Obesity and susceptibility to autoimmune diseases

Expert Review of Clinical Immunology

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 287-294

  Procaccini, Claudio ^a   Carbone, Fortunata ^a,b   Galgani, Mario ^a   La Rocca, Claudia ^a,b   De Rosa, Veronica ^a   Cassano, Silvana ^a   Matarese, Giuseppe ^a,b  

^a CNR   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

Author keywords

inflammation; leptin; metabolism; obesity; Tregs

Indexed keywords

CD4 ANTIGEN; INTERLEUKIN 17; INTERLEUKIN 6; LEPTIN RECEPTOR; MELANOCORTIN 4 RECEPTOR; PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE 1; STRESS ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXP3;

ARTICLE; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; GENE MUTATION; HYPERPHAGIA; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; LEPTIN; OBESITY; RECEPTOR, MELANOCORTIN, TYPE 4; REPRESSOR PROTEINS; T-LYMPHOCYTES, REGULATORY;

EID: 79957480178     PISSN: 1744666X     EISSN: 17448409     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/eci.11.18     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. O'Rahilly S. Human genetics illuminates the paths to metabolic disease. Nature 19, 307-314 (2009).
2. Friedman JM. Obesity: causes and control of excess body fat. Nature 21, 340-342 (2009).
3. Hotamisligil GS. Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature 14, 860-867 (2006). (Pubitemid 46024993)
4. Bastard JP, Maachi M, Lagathu C et al. Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 17, 4-12 (2006).
5. Gao Q, Horvath TL. Neuronal control of energy homeostasis. FEBS Lett. 9, 132-141 (2008). (Pubitemid 50014150)
6. Dietrich MO, Horvath TL. Feeding signals and brain circuitry. Eur. J. Neurosci. 30, 1688-1696 (2009).
7. Horvath TL, Bruning JC. Developmental programming of the hypothalamus: a matter of fat. Nat. Med. 12, 52-53 (2006). (Pubitemid 43050071)
8. Abizaid A, Gao Q, Horvath TL. Thoughts for food: brain mechanisms and peripheral energy balance. Neuron 21, 691-702 (2006). (Pubitemid 44374909)
9. Horvath TL. The hardship of obesity: a soft-wired hypothalamus. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 561-565 (2005). (Pubitemid 40594194)
10. La Cava A, Matarese G. The weight of leptin in immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 4, 371-379 (2004). (Pubitemid 38649279)
11. Symonds ME, Sebert SP, Hyatt MA, Budge H. Nutritional programming of the metabolic syndrome. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 5, 604-610 (2009).
12. Maury E, Brichard SM. Adipokine dysregulation, adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic syndrome. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 15, 1-16 (2010).
13. Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 372, 425-432 (1994). (Pubitemid 24365442)
14. Tartaglia LA, Dembski M, Weng X et al. Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, Ob-R. Cell 83, 1263-1270 (1995).
15. Montague CT, Farooqi IS, Whitehead JP et al. Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans. Nature 387, 903-908 (1997). (Pubitemid 27289591)
16. Clément K, Vaisse C, Lahlou N et al. A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction. Nature 392, 398-401 (1998). (Pubitemid 28168737)
17. Krude H, Biebermann H, Luck W, Horn R, Brabant G, Grüters A. Severe early-onset obesity, adrenal insufficiency and red hair pigmentation caused by POMC mutations in humans. Nat. Genet. 19, 155-157 (1998). (Pubitemid 28248796)
18. Jackson RS, Creemers JW, Ohagi S et al. Obesity and impaired prohormone processing associated with mutations in the human prohormone convertase 1 gene. Nat. Genet. 16, 303-306 (1997). (Pubitemid 27280217)
19. Vaisse C, Clement K, Guy-Grand B, Froguel P. A frameshift mutation in human MC4R is associated with a dominant form of obesity. Nat. Genet. 20, 113-114 (1998). (Pubitemid 28455439)
