Strategies for non-invasive molecular imaging of acute allograft rejection by gamma scintigraphy and positron emission tomography

Current Radiopharmaceuticals

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 10-23

  Grabner, Alexander ^a   Schnöckel, Uta ^a   Kentrup, Dominik ^a   Schäfers, Michael ^a   Reuter, Stefan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MÜNSTER   (Germany)

Author keywords

Acute allograft rejection; Diagnostics; PET; Positron emission tomography; Single photon (gamma) imaging; SPECT; Transplantation

Indexed keywords

CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN RELATED CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1; CYTOKINE; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; GELATINASE A; GELATINASE B; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1;

APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; BLOOD VESSEL PERMEABILITY; CARDIAC GRAFT REJECTION; GAMMA SCINTIGRAPHY; GRAFT REJECTION; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; INFECTION; INFLAMMATION; ISOTOPE LABELING; KIDNEY ALLOGRAFT REJECTION; LEUKOCYTE; LIVER GRAFT REJECTION; LUNG GRAFT REJECTION; MOLECULAR IMAGING; NONHUMAN; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPORTER GENE; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;

ACUTE DISEASE; ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY; CELL ADHESION MOLECULES; CELL HYPOXIA; CYTOKINES; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F18; GAMMA CAMERAS; GRAFT REJECTION; HUMANS; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; LEUKOCYTES; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES; MICE; MOLECULAR IMAGING; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; RADIOIMMUNODETECTION; RATS; TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS;

EID: 79955692715     PISSN: 18744710     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1874471011104010010     Document Type: Article

References (189)

1. Cohen, D. J.; St, M. L.; Christensen, L. L.; Bloom, R. D.; Sung, R.S. Kidney and pancreas transplantation in the United States, 1995-2004. Am. J. Transplant., 2006, 6 (5 Pt 2), 1153-1169.
2. Dutkowski, P.; De, R. O.; Mullhaupt, B.; Clavien, P. A. Currentand future trends in liver transplantation in Europe. Gastroenterology, 2010, 138 (3), 802-809.
3. Jenq, R. R.; van den Brink, M. R. Allogeneic haematopoietic stemcell transplantation: individualized stem cell and immune therapyof cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2010, 10 (3), 213-221.
4. Yun, J. J.; Gonzalez-Stawinski, G. Heart transplantation. MinervaChir., 2009, 64 (1), 23-35.
5. Mazariegos, G. V.; Steffick, D. E.; Horslen, S.; Farmer, D.; Fryer, J.; Grant, D.; Langnas, A.; Magee, J. C. Intestine transplantation in the United States, 1999-2008. Am. J. Transplant., 2010, 10 (4 Pt 2),1020-1034.
6. Christie, J. D.; Edwards, L. B.; Aurora, P.; Dobbels, F.; Kirk, R.; Rahmel, A. O.; Stehlik, J.; Taylor, D. O.; Kucheryavaya, A. Y.; Hertz, M. I. The Registry of the International Society for Heart andLung Transplantation: Twenty-sixth Official Adult Lung andHeart-Lung Transplantation Report-2009. J. Heart LungTransplant., 2009, 28 (10), 1031-1049.
7. McCullough, K. P.; Keith, D. S.; Meyer, K. H.; Stock, P. G.; Brayman, K. L.; Leichtman, A. B. Kidney and pancreastransplantation in the United States, 1998-2007: access for patientswith diabetes and end-stage renal disease. Am. J. Transplant., 2009,9 (4 Pt 2), 894-906.
8. Meier-Kriesche, H. U.; Schold, J. D.; Kaplan, B. Long-term renalallograft survival: have we made significant progress or is it time torethink our analytic and therapeutic strategies? Am. J. Transplant.,2004, 4 (8), 1289-1295.
9. Subherwal, S.; Kobashigawa, J. A.; Cogert, G.; Patel, J.; Espejo, M.; Oeser, B. Incidence of acute cellular rejection and non-cellularrejection in cardiac transplantation. Transplant. Proc., 2004, 36(10), 3171-3172.
10. Cornell, L. D.; Smith, R. N.; Colvin, R. B. Kidney transplantation:mechanisms of rejection and acceptance. Annu. Rev. Pathol., 2008,3, 189-220.
11. Wu, O.; Levy, A. R.; Briggs, A.; Lewis, G.; Jardine, A. Acuterejection and chronic nephropathy: a systematic review of theliterature. Transplantation 2009, 87 (9), 1330-1339.
12. Matas, A. J.; Gillingham, K. J.; Payne, W. D.; Najarian, J. S. Theimpact of an acute rejection episode on long-term renal allograftsurvival (t1/2). Transplantation, 1994, 57 (6), 857-859.
13. Chapman, J. R.; O'Connell, P. J.; Nankivell, B. J. Chronic renalallograft dysfunction. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2005, 16 (10), 3015-3026.
14. Massy, Z. A.; Guijarro, C.; Wiederkehr, M. R.; Ma, J. Z.; Kasiske, B. L. Chronic renal allograft rejection: immunologic andnonimmunologic risk factors. Kidney Int., 1996, 49 (2), 518-524.
15. Meier-Kriesche, H. U.; Ojo, A. O.; Hanson, J. A.; Cibrik, D. M.; Punch, J. D.; Leichtman, A. B.; Kaplan, B. Increased impact ofacute rejection on chronic allograft failure in recentera.Transplantation, 2000, 70 (7), 1098-1100.
16. Nickeleit, V.; Andreoni, K. Inflammatory cells in renal allografts. Front Biosci., 2008, 13, 6202-6213.
17. Ingulli, E. Mechanism of cellular rejection in transplantation.Pediatr. Nephrol., 2008. [Epub ahead of print].
18. Dedrick, R. L.; Bodary, S.; Garovoy, M. R. Adhesion molecules astherapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases and transplantrejection. Expert. Opin. Biol. Ther., 2003, 3 (1), 85-95.
19. Barry, M.; Bleackley, R. C. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes: all roadslead to death. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2002, 2 (6), 401-409.
20. Hall, L. T.; Struck, A. F.; Perlman, S. B. Clinical MolecularImaging with PET Agents other than (18)F-FDG. Curr. Pharm.Biotechnol., 2010, 11(6), 545-554.
21. Signore, A.; Mather, S. J.; Piaggio, G.; Malviya, G.; Dierckx, R. A. Molecular imaging of inflammation/infection: nuclear medicineand optical imaging agents and methods. Chem. Rev., 2010, 110(5), 3112-3145.
22. Dharmarajan, S.; Hayama, M.; Kozlowski, J.; Ishiyama, T.; Okazaki, M.; Factor, P.; Patterson, G. A.; Schuster, D. P. In vivomolecular imaging characterizes pulmonary gene expression duringexperimental lung transplantation. Am. J. Transplant., 2005, 5(6),1216-1225.
23. Kaplan, J. D.; Trulock, E. P.; Cooper, J. D.; Schuster, D. P. Pulmonary vascular permeability after lung transplantation. Apositron emission tomographic study. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 1992,145 (4 Pt 1), 954-957.
24. Blankenberg, F. G.; Katsikis, P. D.; Tait, J. F.; Davis, R. E.; Naumovski, L.; Ohtsuki, K.; Kopiwoda, S.; Abrams, M. J.; Darkes, M.; Robbins, R. C.; Maecker, H. T.; Strauss, H. W. In vivodetection and imaging of phosphatidylserine expression duringprogrammed cell death. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, 1998, 95 (11),6349-6354.
