Circadian rhythms, the molecular clock, and skeletal muscle

Current Topics in Developmental Biology

Volumn 96, Issue , 2011, Pages 231-271

  Lefta, Mellani ^a   Wolff, Gretchen ^a   Esser, Karyn A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

Author keywords

Circadian Rhythms; Molecular Clock; MyoD; PGC 1; Skeletal Muscle Metabolism; Skeletal Muscle Pathology

Indexed keywords

TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR CLOCK;

ANIMAL; BOOK; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; HUMAN; METABOLISM; PROTEIN PROCESSING; SKELETAL MUSCLE;

ANIMALS; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CLOCK PROTEINS; HUMANS; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; PROTEIN PROCESSING, POST-TRANSLATIONAL;

EID: 79957490212     PISSN: 00702153     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-385940-2.00009-7     Document Type: Book

References (162)

1. Akashi M., Tsuchiya Y., Yoshino T., Nishida E. Control of intracellular dynamics of mammalian period proteins by casein kinase I epsilon (CKIepsilon) and CKIdelta in cultured cells. Mol. Cell Biol. 2002, 22:1693-1703.
2. Albrecht U. Invited review: regulation of mammalian circadian clock genes. J. Appl. Physiol. 2002, 92:1348-1355.
3. Albrecht U., Oster H. The circadian clock and behavior. Behav. Brain Res. 2001, 125:89-91.
4. Almon R.R., Yang E., Lai W., Androulakis I.P., Ghimbovschi S., Hoffman E.P., Jusko W.J., Dubois D.C. Relationships between circadian rhythms and modulation of gene expression by glucocorticoids in skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2008, 295:R1031-R1047.
5. Andre E., Conquet F., Steinmayr M., Stratton S.C., Porciatti V., Becker-Andre M. Disruption of retinoid-related orphan receptor beta changes circadian behavior, causes retinal degeneration and leads to vacillans phenotype in mice. EMBO J. 1998, 17:3867-3877.
6. Andrews J.L., Zhang X., McCarthy J.J., McDearmon E.L., Hornberger T.A., Russell B., Campbell K.S., Arbogast S., Reid M.B., Walker J.R., Hogenesch J.B., Takahashi J.S., et al. CLOCK and BMAL1 regulate MyoD and are necessary for maintenance of skeletal muscle phenotype and function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107:19090-19095.
7. Angeles-Castellanos M., Mendoza J., Diaz-Munoz M., Escobar C. Food entrainment modifies the c-Fos expression pattern in brain stem nuclei of rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2005, 288:R678-R684.
8. Angeles-Castellanos M., Mendoza J., Escobar C. Restricted feeding schedules phase shift daily rhythms of c-Fos and protein Per1 immunoreactivity in corticolimbic regions in rats. Neuroscience 2007, 144:344-355.
9. Antoch M.P., Song E.J., Chang A.M., Vitaterna M.H., Zhao Y., Wilsbacher L.D., Sangoram A.M., King D.P., Pinto L.H., Takahashi J.S. Functional identification of the mouse circadian Clock gene by transgenic BAC rescue. Cell 1997, 89:655-667.
10. Aschoff J. Exogenous and endogenous components in circadian rhythms. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 1960, 25:11-28.
11. Aschoff J. Human circadian rhythms in activity, body temperature and other functions. Life Sci. Space Res. 1967, 5:159-173.
12. Aschoff J. Features of circadian rhythms relevant for the design of shift schedules. Ergonomics 1978, 21:739-754.
13. Aschoff J. Interdependence between locomotor activity and duration of wakefulness in humans during isolation. Experientia 1990, 46:870-871.
14. Aschoff J. Circadian parameters as individual characteristics. J. Biol. Rhythms 1998, 13:123-131.
15. Aschoff J. Masking and parametric effects of high-frequency light-dark cycles. Jpn. J. Physiol. 1999, 49:11-18.
16. Aschoff J., Hoffmann K., Pohl H., Wever R. Re-entrainment of circadian rhythms after phase-shifts of the Zeitgeber. Chronobiologia 1975, 2:23-78.
17. Aschoff J., Wever R. Human circadian rhythms: a multioscillatory system. Fed. Proc. 1976, 35:236. 232.
18. Asher G., Gatfield D., Stratmann M., Reinke H., Dibner C., Kreppel F., Mostoslavsky R., Alt F.W., Schibler U. SIRT1 regulates circadian clock gene expression through PER2 deacetylation. Cell 2008, 134:317-328.
