How women entrepreneurs lead and why they manage that way

Gender in Management

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 220-233

  Moore, Dorothy Perrin ^a   Moore, Jamie L ^b   Moore, Jamie W ^a,c  

^a THE CITADEL   (United States)

^b Applied Science Center   (United States)

^c DJM Consulting   (United States)

Author keywords

Team working; Transformational leadership; Trust; Women

Indexed keywords

EID: 79955940820     PISSN: 17542413     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/17542411111130981     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Ali, M., Kulik, C.T. and Metz, I. (2009), "The impact of gender diversity on performance in services and manufacturing organizations" in Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, Chicago, IL, USA, pp. 1-6.
2. Bass, B. and Avolio, B.J. (1994), "Shatter the glass ceiling: women may make better managers" in Human Resource Management, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 549-60.
3. Bigley, G.A. and Pearce, J.L. (1998), "Straining for shared meaning in organization science: problems of trust and distrust" in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 405-21.
4. Brahnam, S.D., Margavio, T.M., Hignite, M.A., Barrier, T.B. and Chin, J.M. (2005), "A gender-based categorization for conflict resolution" in Journal of Management Development, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 197-208.
5. Brockner, J., Fishman, A.Y., Reb, J., Goldman, B., Spiegel, S. and Garden, C. (2007), "Procedural fairness, outcome favorability, and judgments of an authority's responsibility" in Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 92, No. 6, pp. 1657-71.
6. Bullough, A., Kroeck, K.G., Newburry, W., Lowe, K.B. and Kundu, S.K. (2010), "Women's participation in leadership around the globe: an institutional analysis", paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Montreal.
7. Butterfield, D.A. and Powell, G.N. (2010), "Should Sarah and Hillary run again? Gender and leadership in the 2008 US presidential elections", paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Montreal.
8. Buttner, E.H. (2001), "Examining female entrepreneurs' management style: an application of a relational frame" in Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 253-69.
9. Bycio, P., Hackett, R.D. and Allen, J.S. (1995), "Further assessments of Bass's (1985) conceptualization of transactional and transformational leadership" in Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 468-78.
10. Caleo, S. and Heilman, M.E. (2009), "Differential reactions to men and women's interpersonal unfairness" in Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Chicago, IL, USA, pp. 1-31, ( Proceedings Abstracts).
11. Casson, M. and Giusta, M.D. (2006), "The economics of trust" in Bachmann, R. and Zaheer, A. (Eds.), Handbook of Trust Research, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 332-54.
12. Catalyst (2004), "Catalyst study reveals financial performance is higher for companies with more women at the top", released news report, available at: www.catalyst.org (accessed January 26, 2004).
13. Chiu, C.Y., Lin, H.C. and Chien, S.H. (2009), "Transformation leadership and team behavioral integration: the mediating role of team learning" in Academy of Management Annual Proceedings, Chicago, IL, USA, pp. 1-6.
14. Currall, S.C. and Inkpen, A.C. (2006), "On the complexity of organizational trust: a multi-level co-evolutionary perspective and guidelines for future research" in Bachmann, R. and Zaheer, A. (Eds.), Handbook of Trust Research, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 235-46.
15. Davis, J.H., Schoorman, F.D., Mayer, R.C. and Tan, H.H. (2000), "The trusted general manager and business unit performance: empirical evidence of a competitive advantage" in Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 563-76.
16. Dencker, J.C. (2008), "Corporate restructuring and sex differences in managerial promotion" in American Sociological Review, Vol. 73, No. 3, pp. 455-76.
17. Dirks, K.T. (2006), "Three fundamental questions regarding trust in leaders" in Bachmann, R. and Zaheer, A. (Eds.), Handbook of Trust Research, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 15-28p. 24.
18. Dirks, K.T., Lewicki, R.L. and Zaheer, A. (2009), "Repairing relationships within and between organizations: building a conceptual foundation" in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 68-84.
19. Drath, W., McCauley, C., Palus, C., Van Velsor, E., O'Connor, P. and McGuire, J. (2008), "Direction, alignment, commitment: toward a more integrative ontology of leadership" in Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 635-53.