25. Kown, M. H.; Strauss, H. W.; Blankenberg, F. G.; Berry, G. J.; Stafford-Cecil, S.; Tait, J. F.; Goris, M. L.; Robbins, R. C. In vivoimaging of acute cardiac rejection in human patients using(99m)technetium labeled annexin V. Am. J. Transplant., 2001, 1(3), 270-277.
26. Narula, J.; Acio, E. R.; Narula, N.; Samuels, L. E.; Fyfe, B.; Wood, D.; Fitzpatrick, J. M.; Raghunath, P. N.; Tomaszewski, J. E.; Kelly, C.; Steinmetz, N.; Green, A.; Tait, J. F.; Leppo, J.; Blankenberg, F.G.; Jain, D.; Strauss, H. W. Annexin-V imaging for noninvasivedetection of cardiac allograft rejection. Nat. Med., 2001, 7 (12),1347-1352.
27. Vriens, P. W.; Blankenberg, F. G.; Stoot, J. H.; Ohtsuki, K.; Berry, G. J.; Tait, J. F.; Strauss, H. W.; Robbins, R. C. The use oftechnetium Tc 99m annexin V for in vivo imaging of apoptosisduring cardiac allograft rejection. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.,1998, 116 (5), 844-853.
28. Nahrendorf, M.; Keliher, E.; Panizzi, P.; Zhang, H.; Hembrador, S.; Figueiredo, J. L.; Aikawa, E.; Kelly, K.; Libby, P.; Weissleder, R. 18F-4V for PET-CT imaging of VCAM-1 expression inatherosclerosis. JACC. Cardiovasc. Imaging, 2009, 2 (10), 1213-1222.
29. Hawkins, R. A.; Hall, T.; Gambhir, S. S.; Busuttil, R. W.; Huang, S. C.; Glickman, S.; Marciano, D.; Brown, R. K.; Phelps, M. E. Radionuclide evaluation of liver transplants. Semin. Nucl. Med.,1988, 18 (3), 199-212.
30. Hoffken, H.; Ebel, H.; Bongers, H.; Joseph, K.; Lange, H. [99mTctin colloid scintigraphy in the diagnosis of acute rejection reactionsin kidney transplants]. Rofo, 1987, 147 (5), 510-514.
31. Martins, F. P.; Souza, S. A.; Goncalves, R. T.; Fonseca, L. M.;Gutfilen, B. Preliminary results of [99mTc]OKT3 scintigraphy toevaluate acute rejection in renal transplants. Transplant. Proc.,2004, 36 (9), 2664-2667.
32. Weissleder, R. A clearer vision for in vivo imaging. Nat.Biotechnol., 2001, 19 (4), 316-317.
33. Balink, H.; Collins, J.; Bruyn, G.; Gemmel, F. F-18 FDG PET/CTin the diagnosis of fever of unknown origin. Clin. Nucl. Med.,2009, 34 (12), 862-868.
34. Braun, R. K.; Molitor-Dart, M.; Wigfield, C.; Xiang, Z.; Fain, S.B.; Jankowska-Gan, E.; Seroogy, C. M.; Burlingham, W. J.; Wilkes, D. S.; Brand, D. D.; Torrealba, J.; Love, R. B. Transfer oftolerance to collagen type V suppresses T-helper-cell-17 lymphocyte-mediated acute lung transplant rejection. Transplantion, 2009,88 (12), 1341-1348.
35. Heelan, B. T.; Osman, S.; Blyth, A.; Schnorr, L.; Jones, T.; George, A. J. Use of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose as a potential agent inthe prediction of graft rejection by positron emission tomography.Transplantion, 1998, 66 (8), 1101-1103.
36. Jones, H. A.; Donovan, T.; Goddard, M. J.; McNeil, K.; Atkinson, C.; Clark, J. C.; White, J. F.; Chilvers, E. R. Use of 18FDG-pet todiscriminate between infection and rejection in lung transplantrecipients. Transplantation, 2004, 77 (9), 1462-1464.
37. Reuter, S.; Schnöckel, U.; Schröter, R.; Schober, O.; Pavenstädt, H.; Schäfers, M.; Gabriels, G.; Schlatter, E. Non-invasive imagingof acute renal allograft rejection in rats using small animal F-FDGPET. PLoS. One, 2009, 4 (4), e5296.
38. Tsuji, A. B.; Morita, M.; Li, X. K.; Sogawa, C.; Sudo, H.; Sugyo, A.; Fujino, M.; Sugioka, A.; Koizumi, M.; Saga, T. 18F-FDG PETfor semiquantitative evaluation of acute allograft rejection andimmunosuppressive therapy efficacy in rat models of livertransplantation. J. Nucl. Med., 2009, 50 (5), 827-830.
39. Zehr, K. J.; Wong, C. Y.; Chin, B.; Ravert, H. T.; Dannals, R. F.; Hruban, R. H.; Wong, D. F.; Baumgartner, W. A. Comparison ofmyocardial oxygen consumption using 11C acetate positronemission tomography scanning in a working and non-working hearttransplant model. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., 2001, 19 (1), 74-81.
40. Killion, D.; Nitzsche, E.; Choi, Y.; Schelbert, H.; Rosenthal, J. T. Positron emission tomography: a new method for determination ofrenal function. J. Urol., 1993, 150 (3), 1064-1068.
41. Chan, S. Y.; Kobashigawa, J.; Stevenson, L. W.; Brownfield, E.; Brunken, R. C.; Schelbert, H. R. Myocardial blood flow at rest andduring pharmacological vasodilation in cardiac transplants duringand after successful treatment of rejection. Circulation, 1994, 90(1), 204-212.
42. Hoff, S. J.; Stewart, J. R.; Frist, W. H.; Atkinson, J. B.; Kronenberg, M. W.; Votaw, J.; Kessler, R. M.; Sandler, M. P. Noninvasive detection of acute rejection in a new experimentalmodel of heart transplantation. Ann. Thorac. Surg., 1993, 56 (5),1074-1077.
43. Keidar, Z.; Gurman-Balbir, A.; Gaitini, D.; Israel, O. Fever ofunknown origin: the role of 18F-FDG PET/CT. J. Nucl. Med.,2008, 49 (12), 1980-1985.
44. Sager, H. B.; Ergun, S.; Hartmann, A.; Hoffmann, U.; Kramer, B.K.; Mihatsch, M. J.; Weil, J. Expression of carcinoembryonicantigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 in acute rejection ofhuman renal allografts. Transplant. Proc., 2009, 41 (5), 1536-1540.
45. Huang, X.; Shen, W.; Li, Y.; Zhou, Z.; Tan, J. Expression ofICAM-1 and LFA-1 molecules in relation to renal allograftrejection in rats. Chin. Med. Sci J., 1999, 14 (3), 163-166.
46. Solez, K.; Racusen, L. C.; Abdulkareem, F.; Kemeny, E.; von, W.E.; Truong, L. D. Adhesion molecules and rejection of renalallografts. Kidney Int., 1997, 51 (5), 1476-1480.
47. Brockmeyer, C.; Ulbrecht, M.; Schendel, D. J.; Weiss, E. H.; Hillebrand, G.; Burkhardt, K.; Land, W.; Gokel, M. J.; Riethmuller, G.; Feucht, H. E. Distribution of cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1,VCAM-1, ELAM-1) in renal tissue during allograft rejection. Transplantation, 1993, 55 (3), 610-615.
