Cytotoxic, apoptotic and anti-α-glucosidase activities of 3,4-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid, an antioxidant isolated from the polyphenolic-rich extract of Elephantopus mollis Kunth.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

Volumn 135, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 685-695

  Ooi, Kheng Leong ^a   Muhammad, Tengku Sifzizul Tengku ^b,c   Tan, Mei Lan ^b,d   Sulaiman, Shaida Fariza ^a  

^a SCHOOL OF PHYSICS   (Malaysia)

^b Environment and Climate Change   (Malaysia)

^c UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU   (Malaysia)

^d ADVANCED MEDICAL AND DENTAL INSTITUTE   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

Glucosidase inhibition; 3,4 Di O caffeoyl quinic acid; Antioxidant; Apoptosis; Cytotoxicity; Elephantopus mollis extract

Indexed keywords

3,4 DI O CAFFEOYLQUINIC ACID; ALPHA GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITOR; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; CHLOROGENIC ACID; ELEPHANTOPUS MOLLIS EXTRACT; PLANT EXTRACT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; ASTERACEAE; BLEACHING; CANCER CELL CULTURE; CANCER INHIBITION; CYTOTOXICITY; DNA FRAGMENTATION; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG STRUCTURE; ELEPHANTOPUS MOLLIS; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME INHIBITION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; LUNG ADENOCARCINOMA; NONHUMAN;

ADENOCARCINOMA; ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASES; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, PHYTOGENIC; ANTIOXIDANTS; APOPTOSIS; ASTERACEAE; BETA CAROTENE; BIPHENYL COMPOUNDS; CELL LINE, TUMOR; CHELATING AGENTS; CHLOROGENIC ACID; DNA FRAGMENTATION; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; ENZYME INHIBITORS; FERRIC COMPOUNDS; HUMANS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; PICRATES; PLANT EXTRACTS; POLYPHENOLS;

ELEPHANTOPUS MOLLIS;

