
46. Logan GD, Cowan WB, Davis KA. On the ability of inhibit simple and choice reaction time responses: a model and a method. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 10, 276-291 (1984).
47. Hoeksma JB, Osterlaan J, Schipper E. Emotion regulation and the dynamics of feelings: a conceptual and methodological framework. Child Dev. 75(2), 354-360 (2004). (Pubitemid 39080058)
48. Rubia K, Overmeyer S, Taylor E, et al. Hypofrontality in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during higher-order motor control: a study with functional MRI. Am. J. Psychiatry 156, 891-896 (1999). (Pubitemid 29260344)
49. Garavan H, Ross TJ, Murphy K, Roche RA, Stein EA. Dissociable executive functions in the dynamic control of behavior: inhibition, error detection, and correction. Neuroimage 17, 1820-1829 (2002). (Pubitemid 36062772)
50. Casey BJ, Giedd JN, Thomas KM. Structural and functional brain development and its relation to cognitive development. Biol. Psychol. 54(1-3), 241-257 (2000)
51. Durston S, Thomas KM, Worden MS, Yang Y, Casey BJ. The effect of preceding context on inhibition: an event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage 2, 449-453 (2002). (Pubitemid 34852460)
52. Oosterlaan J, Logan GD, Sergeant JA. Response inhibition in AD/HD, CD, comorbid AD/HD + CD, anxious, and control children: a meta-analysis of studies with the stop task. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 39(3), 411-425 (1998). (Pubitemid 28112167)
53. Nigg JT. Is ADHD a disinhibitory disorder? Psychol. Bull. 127, 571-598 (2001). (Pubitemid 33614928)
54. Adams ZW, Derefinko KJ, Milich R, Fillmore MT. Inhibitory functioning across ADHD subtypes: recent findings, clinical implications, and future directions. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. 14(4), 268-275 (2008).
55. Fillmore MT, Milich R, Lorch EP. Inhibitory deficits in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: intentional versus automatic mechanisms of attention. Dev. Psychopathol. 21(2), 539-554 (2009).
56. Shaw P, Eckstrand K, Sharp W, Blumenthal J, Lerch JP, Greenstein D, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 19649-19654 (2007).
57. Sonuga-Barke EJS, Sergeant JA, Nigg J, Willcutt, S. Executive dysfunction and delay aversion in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: nosologic and diagnostic implications. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Clin. N. Am. 17, 367-384 (2008). (Pubitemid 351265398)
58. Nigg JT, Casey BJ. An integrative theory of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder based on the cognitive and affective neurosciences. Dev. Psychopathol. 17(3), 785-806 (2005).
59. Castellanos FX, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Milham MP, Tannock R. Characterizing cognition in ADHD: beyond executive dysfunction. Trends Cogn. Sci. 10, 117-123 (2006).
60. Rubia K. 'Cool' inferior frontostriatal dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder versus 'hot' ventromedial orbitofrontal-limbic dysfunction in conduct disorder: a review. Biol. Psychiatry (2010) DOI: 10.1016/j. biopsych.2010.09.023 (Epub ahead of print).
61. Solanto MV. Dopamine dysfunction in AD/HD: integrating clinical and basic neuroscience research. Behav. Brain Res. 130, 65-71 (2002). (Pubitemid 34195322)
62. Diamond A, Prevor MB, Callender G, Druin DP. Prefrontal cortex cognitive deficits in children treated early and continuously for PKU. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. 62(4), i-v, 1-208 (1997).
63. Sagvolden T, Johansen EB, Aase H, Russell VA. A dynamic developmental theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) predominantly hyperactive/impulsive and combined subtypes. Behav. Brain Sci. 28, 397-419 (2005). (Pubitemid 41440193)
64. Russell VA, Sagvolden T, Johansen EB. Animal models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behav. Brain Funct. 1, 9 (2005).
65. Paine TA, Neve RL, Carlezon, A. Attention deficits and hyperactivity following inhibition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase within the medial prefrontal cortex of rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 34, 2143-2155 (2009).