20. Eagly, A.H. and Carli, L.L. (2003), "The female leadership advantage: an evaluation of the evidence" in Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 6, pp. 807-35.
21. Eagly, A.H., Johannesen-Schmidt, M.C. and van Engen, M.L. (2003), "Transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles: a meta-analysis comparing women and men" in Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 129, No. 4, pp. 569-93.
22. Ely, R.J. (1994), "The effects of organizational demographics and social identity on relationships among professional women" in Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 203-38.
23. Ely, R.J. (1995), "The power of demography: women's social constructions of gender identity at work" in Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 589-634.
24. Faems, D., Janssens, M., Madhok, A. and Van Looy, B. (2008), "Toward an integrative perspective on alliance governance: connecting contract design, trust dynamics, and contract application" in Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 51, No. 6, pp. 1053-78.
25. Fein, E.C., Tziner, A. and Vasiliu, C. (2009), "Gender and age cohort effects on preferences for leadership behaviors: a study of Romanian managers" in Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Chicago, IL, USA, pp. 1-31, ( Proceedings Abstracts).
26. Ferrin, D.L., Bligh, M. and Kohles, J. (2007), "Can I trust you to trust me? A theory of trust, monitoring, and cooperation in interpersonal and intergroup relationships" in Group & Organization Management, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 465-99.
27. Gillespie, N. and Dietz, G. (2009), "Trust repair after an organization-level failure" in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 127-45.
28. Gratton, L., Voigt, A. and Erickson, T. (2007), "Bridging faultlines in diverse teams" in MIT Sloan Management Review, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 22-9.
29. Gupta, V.K., Turban, D.B., Wasti, S.A. and Sikdar, A. (2009), "The role of gender stereotypes in perceptions of entrepreneurs and intentions to become an entrepreneur" in Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 397-417.
30. Helgesen, S. (1995), The Web of Inclusion, Currency Doubleday, New York, NY.
31. Hirschfeld, R.R., Jordan, M.H., Feild, H.S., Giles, W.F. and Armenakis, A.A. (2005), "Teams' female representation and perceived potency as inputs to team outcomes in a predominantly male field setting" in Personnel Psychology, Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 893-924.
32. Holmquist, C. and Carter, S. (2009), "The Diana project: pioneering women studying pioneering women" in Small Business Economics, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 121-8.
33. Huettermann, H. and Boerner, S. (2009), "Functional diversity and team innovation: the moderating role of transformational leadership" in Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Chicago, IL, USA, pp. 1-31, ( Proceedings Abstracts).
34. Huse, M. and Solberg, A.G. (2006), "Gender-related boardroom dynamics - how Scandinavian women make and can make contributions on corporate boards" in Women in Management Review, Vol. 21, pp. 113-30.
35. Ilgen, D.R. and Sheppard, L. (2001), "Motivation in teams" in Erez, M., Kleinbeck, U. and Thierry, H. (Eds.), Work Motivation in the Context of a Globalizing Economy, Erlbaum, New York, NY, pp. 169-79.
36. Jackson, S.E., Joshi, A. and Erhardt, N.L. (2003), "Recent research on team and organizational diversity: SWOT analysis and implications" in Journal of Management, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 801-31.
37. Janowiez, M. and Noorderhaven, N. (2006), "Levels of inter-organizational trust: conceptualization and measurement" in Bachmann, R. and Zaheer, A. (Eds.), Handbook of Trust Research, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 264-79.
38. Johnson, S.K., Murphy, S.E., Zewdie, S. and Reichard, R.J. (2008), "The strong, sensitive type: effects of gender stereotypes and leadership prototypes on the evaluation of male and female leaders" in Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, Vol. 106, No. 1, pp. 39-60.
39. Karakowsky, L. and Siegel, J.P. (1999), "The effects of proportional representation and gender orientation of the task on emergent leadership behavior in mixed-gender work groups" in Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 84, No. 4, pp. 620-31.
40. Karau, S.J., Elsaid, A.M.M.K. and Knight, M.B. (2009), "Managers: comparing Egypt and the United States" in Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Chicago, IL, USA, pp. 1-31, ( Proceedings Abstracts).