19. Bae K., Lee K., Seo Y., Lee H., Kim D., Choi I. Differential effects of two period genes on the physiology and proteomic profiles of mouse anterior tibialis muscles. Mol. Cells 2006, 22:275-284.
20. Bergstrom D.A., Penn B.H., Strand A., Perry R.L., Rudnicki M.A., Tapscott S.J. Promoter-specific regulation of MyoD binding and signal transduction cooperate to pattern gene expression. Mol. Cell 2002, 9:587-600.
21. Bunger M.K., Walisser J.A., Sullivan R., Manley P.A., Moran S.M., Kalscheur V.L., Colman R.J., Bradfield C.A. Progressive arthropathy in mice with a targeted disruption of the Mop3/Bmal-1 locus. Genesis 2005, 41:122-132.
22. Bunger M.K., Wilsbacher L.D., Moran S.M., Clendenin C., Radcliffe L.A., Hogenesch J.B., Simon M.C., Takahashi J.S., Bradfield C.A. Mop3 is an essential component of the master circadian pacemaker in mammals. Cell 2000, 103:1009-1017.
23. Busino L., Bassermann F., Maiolica A., Lee C., Nolan P.M., Godinho S.I., Draetta G.F., Pagano M. SCFFbxl3 controls the oscillation of the circadian clock by directing the degradation of cryptochrome proteins. Science 2007, 316:900-904.
24. Castillo M.R., Hochstetler K.J., Tavernier R.J., Greene D.M., Bult-Ito A. Entrainment of the master circadian clock by scheduled feeding. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2004, 287:R551-R555.
25. Chergui K., Svenningsson P., Greengard P. Physiological role for casein kinase 1 in glutamatergic synaptic transmission. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25:6601-6609.
26. Cuadrado A., Nebreda A.R. Mechanisms and functions of p38 MAPK signalling. Biochem. J. 2010, 429:403-417.
27. Czeisler C.A., Weitzman E., Moore-Ede M.C., Zimmerman J.C., Knauer R.S. Human sleep: its duration and organization depend on its circadian phase. Science 1980, 210:1264-1267.
28. Damiola F., Le Minh N., Preitner N., Kornmann B., Fleury-Olela F., Schibler U. Restricted feeding uncouples circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues from the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Genes Dev. 2000, 14:2950-2961.
29. Davidson A.J., Sellix M.T., Daniel J., Yamazaki S., Menaker M., Block G.D. Chronic jet-lag increases mortality in aged mice. Curr. Biol. 2006, 16:R914-R916.
30. Davidson A.J., Stokkan K.A., Yamazaki S., Menaker M. Food-anticipatory activity and liver per1-luc activity in diabetic transgenic rats. Physiol. Behav. 2002, 76:21-26.
31. DeCoursey P.J., Buggy J. Circadian rhythmicity after neural transplant to hamster third ventricle: specificity of suprachiasmatic nuclei. Brain Res. 1989, 500:263-275.
32. Devlin P.F., Kay S.A. Circadian photoperception. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2001, 63:677-694.
33. Dey J., Carr A.J., Cagampang F.R., Semikhodskii A.S., Loudon A.S., Hastings M.H., Maywood E.S. The tau mutation in the Syrian hamster differentially reprograms the circadian clock in the SCN and peripheral tissues. J. Biol. Rhythms 2005, 20:99-110.
34. Diaz-Munoz M., Vazquez-Martinez O., Aguilar-Roblero R., Escobar C. Anticipatory changes in liver metabolism and entrainment of insulin, glucagon, and corticosterone in food-restricted rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2000, 279:R2048-R2056.
35. Doi M., Hirayama J., Sassone-Corsi P. Circadian regulator CLOCK is a histone acetyltransferase. Cell 2006, 125:497-508.
36. Edgar D.M., Dement W.C. Regularly scheduled voluntary exercise synchronizes the mouse circadian clock. Am. J. Physiol. 1991, 261:R928-R933.
37. Eide E.J., Vielhaber E.L., Hinz W.A., Virshup D.M. The circadian regulatory proteins BMAL1 and cryptochromes are substrates of casein kinase Iepsilon. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:17248-17254.
38. Eide E.J., Woolf M.F., Kang H., Woolf P., Hurst W., Camacho F., Vielhaber E.L., Giovanni A., Virshup D.M. Control of mammalian circadian rhythm by CKIepsilon-regulated proteasome-mediated PER2 degradation. Mol. Cell Biol. 2005, 25:2795-2807.