EID: 79957462015     PISSN: 03788741     EISSN: 18727573     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.001     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. J.E. Adjanohoun, N. Aboubakar, K. Dramane, M.E. Ebot, J.A. Ekpere, E.G. Enow-Orock, D. Focho, Z.O. Gbile, A. Kamanyi, K.J. Kamsu, A. Keita, T. Mbenkum, C.N. Mbi, A.L. Mbiele, I.L. Mbome, N.K. Mubiru, W.L. Nancy, B. Nkongmeneck, B. Satabie, A. Sofowora, V. Tamze, and C.K. Wirmum Traditional Medicine and Pharmacopoeia: Contribution to Ethnobotanical and Floristic Studies in Cameroon 1996 CSTR/OUA Cameroon p. 641
2. T. Ak, and. Gülin Antioxidant and radical scavenging properties of curcumin Chemico-Biological Interactions 174 2008 27 37
3. M. Andjelković, J.V. Camp, D.B. Meulenaer, G. Depaemelaere, C. Socaciu, M. Verloo, and R. Verhe Iron-chelation properties of phenolic acids bearing catechol and galloyl groups Food Chemistry 98 2006 23 32
4. F.B. Apea-Bah, M. Hanafi, R.T. Dewi, S. Fajriah, A. Darwaman, N. Artanti, P. Lotulung, P. Ngadymang, and B. Minarti Assessment of the DPPH and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of gambier and qualitative identification of major bioactive compound Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3 2009 736 757
5. N. Asano Glycosidase inhibitors: update and perspectives on practical use Glycobiology 13 2003 93 104
6. M. Aslan, N. Orhan, D.D. Orhan, and F. Ergun Hypoglycemic activity and antioxidant potential of some medicinal plants traditionally used in Turkey for diabetes Journal of Ethnopharmacology 128 2010 384 389
7. P. Bagri, M. Ali, V. Aeri, M. Bhowmik, and S. Sultana Antidiabetic effect of Punica granatum flowers: effect on hyperlipidemia, pancreatic cells lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in experimental diabetes Food and Chemical Toxicology 47 2009 50 54
8. W. Benalla, S. Bellahcen, and M. Bnouham Antidiabetic medicinal plants as a source of alpha glucosidase inhibitors Current Diabetes Reviews 6 2010 247 254
9. I.F.F. Benzie, and J.J. Strain The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as measure of "antioxidant power": the FRAP assay Analytical Biochemistry 239 1996 70 76
10. F. Berrino, A. Verdecchia, J.M. Lutz, C. Lombardo, A. Micheli, and R. Capocaccia Comparative cancer survival information in Europe European Journal of Cancer 45 2009 901 908
11. C. Borek Dietary antioxidants and human cancer Integrative Cancer Therapies 3 2004 333 341 (Pubitemid 39552427)
12. Y. Cai, Q. Luo, M. Sun, and H. Corke Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of 112 traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with anticancer Life Sciences 74 2004 2157 2184 (Pubitemid 38210440)
13. C. Carr, J. Ng, and T. Wigmore The side effects of chemotherapeutic agents Current Anaesthesia and Critical Care 19 2008 70 79 (Pubitemid 351437124)
14. M. Chakraborty, and A. Mitra The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the methanolic extract from Cocos nucifera mesocarp Food Chemistry 107 2008 994 999 (Pubitemid 350161194)
15. C.C. Chen, B.-L. Wei, S.-L. Loke, and W.-F. Chiou 3,4-Di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid protects endothelial cells against oxidative stress and restores endothelium-dependent vasodilatation Journal of Chinese Medicine 18 2007 89 100
16. A.Y.Y. Cheng, and R.G. Josse Intestinal absorption inhibitors for type 2 diabetes mellitus: prevention and treatment Drug Discovery Today: Therapeutic Strategies 1 2004 201 206 (Pubitemid 40197628)
17. W.-F. Chiou, C.-C. Chen, and B.-L. Wei 3,4-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid inhibits angiotensin-II-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration by downregulating the JNK and PI3k/Akt signaling pathways Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2009 10.1093/ecam/nep140
18. Y.C. Chung, H.K. Chun, J.Y. Yang, J.Y. Kim, E.H. Han, Y.H. Kho, and H.G. Jeong Tungtungmadic acid, a novel antioxidant, from Salicornia herbacea Archives of Pharmacal Research 28 2005 1122 1126
19. W.C. Cole, and K.N. Prasad Contrasting effects of vitamin as modulators of apoptosis in cancer cells and normal cells: a review Nutrition and Cancer 29 1997 97 103 (Pubitemid 28009829)