48. Garrood, T.; Blades, M.; Haskard, D. O.; Mather, S.; Pitzalis, C. Anovel model for the pre-clinical imaging of inflamed humansynovial vasculature. Rheumatology, (Oxford) 2009, 48 (8), 926-931.
49. Dumarey, N.; Egrise, D.; Blocklet, D.; Stallenberg, B.; Remmelink, M.; del, M., V; Van, S. G.; Jacobs, F.; Goldman, S. Imaginginfection with 18F-FDG-labeled leukocyte PET/CT: initialexperience in 21 patients. J. Nucl. Med., 2006, 47 (4), 625-632.
50. Papos, M.; Nagy, F.; Lang, J.; Csernay, L. Leukocyte scintigraphyto assess disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease. J. Nucl.Med., 1996, 37 (2), 400.
51. Datz, F. L. Indium-111-labeled leukocytes for the detection ofinfection: current status. Semin. Nucl. Med., 1994, 24 (2), 92-109.
52. Peters, A. M. The utility of [99mTc]HMPAO-leukocytes forimaging infection. Semin. Nucl. Med., 1994, 24 (2), 110-127.
53. Peters, A. M.; Danpure, H. J.; Osman, S.; Hawker, R. J.; Henderson, B. L.; Hodgson, H. J.; Kelly, J. D.; Neirinckx, R. D.; Lavender, J. P. Clinical experience with 99mTc-hexamethylpropylene-amineoxime for labelling leucocytes and imaginginflammation. Lancet, 1986, 2 (8513), 946-949.
54. McAfee, J. G.; Thakur, M. L. Survey of radioactive agents for invitro labeling of phagocytic leukocytes. I. Soluble agents. J. Nucl.Med., 1976, 17 (6), 480-487.
55. Isobe, M.; Haber, E.; Khaw, B. A. Early detection of rejection andassessment of cyclosporine therapy by 111In antimyosin imagingin mouse heart allografts. Circulation, 1991, 84 (3), 1246-1255.
56. Eisen, H. J.; Eisenberg, S. B.; Saffitz, J. E.; Bolman, R. M., III; Sobel, B. E.; Bergmann, S. R. Noninvasive detection of rejection oftransplanted hearts with indium-111-labeled lymphocytes.Circulation, 1987, 75 (4), 868-876.
57. Forstrom, L. A.; Dunn, W. L.; Rowe, F. A.; Camilleri, M. 111Inoxine-labelled granulocyte dosimetry in normal subjects. Nucl.Med. Commun., 1995, 16 (5), 349-356.
58. Forstrom, L. A.; Dunn, W. L.; Mullan, B. P.; Hung, J. C.; Lowe, V.J.; Thorson, L. M. Biodistribution and dosimetry of [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucoselabelled leukocytes in normal human subjects. Nucl.Med. Commun., 2002, 23 (8), 721-725.
59. Bhargava, K. K.; Gupta, R. K.; Nichols, K. J.; Palestro, C. J. Invitro human leukocyte labeling with (64)Cu: an intraindividualcomparison with (111)In-oxine and (18)F-FDG. Nucl. Med. Biol.,2009, 36 (5), 545-549.
60. Botti, C.; Negri, D. R.; Seregni, E.; Ramakrishna, V.; Arienti, F.; Maffioli, L.; Lombardo, C.; Bogni, A.; Pascali, C.; Crippa, F.; Massaron, S.; Remonti, F.; Nerini-Molteni, S.; Canevari, S.; Bombardieri, E. Comparison of three different methods forradiolabelling human activated T lymphocytes. Eur. J. Nucl. Med.,1997, 24 (5), 497-504.
61. Watson, C. J.; Wraight, E. P.; Neale, G.; Jamieson, N. V.; Friend, P. J.; Calne, R. Radionuclide studies in intestinal transplantation.Diagnosis of rejection and assessment of permeability.Transplantation, 1996, 61 (1), 155-157.
62. Oluwole, S.; Wang, T.; Fawwaz, R.; Satake, K.; Nowygrod, R.; Reemtsma, K.; Hardy, M. A. Use of indium-111-labeled cells inmeasurement of cellular dynamics of experimental cardiac allograftrejection. Transplant., 1981, 31 (1), 51-55.
63. Mazzoni, G.; Lee, S.; Tomer, A.; Gittes, R. F. Indium-labeledpresensitized T cells for diagnosis of graft rejection. J. Surg. Res.,1992, 52 (1), 85-88.
64. Lopes de Souza, S. A.; Barbosa da Fonseca, L. M.; Torres, G. R.; Salomao, P. D.; Holzer, T. J.; Proenca Martins, F. P.; Gutfilen, B. Diagnosis of renal allograft rejection and acute tubular necrosis by99mTc-mononuclear leukocyte imaging. Transplant. Proc., 2004,36 (10), 2997-3001.
65. Toso, C.; Zaidi, H.; Morel, P.; Armanet, M.; Wojtusciszyn, A.; Mai, G.; Baertschiger, R.; Buhler, L.; Berney, T. Assessment of18F-FDG-leukocyte imaging to monitor rejection after pancreaticislet transplantation. Transplant. Proc., 2006, 38 (9), 3033-3034.
66. Meller, J.; Sahlmann, C. O.; Scheel, A. K. 18F-FDG PET andPET/CT in fever of unknown origin. J. Nucl. Med., 2007, 48 (1),35-45.
67. Pauwels, E. K.; Ribeiro, M. J.; Stoot, J. H.; McCready, V. R.; Bourguignon, M.; Maziere, B. FDG accumulation and tumorbiology. Nucl. Med. Biol., 1998, 25 (4), 317-322.
68. Joost, H. G.; Thorens, B. The extended GLUT-family ofsugar/polyol transport facilitators: nomenclature, sequencecharacteristics, and potential function of its novel members(review). Mol. Membr. Biol., 2001, 18 (4), 247-256.
69. Pellegrino, D.; Bonab, A. A.; Dragotakes, S. C.; Pitman, J. T.; Mariani, G.; Carter, E. A. Inflammation and infection: imagingproperties of 18F-FDG-labeled white blood cells versus 18F-FDG.J. Nucl. Med., 2005, 46 (9), 1522-1530.
70. Reuter, S.; Schnockel, U.; Edemir, B.; Schroter, R.; Kentrup, D.; Pavenstadt, H.; Schober O.; Schlatter, E.; Gabriels, G.; Schafers, M. Potential of noninvasive serial assessment of acute renal allograftrejection by 18F-FDG PET to monitor treatment efficiency.J. Nucl. Med., 2010, 51, 1644-1652.
71. Guttmann, R. D.; Soulillou, J. P.; Moore, L. W.; First, M. R.; Gaber, A. O.; Pouletty, P.; Schroeder, T. J. Proposed consensus fordefinitions and endpoints for clinical trials of acute kidneytransplant rejection. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 1998, 31 (6 Suppl 1), S40-S46.
72. Schnöckel, U.; Reuter, S.; Stegger, L.; Schlatter, E.; Schäfers, K.P.; Hermann, S.; Schober, O.; Gabriels, G.; Schäfers, M. Dynamic18F-fluoride small animal PET to noninvasively assess renalfunction in rats. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2008, 35 (12),2267-2274.