39. Escobar C., Diaz-Munoz M., Encinas F., Aguilar-Roblero R. Persistence of metabolic rhythmicity during fasting and its entrainment by restricted feeding schedules in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 1998, 274:R1309-R1316.
40. Etchegaray J.P., Lee C., Wade P.A., Reppert S.M. Rhythmic histone acetylation underlies transcription in the mammalian circadian clock. Nature 2003, 421:177-182.
41. Feillet C.A., Albrecht U., Challet E. "Feeding time" for the brain: a matter of clocks. J. Physiol. Paris 2006, 100:252-260.
42. Filipski E., King V.M., Li X., Granda T.G., Mormont M.C., Liu X., Claustrat B., Hastings M.H., Levi F. Host circadian clock as a control point in tumor progression. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2002, 94:690-697.
43. Fulco M., Schiltz R.L., Iezzi S., King M.T., Zhao P., Kashiwaya Y., Hoffman E., Veech R.L., Sartorelli V. Sir2 regulates skeletal muscle differentiation as a potential sensor of the redox state. Mol. Cell 2003, 12:51-62.
44. Gekakis N., Staknis D., Nguyen H.B., Davis F.C., Wilsbacher L.D., King D.P., Takahashi J.S., Weitz C.J. Role of the CLOCK protein in the mammalian circadian mechanism. Science 1998, 280:1564-1569.
45. Gibbs F.P. Correlation of plasma corticosterone levels with running activity in the blinded rat. Am. J. Physiol. 1976, 231:817-821.
46. Godinho S.I., Maywood E.S., Shaw L., Tucci V., Barnard A.R., Busino L., Pagano M., Kendall R., Quwailid M.M., Romero M.R., O'Neill J., Chesham J.E., et al. The after-hours mutant reveals a role for Fbxl3 in determining mammalian circadian period. Science 2007, 316:897-900.
47. Grundschober C., Delaunay F., Puhlhofer A., Triqueneaux G., Laudet V., Bartfai T., Nef P. Circadian regulation of diverse gene products revealed by mRNA expression profiling of synchronized fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:46751-46758.
48. Guillaumond F., Dardente H., Giguere V., Cermakian N. Differential control of Bmal1 circadian transcription by REV-ERB and ROR nuclear receptors. J. Biol. Rhythms 2005, 20:391-403.
49. Guo H., Brewer J.M., Champhekar A., Harris R.B., Bittman E.L. Differential control of peripheral circadian rhythms by suprachiasmatic-dependent neural signals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102:3111-3116.
50. Halberg F. Chronobiology. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 1969, 31:675-725.
51. Halberg F., Carandente F., Cornelissen G., Katinas G.S. Glossary of chronobiology (author's transl). Chronobiologia 1977, 4(Suppl 1):1-189.
52. Halberg F., Cornelissen G. Rhythms and blood pressure. Ann. Ist Super Sanita 1993, 29:647-665.
53. Halberg F., Engeli M., Hamburger C., Hillman D. Spectral resolution of low-frequency, small-amplitude rhythms in excreted 17-ketosteroids; probable androgen-induced circaseptan desynchronization. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh) 1965, 50(Suppl. 103):101-154.
54. Halberg F., Peterson R.E., Silber R.H. Phase relations of 24-hour periodicities in blood corticosterone, mitoses in cortical adrenal parenchyma, and total body activity. Endocrinology 1959, 64:222-230.
55. Hara R., Wan K., Wakamatsu H., Aida R., Moriya T., Akiyama M., Shibata S. Restricted feeding entrains liver clock without participation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Genes Cells 2001, 6:269-278.
56. Harada Y., Sakai M., Kurabayashi N., Hirota T., Fukada Y. Ser-557-phosphorylated mCRY2 is degraded upon synergistic phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:31714-31721.
57. Harmer S.L., Panda S., Kay S.A. Molecular bases of circadian rhythms. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 2001, 17:215-253.
58. Harrington M.E., Eskes G.A., Dickson P., Rusak B. Lesions dorsal to the suprachiasmatic nuclei abolish split activity rhythms of hamsters. Brain Res. Bull 1990, 24:593-597.
59. Hastings M.H., Maywood E.S., Reddy A.B. Two decades of circadian time. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2008, 20:812-819.
60. Haus E., Halberg F. 24-Hour rhythm in susceptibility of C mice to a toxic dose of ethanol. J. Appl. Physiol. 1959, 14:878-880.