20. Q. Cui, J. Yu, J. Wu, S. Tashiro, S. Onodera, M. Minami, and T. Ikejima p53-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through a caspase-3-dependent, but caspase-9-dependent pathway in oridonin-treated MCF-7 human breast cancer cells Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 28 2007 1057 1066 (Pubitemid 47020485)
21. P. Daisy, R. Jasmine, S. Ignacimuthu, and E. Murugan A novel steroid from Elephantopus scaber L. an ethnomedicinal plant with antidiabetic activity Phytomedicine 16 2009 252 257
22. O. Danino, H.E. Gottlieb, S. Grossman, and M. Bergman Antioxidant activity of 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid isolated from Inula viscosa Food Research International 42 2009 1273 1280
23. D. Deeb, X. Gao, H. Jiang, B. Janic, A.S. Arbab, Y. Rojanasakul, S.A. Dulchavsky, and S.C. Gautam Oleanane triterpenoid CDDO-Me inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells through a ROS-dependent mechanism Biochemical Pharmacology 79 2010 350 360
24. T.C.P. Dinis, V.M.C. Madeira, and L.M. Almeida Action of phenolic derivates (acetaminophen, salicylate, and 5-aminosalicylate) as inhibitors of membrane lipid-peroxidation and as peroxyl radical scavengers Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 315 1994 161 169 (Pubitemid 24351051)
25. ® has a strong antioxidant activity European Journal of Pharmacology 581 2008 216 225
26. L.F. Dmitriev, and V.N. Titov Lipid peroxidation in relation to ageing and the role of endogenous aldehydes in diabetes and other age-related diseases Ageing Research Reviews 9 2010 200 210
27. S. Elmore Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death Toxicologic Pathology 35 2007 495 516 (Pubitemid 46911891)
28. P. Fan, L. Terrier, A.-E. Hay, A. Marston, and K. Hostettmann Antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities and chemical profiles of Polygonum sachalinensis F.Schmidt ex Maxim (Polygonaceae) Fitoterapia 81 2010 124 131
29. H. Gao, Y.-N. Huang, B. Gao, P.-Y. Xu, C. Inagaki, and J. Kawabata α-Glucosidase inhibitory effect by the flower buds of Tussilago farfara L. Food Chemistry 106 2008 1195 1201 (Pubitemid 47380077)
30. R.I. Geran, N.H. Greenberg, M.M. MacDonald, A.M. Schumacher, and B.J. Abbott Protocols for screening chemical agents and natural products against animal tumours and other biological systems Cancer Chemotherapy Reports 3 1972 59 61
31. . Gülin Antioxidant activity of caffeic acid (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid) Toxicology 217 2006 213 220
32. . Gülin Antioxidant properties of resveratrol: a structure-activity insight Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 11 2010 210 218
33. L.W.C. Henry, C.L. Kuo, W.H. Yang, C.H. Lin, and H.Z. Lee Antioxidant enzymes activity involvement in luteolin-induced human lung squamous carcinoma CH27 cell apoptosis European Journal of Pharmacology 534 2006 12 18
34. Y.W. Hu, C.Y. Liu, C.M. Du, J. Zhang, W.Q. Wu, and Z.L. Gu Induction of apoptosis in human hepatocarcinoma SMMC-7721 cells in vitro by flavonoids from Astragalus complanatus Journal of Ethnopharmacology 123 2009 293 301
35. T.M. Hung, M.K. Na, P.T. Thuong, N.D. Su, D.E. Sok, K.S. Song, and K.H. Bae Antioxidant activity of caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives from the roots of Dipsacus asper Wall Journal of Ethnopharmacology 108 2006 188 192 (Pubitemid 44635023)
36. H. Ichikawa, M.S. Nair, Y. Takada, D.B.A. Sheeja, M.A.S. Kumar, O.V. Oommen, and B.B. Aggarwal Isodeoxyelephantopin, a novel sesquiterpene lactone, potentiates apoptosis, inhibit invasion and abolishes osteoclastogenesis through suppression of nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) activation and NF-kB-regulated gene expression Clinical Cancer Research 12 2006 5910 5917
37. M. Imai, H. Kikuchi, T. Denda, K. Ohyama, C. Hirobe, and H. Toyoda Cytotoxic effects of flavonoid against a human colon cancer derived cell line, COLO 201: a potential natural anti-cancer substances Cancer Letters 276 2009 74 80
38. J.S. Johansen, A.K. Harris, D.J. Rychly, and A. Ergul Oxidative stress and the use of antioxidants in diabetes: linking basic science to clinical practice Cardiovascular Diabetology 4 2005 1 11