20. Yeo GS, Farooqi IS, Aminian S, Halsall DJ, Stanhope RG, O'Rahilly S. A frameshift mutation in MC4R associated with dominantly inherited human obesity. Nat. Genet. 20, 111-112 (1998). (Pubitemid 28455438)
21. Holder JL Jr, Butte NF, Zinn AR. Profound obesity associated with a balanced translocation that disrupts the SIM1 gene. Hum. Mol. Genet. 9, 101-108 (2000). (Pubitemid 30145294)
22. Bochukova EG, Huang N, Keogh J et al. Large, rare chromosomal deletions associated with severe early-onset obesity. Nature 463, 666-670 (2010).
23. Hotamisligil GS, Spiegelman BM. Tumor necrosis factor a: a key component of the obesity-diabetes link. Diabetes 43, 1271-1278 (1994).
24. Spiegelman BM, Hotamisligil GS. Through thick and thin: wasting, obesity, and TNF a. Cell 73, 625-627 (1993).
25. Bullo M, García-Lorda P, Megias I, Salas-Salvadó J. Systemic inflammation, adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor, and leptin expression. Obes. Res. 11, 525-531 (2003). (Pubitemid 41202413)
26. Rasouli N, Kern PA. Adipocytokines and the metabolic complications of obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93, 64-73 (2008).
27. MacLaren R, Cui W, Cianflone K. Adipokines and the immune system: an adipocentric view. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 632, 1-21 (2008).
28. Dixit VD. Adipose-immune interactions during obesity and caloric restriction: reciprocal mechanisms regulating immunity and health span. J. Leukoc. Biol. 84, 882-892 (2008).
29. Bilan PJ, Samokhvalov V, Koshkina A, Schertzer JD, Samaan MC, Klip A. Direct and macrophage-mediated actions of fatty acids causing insulin resistance in muscle cells. Arch. Physiol. Biochem. 115, 176-190 (2009).
30. Bourlier V, Bouloumie A. Role of macrophage tissue infiltration in obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes Metab. 35, 251-260 (2009).
31. Yang R, Trevillyan JM. c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways in diabetes. Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 40, 2702-2706 (2008).
32. Ruan H, Pownall HJ. The adipocyte IKK/NFkB pathway: a therapeutic target for insulin resistance. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs 10, 346-352 (2009).
33. Kleinridders A, Schenten D, Könner AC et al. MyD88 signaling in the CNS is required for development of fatty acid-induced leptin resistance and diet-induced obesity. Cell Metab. 10, 249-259 (2009).
34. Wisse BE, Schwartz MW. Does hypothalamic inflammation cause obesity? Cell Metab. 10, 241-242 (2009).
35. Nishimura S, Manabe I, Nagasaki M et al. CD8+ effector T cells contribute to macrophage recruitment and adipose tissue inflammation in obesity. Nat. Med. 15, 914-920 (2009).
36. Liu J, Divoux A, Sun J et al. Genetic deficiency and pharmacological stabilization of mast cells reduce diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice. Nat. Med. 15, 940-945 (2009).
37. Shah TJ, Leik CE, Walsh SW. Neutrophil infiltration and systemic vascular inflammation in obese women. Reprod. Sci. 17, 116-124 (2009).
38. Ohmura K, Ishimori N, Ohmura Yet al. Natural killer T cells are involved in adipose tissues inflammation and glucose intolerance in diet-induced obese mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 30, 193-199 (2009).
39. + lymphoid cells. Nature 463, 540-544 (2009).
40. Lumeng CN, Maillard I, Saltiel AR. T-ing up inflammation in fat. Nat. Med. 15, 846-847 (2009).
41. Feuerer M, Herrero L, Cipolletta D et al. Lean, but not obese, fat is enriched for a unique population of regulatory T cells that affect metabolic parameters. Nat. Med. 15, 930-399 (2009).
42. Winer S, Chan Y, Paltser G et al. Normalization of obesity-associated insulin resistance through immunotherapy. Nat. Med. 15, 921-929 (2009).