41. Keeffe, M.J., Darling, J.R. and Natesan, N.C. (2008), "Effective 360° management enhancement: the role of style in developing a leadership team" in Organization Development Journal, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 89-107.
42. Knouse, S.B. and Dansby, M.R. (1999), "Percentage of work-group diversity and work-group effectiveness" in Journal of Psychology, Vol. 133, No. 5, pp. 486-94.
43. Kochan, T., Bezrukova, K., Ely, R., Jackson, S., Joshi, A., Jehn, K., Leonard, J., Levine, D. and Thomas, D. (2003), "The effects of diversity on business performance: report of the diversity research network" in Human Resource Management, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 3-21.
44. Konrad, A.M., Kramer, V. and Erkut, S. (2008), "Critical mass: the impact of three or more women on corporate boards" in Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 145-64.
45. Kossek, E.E., Markel, K.S. and McHugh, P.P. (2003), "Increasing diversity as an HRM change strategy" in Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 328-52.
46. LePine, J.A., Hollenbeck, J.R., Ilgen, D.R. and Ellis, A. (2002), "Gender composition, situational strength, and team decision-making accuracy: a criterion decomposition approach" in Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, Vol. 88, No. 1, pp. 445-75.
47. Liff, S. and Ward, K. (2001), "Distorted views through the glass ceiling: the construction of women's understandings of promotion and senior management positions" in Gender, Work & Organization, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 19-36.
48. Litz, R.A. and Folker, C.A. (2002), "When he and she sell seashells: exploring the relationship between management team gender-balance and small firm performance" in Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 341-59.
49. Lortie-Lussier, M. and Rinfret, N. (2002), "The proportion of women managers: where is the critical mass?" in Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 32, No. 9, pp. 1974-91.
50. McKnight, D.H. and Chervany, N.L. (2006), "An experimental study of trust in collective entities" in Bachmann, R. and Zaheer, A. (Eds.), Handbook of Trust Research, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 29-51 29.
51. Madhok, A. (2006), "Opportunism, trust and knowledge: the management of firm value and the value of firm management" Bachmann, R. and Zaheer, A. (Eds.), Handbook of Trust Research, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 1-7-123@p. 108.
52. Madlock, P.E. (2008), "The link between leadership style, communicator competence, and employee satisfaction" in Journal of Business Communication, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 61-78.
53. Mannix, E. and Neale, M.A. (2005), "What differences make a difference? The promise and reality of diverse teams in organizations" in Psychological Science in the Public Interest, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 31-55.
54. Mayer, R.C. and Gavin, M.B. (2005), "Trust in management and performance: who minds the shop while the employees watch the boss?" in Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 48, No. 5, pp. 874-88.
55. Möllering, G. (2006), "Trust, institutions, agency: towards a neoinstitutional theory of trust" in Bachmann, R. and Zaheer, A. (Eds.), Handbook of Trust Research, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 355-76.
56. Moore, D.P. (1984), "Evaluating in-role and out-of-role performers" in Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 27, pp. 603-18.
57. Moore, D.P. (2000), Careerpreneurs: Lessons from Leading Women Entrepreneurs on Building a Career without Boundaries, Davies-Black Publishing, Palo Alto, CA.
58. Moore, D.P. (2010), "Women as entrepreneurs and business owners" in O'Connor, K. (Ed.), Gender and Women's Leadership: A Reference Handbook, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 443-51.
59. Moore, D.P. and Buttner, E.H. (1997), Women Entrepreneurs: Moving Beyond the Glass Ceiling, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
60. Morrison, E.W. and Robinson, S.L. (1997), "When employees feel betrayed: a model of how psychological contract violation develops" in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 226-56.
61. Namok, C., Fuqua, D.R. and Newman, J.L. (2009), "Exploratory and confirmatory studies of the structure of the Bem Sex role Inventory short form with two divergent samples" in Educational & Psychological Measurement, Vol. 69, No. 4, pp. 696-705.
62. Neves, P. and Caetano, A. (2006), "Social exchange processes in organizational change: the roles of trust and control" in Journal of Change Management, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 351-64.