66. Leibenluft E, Rich BA, Vinton DT, et al. Neural circuitry engaged during unsuccessful motor inhibition in pediatric bipolar disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 164, 52-60 (2007). (Pubitemid 46154782)
67. Passarotti AM, Sweeney JA, Pavuluri MN. Neural correlates of response inhibition deficits in pediatric bipolar disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res. 181(1), 36-43 (2010).
68. Pavuluri MN, Passarotti AM, Harral EM, Sweeney JA. Enhanced prefrontal function with pharmacotherapy on a response inhibition task in adolescent bipolar disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 71, 1-9 (2010).
69. Eagle, DM, Robbins, TW. Inhibitory control in rats performing a stop-signal reaction-time task: effects of lesions of the medial striatum and d-amphetamine. Behav. Neurosci. 117(6), 1302-1317 (2003). (Pubitemid 37549431)
70. Aron, AR, Poldrack, RA. The cognitive neuroscience of response inhibition: relevance for genetic research in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 57, 1285-1292 (2005). (Pubitemid 40798547)
71. Verbruggen F, Logan GD. Response inhibition in the stop-signal paradigm. Trends Cogn. Sci. 12(11), 418-424 (2008).
72. Tillman CM, Thorell LB, Brocki KC, Bohlin G. Motor response inhibition and execution in the stop signal task: development and relation to ADHD behaviors. Child Neuropsychology 14(1), 42-59 (2008).
73. Johnstone SJ, Dimoska A, Smith JL, et al. The development of stop-signal and Go/Nogo response inhibition in children aged 7-12 years: performance and event-related potential indices. Int. J.Psychophysiol. 63(1), 25-38 (2007). (Pubitemid 46026870)
74. Plitzka SR, Glahn DC, Semrud- Clikeman M, et al. Neuroimaging of inhibitory control areas in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who were treatment naïve or in long-term treatment. Am. J. Psychiatry 163(6), 1052-1060 (2006). (Pubitemid 44464492)
75. Durston S, Tottenham NT, Thomas KM, et al. Differential patterns of striatal activation in young children with and without ADHD. Biol. Psychiatry 53(10), 871-878 (2003). (Pubitemid 36556172)
76. Durston S, Mulder M, Casey BJ, Ziermans T, van Engeland H. Activation in ventral prefrontal cortex is sensitive to genetic vulnerability for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 60, 1062-1070 (2006). (Pubitemid 44647210)
77. Tamm L, Menon V, Ringel J, Reiss AL. Event-related fMRI evidence of frontotemporal involvement in aberrant response inhibition and task switching in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 43, 1430-1440 (2004). (Pubitemid 39411044)
78. Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Marsh WL, et al. Quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 53(7), 607-616 (1996). (Pubitemid 26240863)
79. Filipek PA, Semrud-Clikeman M, Steingard RJ, Renshaw PF, Kennedy DN, Biederman, J. Volumetric MRI analysis comparing subjects having attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with normal controls. Neurology 48(3), 589-601 (1997). (Pubitemid 27120091)
80. Castellanos FX, Tannock R. Neuroscience of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes. Nat. Neurosci. 3, 617-628 (2002). (Pubitemid 135706670)
81. Pavuluri MN, O'Connor MM, Harral EM, Sweeney JA. An fMRI study of the interface between affective and cognitive neural circuitry in pediatric bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res. 162(3), 244-255 (2008).
82. Blumberg HP, Leung HC, Skudlarski P, et al. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of bipolar disorder: state-and trait-related dysfunction in ventral prefrontal cortices. Arch. Gen.Psychiatry 60, 601-609 (2003). (Pubitemid 36682317)
83. Konishi S, Nakajima K, Uchida I, Kikyo H, Kameyama M, Miyashita Y. Common inhibitory mechanism in human inferior prefrontal cortex revealed by event-related functional MRI. Brain 122, 981-991 (1999). (Pubitemid 29219269)
84. Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL. Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 9, 357-338 (1986).