61. Hirayama J., Sahar S., Grimaldi B., Tamaru T., Takamatsu K., Nakahata Y., Sassone-Corsi P. CLOCK-mediated acetylation of BMAL1 controls circadian function. Nature 2007, 450:1086-1090.
62. Hiroshige T., Honma K., Honma S. SCN-independent circadian oscillators in the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 1991, 27:441-445.
63. Hirota T., Lewis W.G., Liu A.C., Lee J.W., Schultz P.G., Kay S.A. A chemical biology approach reveals period shortening of the mammalian circadian clock by specific inhibition of GSK-3beta. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105:20746-20751.
64. Hogenesch J.B., Gu Y.Z., Jain S., Bradfield C.A. The basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS orphan MOP3 forms transcriptionally active complexes with circadian and hypoxia factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95:5474-5479.
65. Holmes M.M., Mistlberger R.E. Food anticipatory activity and photic entrainment in food-restricted BALB/c mice. Physiol. Behav. 2000, 68:655-666.
66. Holzberg D., Albrecht U. The circadian clock: a manager of biochemical processes within the organism. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2003, 15:339-343.
67. Honma K., Honma S., Hiroshige T. Activity rhythms in the circadian domain appear in suprachiasmatic nuclei lesioned rats given methamphetamine. Physiol. Behav. 1987, 40:767-774.
68. Honma K., von Goetz C., Aschoff J. Effects of restricted daily feeding on freerunning circadian rhythms in rats. Physiol. Behav. 1983, 30:905-913.
69. Iijima M., Nikaido T., Akiyama M., Moriya T., Shibata S. Methamphetamine-induced, suprachiasmatic nucleus-independent circadian rhythms of activity and mPer gene expression in the striatum of the mouse. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2002, 16:921-929.
70. Iitaka C., Miyazaki K., Akaike T., Ishida N. A role for glycogen synthase kinase-3beta in the mammalian circadian clock. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:29397-29402.
71. Izumo M., Johnson C.H., Yamazaki S. Circadian gene expression in mammalian fibroblasts revealed by real-time luminescence reporting: temperature compensation and damping. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100:16089-16094.
72. Johnson R.F., Moore R.Y., Morin L.P. Loss of entrainment and anatomical plasticity after lesions of the hamster retinohypothalamic tract. Brain Res. 1988, 460:297-313.
73. Kennaway D.J., Owens J.A., Voultsios A., Boden M.J., Varcoe T.J. Metabolic homeostasis in mice with disrupted Clock gene expression in peripheral tissues. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2007, 293:R1528-R1537.
74. Kewley R.J., Whitelaw M.L., Chapman-Smith A. The mammalian basic helix-loop-helix/PAS family of transcriptional regulators. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2004, 36:189-204.
75. King D.P., Vitaterna M.H., Chang A.M., Dove W.F., Pinto L.H., Turek F.W., Takahashi J.S. The mouse Clock mutation behaves as an antimorph and maps within the W19H deletion, distal of Kit. Genetics 1997, 146:1049-1060.
76. Klimowski L.K., Garcia B.A., Shabanowitz J., Hunt D.F., Virshup D.M. Site-specific casein kinase 1epsilon-dependent phosphorylation of Dishevelled modulates beta-catenin signaling. FEBS J. 2006, 273:4594-4602.
77. Knutsson A. Health disorders of shift workers. Occup. Med. (Lond.) 2003, 53:103-108.
78. Kondratov R.V., Chernov M.V., Kondratova A.A., Gorbacheva V.Y., Gudkov A.V., Antoch M.P. BMAL1-dependent circadian oscillation of nuclear CLOCK: posttranslational events induced by dimerization of transcriptional activators of the mammalian clock system. Genes Dev. 2003, 17:1921-1932.
79. Kondratov R.V., Kondratova A.A., Gorbacheva V.Y., Vykhovanets O.V., Antoch M.P. Early aging and age-related pathologies in mice deficient in BMAL1, the core componentof the circadian clock. Genes Dev. 2006, 20:1868-1873.
80. Kume K., Zylka M.J., Sriram S., Shearman L.P., Weaver D.R., Jin X., Maywood E.S., Hastings M.H., Reppert S.M. mCRY1 and mCRY2 are essential components of the negative limb of the circadian clock feedback loop. Cell 1999, 98:193-205.
81. Lamia K.A., Sachdeva U.M., DiTacchio L., Williams E.C., Alvarez J.G., Egan D.F., Vasquez D.S., Juguilon H., Panda S., Shaw R.J., Thompson C.B., Evans R.M. AMPK regulates the circadian clock by cryptochrome phosphorylation and degradation. Science 2009, 326:437-440.
