Anterior cingulate cortex dysfunction in attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder revealed by fMRI and the Counting Stroop

Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 45, Issue 12, 1999, Pages 1542-1552

  Bush, George ^a,b   Frazier, Jean A ^a   Rauch, Scott L ^a   Seidman, Larry J ^a   Whalen, Paul J ^a   Jenike, Michael A ^a   Rosen, Bruce R ^a,b   Biederman, Joseph ^a  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Attention; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Cingulate cortex; Cognitive interference; Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); Stroop

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CINGULATE GYRUS; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITION; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPONSE TIME;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; CEREBRAL CORTEX; COGNITION DISORDERS; FEMALE; GYRUS CINGULI; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; REACTION TIME; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

EID: 0000925786     PISSN: 00063223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00083-9     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. 1994;American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC.
2. Badgaiyan R.D., Posner M.I. Mapping the cingulate cortex in response selection and monitoring. Neuroimage. 7:1998;255-260.
3. Barkley R.A. Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD . Psychol Bull. 121:1997;65-94.
4. Barkley R.A., Grodzinsky G., DuPaul G.J. Frontal lobe functions in attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity A review and research report . J Abnorm Child Psychol. 20:1992;163-188.
5. Bench C.J., Frith C.D., Grasby P.M., Friston K.J., Paulesu E., Frackowiak R.S.J., et al. Investigations of the functional anatomy of attention using the Stroop test. Neuropsychologia. 31:1993;907-922.
6. Benes F.M. Relationship of cingulate cortex to schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. Vogt B.A., Gabriel M. Neurobiology of Cingulate Cortex and Limbic Thalamus A Comprehensive Handbook . 1993;581-605 Birkhäuser, Boston.
7. Biederman J. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder A life-span perspective . J Clin Psychiatry. 59:(suppl 7):1998;4-16.
8. Bush G., Kennedy D., Jiang A., Talavage T. An automated system of localization and characterization of functional MRI activations in four dimensions. NeuroImage. 3:1996;S55.
9. Bush G., Rosen B., Belliveau J., Reppas J., Rauch S.L., Kennedy D.N., et al. A functional magnetic resonance study of selective and divided attention during visual discriminations of shape, speed and color. Soc Neurosci Abstr. 21:(2):1995;936.
10. Bush G., Whalen P.J., Rosen B.R., Jenike M.A., McInerney S.C., Rauch S.L. The Counting Stroop An interference task specialized for functional neuroimaging - validation study with functional MRI . Hum Brain Map. 6:1998;270-282.
11. Carter C.S., Braver T.S., Barch D.M., Botvinick M.M., Noll D., Cohen J.D. Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance. Science. 280:1998;747-749.
12. Carter C.S., Krener P., Charderjian M., Northcutt C., Wolfe V. Abnormal processing of irrelevant information in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res. 56:1995;59-70.
13. 15O PET study of Stroop task performance . NeuroImage. 2:1995;264-272.
14. 2O PET study during single-trial Stroop task performance . Am J Psychiatry. 154:1997;1670-1675.
15. Casey B.J., Castellanos F.X., Giedd J.N., Marsh W.L., Hamburger S.D., Schubert A.B., et al. Implication of right frontostriatal circuitry in response inhibition and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 36:1997;374-383.
16. Casey B.J., Trainor R., Giedd J., Vauss Y., Vaituzis C.K., Hamburger S., et al. The role of the anterior cingulate in automatic and controlled processes A developmental neuroanatomical study . Dev Psychobiol. 30:1997;61-69.
17. Casey B.J., Trainor R., Orendi J.L., Shubert A.B., Nystrom L.E., Giedd J.N., et al. A developmental functional MRI study of prefrontal activation during performance of a go-no-go task. J Cogn Neurosci. 9:1997;835-847.
18. Castellanos F.X. Toward a pathophysiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 36:1997;381-393.
19. Cohen J.D., Dunbar K., McClelland J.L. On the control of automatic processes A parallel distributed processing account of the Stroop effect . Psychol Rev. 97:1990;332-361.