85. D'Esposito M, Postle BR, Rypma B. Prefrontal cortical contributions to working memory: evidence from event-related fMRI studies. Exp. Brain Res. 133(1), 3-11 (2000). (Pubitemid 30411652)
86. Pavuluri MN, Yang S, Kamineni K, et al. DTI Study of white matter fiber tracts: in pediatric bipolar disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 65(7), 586-593 (2009).
87. Passarotti AM, Sweeney JA, Pavuluri MN. Differential engagement of cognitive and affective neural systems in pediatric bipolar disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 16(1), 106-117 (2010).
88. Passarotti AM, Sweeney JA, Pavuluri MN. Emotion processing influences working memory circuits in pediatric bipolar disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 9(10), 1064-1080 (2010).
89. Petrides M, Pandya DN. Comparative cytoarchitectonic analysis of the human and the macaque ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and corticocortical connection patterns in the monkey. Eur. J. Neurosci.16, 291-310 (2002). (Pubitemid 36160249)
90. Frangou S, Haldane M, Roddy D, Kumari V. Evidence for deficit in tasks of ventral, but not dorsal, prefrontal executive function as an endophenotypic marker for bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 58(10), 838-839 (2005). (Pubitemid 41677423)
91. Bush G. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and attention networks. Neuropsychopharmacology 35, 278-300 (2010).
92. Haber SN, Knutson B. The reward circuit: linking primate anatomy and human imaging. Neuropsychopharmacol. Rev. 1-23 (2009).
93. Robbins TW, Everitt BJ. Neurobehavioural mechanisms of reward and motivation. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6, 228-236 (1996). (Pubitemid 26168482)
94. Rolls ET. The orbitofrontal cortex and reward. Cerebral Cortex 10, 284-294 (2000). (Pubitemid 30159295)
95. McClure SM, Laibson DI, Lowenstein G, Cohen JD. Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards. Science 306, 503-507 (2004). (Pubitemid 39372453)
96. Balleine BW, Delgado MR, Hikosaka O. The role of the dorsal striatum in reward and decision-making. J. Neurosci. 27, 8161-8165 (2007). (Pubitemid 47219597)
97. Fareri D, Martin L, Delgado M. Reward-related processing in the human brain: Developmental considerations. Dev. Psychopathol. 20, 1191-1211 (2008).
98. Passarotti AM, Sweeney JA, Pavuluri MN. Neural correlates of incidental and directed facial emotion processing in adolescents and adults. Soc.Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 4, 387-398 (2009).
99. Geier C, Luna B. The maturation of incentive processing and cognitive control. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 93, 212-221 (2009).
100. Ernst, M, Nelson, EE, Jazbec, S, et al. Amygdala and nucleus accumbens in responses to receipt and omission of gains in adults and adolescents. Neuroimage 25, 1279-1291 (2005). (Pubitemid 40591669)
101. Ernst M, Pine DS, Hardin M. Triadic model of the neurobiology of motivated behavior in adolescence. Psychol. Med. 36, 299-312 (2006).
102. May JC, Delgado MR, Dahl RE, et al. Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging of reward-related brain circuitry in children and adolescents. Biol. Psychiatry 55, 359-366 (2004). (Pubitemid 38199985)
103. Bjork JM, Smith AR, Danube CL, Hommer DW. Developmental differences in posterior mesofrontal cortex recruitment by risky rewards. J. Neurosci. 27, 4839-4849 (2007). (Pubitemid 46699060)
104. Eshel N, Nelson EE, Blair RJ, Pine, DS, Ernst M. Neural substrates of choice selection in adults and adolescents: Development of the ventrolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices. Neuropsychologia 45, 1270-1279 (2007). (Pubitemid 46072907)
105. Luman M, Oosterlaan J, Sergeant JA. The impact of reinforcement contingencies on AD/HD: a review and theoretical appraisal. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 25(2), 183-213 (2005). (Pubitemid 40092122)
106. Luman M, Tripp G, Scheres A. Identifying the neurobiology of altered reinforcement sensitivity in ADHD: a review and research agenda. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 34, 744-754 (2010).
107. Sonuga-Barke EJS, Taylor E, Sembi E, Smith J. Hyperactivity and delay aversion. I. The effect of delay on choice. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 33 387-398 (1992).