82. Laposky A., Easton A., Dugovic C., Walisser J., Bradfield C., Turek F. Deletion of the mammalian circadian clock gene BMAL1/Mop3 alters baseline sleep architecture and the response to sleep deprivation. Sleep 2005, 28:395-409.
83. Lee C., Etchegaray J.P., Cagampang F.R., Loudon A.S., Reppert S.M. Posttranslational mechanisms regulate the mammalian circadian clock. Cell 2001, 107:855-867.
84. Lehman M.N., Silver R., Gladstone W.R., Kahn R.M., Gibson M., Bittman E.L. Circadian rhythmicity restored by neural transplant. Immunocytochemical characterization of the graft and its integration with the host brain. J. Neurosci. 1987, 7:1626-1638.
85. Lira V.A., Benton C.R., Yan Z., Bonen A. PGC-1alpha regulation by exercise training and its influences on muscle function and insulin sensitivity. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2010, 299:E145-E161.
86. Liu C., Li S., Liu T., Borjigin J., Lin J.D. Transcriptional coactivator PGC-1alpha integrates the mammalian clock and energy metabolism. Nature 2007, 447:477-481.
87. Lowe C.H., Hinds D.S., Lardner P.J., Justice K.E. Natural free-running period in vertebrate animal populations. Science 1967, 156:531-534.
88. Lowrey P.L., Shimomura K., Antoch M.P., Yamazaki S., Zemenides P.D., Ralph M.R., Menaker M., Takahashi J.S. Positional syntenic cloning and functional characterization of the mammalian circadian mutation tau. Science 2000, 288:483-492.
89. Lowrey P.L., Takahashi J.S. Mammalian circadian biology: elucidating genome-wide levels of temporal organization. Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 2004, 5:407-441.
90. Masubuchi S., Honma S., Abe H., Nakamura W., Honma K. Circadian activity rhythm in methamphetamine-treated Clock mutant mice. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2001, 14:1177-1180.
91. McCarthy J.J., Andrews J.L., McDearmon E.L., Campbell K.S., Barber B.K., Miller B.H., Walker J.R., Hogenesch J.B., Takahashi J.S., Esser K.A. Identification of the circadian transcriptome in adult mouse skeletal muscle. Physiol. Genomics 2007, 31:86-95.
92. McDearmon E.L., Patel K.N., Ko C.H., Walisser J.A., Schook A.C., Chong J.L., Wilsbacher L.D., Song E.J., Hong H.K., Bradfield C.A., Takahashi J.S. Dissecting the functions of the mammalian clock protein BMAL1 by tissue-specific rescue in mice. Science 2006, 314:1304-1308.
93. Merrow M., Spoelstra K., Roenneberg T. The circadian cycle: daily rhythms from behaviour to genes. EMBO Rep. 2005, 6:930-935.
94. Mieda M., Williams S.C., Richardson J.A., Tanaka K., Yanagisawa M. The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus as a putative food-entrainable circadian pacemaker. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103:12150-12155.
95. Miller B.H., McDearmon E.L., Panda S., Hayes K.R., Zhang J., Andrews J.L., Antoch M.P., Walker J.R., Esser K.A., Hogenesch J.B., Takahashi J.S. Circadian and CLOCK-controlled regulation of the mouse transcriptome and cell proliferation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104:3342-3347.
96. Mistlberger R.E. Effects of daily schedules of forced activity on free-running rhythms in the rat. J. Biol. Rhythms 1991, 6:71-80.
97. Mistlberger R.E. Circadian food-anticipatory activity: formal models and physiological mechanisms. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1994, 18:171-195.
98. Mohawk J.A., Baer M.L., Menaker M. The methamphetamine-sensitive circadian oscillator does not employ canonical clock genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106:3519-3524.
99. Molkentin J.D., Olson E.N. Defining the regulatory networks for muscle development. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 1996, 6:445-453.
100. Mrosovsky N. Locomotor activity and non-photic influences on circadian clocks. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 1996, 71:343-372.
101. Mrosovsky N. Further experiments on the relationship between the period of circadian rhythms and locomotor activity levels in hamsters. Physiol. Behav. 1999, 66:797-801.
102. Mrosovsky N., Salmon P.A., Menaker M., Ralph M.R. Nonphotic phase shifting in hamster clock mutants. J. Biol. Rhythms 1992, 7:41-49.