43. Sterry W, Strober BE, Menter A. Obesity in psoriasis: the metabolic, clinical and therapeutic implications. Report of an interdisciplinary conference and review. Br. J. Dermatol. 157, 649-655 (2007). (Pubitemid 47389868)
44. Radetti G, Kleon W, Buzi F et al. Thyroid function and structure are affected in childhood obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93, 4749-4754 (2008).
45. Munger KL, Chitnis T, Ascherio A. Body size and risk of MS in two cohorts of US women. Neurology 73, 1543-1550 (2009).
46. Fessler MB, Rudel LL, Brown JM. Toll-like receptor signaling links dietary fatty acids to the metabolic syndrome. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 20, 379-385 (2009).
47. Horvath TL, Andrews ZB, Diano S. Fuel utilization by hypothalamic neurons: roles for ROS. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 20, 78-87 (2009).
48. Hotamisligil GS. Inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in obesity and diabetes. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) 32, 52-54 (2008).
49. Chang-Chen KJ, Mullur R, Bernal- Mizrachi E. b-cell failure as a complication of diabetes. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. 9, 329-343 (2008).
50. Ahmed M, Gaffen SL. IL-17 in obesity and adipogenesis. Rev. Cytokine Growth Factor 21, 449-453 (2010).
51. Sakaguchi S. Naturally arising CD4+ regulatory T cells for immunologic self-tolerance and negative control of immune responses. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 22, 531-562 (2004). (Pubitemid 38680433)
52. Wing K, Sakaguchi S. Regulatory T cells exert checks and balances on self tolerance and autoimmunity. Nat. Immunol. 11, 7-13 (2009).
53. Sakaguchi S. Naturally arising Foxp3- expressing CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells in immunological tolerance to self and non-self. Nat. Immunol. 6, 345-352 (2005). (Pubitemid 41716771)
54. Hori S, Nomura T, Sakaguchi S. Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor Foxp3 Science 299, 1057-1061 (2003). (Pubitemid 36222930)
55. + regulatory T cells. Nat. Immunol. 4, 330-336 (2003). (Pubitemid 36432314)
56. Stephens GL, Shevach EM. Foxp3+ regulatory T cells: selfishness under scrutiny. Immunity 27, 417-419 (2007). (Pubitemid 47418676)
57. Petrausch U, Poehlein CH, Jensen SM. Cancer immunotherapy: the role regulatory T cells play and what can be done to overcome their inhibitory effects. Curr. Mol. Med. 9, 673-682 (2009).
58. Wildin RS, Freitas A. IPEX and FOXP3: clinical and research perspectives. J. Autoimmun. 25, 56-62 (2005). (Pubitemid 41728046)
59. Bennett CL, Ochs HD. IPEX is a unique X-linked syndrome characterized by immune dysfunction, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and a variety of autoimmune phenomena. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 13, 533-538 (2001). (Pubitemid 34015524)
60. De Rosa V, Procaccini C, Calí G et al. A key role of leptin in the control of regulatory T cell proliferation. Immunity 26, 241-255 (2007). (Pubitemid 46329441)
61. Taleb S, Tedgui A, Mallat Z. Regulatory T-cell immunity and its relevance to atherosclerosis. J. Intern. Med. 263, 489-499 (2008). (Pubitemid 351533554)
62. Taleb S, Herbin O, Ait-Oufella H et al. Defective leptin/leptin receptor signaling improves regulatory T cell immune response and protects mice from atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 27, 2691-2698 (2007). (Pubitemid 350158924)
63. + regulatory T cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 5150-5155 (2005).
64. Johansson C, Samuelsson U, Ludvigsson J. A high weight gain in early life is associated with an increased risk of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia 37, 91-94 (1994). (Pubitemid 24044713)
65. Hypponen E, Virtanen SM, Kenward MG, Knip M, Akerblom HK. Obesity, increased linear growth, and risk of Type 1 diabetes in children. Diabetes Care 23, 1755-1760 (2000).