108. Drechsler R, Rizzo P, Steinhausen HC. Decision-making on an explicit risk-taking task in preadolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, J. Neural Transm. 115, 201-209 (2008). (Pubitemid 351270106)
109. Faregh N, Derevensky J. Gambling behavior among adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Gambl. Stud. DOI: 10.1007/s10899-010-9211-3 (2010) (Epub ahead of print).
110. Dibbets P, Evers L, Hurks P, Marchetta N, Jolles J. Differences in feedback- and inhibition- related neural activity in adult ADHD. Brain Cogn. 70, 73-83 (2009).
111. Pavuluri MN, O'Connor MM, Harral EM, Sweeney JA. Affective neural circuitry during facial emotion processing in pediatric bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 62,158-167 (2007). (Pubitemid 46963246)
112. Passarotti AM, Sweeney JA, Pavuluri MN. Fronto-limbic dysfunction in mania pre-treatment and persistent amygdala over-activity post-treatment in pediatric bipolar disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011- 2243-2 (2011) (Epub ahead of print).
113. Dickstein DP, Finger EC, Skup M, Pine DS, Blair JR, Leibenluft E. Altered neural function in pediatric bipolar disorder during reversal learning. Bipolar Disord. 12(7), 707-719 (2010).
114. Abler B, Greenhouse I, Ongur D, Walter H, Heckers S. Abnormal reward system activation in mania. Neuropsychopharmacology 33(9), 2217-2227 (2008). (Pubitemid 351992090)
115. Strakowski SM, DelBello MP, Fleck DE, Arndt S. The impact of substance abuse on the course of bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 48(6), 477-485 (2000).
116. Marsh R, Zhu H, Schultz RT, et al. A developmental fMRI study of self-regulatory control. Hum. Brain Mapp. 27(11), 848-863 (2009). (Pubitemid 44684998)
117. Pavuluri, MN, Passarotti AM. Neural bases of emotional processing in pediatric bipolar disorder. Expert Rev. Neurother. 8(9), 1381-1387 (2008).
118. Pavuluri MN, Passarotti AM, Harral EM, Sweeney JA. An fMRI study of the neural correlates of incidental versus directed emotion processing in pediatric bipolar disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 48, 308-319 (2009).
119. Tricomi EM, Delgado MR, Fiez JA. Modulation of caudate activity by action contingency. Neuron 41(2), 281-292 (2004). (Pubitemid 38125188)
120. Barto AG. Adaptive critics and the basal ganglia. In: Models of Information Processing in the Basal Ganglia. Houk JC, Davis JL Beiser DG (Eds). MIT Press, MA, USA 215-232 (1995).
121. O'Doherty J, Dayan P, Schultz J, Deichmann R, Friston K, Dolan RJ. Dissociable roles of ventral and dorsal striatum in instrumental conditioning. Science 304, 452-454 (2004). (Pubitemid 38495943)
122. Bechara A, Tranel D, Damasio H. Characterization of the decision-making deficit of patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions. Brain 123(11), 2189-2202 (2000).
123. Knutson B, Fong GW, Bennett SM, Adams CM, Homme D. A region of mesial prefrontal cortex tracks monetarily rewarding outcomes: characterization with rapid event-related fMRI. Neuroimage 18, 263-272 (2003). (Pubitemid 36269138)
124. Hampton AN, Adolphs R, Tyszka MJ, O'Doherty JP. Contributions of the amygdala to reward expectancy and choice signals in human prefrontal cortex. Neuron 55(4), 545-555 (2007). (Pubitemid 47225198)
125. Knutson B, Fong GW, Adams CS, Hommer D. Dissociation of reward anticipation versus outcome with event-related fMRI. Neuroreport 12, 3683-3687 (2001). (Pubitemid 33105151)
126. Hare TA, O'Doherty J, Camerer CF, Schultz W, Rangel A. Dissociating the role of the orbitofrontal cortex and the striatum in the computation of goal values and prediction errors. J. Neurosci. 28(22), 5623-5630 (2008).