103. Muoio D.M., Koves T.R. Skeletal muscle adaptation to fatty acid depends on coordinated actions of the PPARs and PGC1 alpha: implications for metabolic disease. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2007, 32:874-883.
104. Nakahata Y., Kaluzova M., Grimaldi B., Sahar S., Hirayama J., Chen D., Guarente L.P., Sassone-Corsi P. The NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 modulates CLOCK-mediated chromatin remodeling and circadian control. Cell 2008, 134:329-340.
105. Obrietan K., Impey S., Storm D.R. Light and circadian rhythmicity regulate MAP kinase activation in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Nat. Neurosci. 1998, 1:693-700.
106. Oster H., Maronde E., Albrecht U. The circadian clock as a molecular calendar. Chronobiol. Int. 2002, 19:507-516.
107. Panda S., Antoch M.P., Miller B.H., Su A.I., Schook A.B., Straume M., Schultz P.G., Kay S.A., Takahashi J.S., Hogenesch J.B. Coordinated transcription of key pathways in the mouse by the circadian clock. Cell 2002, 109:307-320.
108. Preitner N., Damiola F., Lopez-Molina L., Zakany J., Duboule D., Albrecht U., Schibler U. The orphan nuclear receptor REV-ERBalpha controls circadian transcription within the positive limb of the mammalian circadian oscillator. Cell 2002, 110:251-260.
109. Puigserver P., Spiegelman B.M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha): transcriptional coactivator and metabolic regulator. Endocr. Rev. 2003, 24:78-90.
110. Qi L., Boateng S.Y. The circadian protein Clock localizes to the sarcomeric Z-disk and is a sensor of myofilament cross-bridge activity in cardiac myocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2006, 351:1054-1059.
111. Ralph M.R., Foster R.G., Davis F.C., Menaker M. Transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus determines circadian period. Science 1990, 247:975-978.
112. Ralph M.R., Menaker M. A mutation of the circadian system in golden hamsters. Science 1988, 241:1225-1227.
113. Ramsey K.M., Yoshino J., Brace C.S., Abrassart D., Kobayashi Y., Marcheva B., Hong H.K., Chong J.L., Buhr E.D., Lee C., Takahashi J.S., Imai S., et al. Circadian clock feedback cycle through NAMPT-mediated NAD+ biosynthesis. Science 2009, 324:651-654.
114. Rayasam G.V., Tulasi V.K., Sodhi R., Davis J.A., Ray A. Glycogen synthase kinase 3: more than a namesake. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2009, 156:885-898.
115. Rosbash M. The implications of multiple circadian clock origins. PLoS Biol 2009, 7:e62.
116. Rosenberg R.S., Zee P.C., Turek F.W. Phase response curves to light in young and old hamsters. Am. J. Physiol. 1991, 261:R491-R495.
117. Rudnicki M.A., Schnegelsberg P.N., Stead R.H., Braun T., Arnold H.H., Jaenisch R. MyoD or Myf-5 is required for the formation of skeletal muscle. Cell 1993, 75:1351-1359.
118. Sahar S., Zocchi L., Kinoshita C., Borrelli E., Sassone-Corsi P. Regulation of BMAL1 protein stability and circadian function by GSK3beta-mediated phosphorylation. PLoS One 2010, 5:e8561.
119. Sanada K., Harada Y., Sakai M., Todo T., Fukada Y. Serine phosphorylation of mCRY1 and mCRY2 by mitogen-activated protein kinase. Genes Cells 2004, 9:697-708.
120. Sanada K., Okano T., Fukada Y. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylates and negatively regulates basic helix-loop-helix-PAS transcription factor BMAL1. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:267-271.
121. Sangoram A.M., Saez L., Antoch M.P., Gekakis N., Staknis D., Whiteley A., Fruechte E.M., Vitaterna M.H., Shimomura K., King D.P., Young M.W., Weitz C.J., et al. Mammalian circadian autoregulatory loop: a timeless ortholog and mPer1 interact and negatively regulate CLOCK-BMAL1-induced transcription. Neuron 1998, 21:1101-1113.
122. Sato T.K., Panda S., Miraglia L.J., Reyes T.M., Rudic R.D., McNamara P., Naik K.A., FitzGerald G.A., Kay S.A., Hogenesch J.B. A functional genomics strategy reveals Rora as a component of the mammalian circadian clock. Neuron 2004, 43:527-537.
123. Satoh Y., Kawai H., Kudo N., Kawashima Y., Mitsumoto A. Time-restricted feeding entrains daily rhythms of energy metabolism in mice. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2006, 290:R1276-R1283.