39. H. Kasai, S. Fukada, Z. Yamaizumi, S. Sugie, and H. Mori Action of chlorogenic acid in vegetables and fruits as an inhibitor of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine formation in vitro and in a rat carcinogenesis model Food and Chemical Toxicology 38 2000 467 471 (Pubitemid 30179737)
40. C. Kaur, and H.C. Kapoor Antioxidant in fruits and vegetables International Journal of Food Science and Technology 36 2001 703 725
41. + ions with some flavonoids Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54 2006 8391 8396 (Pubitemid 44747646)
42. G.-N. Kim, J.-G. Shin, and H.-D. Jang Antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of Dangyuja (Citrus grandis Osbeck) extract treated with Aspergillus saitoi Food Chemistry 117 2009 35 41
43. K.Y. Kim, K.A. Nam, H. Kurihara, and S.M. Kim Potent α-glucosidase inhibitors purified from the red alga Grateloupia elliptica Phytochemistry 69 2008 2820 2825
44. A.J. Krentz, and C.J. Bailey Oral antidiabetic agents: current role in type 2 diabetes mellitus Drugs 65 2005 385 411 (Pubitemid 40227460)
45. A. Kumaran, and R.J. Karunakaran In vitro antioxidant activities of methanol extracts of five Phyllanthus species from India LWT-Food Science and Technology 40 2007 344 352 (Pubitemid 44486255)
46. T.A. Lantto, M. Colucci, V. Závadová, R. Hiltunen, and A. Raasmaja Cytotoxicity of curcumin, resveratrol and plant extracts from basil, juniper, laurel and parsley in SH-SY5Y and CV1-P cells Food Chemistry 117 2009 405 411
47. D. Lechardeur, S. Dougaparsad, C. Nemes, and G.L. Lukacs Oligomerization state of the DNA fragmentation factor in normal and apoptotic cells The Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 2005 40216 40225 (Pubitemid 41779159)
48. K.H. Lee, C.M. Cowherd, and M.T. Wolo Antitumor agents XV: deoxyelephantopin, an antitumor principle from Elephantopus carolinianus Willd. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 64 1975 1572 1573
49. K.H Lee, T. Ibuka, H. Furukawa, M. Kozuka, R.Y. Wu, I.H. Hall, and H.C. Huang Antitumor agents XXXVIII: isolation and structural elucidation of novel germacranolides and triterpene from Elephantopus mollis Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 1980 1050 1056 (Pubitemid 11193128)
50. B. Li, C.-Z. Wang, T.-C. He, C.-S. Yuan, and W. Du Antioxidants potentiate American ginseng-induced killing of colorectal cancer cells Cancer Letters 289 2010 62 70
51. L. Li, and P.L. Hwang Antiproliferative effects of oxygenated sterols: positive correlation with binding affinities from the antiestrogen-binding sites Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1082 1991 177 184
52. J.Y. Lin, and C.Y. Tang Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents in selected fruits and vegetables, as well as their stimulatory effects on mouse splenocyte proliferation Food Chemistry 101 2007 140 147
53. L. Liu, Y. Sun, T. Laura, X. Liang, H. Ye, and X. Zeng Determination of polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity of kudingcha made from Ilex kudingcha C.J. Tseng Food Chemistry 112 2009 35 41
54. C. Locatelli, P.C. Leal, R.A. Yunes, R.J. Nunes, and T.B. Creczynski-Pasa Gallic acid ester derivatives induce apoptosis and cell adhesion inhibition in melanoma cells: the relationship between free radical generation, glutathione depletion and cell death Chemico-Biological Interactions 181 2009 175 184
55. C.-M. Ma, T. Kawahata, M. Hattori, T. Otake, L. Wang, and M. Daneshtalab Synthesis, anti-HIV and anti-oxidant activities of caffeoyl 5,6-anhydroquinic acid derivatives Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry 18 2010 863 869
56. M.P. Malafa, and L.T. Neitzel Vitamin E succinate promotes breast cancer tumor dormancy The Journal of Surgical Research 93 2000 163 170
57. T. Matsui, I.A. Ogunwande, K.J.M. Abesundara, and K. Matsumoto Anti-hyperglycemic potential of natural products Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 6 2006 349 356
58. G. Miliauskas, P.R. Venskutonis, and T.A. van Beek Screening of radical scavenging activity of some medicinal and aromatic plant extracts Food Chemistry 85 2004 231 237 (Pubitemid 37532696)
59. H.E. Miller A simplified method for the evaluation of antioxidant Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 48 1971 91