73. Kirimlioglu, H.; Kirimlioglu, V.; Yilmaz, S. Expression of matrixmetalloproteinases 2 and 9 in donor liver, cirrhotic liver, and acuterejection after human liver transplantation. Transplant. Proc., 2008,40 (10), 3574-3577.
74. Edemir, B.; Kurian, S. M.; Eisenacher, M.; Lang, D.; Müller-Tidow, C.; Gabriels, G.; Salomon, D. R.; Schlatter, E. Activation ofcounter-regulatory mechanisms in a rat renal acute rejection model. BMC Genomics, 2008, 9, 71.
75. Suzuki, J.; Isobe, M.; Kawauchi, M.; Endoh, M.; Amano, J.; Takamoto, S. Altered expression of matrix metalloproteinases andtissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in acutely rejectedmyocardium and coronary arteriosclerosis in cardiac allografts ofnonhuman primates. Transpl. Int., 2000, 13 (2), 106-113.
76. Breyholz, H. J.; Wagner, S.; Faust, A.; Riemann, B.; Holtke, C.; Hermann, S.; Schober, O.; Schäfers, M.; Kopka, K. Radiofluorinated pyrimidine-2,4,6-triones as molecular probes fornoninvasive MMP-targeted imaging. Chem. Med. Chem., 2010, 5(5), 777-789.
77. Wagner, S.; Breyholz, H. J.; Holtke, C.; Faust, A.; Schober, O.; Schäfers, M.; Kopka, K. A new 18F-labelled derivative of theMMP inhibitor CGS 27023A for PET: radiosynthesis and initialsmall-animal PET studies. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 2009, 67(4), 606-610.
78. Wagner, S.; Breyholz, H. J.; Faust, A.; Holtke, C.; Levkau, B.; Schober, O.; Schäfers, M.; Kopka, K. Molecular imaging of matrixmetalloproteinases in vivo using small molecule inhibitors forSPECT and PET. Curr. Med. Chem., 2006, 13 (23), 2819-2838.
79. Schäfers, M.; Schober, O.; Hermann, S. Matrix-metalloproteinasesas imaging targets for inflammatory activity in atheroscleroticplaques. J. Nucl. Med., 2010, 51 (5), 663-666.
80. Fischereder, M.; Schroppel, B. The role of chemokines in acuterenal allograft rejection and chronic allograft injury. Front Biosci.,2009, 14, 1807-1814.
81. Hummel, M.; Kurian, S. M.; Lin, S.; Borodyanskiy, A.; Zhang, Z.; Li, Z.; Kim, S. J.; Salomon, D. R.; Abecassis, M. Intragraft TNFreceptor signaling contributes to activation of innate and adaptiveimmunity in a renal allograft model. Transplantation, 2009, 87(2),178-188.
82. Burkhardt, K.; Radespiel-Troger, M.; Rupprecht, H. D.; Goppelt-Struebe, M.; Riess, R.; Renders, L.; Hauser, I. A.; Kunzendorf, U. An increase in myeloid-related protein serum levels precedes acuterenal allograft rejection. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2001, 12 (9), 1947-1957.
83. Goebeler, M.; Roth, J.; Burwinkel, F.; Vollmer, E.; Bocker, W.; Sorg, C. Expression and complex formation of S100-like proteinsMRP8 and MRP14 by macrophages during renal allograftrejection. Transplantation, 1994, 58 (3), 355-361.
84. Cao, Q.; Cai, W.; Li, Z. B.; Chen, K.; He, L.; Li, H. C.; Hui, M.; Chen, X. PET imaging of acute and chronic inflammation in livingmice. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2007, 34 (11), 1832-1842.
85. Annovazzi, A.; Bonanno, E.; Arca, M.; D'Alessandria, C.; Marcoccia, A.; Spagnoli, L. G.; Violi, F.; Scopinaro, F.; De, T. G.; Signore, A. 99mTc-interleukin-2 scintigraphy for the in vivoimaging of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. Eur. J. Nucl. Med.Mol. Imaging, 2006, 33 (2), 117-126.
86. Signore, A.; Annovazzi, A.; Barone, R.; Bonanno, E.; D'Alessandria, C.; Chianelli, M.; Mather, S. J.; Bottoni, U.; Panetta, C.; Innocenzi, D.; Scopinaro, F.; Calvieri, S. 99mTcinterleukin-2 scintigraphy as a potential tool for evaluating tumorinfiltratinglymphocytes in melanoma lesions: a validation study. J.Nucl. Med., 2004, 45 (10), 1647-1652.
87. Annovazzi, A.; Biancone, L.; Caviglia, R.; Chianelli, M.; Capriotti, G.; Mather, S. J.; Caprilli, R.; Pallone, F.; Scopinaro, F.; Signore, A. 99mTc-interleukin-2 and (99m)Tc-HMPAO granulocytescintigraphy in patients with inactive Crohn's disease. Eur. J. Nucl.Med. Mol. Imaging, 2003, 30 (3), 374-382.
88. Signore, A.; Chianelli, M.; Annovazzi, A.; Rossi, M.; Maiuri, L.; Greco, M.; Ronga, G.; Britton, K. E.; Picarelli, A. Imaging activelymphocytic infiltration in coeliac disease with iodine-123-interleukin-2 and the response to diet. Eur. J. Nucl. Med., 2000, 27(1), 18-24.
89. Bleeker-Rovers, C. P.; Rennen, H. J.; Boerman, O. C.; Wymenga, A. B.; Visser, E. P.; Bakker, J. H.; van der Meer, J. W.; Corstens, F. H.; Oyen, W. J. 99mTc-labeled interleukin 8 for thescintigraphic detection of infection and inflammation: first clinicalevaluation. J. Nucl. Med., 2007, 48 (3), 337-343.
90. Gratz, S.; Rennen, H. J.; Boerman, O. C.; Oyen, W. J.; Corstens, F.H. Rapid imaging of experimental colitis with (99m)Tc-interleukin-8 in rabbits. J. Nucl. Med., 2001, 42 (6), 917-923.
91. van der Laken, C. J.; Boerman, O. C.; Oyen, W. J.; van de Ven, M.T.; van der Meer, J. W.; Corstens, F. H. Radiolabeled interleukin-8:specific scintigraphic detection of infection within a few hours. J.Nucl. Med., 2000, 41 (3), 463-469.
92. Hay, R. V.; Skinner, R. S.; Newman, O. C.; Kunkel, S. L.; Lyle, L.R.; Shapiro, B.; Gross, M. D. Scintigraphy of acute inflammatorylesions in rats with radiolabelled recombinant human interleukin-8.Nucl. Med. Commun., 1997, 18 (4), 367-378.
93. Hartung, D.; Petrov, A.; Haider, N.; Fujimoto, S.; Blankenberg, F.; Fujimoto, A.; Virmani, R.; Kolodgie, F. D.; Strauss, H. W.; Narula, J. Radiolabeled Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1 for the detectionof inflammation in experimental atherosclerosis. J. Nucl. Med.,2007, 48 (11), 1816-1821.
94. Blankenberg, F. G.; Tait, J. F.; Blankenberg, T. A.; Post, A. M.; Strauss, H. W. Imaging macrophages and the apoptosis ofgranulocytes in a rodent model of subacute and chronic abscesseswith radiolabeled monocyte chemotactic peptide-1 and annexin V.Eur. J. Nucl. Med., 2001, 28 (9), 1384-1393.