20. Cohen J.D., Perlstein W.M., Braver T.S., Nystrom L.E., Noll D.C., Jonides J., et al. Temporal dynamics of brain activation during a working memory task. Nature. 386:1997;604-607.
21. Corbetta M., Miezen F.M., Dobmeyer S., Shulman G.L., Petersen S.E. Selective and divided attention during visual discriminations of shape, color, and speed Functional anatomy by positron emission tomography . J Neurosci. 11:1991;2383-2402.
22. Courtney S.M., Ungerleider L.G., Keil K., Haxby J.V. Object and spatial visual working memory activate separate neural systems in human cortex. Cereb Cortex. 6:1996;39-49.
23. Derbyshire S.W.G., Vogt B.A., Jones A.K.P. Pain and Stroop interference tasks activate separate processing modules in anterior cingulate cortex. Exp Brain Res. 118:1998;52-60.
24. Devinsky O., Morrell M.J., Vogt B.A. Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex to behaviour. Brain. 118:1995;279-306.
25. Dolan R.J., Fletcher P., Frith C.D., Friston K.J., Frackowiak R.S., Grasby P.M. Dopaminergic modulation of impaired cognitive activation in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia. Nature. 378:1995;180-182.
26. Drevets W.C., Price J.L., Simpson J.R. Jr, Todd R.D., Reich T., Vannier M., et al. Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders. Nature. 386:1997;824-827.
27. Drevets W.C., Raichle M.E. Reciprocal suppression of regional cerebral blood flow during emotional versus higher cognitive processes Implications for interactions between emotion and cognition . Cogn Emotion. 12:1998;353-385.
28. Ernst M. Dopaminergic function in ADHD. Dopaminergic Disorders Novel Approaches for Drug Discovery and Development . 1998;235-260 IBC, Southborough, MA.
29. Ernst M., Zametkin A.J., Matochik J.A., Jons P.H., Cohen R.M. DOPA decarboxylase activity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adults. A [fluorine-18]fluorodopa positron emission tomographic study. J Neurosci. 18:1998;5901-5907.
30. Friston K.J., Frith C.D., Fletcher P., Liddle P.F., Frackowiak R.S. Functional topography Multidimensional scaling and functional connectivity in the brain . Cereb Cortex. 6:1996;156-164.
31. Frith C.D., Friston K.J., Liddle P.F., Frackowiak R.S.J. A PET study of word finding. Neuropsychologia. 29:1991;1137-1148.
32. 15O PET study of the Stroop and an emotional Stroop . Hum Brain Map. 1:1994;194-209.
33. George M.S., Ketter T.A., Parekh P.I., Rosinsky N., Ring H., Pazzeglia P.J., et al. Blunted left cingulate activation in mood disorder subjects during a response interference task (the Stroop). J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 9:1997;55-63.
34. Goldman-Rakic P.S. Topography of cognition Parallel distributed networks in primate association cortex . Ann Rev Neurosci. 11:1988;137-156.
35. Goldman-Rakic P.S., Chafee M., Friedman H. Allocation of function in distributed circuits. Ono T., Squire L.R., Raichle M.E., Perrett D.I., Fukuda T. Brain Mechanisms of Perception and Memory From Neuron to Behavior . 1993;445-456 Oxford University Press, New York.
36. Heilman K.M., Voeller K.K.S., Nadeau S.E. A possible pathophysiologic substrate of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Neurol. 6:1991;S76-S81.
37. Hollingshead A.B. Four Factor Index of Social Status. 1975;Yale University, Department of Sociology, New Haven.
38. Jastak J.F., Jastak S. The Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised. 1985;Jastak Associates, Wilmington, Delaware.
39. Jonides J., Schumacher E.H., Smith E.E., Lauber E.J., Awh E., Minoshima S., et al. Verbal working memory load affects regional brain activation as measured by PET. J Cogn Neurosci. 9:1997;462-475.
40. Kawashima R., Satoh K., Itoh H., Ono S., Furumoto S., Gotoh R., et al. Functional anatomy of go/no-go discrimination and response selection - a PET study in man. Brain Res. 728:1996;79-89.