60. H. Mori, T. Tanaka, H. Shima, T. Kuniyasu, and M. Takahashi Inhibitory effect of chlorogenic acid on methylazoxymethanol acetate-induced carcinogenesis in large intestine and liver of hamsters Cancer Letters 30 1986 49 54 (Pubitemid 16174681)
61. F.Y. Mun, R. Basir, M.Z. Asmawi, Rosidah, M. Ahmad, and G.A. Akowuah Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of Elephantopus tomentosus ethanol extract Pharmaceutical Biology 46 2008 199 206 (Pubitemid 351311513)
62. T. Nakazato, K. Ito, Y. Ikeda, and M. Kizaki Green tea component, catechin, induces apoptosis of human malignant B cells via production of reactive oxygen species Clinical Cancer Research 11 2005 6040 6049 (Pubitemid 41170336)
63. E. Neuber, C.M. Luetjens, A.W.S. Cahn, and G.P. Scahtten Analysis of DNA fragmentation of in vitro cultured bovine blastocysts using TUNEL Theriogenology 57 2002 2193 2202 (Pubitemid 34791255)
64. M. Nishizawa, R. Izuhara, K. Kaneko, Y. Koshihara, and Y. Fujimoto 5-Lipoxygenase inhibitors isolated from Gardeniae Fructus Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 36 1988 87 95 (Pubitemid 18073376)
65. S. Nobili, D. Lippi, E. Witort, M. Donnini, L. Bausi, E. Mini, and S. Capaccioli Natural compounds for cancer treatment and prevention Pharmacological Research 59 2009 365 378
66. A. Nugroho, K.H. Kim, K.R. Lee, M.B. Alam, J.S. Choi, W.-B. Kim, and H.-J. Park Qualitative and quantitative determination of the caffeoylquinic acids on the Korean mountainous vegetables used for Chwinamul and their peroxynitrite-scavenging effect Archives of Pharmacal Research 32 2009 1361 1367
67. H. Park, K.Y. Hwang, Y.H. Kim, K.H. Oh, J.Y. Lee, and K. Kim Discovery and biological evaluation of novel α-glucosidase inhibitors with in vivo antidiabetic effect Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 18 2008 3711 3715 (Pubitemid 351794515)
68. A.K. Pathak, N. Singh, N. Khanna, V.G. Reddy, K.N. Prasad, and V. Kochupillai Potentiation of the effect of paclitaxel and carboplatin by antioxidant mixture on human lung cancer H520 cells Journal of the American College of Nutrition 21 2002 416 421
69. A. Pukalskas, P.R. Venskutonis, I. Dijkgraaf, and T.A. van Beek Isolation, identification and activity of natural antioxidants from costmary (Charysanthemum balsamita) cultivated in Lithuania Food Chemistry 122 2010 804 811
70. B. Rajkapoor, B. Jayakar, and R. Anandan Antitumor activity of Elephantopus scaber Linn against Dalton's Ascitic Lymphoma Indian Journal of Pharmacology 64 2002 71 73
71. A. Ramos, A. Visozo, J. Piloto, A. Garcia, C.A. Rodriguez, and P. Rivero Screening of antimutagenicity via antioxidant activity in Cuban medicinal plants Journal of Ethnopharmacology 87 2003 241 246 (Pubitemid 36809159)
72. Y.K. Rao, M. Geethangili, S.-H. Fang, and Y.-M. Tzeng Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of naturally occurring phenolic and related compounds: a comparative study Food and Chemical Toxicology 45 2007 1770 1776 (Pubitemid 47102515)
73. N.E. Rocha-Guzmán, J.A. Gallegos-Infante, R.F. González-Laredo, R. Reynoso-Camacho, M. Ramos-Gómez, T. Garcia-Gasca, M.E. Rodríguez-Muñoz, S.H. Guzmán-Maldonado, L. Medina-Torres, and B.A. Lujan-García Antioxidant activity and genotoxic effect on HeLa cells of phenolic compounds from infusion of Quercus resinosa leaves Food Chemistry 115 2009 1320 1325
74. G. Roglic, and N. Unwin Mortality attributable to diabetes: estimates for the year 2010 Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 87 2010 15 19
75. H.E. Seifried, D.E. Anderson, E.I. Fisher, and J.A. Milner A review of the interaction among dietary antioxidants and reactive oxygen species The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 18 2007 567 579 (Pubitemid 47214661)
76. P.R. Sharma, D.M. Mondhe, S. Muthiah, H.C. Pal, A.K. Shahi, A.K. Saxena, and G.N. Qazi Anticancer activity of an essential oil from Cymbopogon flexuosus Chemico-Biological Interactions 179 2009 160 168
77. H. Shi, L. Dong, Y. Bai, J. Zhao, Y. Zhang, and L. Zhang Chlorogenic acid against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats European Journal of Pharmacology 623 2009 119 124
78. J. Shinde, T. Taldone, M. Barletta, N. Kunaparaju, B. Hu, S. Kumar, J. Placido, and S.W. Zito α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of Syzygium cumini (Linn.) skeels seed kernel in vitro and in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats Carbohydrate Research 343 2008 1278 1281