95. van Eerd, J. E.; Boerman, O. C.; Corstens, F. H.; Oyen, W. J. Radiolabeled chemotactic cytokines: new agents for scintigraphicimaging of infection and inflammation. Q. J. Nucl. Med., 2003, 47(4), 246-255.
96. Signore, A.; Capriotti, G.; Scopinaro, F.; Bonanno, E.; Modesti, A. Radiolabelled lymphokines and growth factors for in vivo imagingof inflammation, infection and cancer. Trends Immunol. 2003, 24(7), 395-402.
97. Kown, M. H.; Jahncke, C. L.; Lijkwan, M. A.; Koransky, M. L.; Mari, C.; Berry, G. J.; Blankenberg, F. G.; Strauss, H. W.; Robbins, R. C. The use of (99m)technetium-labeled MCP-1 to assess graftcoronary artery disease in rat cardiac allografts. J. Heart LungTransplant. 2002, 21 (9), 1009-1015.
98. Abbs, I. C.; Pratt, J. R.; Dallman, M. J.; Sacks, S. H. Analysis ofactivated T cell infiltrates in rat renal allografts by gamma cameraimaging after injection of 123iodine-interleukin 2. Transpl.Immunol., 1993, 1 (1), 45-51.
99. Gudemez, E.; Turegun, M.; Carnevale, K.; Zins, J.; Siemionow, M. Effect of anti-ICAM-1 antibodies on macromolecular leakage andleukocyte activation: a study of hindlimb allografts in the rat. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 1999, 104 (1), 161-170.
100. Gudemez, E.; Turegun, M.; Porvasnik, S.; Carnavale, K.; Zins, J.; Siemionow, M. Determination of hindlimb transplantation-inducedvascular albumin leakage and leukocyte activation during the acutephase of rejection. J. Reconstr. Microsurg., 1999, 15 (2), 133-141.
101. Gudemez, E.; Turegun, M.; Zins, J.; Siemionow, M. Microvascularpermeability following composite tissue transplantation. Ann.Plast. Surg., 1998, 41 (5), 519-529.
102. Liberatore, M.; Clemente, M.; Iurilli, A. P.; Zorzin, L.; Marini, M.; Di, R. E.; Colella, A. C. Scintigraphic evaluation of disease activityin rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison of technetium-99m humannon-specific immunoglobulins, leucocytes and albuminnanocolloids. Eur. J. Nucl. Med., 1992, 19 (10), 853-857.
103. De, S. M.; Streule, K.; Senekowitsch, R.; Fridrich, R. Scintigraphyof inflammation with nanometer-sized colloidal tracers. Nucl. Med.Commun., 1987, 8 (11), 895-908.
104. Nizet, V.; Johnson, R. S. Interdependence of hypoxic and innateimmune responses. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2009, 9 (9), 609-617.
105. Rosenberger, C.; Pratschke, J.; Rudolph, B.; Heyman, S. N.; Schindler, R.; Babel, N.; Eckardt, K. U.; Frei, U.; Rosen, S.; Reinke, P. Immunohistochemical detection of hypoxia-induciblefactor-1alpha in human renal allograft biopsies. J. Am. Soc.Nephrol., 2007, 18 (1), 343-351.
106. Krohn, K. A.; Link, J. M.; Mason, R. P. Molecular imaging ofhypoxia. J. Nucl. Med., 2008, 49(Suppl 2), 129S-148S.
107. Bonnitcha, P. D.; Bayly, S. R.; Theobald, M. B.; Betts, H. M.; Lewis, J. S.; Dilworth, J. R. Nitroimidazole conjugates ofbis(thiosemicarbazonato)64Cu(II) - Potential combination agentsfor the PET imaging of hypoxia. J. Inorg. Biochem., 2010, 104 (2),126-135.
108. Engelhardt, E. L.; Schneider, R. F.; Seeholzer, S. H.; Stobbe, C. C.; Chapman, J. D. The synthesis and radiolabeling of 2-nitroimidazolederivatives of cyclam and their preclinical evaluation as positivemarkers of tumor hypoxia. J. Nucl. Med., 2002, 43 (6), 837-850.
109. Fujibayashi, Y.; Taniuchi, H.; Yonekura, Y.; Ohtani, H.; Konishi, J.; Yokoyama, A. Copper-62-ATSM: a new hypoxia imaging agentwith high membrane permeability and low redox potential. J. Nucl.Med., 1997, 38 (7), 1155-1160.
110. Bayly, S. R.; King, R. C.; Honess, D. J.; Barnard, P. J.; Betts, H.M.; Holland, J. P.; Hueting, R.; Bonnitcha, P. D.; Dilworth, J. R.; Aigbirhio, F. I.; Christlieb, M. In vitro and in vivo evaluations of ahydrophilic 64Cu-bis(thiosemicarbazonato)-glucose conjugate forhypoxia imaging. J. Nucl. Med., 2008, 49 (11), 1862-1868.
111. Rizzello, A.; Di, P. D.; Lodi, F.; Trespidi, S.; Cicoria, G.; Pancaldi, D.; Nanni, C.; Marengo, M.; Marzola, M. C.; Al-Nahhas, A.; Rubello, D.; Boschi, S. Synthesis and quality control of 68Gacitrate for routine clinical PET. Nucl. Med. Commun., 2009, 30 (7),542-545.
112. A. M. Nuclear medicine imaging in fever of unknownorigin. Q. J. Nucl. Med., 1999, 43 (1), 61-73.
113. Kinuya, S.; Li, X. F.; Yokoyama, K.; Mori, H.; Shiba, K.; Watanabe, N.; Shuke, N.; Bunko, H.; Michigishi, T.; Tonami, N. Hypoxia as a factor for 67Ga accumulation in tumour cells. Nucl.Med. Commun., 2004, 25 (1), 49-53.
114. Ostroy, F.; Johnston, R. B.; Gams, R. A. Effect of hypoxia on 67Gaincorporation into human granulocytes. Cancer Res. 1979, 39 (12),4971-4974.
115. De Saint-Hubert, M.; Prinsen, K.; Mortelmans, L.; Verbruggen, A.; Mottaghy, F. M. Molecular imaging of cell death. Methods, 2009,48(2), 178-187.
116. Lahorte, C. M.; Vanderheyden, J. L.; Steinmetz, N.; Van de Wiele, C.; Dierckx, R. A.; Slegers, G. Apoptosis-detecting radioligands:current state of the art and future perspectives. Eur. J. Nucl Med.Mol. Imaging, 2004, 31(6), 887-919.
117. Faust, A.; Hermann, S.; Wagner, S.; Haufe, G.; Schober, O.; Schafers, M.; Kopka, K. Molecular imaging of apoptosis in vivowith scintigraphic and optical biomarkers--a status report.Anticancer Agents Med. Chem., 2009, 9 (9), 968-985.
118. M. Molecular recognition mechanisms for detecting celldeath in vivo. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol., 2010. 11(6), 693-700.
119. Krysko, D. V.; Vanden Berghe, T.; D'herde, K.; Vandenabeele, P. Apoptosis and necrosis: detection, discrimination and phagocytosis.Methods, 2008, 44 (3), 205-221.
120. Murakami, Y.; Takamatsu, H.; Taki, J.; Tatsumi, M.; Noda, A.; Ichise, R.; Tait, J. F.; Nishimura, S. 18F-labelled annexin V: A PETtracer for apoptosis imaging. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging,2004, 31 (4), 469-474.