124. Schibler U. The 2008 Pittendrigh/Aschoff lecture: peripheral phase coordination in the mammalian circadian timing system. J. Biol. Rhythms 2009, 24:3-15.
125. Schwartz W.J., Zimmerman P. Circadian timekeeping in BALB/c and C57BL/6 inbred mouse strains. J. Neurosci. 1990, 10:3685-3694.
126. Shearman L.P., Sriram S., Weaver D.R., Maywood E.S., Chaves I., Zheng B., Kume K., Lee C.C., van der Horst G.T., Hastings M.H., Reppert S.M. Interacting molecular loops in the mammalian circadian clock. Science 2000, 288:1013-1019.
127. Shirogane T., Jin J., Ang X.L., Harper J.W. SCFbeta-TRCP controls clock-dependent transcription via casein kinase 1-dependent degradation of the mammalian period-1 (Per1) protein. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:26863-26872.
128. Siepka S.M., Yoo S.H., Park J., Song W., Kumar V., Hu Y., Lee C., Takahashi J.S. Circadian mutant Overtime reveals F-box protein FBXL3 regulation of cryptochrome and period gene expression. Cell 2007, 129:1011-1023.
129. Spengler M.L., Kuropatwinski K.K., Schumer M., Antoch M.P. A serine cluster mediates BMAL1-dependent CLOCK phosphorylation and degradation. Cell Cycle 2009, 8:4138-4146.
130. Stephan F.K. Circadian rhythms in the rat: constant darkness, entrainment to T cycles and to skeleton photoperiods. Physiol. Behav. 1983, 30:451-462.
131. Stephan F.K., Swann J.M., Sisk C.L. Entrainment of circadian rhythms by feeding schedules in rats with suprachiasmatic lesions. Behav. Neural. Biol. 1979, 25:545-554.
132. Stephan F.K., Zucker I. Circadian rhythms in drinking behavior and locomotor activity of rats are eliminated by hypothalamic lesions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1972, 69:1583-1586.
133. Stokkan K.A., Yamazaki S., Tei H., Sakaki Y., Menaker M. Entrainment of the circadian clock in the liver by feeding. Science 2001, 291:490-493.
134. Storch K.F., Lipan O., Leykin I., Viswanathan N., Davis F.C., Wong W.H., Weitz C.J. Extensive and divergent circadian gene expression in liver and heart. Nature 2002, 417:78-83.
135. Tahara, Y., Hirao, A., Moriya, T., Kudo, T., Shibata, S., Effects of medial hypothalamic lesions on feeding-induced entrainment of locomotor activity and liver Per2 expression in Per2::luc mice. J. Biol. Rhythms25, 9-18.
136. Takahashi J.S., DeCoursey P.J., Bauman L., Menaker M. Spectral sensitivity of a novel photoreceptive system mediating entrainment of mammalian circadian rhythms. Nature 1984, 308:186-188.
137. Takahashi J.S., Hong H.K., Ko C.H., McDearmon E.L. The genetics of mammalian circadian order and disorder: implications for physiology and disease. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2008, 9:764-775.
138. Tapscott S.J. The circuitry of a master switch: Myod and the regulation of skeletal muscle gene transcription. Development 2005, 132:2685-2695.
139. Turek F.W., Penev P., Zhang Y., van Reeth O., Zee P. Effects of age on the circadian system. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1995, 19:53-58.
140. Ueda H.R., Chen W., Adachi A., Wakamatsu H., Hayashi S., Takasugi T., Nagano M., Nakahama K., Suzuki Y., Sugano S., Iino M., Shigeyoshi Y., et al. A transcription factor response element for gene expression during circadian night. Nature 2002, 418:534-539.
141. Vanselow K., Vanselow J.T., Westermark P.O., Reischl S., Maier B., Korte T., Herrmann A., Herzel H., Schlosser A., Kramer A. Differential effects of PER2 phosphorylation: molecular basis for the human familial advanced sleep phase syndrome (FASPS). Genes Dev. 2006, 20:2660-2672.
142. Vieira E., Nilsson E.C., Nerstedt A., Ormestad M., Long Y.C., Garcia-Roves P.M., Zierath J.R., Mahlapuu M. Relationship between AMPK and the transcriptional balance of clock-related genes in skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008, 295:E1032-E1037.
143. Vielhaber E., Eide E., Rivers A., Gao Z.H., Virshup D.M. Nuclear entry of the circadian regulator mPER1 is controlled by mammalian casein kinase I epsilon. Mol. Cell Biol. 2000, 20:4888-4899.