79. V.L. Singleton, R. Orthofer, and R.M. Lamuela-Raventos Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent Methods in Enzymology 299 1999 152 178 (Pubitemid 28483890)
80. Z. Sroka, and W. Cisowski Hydrogen peroxide scavenging, antioxidant and anti-radical activity of some phenolic acids Food and Chemical Toxicology 41 2003 753 758 (Pubitemid 36555880)
81. T.K. Tabopda, J. Ngoupayo, J. Liu, M.S. Ali, S.N. Khan, T. Ngadjui, and B. Luu Further cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactones from Elephantopus mollis Kunth. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 56 2008 231 233 (Pubitemid 351206655)
82. N.L. Teik Elephantopus L. L.S. de Padua, N. Bunyapraphatsara, R.H.M.J. Lemmens, Plant Resources of South East Asia. No 12 1 Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 1 1999 Prosea Foundation Bogor, Indonesia pp. 250-252
83. N.N. Than, S. Fotso, M. Sevvana, G.M. Shelderick, H.H. Fiebig, G. Kelter, and H. Laatsch Sesquiterpene lactones from Elephantopus scaber A Journal of Biosciences 60b 2005 200 204 (Pubitemid 40444300)
84. F. Thayyullathil, S. Chathoth, A. Hago, M. Patel, and S. Galadari Rapid reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation induced by curcumin leads to caspase-dependent and -independent apoptosis in L929 cells Free Radical Biology and Medicine 45 2008 1403 1412
85. P.T. Thuong, N.D. Su, T.M. Ngoc, T.M. Hung, N.H. Dang, N.D. Thuan, K. Bae, and W.K. Oh Antioxidant activity and principles of Vietnam bitter tea Ilex kudingcha Food Chemistry 113 2009 139 145
86. J.C. Tsai, M. Jain, C.M. Hsieh, W.S. Lee, M. Yoshizumi, C. Patterson, M.A. Perrella, C. Cooke, H. Wang, E. Haber, R. Schlegel, and M.E. Lee Induction of apoptosis by pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate and N-acetylcysteine in vascular smooth muscle cells The Journal of Biological Chemistry 271 1996 3667 3670 (Pubitemid 26065683)
87. K. Tsuruya, M. Tokumoto, T. Ninomiya, M. Hirakawa, K. Masutani, M. Taniguchi, K. Fukuda, H. Kanai, H. Hirakata, and M. Lida Antioxidant ameliorates cisplatin-induced renal tubular cell death through inhibition of death mediated pathways American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 285 2003 208 218
88. 3TROPICOS Web Site. Missouri Botanical Garden's VAST (VAScular Tropicos) Nomenclatural Database 2011 http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/ Search/vast.htm
89. S.J. Wu, S.P. Chang, D.L. Lin, S.S. Wang, F.F. Hou, and L.T. Ng Supercritical carbon dioxide extract of Physalis peruviana induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human lung cancer H661 cells Food and Chemical Toxicology 47 2009 1132 1138
90. C.P.R. Xavier, C.F. Lima, A. Preto, R. Seruca, M. Fernandes-Ferreira, and C. Pereira-Wilson Luteolin, quercetin and ursolic acid are potent inhibitors of proliferation and inducers of apoptosis in both KRAS and BRAF mutated human colorectal cancer cells Cancer Letters 281 2009 162 170
91. Z. Xiang, and Z. Ning Scavenging and antioxidant properties of compound derived from chlorogenic acid in South-China honeysuckle LWT-Food Science and Technology 41 2008 1189 1203 (Pubitemid 351626807)
92. G. Xu, Q. Liang, Z. Gong, W. Yu, S. He, and L. Xi Antitumor activities of the four sesquiterpene lactones from Elephantopus scaber L. Experimental Oncology 28 2006 106 109 (Pubitemid 44140260)
93. K. Yagasaki, Y. Miura, R. Okauchi, and T. Furuse Inhibitory effects of chlorogenic acid and its related compounds on the invasion of hepatoma cells in culture Cytotechnology 33 2000 229 235
94. S. Yamazaki, E. Onishi, K. Enami, K. Natori, M. Kohase, H. Sakamoto, M. Tanouchi, and H. Hayashi Proposal of standardized methods and reference for analyzing recombinant human tumor necrosis factor Japanese Journal of Medical Science and Biology 39 1986 105 118 (Pubitemid 17192205)
95. C.T. Yeh, and G.C. Yen Chemopreventive functions of sulforaphane: a potent inducer of antioxidant enzymes and apoptosis Journal of Functional Foods 1 2009 23 32
96. L. Yu, S. Haley, J. Perret, M. Harris, J. Wilson, and M. Qian Free radical scavenging properties of wheat extracts Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50 2002 1619 1624 (Pubitemid 34233235)