41. Lane R.D., Reiman E.M., Axelrod B., Yun L.S., Holmes A., Schwartz G.E. Neural correlates of levels of emotional awareness. Evidence of an interaction between emotion and attention in the anterior cingulate cortex. J Cogn Neurosci. 10:1998;525-535.
42. Larrue V., Celsis P., Bes A., Marc-Vergnes J.P. The functional anatomy of attention in humans Cerebral blood flow changes induced by reading, naming, and the Stroop effect . J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 14:1994;958-962.
43. Lou H.C. Etiology and pathogenesis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Significance of prematurity and perinatal hypoxic-haemodynamic encephalopathy . Acta Paediatr. 85:1996;1266-1271.
44. MacLeod C.M. Half a century of research on the Stroop effect An integrative review . Psychol Bull. 109:1991;163-203.
45. Mattay V.S., Berman K.F., Ostrem J.L., Esposito G., Van Horn J.D., Bigelow L.B., et al. Dextroamphetamine enhances "neural network-specific" physiological signals; a positron-emission tomography rCBF study. J Neurosci. 16:1996;4816-4822.
46. Mayberg H.S. Limbic-cortical dysregulation A proposed model of depression . J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 9:1997;471-481.
47. Mega M.S., Cummings J.L., Salloway S., Malloy P. The limbic system An anatomic, phylogenetic, and clinical perspective . J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 9:1997;315-330.
48. Murtha S., Chertkow H., Beauregard M., Dixon R., Evans A. Anticipation causes increased blood flow to the anterior cingulate cortex. Hum Brain Map. 4:1996;103-112.
49. Nyberg L., McIntosh A.R., Cabeza R., Nilsson L.G., Houle S., Habib R., et al. Network analysis of positron emission tomography regional cerebral blood flow data Ensemble inhibition during episodic memory retrieval . J Neurosci. 16:1996;3753-3759.
50. Oldfield R.C. The assessment and analysis of handedness The Edinburgh Inventory . Neuropsycholgia. 9:1971;97-113.
51. Pardo J.V., Pardo P.J., Janer K.W., Raichle M.E. The anterior cingulate cortex mediates processing selection in the Stroop attentional conflict paradigm. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A. 87:1990;256-259.
52. Paus T., Koski L., Caramanos Z., Westbury C. Regional differences in the effects of task difficulty and motor output on blood flow response in the human anterior cingulate cortex a review of 107 PET activation studies . Neuroreport. 9:1998;R37-R47.
53. Paus T., Petrides M., Evans A.C., Meyer E. Role of the human anterior cingulate cortex in the control of oculomotor, manual, and speech responses A positron emission tomography study . J Neurophysiol. 70:1993;453-469.
54. Petersen S.E., Fox P.T., Posner M.I., Mintun M., Raichle M.E. Positron emission tomographic studies of the cortical anatomy of single-word processing. Nature. 331:1988;585-589.
55. Petit L., Courtney S.M., Ungerleider L.G., Haxby J.V. Sustained activity in the medial wall during working memory delays. J Neurosci. 18:1998;9429-9437.
56. Picard N., Strick P.L. Motor areas of the medial wall A review of their location and functional activation . Cereb Cortex. 6:1996;342-353.
57. Posner M.I., Petersen S.E. The attention system of the human brain. Annu Rev Neurosci. 13:1990;25-42.
58. Posner MI, Rothbart MK (in press). Attention, self regulation and consciousness. Philosoph Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 353:1915-1927.
59. Raichle M.E., Fiez J.A., Videen T.O., MacLeod A.K., Pardo J.V., Fox P.T., et al. Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning. Cereb Cortex. 4:1994;8-26.
60. 2 and positron emission tomography. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1:1994;62-70.
61. Rauch S.L., Savage C.R., Alpert N.M., Fischman A.J., Jenike M.A. The functional neuroanatomy of anxiety A study of three disorders using positron emission tomography and symptom provocation . Biol Psychiatry. 42:1997;446-452.
62. Schachar R., Tannock R., Marriott M., Logan G. Deficient inhibitory control in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 23:1995;411-437.
63. Schumacher E.H., Lauber E., Awh E., Jonides J., Smith E.E., Koeppe R.A. PET evidence for an amodal verbal working memory system. NeuroImage. 3:1996;79-88.