63. Nielsen, S. and Huse, M. (2010), "Women directors' contribution to board decision-making and strategic involvement: the role of equality perception" in European Management Review, Vol. 7, pp. 16-29.
64. Oakley, J.G. (2000), "Gender-based barriers to senior management positions: understanding the scarcity of female CEOs" in Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 321-34.
65. Palrecha, R. (2009), "Leadership - universal or culturally - contingent - a multi-theory/multi-method test in India" in Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, Chicago, IL, USA, pp. 1-6.
66. Paris, L.D., Howell, J.P., Dorfman, P.W. and Hanges, P.J. (2009), "Preferred leadership prototypes of male and female leaders in 27 countries" in Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 40, No. 8, pp. 1396-405.
67. Puranam, P. and Vanneste, B.S. (2009), "Trust and governance: untangling a tangled web" in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 11-31.
68. Rhee, M. and Valdez, M.E. (2009), "Contextual factors surrounding reputation damage with potential implications for reputation repair" in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 146-68.
69. Rosener, J.B. (1990), "Ways women lead" in Harvard Business Review, Vol. 68, No. 6, pp. 119-25.
70. Rosener, J.B. (1997), America's Competitive Secret: Women Managers, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
71. Salamon, S.D. and Robinson, S.L. (2008), "Trust that binds: the impact of collective felt trust on organizational performance" in Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 93, No. 3, pp. 593-601.
72. Schoorman, F.D., Mayer, R.C. and Davis, J.H. (2007), "An integrative model of organizational trust: past, present, and future" in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 344-54.
73. Sealy, R.H.V. (2010), "Do the numbers matter? How senior women experience extreme gender-imbalanced work environments", Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, Montreal, Canada.
74. Spector, M.D. and Jones, G.E. (2004), "Trust in the workplace: factors affecting trust formation between team members" in The Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 144, No. 3, pp. 311-21.
75. Sydow, J. (2006), "How can systems trust systems?" in Bachmann, R. and Zaheer, A. (Eds.), Handbook of Trust Research, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 377-92.
76. Tharenou, P. (1999), "Gender differences in advancing to the top" in International Journal of Management Reviews, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 11-33.
77. Torchia, M., Calabro, A. and Huse, M. (2010), "Critical mass theory, board strategic tasks and firm innovation: how do women directors contribute?", Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, Montreal, Canada.
78. van Engen, M., van der Leeden, R. and Willemsen, T. (2001), "Gender, context and leadership styles: a field study" in Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, Vol. 74, No. 5, pp. 581-98.
79. Viklund, M. and Sjöberg, L. (2008), "An expectancy-value approach to determinants of trust" in Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 294-313.
80. Welbourne, T.M., Cycyota, C.S. and Ferrante, C. (2007), "Wall Street reaction to women in IPOS: an examination of gender diversity in top management teams" in Group & Organization Management, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 524-47.
81. Westermann, O., Ashby, J. and Pretty, J. (2005), "Gender and social capital: the importance of gender differences for the maturity and effectiveness of natural resource management groups" in World Development, Vol. 33, No. 11, pp. 1783-99.
82. Williams, M. (2001), "In whom we trust: group membership as an affective context for trust development" in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 377-96.
83. Williams, M. and Polman, E. (2009), "Where colleagues fear to tread: how gender composition influences interpersonally sensitive behavior" in Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Chicago, IL, USA, pp. 1-31, ( Proceedings Abstracts).
84. Wu, J.B., Tsui, A.S. and Kinicki, A.J. (2010), "Consequences of differentiated leadership in groups" in Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 90-106.
85. Yammarino, F.J., Dubinsky, A.J., Comer, L.B. and Jolson, M.A. (1997), "Women and transformational and contingent reward leadership: a multiple-levels-of-analysis perspective" in Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 205-22.
86. Zeynep, A. and Soner, D. (2010), "Attitudes towards women managers: development and validation of a new measure", Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, Montreal, Canada.