144. Vinciguerra M., Fulco M., Ladurner A., Sartorelli V., Rosenthal N. SirT1 in muscle physiology and disease: lessons from mouse models. Dis. Model Mech. 2010, 3:298-303.
145. Vitaterna M.H., King D.P., Chang A.M., Kornhauser J.M., Lowrey P.L., McDonald J.D., Dove W.F., Pinto L.H., Turek F.W., Takahashi J.S. Mutagenesis and mapping of a mouse gene, Clock, essential for circadian behavior. Science 1994, 264:719-725.
146. Welsh D.K., Yoo S.H., Liu A.C., Takahashi J.S., Kay S.A. Bioluminescence imaging of individual fibroblasts reveals persistent, independently phased circadian rhythms of clock gene expression. Curr. Biol. 2004, 14:2289-2295.
147. Wilson M.M., Rice R.W., Critchlow V. Evidence for a free-running circadian rhythm in pituitary-adrenal function in blinded adult female rats. Neuroendocrinology 1976, 20:289-295.
148. Wise P.M., Cohen I.R., Weiland N.G., London E.D. Aging alters the circadian rhythm of glucose utilization in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1988, 85:5305-5309.
149. Witczak C.A., Sharoff C.G., Goodyear L.J. AMP-activated protein kinase in skeletal muscle: from structure and localization to its role as a master regulator of cellular metabolism. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 2008, 65:3737-3755.
150. Wyse C.A., Coogan A.N. Impact of aging on diurnal expression patterns of CLOCK and BMAL1 in the mouse brain. Brain Res. 2010, 1337:21-31.
151. Yagita, K., Horie, K., Koinuma, S., Nakamura, W., Yamanaka, I., Urasaki, A., Shigeyoshi, Y., Kawakami, K., Shimada, S., Takeda, J., Uchiyama, Y., Development of the circadian oscillator during differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA107, 3846-3851.
152. Yamanaka Y., Honma S., Honma K. Scheduled exposures to a novel environment with a running-wheel differentially accelerate re-entrainment of mice peripheral clocks to new light-dark cycles. Genes Cells 2008, 13:497-507.
153. Yamazaki S., Numano R., Abe M., Hida A., Takahashi R., Ueda M., Block G.D., Sakaki Y., Menaker M., Tei H. Resetting central and peripheral circadian oscillators in transgenic rats. Science 2000, 288:682-685.
154. Yamazaki S., Takahashi J.S. Real-time luminescence reporting of circadian gene expression in mammals. Methods Enzymol. 2005, 393:288-301.
155. Yin L., Joshi S., Wu N., Tong X., Lazar M.A. E3 ligases Arf-bp1 and Pam mediate lithium-stimulated degradation of the circadian heme receptor Rev-erb alpha. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107:11614-11619.
156. Yin L., Wang J., Klein P.S., Lazar M.A. Nuclear receptor Rev-erbalpha is a critical lithium-sensitive component of the circadian clock. Science 2006, 311:1002-1005.
157. Yoo S.H., Yamazaki S., Lowrey P.L., Shimomura K., Ko C.H., Buhr E.D., Siepka S.M., Hong H.K., Oh W.J., Yoo O.J., Menaker M., Takahashi J.S. PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE real-time reporting of circadian dynamics reveals persistent circadian oscillations in mouse peripheral tissues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101:5339-5346.
158. Zambon A.C., McDearmon E.L., Salomonis N., Vranizan K.M., Johansen K.L., Adey D., Takahashi J.S., Schambelan M., Conklin B.R. Time- and exercise-dependent gene regulation in human skeletal muscle. Genome Biol. 2003, 4:R61.
159. Zhang E.E., Kay S.A. Clocks not winding down: unravelling circadian networks. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2010, 11:764-776.
160. Zhang X., Dube T.J., Esser K.A. Working around the clock: circadian rhythms and skeletal muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 2009, 107:1647-1654.
161. Zheng B., Larkin D.W., Albrecht U., Sun Z.S., Sage M., Eichele G., Lee C.C., Bradley A. The mPer2 gene encodes a functional component of the mammalian circadian clock. Nature 1999, 400:169-173.
162. Zylka M.J., Shearman L.P., Weaver D.R., Reppert S.M. Three period homologs in mammals: differential light responses in the suprachiasmatic circadian clock and oscillating transcripts outside of brain. Neuron 1998, 20:1103-1110.