64. Seidman L.J., Biederman J., Faraone S.V., Milberger S., Norman D., Seiverd K., et al. Effects of family history on the neuropsychological performance of ADHD children Preliminary findings . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 34:1995;1015-1024.
65. Seidman L.J., Biederman J., Faraone S.V., Weber W., Ouellette C. Toward defining a neuropsychology of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder Performance of children and adolescents from a large clinically referred sample . J Consult Clin Psychol. 65:1997;150-160.
66. Seidman L.J., Biederman J., Weber W., Hatch M., Faraone S.V. Neuropsychological function in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 44:1998;260-268.
67. Shaywitz B.A., Fletcher J.M., Shaywitz S.E. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Adv Pediatr. 44:1997;331-367.
68. Smith E.E., Jonides J., Koeppe R.A. Dissociating verbal and spatial working memory using PET. Cereb Cortex. 6:1996;11-20.
69. Smith E.E., Jonides J., Koeppe R.A., Awh E., Schumacher E.H., Minoshima S. Spatial versus object working memory PET investigations . J Cogn Neurosci. 7:1995;337-356.
70. Solanto M.V. Neuropsychopharmacological mechanisms of stimulant drug action in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder A review and integration . Behav Brain Res. 94:1998;127-152.
71. Spencer T., Biederman J., Wilens T.E., Faraone S.V. Adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder a controversial diagnosis . J Clin Psychiatry. 59:(suppl 7):1998;59-68.
72. Spitzer R.L., Williams J.B., Gibbon M., First M.B. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). I History, rationale, and description . Arch Gen Psychiatry. 49:1992;624-629.
73. Stroop J.R. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. J Exp Psychol. 18:1935;643-662.
74. Swanson J., Castellanos F.X., Murias M., LaHoste G., Kennedy J. Cognitive neuroscience of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and hyperkinetic disorder. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 8:1998;263-271.
75. Talairach J., Tournoux P. Co-planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain. 1988;Thieme Medical Publishers, Stuttgart.
76. Tannock R. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Advances in cognitive, neurobiological, and genetic research . J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 39:1998;65-99.
77. Taylor S.F., Kornblum S., Lauber E.J., Minoshima S., Koeppe R.A. Isolation of specific interference processing in the Stroop task PET activation studies . NeuroImage. 6:1997;81-92.
78. Taylor S.F., Kornblum S., Minoshima S., Oliver L.M., Koeppe R.A. Changes in medial cortical blood flow with a stimulus-response compatibility task. Neuropsychologia. 32:1994;249-255.
79. Vaidya C.J., Austin G., Kirkorian G., Ridlehuber H.W., Desmond J.E., Glover G.H., et al. Selective effects of methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder A functional magnetic resonance study . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95:1998;14494-14499.
80. Vogt B.A. Structural organization of cingulate cortex Areas, neurons, and somatodendritic transmitter receptors . Vogt B.A., Gabriel M. Neurobiology of Cingulate Cortex and Limbic Thalamus A Comprehensive Handbook . 1993;19-70 Birkhäuser, Boston.
81. Vogt B.A., Finch D.M., Olson C.R. Functional heterogeneity in cingulate cortex The anterior executive and posterior evaluative regions. (Review) . Cereb Cortex. 2:1992;435-443.
82. Vogt B.A., Nimchinsky E.A., Vogt L.J., Hof P.R. Human cingulate cortex Surface features, flat maps, and cytoarchitecture . J Comp Neurol. 359:1995;490-506.
83. Wechsler D. Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, revised. 1981;The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio.
84. Whalen P.J., Bush G., McNally R., Wilhelm S., McInerney S.C., Jenike M.A., et al. The emotional counting Stroop paradigm A functional magnetic resonance imaging probe of the anterior cingulate affective division . Biol Psychiatry. 44:1998;1219-1228.
85. Zametkin A.J., Liotta W. The neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 59:(suppl 7):1998;17-23.
86. Zametkin A.J., Nordahl T.E., Gross M., King A.C., Semple W.E., Rumsey J., et al. Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with hyperactivity of childhood onset. NEJM. 323:1990;1361-1366.