121. Kartachova, M. S.; Valdes Olmos, R. A.; Haas, R. L.; Hoebers, F.J.; van, H. M.; Verheij, M. 99mTc-HYNIC-rh-annexin-Vscintigraphy: visual and quantitative evaluation of early treatmentinducedapoptosis to predict treatment outcome. Nucl. Med.Commun., 2008, 29 (1), 39-44.
122. Fang, W.; Wang, F.; Ji, S.; Zhu, X.; Meier, H. T.; Hellman, R. S.; Brindle, K. M.; Davletov, B.; Zhao, M. SPECT imaging ofmyocardial infarction using 99mTc-labeled C2A domain ofsynaptotagmin I in a porcine ischemia-reperfusion model. Nucl.Med. Biol., 2007, 34 (8), 917-923.
123. Zhao, M.; Zhu, X.; Ji, S.; Zhou, J.; Ozker, K. S.; Fang, W.; Molthen, R. C.; Hellman, R. S. 99mTc-labeled C2A domain ofsynaptotagmin I as a target-specific molecular probe fornoninvasive imaging of acute myocardial infarction. J. Nucl. Med.,2006, 47 (8), 1367-1374.
124. Zhao, M.; Li, Z.; Bugenhagen, S. 99mTc-labeled duramycin as anovel phosphatidylethanolamine-binding molecular probe. J. Nucl.Med., 2008, 49 (8), 1345-1352.
125. Schroder, K.; Tschopp, J. The inflammasomes. Cell, 2010, 140 (6),821-832.
126. Lamkanfi, M.; Kanneganti, T. D. Caspase-7: a protease involved inapoptosis and inflammation. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 2010, 42(1), 21-24.
127. Smith, G.; Glaser, M.; Perumal, M.; Nguyen, Q. D.; Shan, B.; Arstad, E.; Aboagye, E. O. Design, synthesis, and biologicalcharacterization of a caspase 3/7 selective isatin labeled with 2-[18F]fluoroethylazide. J. Med. Chem., 2008, 51 (24), 8057-8067.
128. Zhou, D.; Chu, W.; Chen, D. L.; Wang, Q.; Reichert, D. E.; Rothfuss, J.; D'Avignon, A.; Welch, M. J.; Mach, R. H. [18F]- and[11C]-labeled N-benzyl-isatin sulfonamide analogues as PETtracers for apoptosis: synthesis, radiolabeling mechanism, and invivo imaging study of apoptosis in Fas-treated mice using[11C]WC-98. Org. Biomol. Chem., 2009, 7 (7), 1337-1348.
129. Faust, A.; Wagner, S.; Law, M. P.; Hermann, S.; Schnockel, U.; Keul, P.; Schober, O.; Schafers, M.; Levkau, B.; Kopka, K. Thenonpeptidyl caspase binding radioligand (S)-1-(4-(2-[18F]Fluoroethoxy)-benzyl)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin ([18F]CbR) as potential positron emissiontomography-compatible apoptosis imaging agent. Q. J. Nucl. Med.Mol. Imaging, 2007, 51 (1), 67-73.
130. Madar, I.; Ravert, H.; Nelkin, B.; Abro, M.; Pomper, M.; Dannals, R.; Frost, J. J. Characterization of membrane potential-dependentuptake of the novel PET tracer 18F-fluorobenzyltriphenylphosphonium cation. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging,2007, 34 (12), 2057-2065.
131. Madar, I.; Huang, Y.; Ravert, H.; Dalrymple, S. L.; Davidson, N.E.; Isaacs, J. T.; Dannals, R. F.; Frost, J. J. Detection andquantification of the evolution dynamics of apoptosis using thePET voltage sensor 18F-fluorobenzyl triphenyl phosphonium. J.Nucl. Med., 2009, 50 (5), 774-780.
132. Hain, S. F. Renal imaging. Clin. Med., 2006, 6 (3), 244-248.
133. Even-Sapir, E.; Weinbroum, A.; Merhav, H.; Lerman, H.; Livshitz, G.; Nakache, R. Renal allograft function prior to and followingliving related transplantation: assessment by quantitative Tc99mDMSA SPECT. Transplant. Proc., 2001, 33 (6), 2924-2925.
134. Sfakianakis, G. N.; Sfakianaki, E.; Georgiou, M.; Serafini, A.; Ezuddin, S.; Kuker, R.; Zilleruelo, G.; Strauss, J.; Abitbol, C.; Chandar, J.; Seeherunvong, W.; Bourgoignie, J.; Roth, D.; Leveillee, R.; Bird, V. G.; Block, N.; Gosalbez, R.; Labbie, A.; Guerra, J. J.; Yrizarry, J. A renal protocol for all ages and allindications: mercapto-acetyl-triglycine (MAG3) with simultaneousinjection of furosemide (MAG3-F0): a 17-year experience. Semin.Nucl. Med., 2009, 39 (3), 156-173.
135. Hilson, A. J.; Maisey, M. N.; Brown, C. B.; Ogg, C. S.; Bewick, M.S. Dynamic renal transplant imaging with Tc-99m DTPA (Sn)supplemented by a transplant perfusion index in the management ofrenal transplants. J. Nucl. Med., 1978, 19 (9), 994-1000.
136. Kudomi, N.; Koivuviita, N.; Liukko, K. E.; Oikonen, V. J.; Tolvanen, T.; Iida, H.; Tertti, R.; Metsarinne, K.; Iozzo, P.; Nuutila, P. Parametric renal blood flow imaging using [15O]H2Oand PET. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2009, 36 (4), 683-691.
137. Juillard, L.; Janier, M. F.; Fouque, D.; Cinotti, L.; Maakel, N.; Le, B. D.; Barthez, P. Y.; Pozet, N.; Laville, M. Dynamic renal bloodflow measurement by positron emission tomography in patientswith CRF. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 2002, 40 (5), 947-954.
138. Vera, D. R.; Krohn, K. A.; Stadalnik, R. C.; Scheibe, P. O. Tc-99m-galactosyl-neoglycoalbumin: in vivo characterization ofreceptor-mediated binding to hepatocytes. Radiology, 1984, 151(1), 191-196.
139. Marshall, J. S.; Green, A. M.; Pensky, J.; Williams, S.; Zinn, A.; Carlson, D. M. Measurement of circulating desialylatedglycoproteins and correlation with hepatocellular damage. J. Clin.Invest., 1974, 54 (3), 555-562.
140. de, G. W.; Bennink, R. J.; Vetelainen, R.; van Gulik, T. M. Nuclearimaging techniques for the assessment of hepatic function in liversurgery and transplantation. J. Nucl. Med., 2010, 51 (5), 742-752.
141. Yang, W.; Mou, T.; Peng, C.; Wu, Z.; Zhang, X.; Li, F.; Ma, Y. Fluorine-18 labeled galactosyl-neoglycoalbumin for imaging thehepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2009, 17(21), 7510-7516.
142. Kudomi, N.; Slimani, L.; Jarvisalo, M. J.; Kiss, J.; Lautamaki, R.; Naum, G. A.; Savunen, T.; Knuuti, J.; Iida, H.; Nuutila, P.; Iozzo, P. Non-invasive estimation of hepatic blood perfusion from H215O PET images using tissue-derived arterial and portal inputfunctions. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2008, 35 (10), 1899-1911.
143. Freeman, A. M.; Georgakis, A.; Kochar, M.; Patel, N.; Vandecker, W. A. Increased thallium-201 accumulation in the transplantedlung. Clin. Nucl. Med., 2009, 34 (5), 307-309.