66. Bruining GJ. Association between infant growth before onset of juvenile Type-1 diabetes and autoantibodies to IA-2 Lancet 356, 655-656 (2000). (Pubitemid 30627597)
67. Kibirige M, Metcalf B, Renuka R, Wilkin TJ. Testing the accelerator hypothesis: the relationship between body mass and age at diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 26, 2865-2870 (2003). (Pubitemid 37205560)
68. Betts P, Mulligan J, Ward P, Smith B, Wilkin TJ. Increasing body weight predicts the earlier onset of insulin-dependant diabetes in childhood: testing the 'accelerator hypothesis'. Diabet. Med. 22, 144-151 (2005). (Pubitemid 40204319)
69. Knerr I, Wolf J, Reinehr T et al. The 'accelerator hypothesis': relationship between weight, height, body mass index and age at diagnosis in a large cohort of 9248 German and Austrian children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 48, 2501-2504 (2005). (Pubitemid 41738214)
70. Kordonouri O, Hartmann R. Higher body weight is associated with earlier onset of Type 1 diabetes in children: confirming the 'accelerator hypothesis'. Diabet. Med. 22, 1783-1784 (2005). (Pubitemid 43046490)
71. Wilkin TJ. The accelerator hypothesis: a review of the evidence for insulin resistance as the basis for Type I as well as Type II diabetes. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) 33, 716-726 (2009).
72. Xu P, Krischer JP, Cuthbertson D, Greenbaum C, Palmer JP. Role of insulin resistance in predicting progression to Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 30, 2314-2320 (2007). (Pubitemid 47359040)
73. Fourlanos S, Harrison LC, Colman PG. The accelerator hypothesis and increasing incidence of Type 1 diabetes. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes. 15, 321-325 (2008).
74. Fourlanos S, Narendran P, Byrnes GB, Colman PG, Harrison LC. Insulin resistance is a risk factor for progression to Type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 47, 1661-1667 (2004). (Pubitemid 40022398)
75. Hawa MI, Bonfanti R, Valeri C, Delli Castelli M, Beyan H, Leslie RD. No evidence for genetically determined alteration in insulin secretion or sensitivity predisposing to Type 1 diabetes: a study of identical twins. Diabetes Care 28, 1415-1418 (2005). (Pubitemid 40756706)
76. Dahlquist G. Can we slow the rising incidence of childhood-onset autoimmune diabetes? The overload hypothesis. Diabetologia 49, 20-24 (2006). (Pubitemid 43151608)
77. Libman IM, Sun K, Foley TP, Becker DJ. Thyroid autoimmunity in children with features of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Pediatr. Diabetes 9, 266-271 (2008).
78. Thomson AW, Turnquist HR, Raimondi G. Immunoregulatory functions of mTOR inhibition. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 9, 324-337 (2009).
79. Nath N, Khan M, Paintlia MK. Metformin attenuated the autoimmune disease of the central nervous system in animal models of multiple sclerosis. J. Immunol. 182, 8005-8014 (2009).
80. Yang X, Smith U. Adipose tissue distribution and risk of metabolic disease: does thiazolidinedione-induced adipose tissue redistribution provide a clue to the answer? Diabetologia 50, 1127-1139 (2007). (Pubitemid 46701551)
81. Hill MJ, Metcalfe D, McTernan PG. Obesity and diabetes: lipids, 'nowhere to run to'. Clin. Sci. (Lond.) 116, 113-123 (2009).
82. Klotz, L. Burgdorf S, Dani I et al. The nuclear receptor PPAR g selectively inhibits Th17 differentiation in a T cell-intrinsic fashion and suppresses CNS autoimmunity. J. Exp. Med. 206, 2079-2089 (2009).
83. Zhang X, Markovic-Plese S. Statins' immunomodulatory potential against Th17 cell-mediated autoimmune response. Immunol. Res. 41, 165-174 (2008).
84. Araújo EP, Torsoni MA, Velloso LA. Hypothalamic inflammation and obesity. Vitam. Horm. 82, 129-143 (2010).