127. Carter R, MacInnes J, Huettel SA, Adcock R. Activation in the VTA and nucleus accumbens increases in anticipation of both gains and losses. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 3, 21 (2009).
128. Levita L, Hare TA, Voss HU, Glover G, Ballon DJ, Casey BJ. The bivalent side of the nucleus accumbens. Neuroimage 44(3), 1178-1187 (2009).
129. Adolphs R. Neural systems for recognizing emotion. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 12, 169-177 (2002). (Pubitemid 34518336)
130. Paton JJ, Belova MA, Morrison SE, Salzman CD. The primate amygdala represents the positive and negative value of visual stimuli during learning. Nature 439(7078), 865-870 (2006). (Pubitemid 43255706)
131. Salzman CD, Paton JJ, Belova MA, Morrison SE. Flexible neural representations of value in the primate brain. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1121, 336-354 (2007).
132. Gottfried JA, O'Doherty J, Dolan RJ. Encoding predictive reward value in human amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. Science 301(5636), 1104-1107 (2003). (Pubitemid 37022314)
133. Cardinal RN, Parkinson JA, Lachenal, G, et al. Effects of selective excitotoxic lesions of the nucleus accumbens core, anterior cingulate cortex, and central nucleus of the amygdala on autoshaping performance in rats. Behav. Neurosci. 116, 553-567 (2002). (Pubitemid 34793377)
134. Passarotti AM, Ellis J, Wegbreit E, Varghese B, Stevens MC, Pavuluri MN. Working memory networks are influenced by facial emotions in pediatric bipolar disorder. Presented at: The Pediatric Bipolar Conference, Boston, MA, USA, 24-25 March (2011).
135. Foland LC, Altshuler LL, Bookheimer SY, Eisenberger N, Townsend J, Thompson PM. Evidence for deficitent modulation of amygdala response by prefrontal cortex in bipolar mania. Psychiatry Res. 162, 27-37 (2008). (Pubitemid 50008260)
136. Coghill D, Seth S. Do the diagnostic criteria for ADHD need to change? Comments on the preliminary proposals of the DSM-5 ADHD and disruptive behavior disorders committee. Eur. J. Adolesc. Psychiatry 20, 75-81 (2011).
137. Leibenluft E, Blair RJ, Charney DS, Pine DS. Irritability in pediatric mania and other childhood psychopathology. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1008, 201-218 (2003b). (Pubitemid 38265164)
138. Leibenluft E. Severe mood dysregulation, irritability, and the diagnostic boundaries of bipolar disorder in youths. Am. J. Psychiatry 168(2), 129-142 (2011).
139. Rich BA, Brotman MA, Dickstein DP, Mitchell DG, Blair RJ, Leibenluft E. Deficits in attention to emotional stimuli distinguish youth with severe mood dysregulation from youth with bipolar disorder. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 38(5):695-706 (2010).
140. Rau G, Blair KS, Berghorst L, et al. Processing of differentially valued rewards and punishments in youths with bipolar disorder or severe mood dysregulation. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. 18(2), 185-196 (2008). (Pubitemid 351591439)
141. Daly BP, Creed T, Xanthopoulos M, Brown RT. Psychosocial treatments for children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychol. Rev. 17(1), 73-89 (2007). (Pubitemid 46355007)
142. Pelham WE Jr, Fabiano GA. Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 37(1), 184-214 (2008).
143. Fehlings DL, Roberts W, Humphries T, Dawe G. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: does cognitive behavioral therapy improve home behavior? J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. 12(4), 223-228 (1991).
144. Chronis AM, Fabiano GA, Gnagy EM, Wymbs B, Burrows-Mac-Lean L, Pelham WE. Comprehensive, sustained behavioral and pharmacological treatment for ADHD: a case study. Cogn. Behav. Practice, 8, 346 (2001).