144. Karetzky, M. S.; Jasani, R. R.; Zubair, M. A. Thallium-201scintigraphy in the evaluation of graft dysfunction in lungtransplantation. Newark Beth Israel Medical Center LungTransplant Group. Eur. Respir. J., 1996, 9 (12), 2553-2559.
145. Colt, H. G.; Cammilleri, S.; Khelifa, F.; Dumon, J. F.; Garbe, L.; Noirclerc, M.; Kaphan, G. Comparison of SPECT lung perfusionwith transbronchial lung biopsy after lung transplantation. Am. J.Respir. Crit. Care Med., 1994, 150 (2), 515-520.
146. Johansson, A.; Moonen, M.; Enocson, A.; Martensson, G.; Bake, B. Detection of chronic rejection by quantitative ventilationscintigrams in lung-transplanted patients: a pilot study. Clin.Physiol Funct. Imaging, 2005, 25 (3), 183-187.
147. Harris, R. S.; Schuster, D. P. Visualizing lung function withpositron emission tomography. J. Appl. Physiol., 2007, 102 (1),448-458.
148. Dolovich, M. B. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emissiontomographic imaging of pulmonary functions, pathology, and drugdelivery. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc., 2009, 6 (5), 477-485.
149. Wu, Y. W.; Yen, R. F.; Lee, C. M.; Ho, Y. L.; Wang, S. S.; Hsu, R.B.; Chou, N. K.; Huang, P. J. Usefulness of progressiveinhomogeneity of myocardial perfusion and chronotropicincompetence in detecting cardiac allograft vasculopathy:evaluation with dobutamine thallium-201 myocardial SPECT.Cardiology, 2005, 104 (3), 156-161.
150. Wu, Y. W.; Yen, R. F.; Lee, C. M.; Ho, Y. L.; Chou, N. K.; Wang, S. S.; Huang, P. J. Diagnostic and prognostic value of dobutaminethallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography afterheart transplantation. J. Heart Lung Transplant., 2005, 24 (5), 544-550.
151. Akincioglu, C.; Berman, D. S.; Nishina, H.; Kavanagh, P. B.; Slomka, P. J.; Abidov, A.; Hayes, S.; Friedman, J. D.; Germano, G. Assessment of diastolic function using 16-frame 99mTc-sestamibigated myocardial perfusion SPECT: normal values. J. Nucl. Med.,2005, 46 (7), 1102-1108.
152. Elhendy, A.; van Domburg, R. T.; Vantrimpont, P.; Poldermans, D.; Bax, J. J.; van, G. T.; Baan, C. C.; Schinkel, A.; Roelandt, J. R.; Balk, A. H. Prediction of mortality in heart transplant recipients bystress technetium-99m tetrofosmin myocardial perfusion imaging.Am. J. Cardiol., 2002, 89 (8), 964-968.
153. Aparici, C. M.; Narula, J.; Puig, M.; Camprecios, M.; Martin, J. C.; Tembl, A.; Flotats, A.; Estorch, M.; Catafau, A. M.; Berna, L.; Ballester, M.; Carrio, I. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy predictsimpending cardiac allograft rejection before endomyocardialbiopsy. Eur. J. Nucl. Med., 2000, 27 (12), 1754-1759.
154. Kiser, J. W.; Drane, W. E.; Mastin, S. T.; Nicole, M. W. Predictionof myocardial viability: Tl-201 versus sestamibi versus teboroximecompared with FDG uptake. Clin. Nucl. Med., 1998, 23 (7), 432-436.
155. Lerch, R. A.; Ambos, H. D.; Bergmann, S. R.; Welch, M. J.; Ter-Pogossian, M. M.; Sobel, B. E. Localization of viable, ischemicmyocardium by positron-emission tomography with 11C-palmitate.Circulation, 1981, 64 (4), 689-699.
156. Lee, J. S.; Lee, D. S.; Ahn, J. Y.; Yeo, J. S.; Cheon, G. J.; Kim, S.K.; Park, K. S.; Chung, J. K.; Lee, M. C. Generation of parametricimage of regional myocardial blood flow using H(2)(15)O dynamicPET and a linear least-squares method. J. Nucl. Med., 2005, 46(10), 1687-1695.
157. Bengel, F. M.; Ueberfuhr, P.; Hesse, T.; Schiepel, N.; Ziegler, S. I.; Scholz, S.; Nekolla, S. G.; Reichart, B.; Schwaiger, M. Clinicaldeterminants of ventricular sympathetic reinnervation afterorthotopic heart transplantation. Circulation, 2002, 106 (7), 831-835.
158. Kim, S. J.; Doudet, D. J.; Studenov, A. R.; Nian, C.; Ruth, T. J.;Gambhir, S. S.; McIntosh, C. H. Quantitative micro positronemission tomography (PET) imaging for the in vivo determinationof pancreatic islet graft survival. Nat. Med., 2006, 12 (12), 1423-1428.
159. Lu, Y.; Dang, H.; Middleton, B.; Zhang, Z.; Washburn, L.; Stout, D. B.; Campbell-Thompson, M.; Atkinson, M. A.; Phelps, M.; Gambhir, S. S.; Tian, J.; Kaufman, D. L. Noninvasive imaging ofislet grafts using positron-emission tomography. Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA, 2006, 103 (30), 11294-11299.
160. Ogura, Y.; Krams, S. M.; Martinez, O. M.; Kopiwoda, S.; Higgins, J. P.; Esquivel, C. O.; Strauss, H. W.; Tait, J. F.; Blankenberg, F.G. Radiolabeled annexin V imaging: diagnosis of allograftrejection in an experimental rodent model of liver transplantation.Radiology, 2000, 214 (3), 795-800.
161. Gencoglu, E. A.; Aktas, A.; Emiroglu, R.; Karakayali, H.; Niron, E.A.; Haberal, M. Scintigraphic evaluation of graft and native liverfunction after heterotopic liver transplantation. Transplant. Proc.,2001, 33 (5), 2858-2859.
162. Kim, J. S.; Moon, D. H.; Lee, S. G.; Lee, Y. J.; Park, K. M.; Hwang, S.; Lee, H. K. The usefulness of hepatobiliary scintigraphyin the diagnosis of complications after adult-to-adult living donorliver transplantation. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2002, 29(4), 473-479.
163. Prat, L.; Puchal, R.; Rafecas, A.; Mora, J.; Ricart, Y.; Mairal, L.; Fabregat, J.; Martin-Comin, J. 99mTc-DISIDA and 99mTcmicrocolloidscintigraphy in liver transplants. Transplant. Proc.,1992, 24 (1), 147.
164. Svensson, G.; Friman, S.; Jacobsson, L.; Holmberg, S. B.Hepatocyte and Kupffer cell function after liver transplantation inthe rat--in vivo evaluation with dynamic scintigraphy. Liver, 1995,15 (4), 189-195.
165. Iida, T.; Isaji, S.; Yagi, S.; Hori, T.; Taniguchi, K.; Ohsawa, I.; Mizuno, S.; Usui, M.; Sakurai, H.; Yamagiwa, K.; Yamakado, K.; Uemoto, S. Assessment of liver graft function and regeneration bygalactosyl-human serum albumin (99mTc-GSA) liver scintigraphyin adult living-donor liver transplantation. Clin. Transplant., 2009,23 (2), 271-277.