145. Pavuluri MN, Graczyk PA, Henry DB, Carbray JA, Heidenreich J, Miklowitz DJ. Child- and family-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric bipolar disorder: development and preliminary results. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 43(5), 528-537 (2004). (Pubitemid 38812364)
146. West AE, Henry DB, Pavuluri MN. Maintenance model of integrated psychosocial treatment in pediatric bipolar disorder: a pilot feasibility study. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 46(2), 205-212 (2007). (Pubitemid 46148419)
147. West AE, Pavuluri MN. Psychosocial treatments for childhood and adolescent bipolar disorder. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am. 18(2), 471-482 (2009).
148. Klingberg T, Fernell E, Olesen PJ, et al. Computerized traininig of working memory in children with ADHD - a randomized controlled trial. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 44, 177-186 (2005). (Pubitemid 40189829)
149. Holmes J, Gathercole SE, Dunning GL. Adaptive training leads t osustained enhancement of poor working memory in children. Dev. Sci. 12(4), F9-15 (2009).
150. Thorell LB, Linqvist S, Bergman nutley S, Bolin G, Klingberg T. Training and transfer effects of executive function in preschool children Dev. Sci. 12(1), 106-113 (2009).
151. Tannock R (1998). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: advances in cognitive, neurobiological, and genetic research. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 39, 65-99 (1998). (Pubitemid 28059670)
152. Sheridan MA, Hinshaw S, D'Esposito M. Stimulant medication and prefrontal functional connectivity during working memory in ADHD: a preliminary report. J. Atten. Disord. 14(1), 69-78 (2010).
153. Volkow ND, Wang G, Fowler JS, et al. Therapeutic doses of oral methylphenidate significantly increase extracellular dopamine in the human brain. J. Neurosci. 21(2), RC121. (2001).
154. Wilens TE. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the substance use
155. Vaidya CJ, Austin G, Kirkorian G, et al. Selective effects of methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 14494-14499 (1998). (Pubitemid 28549395)
156. Shafritz KM, Marchione KE, Gore JC, Shaywitz SE, Shaywitz BA. The effects of methylphenidate on neural systems of attention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 161, 1990-1997 (2004). (Pubitemid 39441398)
157. Rubia K, Halari R, Cubillo A, Mohammad AM, Brammer M, Taylor E. Methylphenidate normalises activation and functional connectivity deficits in attention and motivation networks in medication-naïve children with ADHD during a rewarded continuous performance task. Neuropharmacology 57(7-8), 640-652 (2009).
158. Wigal SB, Chae S, Patel A, Steinberg- Epstein R. Advances in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a guide for pediatric neurologists. Semin. Pediatr. Neurol. 17(4), 230-236 (2010).
159. Groom MJ, Scerif G, Liddle PF, et al. Effects of motivation and medication on electrophysiological markers of response inhibition in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 67, 624-631 (2010).
160. Chen J, Fang Y, Kemp DE, Calabrese JR, Gao K. Switching to hypomania and mania: differential neurochemical, neuropsychological, and pharmacologic triggers and their mechanisms. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 12(6), 512-521 (2010).
161. Pavuluri MN, Passarotti AM, Parnes SA, Fitzgerald JM, Sweeney, JA. A pharmacological fMRI study probing the interface of cognitive and emotional brain systems in pediatric bipolar disorder. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. 20(5), 395-406 (2010).
162. Pavuluri MN, Passarotti AM, Fitzgerald JM, Sweeney JA. Risperidone and divalproex differentially engange the fronto-striato- temporal circuitry in pediatric mania: a pharmacological fMRI study. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry (2011) (In press).
163. Pavuluri MN, Passarotti AM, Mohammed T, Carbray J, Sweeney JA. Enhanced working and verbal memory after lamotrigine treatment in pediatric bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 12(2), 213-220 (2010).
164. Pavuluri MN, Passarotti AM, Lu LH, Carbray JA, Sweeney JA. Double-blind randomized trial of risperidone versus divalproex in pediatric bipolar disorder: fMRI outcomes. Psychiatry Res. (In press).
165. Kessler RC, Berglund, P, et al. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national Comorbidity Survey replication. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62(6), 593-602 (2005). (Pubitemid 40973434)
166. Insel TR. Foreword. Developmental cognitive neuroscience. Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. 1, 1-2 (2011).
167. Rich BA, Schmajuk M, Perez-Edgar KE, Fox NA, Pine DS, Leibenluft E. Different psychophysiological and behavioral responses elicited by frustration in pediatric bipolar disorder and severe mood dysregulation. Am. J. Psychiatry 164, 309-317 (2007).
168. Calhoun V, Wu L, Kiehl K, Eichele T, Pearlson G. Aberrant processing of deviant stimuli in schizophrenia revealed by fusion of fMRI and EEG data. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 22(3), 127-138 (2010).
169. Stevens MC. The developmental cognitive neuroscience of functional connectivity. Brain Cogn. 70, 1-12 (2009).
170. Calhoun VD, Maciejewski PK, Pearlson GD, Kiehl KA. Temporal lobe and 'default' hemodynamic brain modes discriminate between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Hum. Brain Mapp. 29(11), 1265-1275 (2008).
171. Zhu CZ, Zang YF, Cao QJ, et al. Fisher discriminative analysis of resting-state brain function for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuroimage 40, 110-120 (2008).
172. Castellanos FX, Margulies DS, Kelly C, et al. Cingulate-precuneus interactions: a new locus of dysfunction in adult attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 63, 332-337 (2008).
173. Rich BA, Fromm SJ, Berghorst LH, et al. Neural connectivity in children with bipolar disorder: impairment in the face emotion processing circuit. J Child Psychol. Psychiatry 49(1), 88-96 (2008).
174. Stevens MC, Kiehl KA, Pearlson GD, Calhoun VD. Functional neural networks underlying response inhibition in adolescents and adults. Behav. Brain Res. 181(1), 12-22 (2007).
175. Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, et al. Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 57(11), 1313-1323 (2005). (Pubitemid 40798551)
176. Stein MA, Waldman ID, Sarampote CS,, et al. Dopamine transporter genotype and methylphenidate dose-response in children with ADHD. Neuropsychopharmacology 30, 1374-1382 (2005). (Pubitemid 40848091)
177. Stollstoff MA, Foss-Feig J, Cook EH, Stein MA, Gaillard WD. Neural response to working memory load varies by dopamine transporter genotype in children. Neuroimage 53, 970-977 (2010).
178. MacQueen GM, Hajek T, Alda M. The phenotypes of bipolar disorder: relevance for genetic investigations. Mol. Psychiatry 10(9), 811-826 (2005). (Pubitemid 43080115)
179. Gau SS, Shang CY. Executive functions as endophenotypes in ADHD: evidence from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Battery (CANTAB). J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry. 51(7), 838-849 (2010).
180. Fan J, Fossella J, Sommer T, Wu Y, Posner MI. Mapping the genetic variation of executive attention onto brain activity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 7406-7411 (2003). (Pubitemid 36706450)
181. Gourovitch ML, Torrey EF, Gold JM, Randolph C, Weinberger DR, Goldberg TE. Neuropsychological performance of monozygotic twins discordant for bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 45, 639-646 (1999). (Pubitemid 29147374)
182. Kulkarni SK. Re-engineering pharmacology teaching and research: can we adopt translational approach? Indian J. Pharmacol. 42(5), 259-260 (2010).
183. Zalla T, Joyce C, Szoke A, et al. Executive dysfunctions as potential markers of familial vulnerability to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 121(3), 207-271 (2004).
184. Ladouceur CD, Almeida JR, Birmaher B, et al. Subcortical gray matter volume abnormalities in healthy bipolar offspring: potential neuroanatomical risk marker for bipolar disorder? J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 47(5), 532-539 (2008). (Pubitemid 351591602)
185. Donnelly M, Haby MM, Carter R, Andrews G, Vos T. Cost-effectiveness of dexamphetamine and metylphenidate for the treatment of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Aust. NZ J. Psychatry 38, 592-601 (2004). (Pubitemid 39199486)
186. Wozniak J, Biederman J, Mundy E, Mennin D, Faraone SV. A pilot family study of childhood-onset mania. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 34(12), 1577-1583 (2005).