166. Woodle, E. S.; Ward, R. E.; Stadalnik, R. C.; Vera, D. R. Tc-NGAimaging in liver transplantation: preliminary clinical experience.Surgery, 1989, 105 (3), 401-407.
167. Woodle, E. S.; Vera, D. R.; Stadalnik, R. C.; Ward, R. E. Tc-NGAimaging in liver transplantation: preclinical studies. Surgery, 1987,102 (1), 55-62.
168. George, E. A.; Codd, J. E.; Newton, W. T.; Haibach, H.; Donati, R.M. Comparative evaluation of renal transplant rejection withradioiodinated fibrinogen 99mTc-sulfur collid, and 67Ga-citrate. J.Nucl. Med., 1976, 17 (3), 175-180.
169. George, E. A.; Codd, J. E.; Newton, W. T.; Donati, R. M. 67Gacitrate in renal allograft rejection. Radiology, 1975, 117 (3 Pt 1),731-733.
170. Even-Sapir, E.; Gutman, M.; Lerman, H.; Kaplan, E.; Ravid, A.; Livshitz, G.; Nakache, R. Kidney allografts and remainingcontralateral donor kidneys before and after transplantation:assessment by quantitative (99m)Tc-DMSA SPECT. J. Nucl. Med.,2002, 43 (5), 584-588.
171. Budihna, N. V.; Milcinski, M.; Kajtna-Koselj, M.; Malovrh, M.Relevance of Tc-99m DMSA scintigraphy in renal transplantparenchymal imaging. Clin. Nucl. Med., 1994, 19 (9), 782-784.
172. Bajen, M. T.; Mora, J.; Grinyo, J. M.; Castelao, A.; Roca, M.; Puchal, R.; Gonzalez, J.; Martin-Comin, J. [Study of renaltransplant by deconvoluted renogram with 99m Tc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine(Mag3)]. Rev. Esp. Med. Nucl., 2001, 20 (6), 453-461.
173. Dubovsky, E. V.; Russell, C. D.; Bischof-Delaloye, A.; Bubeck, B.; Chaiwatanarat, T.; Hilson, A. J.; Rutland, M.; Oei, H. Y.; Sfakianakis, G. N.; Taylor, A., Jr. Report of the Radionuclides inNephrourology Committee for evaluation of transplanted kidney(review of techniques). Semin. Nucl. Med., 1999, 29 (2), 175-188.
174. Sundaraiya, S.; Mendichovszky, I.; Biassoni, L.; Sebire, N.; Trompeter, R. S.; Gordon, I. Tc-99m DTPA renography in childrenfollowing renal transplantation: its value in the evaluation ofrejection. Pediatr. Transplant., 2007, 11 (7), 771-776.
175. Herve, P. A.; Silbert, D.; Mensch, J.; Cerrina, J.; Ladurie, F. L.; Rain, B.; Bavoux, E.; Chapelier, A.; Dartevelle, P.; Lafont, D.;.Increased lung clearance of 99mTcDTPA in allograft lungrejection. The Paris-Sud Lung Transplant Group. Am. Rev. Respir.Dis., 1991, 144 (6), 1333-1336.
176. Larcos, G.; McLarty, A. J.; McGregor, C. G.; Brown, M. L.; Hung, J. C.; O'Connor, M. K.; Tazelaar, H. D. Evaluation of 99Tcmnonspecific polyclonal IgG in the detection of rejection in a singlelung transplant canine model. Nucl. Med. Commun., 1993, 14 (1),64-69.
177. Farid, N. A.; White, S. M.; Heck, L. L.; Van Hove, E. D. Tc-99mlabeled leukocytes: preparation and use in identification of abscessand tissue rejection. Radiology, 1983, 148 (3), 827-831.
178. Toledo-Pereyra, L. H.; Kristen, K. T.; Mittal, V. K. Scintigraphy ofpancreatic transplants. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol., 1982, 138 (4), 621-622.
179. van der Hem, L. G.; van der Linden, C. J.; Ticheler, C. H.; Hoitsma, A. J.; Corstens, F. H. Early detection of post-transplantpancreatic graft dysfunction with technetium-99m-HMPAOscintigraphy. J. Nucl. Med., 1994, 35 (9), 1488-1490.
180. Elgazzar, A. H.; Munda, R.; Fernandez-Ulloa, M.; Clark, J.; Ryan, J. R.; Hughes, J. A. Scintigraphic evaluation of pancreatictransplants using technetium-99m-sestamibi. J. Nucl. Med., 1995,36 (5), 771-777.
181. Mullins, P. A.; Schofield, P. M.; Dunning, J.; Scott, J.; Aravot, D.; Large, S.; Cary, N.; Wallwork, J.; Stone, D. The use of exercisetechnetium-99m 2-methoxy-isobutyl-isonitrile (99mTc-Sestamibi)perfusion scanning in the detection of acute rejection after cardiactransplantation. J. Nucl Biol. Med. 1992, 36 (1), 2-6.
182. Gierthmuehlen, M.; Sommer, P.; Zuhayra, M.; Hedderich, J.; Jaenig, U.; Faendrich, F.; Henze, E.; Kampen, W. U. Imaging ofacute heart-transplant rejection using 99m-Technetium labelledoligonucleotides against interleukin-2 mRNA in rats. Eur. J.Cardiothorac. Surg., 2010, 37 (5), 1111-1116.
183. Richter, J.; Herreros, J.; Serena, A.; Domper, M.; Ramirez, J. C.; Gomez, A.; Arcas, R. 201Tl myocardial perfusion in themanagement of the transplanted heart. Eur. J. Nucl. Med., 1990, 16(3), 167-171.
184. Fawwaz, R.A.; Iga, C.; Marboe, C.; Nowygrod, R.; Reemstma, K.; Hardy, M.A. Diagnosis of cardiac allograft rejection with indium-111 labeled platelets in cyclosporine-treated rats. Transplant.Proc., 1985, 17 (17), 237.
185. Bergmann, S. R.; Lerch, R. A.; Carlson, E. M.; Saffitz, J. E.; Sobel, B. E. Detection of cardiac transplant rejection with radiolabeledlymphocytes. Circulation 1982, 65 (3), 591-599.
186. P.A.; Rose, M.L.; Aikenhead, J.; Pomerance, A.; Chisholm, P.M.; Yacoub, M.H. Migration of In-111 labeledautologous leukocytes to the grafts of heart transplant patients.Transplant. Proc., 1985, 17(17), 614.
187. Amano, J.; Hiroe, M.; Ohta, Y.; Ishiyama, S.; Nishikawa, T.; Tanaka, H.; Sunamori, M.; Suzuki, A.; Miyasaka, M.; Marumo, F.Uptake of indium-111-anti-intercellular adhesion molecule-1monoclonal antibody in the allografted rat lung during acuterejection. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 1996, 15 (10), 1027-1033.
188. Salvatierra, O., Jr.; Powell, M. R.; Price, D. C.; Kountz, S. L.;Belzer, F. O. The advantages of 131I-orthoiodohippuratescintiphotography in the management of patients after renaltransplantation. Ann. Surg., 1974, 180 (3), 336-342.
189. Hoff, S. J.; Stewart, J. R.; Frist, W. H.; Kessler, R. M.; Sandler, M.P.; Atkinson, J. B.; Votaw, J.; Carey, J. A.; Ansari, M. S.; Merrill, W. H. Noninvasive detection of heart transplant rejection withpositron emission scintigraphy. Ann. Thorac. Surg., 1992, 53 (4),572-577.